Qishki haydash - Winter driving

Boradigan kishi yuqori kenglikda yoki tog 'dovonlari bo'ylab harakatlaning qor, muz yoki muzlash haroratini ko'rib chiqishi kerak. Muzli va qorli yo'llarda ishqalanish darajasi past va siz yalang'och asfaltga o'tirgandek harakatlana olmaysiz. Qor bo'ronlari paytida tiqilib qolish uchun etarlicha qor juda oz vaqt ichida tushishi mumkin. Ko'rinish, shuningdek, qorning tushishi yoki puflanishi yoki transport vositasining derazalariga kondensatsiya yoki muz bilan cheklanishi mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, ko'plab mamlakatlarda muzli va qorli holat odatiy holdir va transport asosan butun yil davomida davom etadi.

Yo'ldan siljish va to'qnashuvlar yaxshi sharoitlarga qaraganda ancha yuqori. Sovuq ob-havo mashina uchun qiyin ish. Zaif akkumulyator, elektr qismlaridagi muz yoki yoqilg'ida, muzlatilgan dizel yoqilg'isi yoki muzlatilgan sovutish tizimi sizning mashinangizning buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Agar tiqilib qolsangiz, muzlash yoki gipotermiya xavfi tug'ilishi mumkin; qarang sovuq havo, qor xavfsizligi va muzning xavfsizligi muhokama uchun.

Tushuning

Qishki haydash sharoitlari

Qish Temagami, viloyatida Ontario, Kanada (qancha yuk mashinasini ko'rasiz?).

Agar siz ilgari hech qachon muzlash sharoitida harakatlanmagan bo'lsangiz, qishki ob-havo sizga duch kelishi mumkin bo'lgan turli xil haydash qiyinchiliklarini kamsitib qo'yish oson. Haydovchilarni o'qitish bo'yicha ilg'or kursga borishni o'ylab ko'ring, ayniqsa sizda qorda haydash tajribasi yo'q yoki kam bo'lsa yoki skiddan yoki shunga o'xshash sharoitlardan qanday qutulishni o'rganmagan bo'lsangiz.

Kuchli qor yog'di - Kuchli yog'ayotgan qor ko'rinishni sezilarli darajada pasaytirishi mumkin, ba'zi hollarda atigi bir-ikki metrgacha (3-6 fut). Shuningdek, yo'llarni ta'mirlash texnikasi qorni tezda tezda olib tashlay olmasligi mumkin, bu esa avtoulovchilarning qorga yopishib qolishi va tiqilib qolishi mumkin. Bu hatto yaxshi, og'ir sayohat qilingan yo'llarda ham bo'lishi mumkin, bu esa qorni tozalashga ustuvor ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Qorni uchirish quyosh nurida ham ko'rinishni cheklashi mumkin.

Shamol esayotgan qor - Yalang'och yo'l bo'ylab shamol qor yog'ishi mumkin, bu esa bu qismlarni silliqlashtiradi. Qorni uchirish ham ko'rinishni kamaytirishi mumkin va baland qorli qorlar to'satdan oldinga yo'lni to'sib qo'yishi mumkin.
Blizzard - Bo'ron kuchli shamol bilan birga qor yog'moqda, bu esa ko'rinishni sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi va qor bo'ylab yo'l bo'ylab esishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
Yorqinlik (muzlash) - Kuz va bahorda yo'llar yomg'ir yoki qorning erishi bilan nam bo'lishi mumkin. Agar harorat to'satdan muzlashdan tushsa, eritilgan suv muzning juda xoin qoplamasiga aylanadi.
Yomg'ir yog'moqda yoki sovuq yomg'ir - Yomg'irli yoki yomg'irli yomg'irlar erga yoki boshqa sirtlarga urish paytida tezda muzlaydi, yo'llarni muz bilan qoplaydi. Yomg'ir haddan tashqari soviganida (muzlashdan pastda) sirt sovuq bo'lishi shart emas. Ba'zi hollarda, muzlatilgan yomg'ir old oynalarga muzlab qolishi mumkin va uni tozalashning yagona usuli - antifriz bo'lgan yuvish suyuqligi bilan old oynani bir necha marta purkash.
Qora muz - Yo'lning shaffof qatlamida muzlab, yo'l muzsiz degan xayolotni yaratadi. Qora muz ko'pincha ko'prik qavatlarida, panduslarda va yo'l o'tkazgichlarda uchraydi, lekin boshqa yo'l qismlarida ham bo'lishi mumkin. Tez-tez quyosh chiqqunidan oldin va keyin, kunduzgi harorat ko'tarilganda va transport harakati issiqligida yo'l qoplamasi isishi oldidan tez-tez uchraydi.
Kunduzi yorug'lik darajasi past - Ba'zan qishning og'ir bulutlari kunduzgi haydashni qorong'ilikda haydashga o'xshatishi mumkin. Kam yorug'lik sharoitida ehtiyot bo'ling va orqa chiroqlaringiz yonib turishi uchun faralarni yoqing va orqangizdagi haydovchilarga ko'rinishni oshiring. Ba'zi mamlakatlar (Kanada, Skandinaviya davlatlari, Rossiya, Islandiya, Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari, Sharqiy Evropaning aksariyat qismi, Shveytsariya, Italiya) transport vositalarini jihozlashni talab qilmoqdalar kunduzgi chiroqlar ko'proq ko'rish uchun; ular odatda avtomobil harakatlanayotganda faralarni (yoki hech bo'lmaganda tuman chiroqlarini) faollashtiradi, lekin orqa chiroqlarni yoki boshqa markerlarni yoqmaydi. Qishda yuqori kengliklarda quyosh ham uzoq vaqt ufqda past bo'ladi. Yorug'lik tufayli ko'rish juda yomon bo'lishi mumkin va sizga quyoshdan saqlaydigan ko'zoynak kerak.

Qishda haydash xavfi

To'qnashuvlar / skidding. Qor yoki muz bilan silliq yo'llar transport vositalarini boshqaruvdan osonlikcha chiqib ketishiga olib keladi. Har doimgidek ehtiyotkor va tajribali haydovchilar ehtiyotsiz haydovchilarning qurboniga aylanishlari mumkin. Tormoz masofasi muz yoki qorda keskin ortadi. Muz, loy va qorda ishlov berish jiddiy ravishda buziladi. Hayvonlarning to'qnashuvi qishda ko'proq ehtimol, chunki hayvonlar vodiylar va aholi punktlariga oziq-ovqat izlash uchun yaqinlashadi yoki shunchaki chuqur qor yog'masligi uchun yo'ldan foydalanadilar.

Juda keng tarqalgan,
ayniqsa, yozgi shinalar bilan

Tiqilib qolgan transport vositalari. Yo'llarning sirpanchiqligi yo'ldan darhol ariq yoki qor yoqasiga siljishni osonlashtiradi. Kichkina to'qnashuv ham mashinangizni yo'ldan chetlashtirishi mumkin. Agar siz chuqur qorga tushib qolsangiz, avtoulovingizni yo'lga qaytarib olish juda qiyin bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa sizning mashinangizda bunday holat uchun mos uskunalar bo'lmasa (masalan, belkurak, tortish matlari).
To'xtab turgan transport vositasi / transport vositasi ishga tushmaydi. Sovuq havo avtoulovlarga, ayniqsa avtomobil akkumulyatorlariga qiyin. Avtomobilingiz bir necha soat to'xtab turganda ichki chiroq yonib tursa, qaytib kelganingizda mashinangiz yoqilmaydi. Agar omadingiz bo'lsa, evakuator, taksilar yoki hamkasb avtoulovlar o'tish kabellari yordamida o'zingizning mashinangizni sakrab o'tishi (ko'tarishi) mumkin. Avtomobil assotsiatsiyasi a'zolari (yoki biron bir kishi) klubdan yo'l bo'yi yordam olishlari mumkin. Ba'zi avtomashinalar (mexanik uzatmalar qutisi bilan), shuningdek, uzatish tezligini surish va yoqish bilan boshlashlari mumkin, ammo bu boshqa avtomashinalarda uzatmalar qutisini buzadi. Dizel yoqilg'isi harorati juda past bo'lishi mumkin, chunki u qalinlashadi, dvigatel ishga tushmaydi va yo'lda turganingizda ham to'xtab qolishi mumkin. Sovuq joylarda yashovchi odamlar odatda o'zlarining avtomobillariga rozetkaga ulangan elektr dvigatelli isitish tizimiga mos keladi va to'g'ri yoqilg'idan foydalanadilar.
Sizning transport vositangizda qolgan. To'satdan og'ir ob-havo sharoiti sizni transport vositangizda bir necha soat yoki bir kecha-kunduzda, hatto band bo'lgan, yaxshi xizmat ko'rsatadigan yo'lda ushlab turishingizga olib kelishi mumkin. Agar transport vositangiz tinch yo'lda qolib ketsa, siz uzoqroq qolishingiz mumkin.
Gipotermiya. Agar siz sovuq havoda transport vositangizda qolsangiz, gipotermiya mumkin. Sizga etarli issiq kiyim va / yoki adyol kerak.

Tayyorlaning

To'g'ri transport vositasini tanlash

Agar sizda bir nechta mashinani tanlash kerak bo'lsa, unda quyidagi fikrlarni o'ylab ko'ring. Agar o'zingizning mashinangiz qish sharoitlari uchun jihozlanmagan bo'lsa, belgilangan joyga mashina ijaraga olish arzonroq va osonroq bo'lishi mumkin. Keyin siz mahalliy sharoitga mos keladigan va allaqachon jihozlanganini tanlay olasiz va umid qilamanki.

Kichkina oddiy mashina ko'pincha etarlicha yaxshi. Bu erda Avstriya politsiyasining Fiat.

To'rt g'ildirakchali (4WD, 4x4) transport vositasi ikki g'ildirakchaga qaraganda silliq tepaliklarga ko'tarilishga qodir va to'rt g'ildirakli haydovchi qor ko'chkilaridan chiqish juda foydali. Biroq, 4x4 burchak atrofida yuqori tezlikka yo'l qo'ymaydi va tormoz masofasi bir xil. Darhaqiqat, ular qorli yoki muzli yo'llarda baxtsiz hodisalarga juda moyil, ehtimol ular kamroq erta ogohlantirish berishadi. Ikki g'ildirakli avtomashinalar ko'pgina texnik xizmat ko'rsatadigan yo'llarda to'liq mos keladi.
Old g'ildirakchali haydovchi (FWD) odatda orqa g'ildirakka qaraganda afzalroq; tortishish yaxshiroq bo'lishi mumkin va burilish paytida skidlarni boshqarish osonroq. 1990 yildan keyingi deyarli barcha kichik va o'rta rusumli avtomashinalar old g'ildiraklardir - agar ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, foydalanuvchi qo'llanmasini tekshiring.
Anti-lock (ABS) tormoz tizimlari g'ildiraklarning silliq yo'llarda qulflanishiga to'sqinlik qiladi, shu bilan haydovchiga tormoz paytida transport vositasini boshqarishi mumkin. Bu narxga to'g'ri keladi - tizimning qo'shimcha murakkabligi sababli to'xtash masofalarining ko'payishi va tormozni ta'mirlash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun yuqori xarajatlar. So'nggi bir necha yil ichida Evropa yoki Yaponiya uchun ishlab chiqarilgan deyarli barcha avtomobillarda ABS mavjud, ammo AQSh yoki Kanadadagi ko'plab arzon transport vositalarida ABS umuman yo'q (2010 yil holatiga ko'ra). AQSh transport vazirligi buni majburiy qilishni rejalashtirgan, ammo reja hali to'liq bosqichga o'tkazilmagan.
A bo'lgan transport vositasi cheklangan slip differentsiali va / yoki tortishni boshqarish qor va muzda haydash uchun tavsiya etiladi. Bunday qurilmaga ega bo'lmagan ikki g'ildirakli avtomashinalar osongina tiqilib qolishi mumkin. Bunday holatda, bitta g'ildirak bloklanadi (kuch yo'q), ikkinchisi esa erkin aylanib, transport vositasini ushbu joydan harakatga keltira olmaydi. Oddiy differentsial (ko'p transport vositalari) chap va o'ng g'ildiraklarga teng quvvat beradi. Shunday qilib, agar bitta g'ildirak muz ustida bo'lsa yoki qorga ko'milgan bo'lsa, bu g'ildirakning aylanishi uchun deyarli hech qanday kuch talab etilmaydi, boshqa g'ildirak bir xil kuchga ega bo'ladi, lekin juda ko'p narsaga muhtoj.
Aksincha, agar siz o'zingizni tiqilib qolsangiz, o'chirish tortish nazorati aslida transport vositasini tebranishiga yordam berishi mumkin.
Kichkina, engil 4x4 transport vositasi, erni yaxshi tozalashga, SUV yoki offroderga, ayniqsa tog 'yo'llarida afzalroqdir. Tor shinalar keng shinalarga qaraganda qorda yaxshi ishlaydi. Og'ir mashinalar tik yo'llarda sirpanib ketishi ehtimoli ko'proq, shuningdek ularni itarib qutqarish qiyinroq. Bundan tashqari, agar sizning mashinangiz past yo'lni tozalashga ega bo'lsa, unda siz katta yo'lda duch keladigan paqir o'lchamidagi muz bo'lagi eng yomon holatda mashinangiz ostidagi yog 'idishini, egzoz trubasini yoki boshqa narsalarni buzadi.
Xuddi shu qoida ikki g'ildirakchali transport vositalariga ham tegishli: Kichkina mashina qorli sharoitda o'rta o'lchamdagi yoki hashamatli mashinadan yaxshiroqdir.
Shuni bilingki, "barcha g'ildiraklar" emas to'rt g'ildirakli haydovchi. AWD - bu kompyuterlashtirilgan tizim bo'lib, u yo'l sharoitlarini yuzaga kelishiga qarab qoplashga harakat qiladi. Qish paytida haydash tajribasi cheklangan odamlar uchun bu ba'zi hollarda foydali bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu sizning vositangiz bilan qanday ishlashni bilishning o'rnini bosmaydi va uni 4WD ga teng deb bo'lmaydi.
Pikaplar, furgonlar va SUVlarning barchasi sirpanchiq yo'llarda, ayniqsa burilish paytida siljish tendentsiyasiga ega. Ushbu transport vositalarini qish sharoitida muntazam ravishda boshqaradigan odamlar, odatda, bunday xatti-harakatni kamaytirish uchun transport vositasini orqa aksning yoniga og'irlik (qum torbalari) qo'yishadi.
100% elektr mashinalar (yonish dvigateli yo'q) emas batareyalar sovuq havoda ham ishlamasligi sababli uzoq masofali qishda haydash uchun javob beradi. Shunday qilib, iliq ob-havo sharoitida bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalar, muzlash paytida osongina tashqarida bo'lishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, avtomobil ichidagi har qanday isitish to'g'ridan-to'g'ri batareyadan kelib chiqadi va uning diapazonini yanada pasaytiradi (yonish dvigatellari radiatorga tushadigan yoki transport vositasining ichki qismini isitish uchun ishlatiladigan ortiqcha issiqlikni ko'paytiradi). Agar elektromobil akkumulyatori zaryadini yo'qotsa, tortib olishning yagona imkoniyati bo'lishi mumkin, so'ngra u zaryad olayotganda soatlab kutish kerak. Ba'zi elektr avtomashinalar issiqlik nasoslari (qayta ishlaydigan konditsionerlar) yordamida akkumulyator quvvatini tejaydi, lekin ular sovuqdan past haroratlarda ish faoliyatini pasaytiradi va odatda -15 dan -25 ° C gacha ishlashni to'xtatadi. Gibridlar (masalan, Toyota Prius) yonish dvigatelidan ko'proq foydalangan holda, ushbu muammolarni engib chiqadi, shuning uchun ular faqat yonilg'i sarfiga ta'sir qiladi.
Evropada siz o'z-o'zidan quvvat oladigan (transport vositasining yoqilg'isidan foydalangan holda) blokli isitgichlarni sotib olishingiz mumkin. Ular mashinani oldindan belgilangan vaqtda yoki masofadan boshqarish pulti yordamida oldindan isitadi. Garchi bu sotib olish narxiga sezilarli darajada qo'shilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, avtoulovning ishlash muddati davomida o'zini o'zi qoplaydi, yonilg'i sarfini biroz kamaytiradi va qo'shimcha dvigatelni ishga tushirishda qo'shimcha qulaylikdan tashqari.

"Ikki nusxadagi" pikaplar (orqa o'qda to'rtta g'ildirak) qish sharoitida juda yomon ishlaydi va tavsiya etilmaydi.

Shimoliy bozor uchun ishlab chiqarilgan avtomobillarda o'rindiqli isitgichlar standartdir. Aks holda sovuq mashinaga kirishda ular juda yoqimli. Bozordan keyin avtomobilning elektr portiga ulanadigan isitiladigan kreslolar ham mavjud. Shunga qaramay, ko'plab elektr iste'molchilarini qo'shib qo'yish avtomobil generatorini va batareyasini zo'riqishiga olib keladi.
Iloji bo'lsa, aholi punktlari tashqarisida haydashni rejalashtirayotgan bo'lsangiz, oq rangli transport vositasini ijaraga olmang. Qutqaruvchilar sizni tashlab ketishingizni aniqlashni qiyinlashtiradi. Biroq, bu qish sharoitlari uchun jihozlangan transport vositasini topishga nisbatan kichik muammo.

Avtomobilingizni tayyorlash

Qishni ko'rish uchun transport vositangizni yaxshi mexanik tekshiruvdan o'tkazing yoki o'zingiz bajaring. Bunga kerak bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalar orasida:

Qishki shinalar, yoki hech bo'lmaganda "barcha ob-havoning" shinalari qancha qishda o'tishni kutayotganingizga qarab; qarang Shinalar quyida.
Sovutish tizimidagi antifriz (muz dvigatelni yo'q qilishi mumkin). Darajalarini tekshiring va sovutish suvi eskirganligini o'zgartiring (ishlatilgan turiga qarab ikki yildan to'rt yilgacha). Odatda 50/50 radiatorli antifriz aralashmasi muzlash nuqtasi taxminan -34 ° F (-37 ° C) ni tashkil qiladi, bu ba'zi joylarda, masalan, Alyaskaning shimoliy qismlarida, Kanadada va Skandinaviyada, past harorat tushishi mumkin. odatdagi qishda. 70% antifriz va 30% suv eritmasi -84 ° F (-64 ° C) gacha muzlashdan saqlaydi.
Eskisini almashtiring silecek pichoqlari. Qish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan o'chirish moslamalari standart pichoqlardan og'irroq.
Muzlamaydigan shisha yuvish suyuqligi. Oddiy suvdan foydalanmang u yuvilib turadigan suyuqlik uchun. Radiator uchun mo'ljallangan antifrizni ham ishlatmang, chunki bu sizning avtomobilingiz bo'yog'iga zarar etkazishi mumkin. Avtoulovlar do'konlarida qishki turdagi yuvish suyuqligini qidiring. Qishki yuvish vositasi qish mavsumida yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida ham mavjud. Uning muzlash harorati -20F / -30 ° C atrofida. Old oynaning narigi tomonida bo'lsa ham, muzdan tushirish moslamasi yordamida yuvish suyuqligi muzlashiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. Qo'shimcha shisha shisha yuvish vositasi bo'lganingiz ma'qul, ayniqsa sho'rlangan yo'llarda sayohat qilayotganda yoki bahorda qor eriydigan paytda.
Kichik vaznli ingichka yog ', chunki yozning yuqori yog'i past haroratlarda boshlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun etarlicha qalinlashishi mumkin.
Uchun tekshiruv batareya, zaryadlash va ishga tushirish tizimlari; batareyalar past haroratlarda yomon ishlaydi va sovuq dvigatelni ishga tushirish qiyinroq. Batareyani prognoz qilingan kafolat muddati yaqinida yoki undan yuqori bo'lsa, uni almashtiring. Eski transport vositasida kamarlarni tekshiring va alternator sinovi ham yaxshi fikr. Eski, muhrlanmagan batareyani distillangan suv bilan to'ldiring (lekin ortiqcha to'ldirmang).
Uchun tekshiruv egzoz tizimi; tiqilib qolgan avtoulovda, iliq turish uchun dvigatelni ishga tushirishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin va chiqindilar oqishi o'limga olib kelishi mumkin.
Ni tekshiring isitgich va muzdan tushirish, va ularning hidsiz qizib ketishiga ishonch hosil qiling.
An dvigatel blokli isitgich hech bo'lmaganda ob-25 ° F (-30 ° C) dan past bo'lishini kutayotgan bo'lsangiz tavsiya etiladi.
Avtomobil zang o'tkazmaydigan transport vositasini korroziyadan himoya qiladi, muzli qish yo'llariga tuz yoki qum juda ko'p qo'llaniladigan joylarda tez-tez uchraydigan muammo.
Ishonch hosil qiling tormoz tizimlari va ABS tizimi yaxshi holatda.
Eski transport vositalarida ko'rib chiqing gumbaz nurini mos keladigan LED bilan almashtirish. LEDlar juda kam quvvat sarflaydi va agar u tasodifan qolsa yoki qutqarish uchun kerak bo'lsa, batareyaning quvvati tugaydi.
Agar sizning mashinangizda odatiy kalitlar bilan ochiladigan an'anaviy qulflar mavjud bo'lsa (shu jumladan, yonilg'i quyish idishining qopqog'i), sizda shisha yoki idish bo'lishi kerak antifriz suyuqligini qulflang qo'lda. Ba'zi hollarda, suvning normal ishlashiga xalaqit berib, qulfga tushib muzlab qolishi mumkin. Unda elektronika bo'lmagan yoshdagi kalitlarni ham zajigalka bilan isitib, qulfga qo'yish mumkin, ammo bunga zamonaviy kalitlarga urinmaslik kerak. Agar kalitni joyida qotib qolgan qulfga yoki uning atrofiga majburan kiritmoqchi bo'lsangiz, eng yomon holatda tugmachaning yarmi qo'lingizda, qolgani qulfda bo'lishi mumkin.
Qor yoki qor tushganda ochiq havoda to'xtash joyida mashinaning oynalariga muz yopishishi uchun, a branda qayta boshlash vaqti kelganida qor va muzni olib tashlash uchun vaqt va kuchni kamaytirish uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin. Katta brezentlardan butun avtoulovni qoplash uchun foydalanish mumkin, keyin esa faqat oldingi oynani yopadigan va magnit bilan bog'langan kichikroq narsalar mavjud.

Shinalar

Qishlangan shinalar

Qor ichida qazilgan shinalar izlari - ehtiyot bo'ling, aks holda tiqilib qolasiz!

Finlyandiya, Shvetsiya, Islandiya, Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari, Rossiya, Belorusiya, Armaniston va ba'zi Bolqon mamlakatlarida qishki shinalar qishda va ehtimol qish sharoitida belgilangan muddatlardan tashqari majburiydir. Norvegiyada shinalar qishda kamida 3 mm bo'lishi kerak (noyabrdan Pasxaga); ammo transport vositalarida har doim ham ishqalanish etarli bo'lishi kerak, masalan, maxsus qishki shinalar yordamida. Biroq, ular tirnoqli bo'lishi shart emas. "Har qanday ob-havo" shinalari qonuniy jihatdan etarli bo'lishi mumkin, ammo "Shimoliy" qishki shinalari ancha yaxshi. Tishli chuqurlik, masalan, minimal darajani qondirishi kerak. Skandinaviya, odatdagi shinalar eskirganidan ancha ko'proq, ammo mamlakatlar orasida har xil.

Germaniyada, agar siz qishda baxtsiz hodisaga duch kelsangiz va mashinada qishki shinalar bo'lmasa, bu sizning aybingiz va sug'urta kompaniyasi zararni qoplamaydi. E'tibor bering, bu sizning o'zingiz ham, o'zingiz ham yollagan avtomobillarga tegishli. Qishki shinalar kerak bo'lganda majburiydir, tirnoqli shinalarga esa umuman ruxsat berilmaydi.

Kanadaning Kvebek provinsiyasida qishki shinalar 1-dekabrdan 15-martgacha majburiy hisoblanadi, lekin faqat shu provintsiyada ro'yxatdan o'tgan transport vositalari uchun. Britaniya Kolumbiyasi provintsiyasidagi ba'zi tog'li marshrutlarda ham qishki shinalar talab qilinadi. Kanadalik qishki shinalar yon bag'irida tog 'qorli logotipi bor. Kvebekdan tashqari, Kanadadagi ijaraga (ijaraga olingan) mashinalar muntazam ravishda qishki shinalar bilan birga kelmaydi, ammo qishki shinalar bo'lgan transport vositalari tez-tez so'rov bo'yicha mavjud.

Shinalar nafaqat "har qanday ob-havo" yoki "loy va qor" (M&S) shinalari emas, balki tegishli qishki shinalar ekanligini tekshiring. Garchi bu ba'zi mamlakatlarning qonuniy talablarini qondirsa-da, ular orzu qilingan narsalarni qoldiradilar. Ba'zi hududlarda kerak bo'lganda kabellardan yoki zanjirlardan foydalanib, oddiy shinalar bilan qochishingiz mumkin.
Qishlangan shinalar aksariyat qishki haydash sharoitlari uchun, ayniqsa 0 ° C atrofida muzli yo'llarda yaxshi bo'ladi. Biroq, siz uchun mahalliy qoidalarni bilish muhimdir, chunki ba'zi joylar ularni taqiqlaydi. AQShning bir nechta shtatlarida ular butun yil davomida taqiqlangan (ehtimol, faqatgina tashqaridan o'tadigan transport vositalaridan tashqari). Finlyandiya va Norvegiyada tirnoqli shinalar kuzning oxiridan Pasxaga qadar qonuniydir va agar qish sharoitlari mavjud bo'lsa, bu davrdan tashqarida. Kanadada aksariyat provintsiyalar qish oylarida tirnoqli shinalarga ruxsat berishadi (taxminan 15 oktabrdan 15 aprelgacha; viloyatga bog'liq) va ba'zi provinsiyalar butun yil davomida shinalarga ruxsat berishadi; ammo, janubiy Ontario ularni yil davomida taqiqlaydi. Daniyada 1-noyabrdan 14-aprelgacha, Shvetsiyada 1-oktabrdan 15-aprelgacha, Avstriyada 1-oktabrdan 31-maygacha, Shveytsariyada 1-dan 30-aprelgacha shinalarga ruxsat beriladi.
AWD / 4WD avtoulovlari uchun barcha to'rtta shinalar bir xil o'lchamdagi va protektor naqshli bo'lishi kerak (ya'ni odatda shinalar soni bir xil), xuddi shunday iplar chuqurligi bilan. Bu har qanday ob-havo va tirnoqli shinalar uchun ham amal qiladi. AWD / 4WD avtoulovi qanchalik yaqin va "kompyuterlashtirilgan" bo'lsa, shuncha to'g'ri bo'ladi. Bunday qilmaslik differentsialga katta zarar etkazishi va sovuqda qolib ketishingiz mumkin. Ba'zi avtoulovlarda kichikroq o'lchamdagi zaxira shinalar vaqtincha o'rtacha tezlikda cheklangan miqdordagi millar uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Afsuski, agar bitta bitta buzilib ketgan bo'lsa va protektorning umumiy kiyimi taxminan 70% dan past bo'lsa, to'rtta g'ildirakni almashtirish kerak bo'ladi. Agar u 70% dan yuqori bo'lsa ham, shinalar to'xtatilgan va mavjud emas bo'lishi mumkin. To'liq o'lchamdagi zaxira sifatida beshinchi yangi shinani olish (va shinalarni muntazam ravishda aylantirishda boshqalar bilan birgalikda) yaxshi g'oya.
Oddiy bo'lmagan "Nordic" qishki shinalar qor yoki qor kabi umumiy qish sharoitida yaxshi, ammo silliq muz ustida tirnoqli singari yaxshi emas. Ular har qanday vaqtda qonuniydir, ammo iliq ob-havo sharoitida unchalik yaxshi bo'lmaydi, xuddi sovuq paytida hamma ob-havo shinalari yaxshi bo'lmaydi.
Qishki shinalarsiz siz har doim shinalar zanjirlarini yoki simi zanjirlarini olib kelishingiz kerak, ammo zanjirlarning uzoq masofalar uchun foydali emasligini unutmang (tog 'dovoni orqali foydalaning, lekin bundan keyin). Ko'pgina sharoitlarda qishki shinalar etarli.
Shinalarning holatini va ularning bosimini tekshiring. Zaxira shinani va jakni unutmang.

Shinalar va kabel zanjirlari

O'rnatilgan qor zanjiri

Eng qiyin qish sharoitida qishki shinalar etarli bo'lmasligi mumkin. Ayniqsa tog'larda va kam ta'minlangan yo'llarda zanjir yoki kabellarni hisobga olish kerak. Shunga qaramay, masalan, Finlyandiya, Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Kanadada umumiy foydalanish yo'llarida yaxshi sifatli qishki shinalar engil avtomobillar uchun etarli. Zanjirlar uzoqroq masofalarga sifatli qishki shinalar uchun alternativa emas, shuningdek ularni avtomagistral tezligida haydashda ishlatmaslik kerak. Avtoulovlarni ijaraga beruvchi kompaniyalar o'zlarining transport vositalariga zanjir qo'yishingizga ruxsat bermasligi mumkin, chunki noto'g'ri biriktirilgan zanjirlar transport vositasining bo'yog'iga zarar etkazishi yoki korpusining parchalanishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

Shinalar zanjirlari kabellarga qaraganda yaxshiroq tortish kuchini beradi, ammo ularni o'rnatish va olib tashlash qiyinroq. Tozalangan zanjirlar maksimal tortishni ta'minlaydi, ammo haydash juda qo'pol. Xarid qilishdan oldin shinalar hajmini bilib oling (masalan, P195 / 60R-15). Agar kerak bo'lsa, qo'zg'aysan g'ildiraklariga o'rnatib qo'ying (ya'ni old g'ildirak uchun oldingi, orqa g'ildirakli haydovchi uchun orqa). 4WD / All-WD uchun odatda old tomon eng yaxshisi, lekin foydalanuvchi qo'llanmasini tekshiring. Zanjir yoki kabellardan faqat qor yoki muzli sharoitda foydalaning va ularni kerak bo'lmaganda olib tashlang. Hattoki ularni beton kabi qattiq, yalang'och yuzaga o'lchab ko'rmang. Ular chiqib ketishi va transport vositasining zanjirlariga, betoniga va / yoki g'ildirak qudug'iga zarar etkazishi va ehtimol kimnidir yaralashi mumkin.

Yoqilg'i

Agar sizning mashinangizda a dizel dvigatel, dizelning tegishli variantini to'ldirganingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Qish mavsumida sovuq bo'lgan mamlakatlarda, qish dizel (dizel yoqilg'ini oldini olish uchun qo'shimchalar bilan) qish oylarida yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida sotiladi. Ammo siz tez-tez haydamasangiz, iliqroq mamlakatda yoki hududda to'ldirgan bo'lsangiz yoki kutilmaganda havo harorati bir kecha-kunduzda muzlab qolgan bo'lsa, yonilg'i idishingizdagi "yoz" dizel yoqilg'isiga aylanib qolganini ko'rishingiz mumkin. yonilg'i liniyalarini to'sib qo'ying va dvigatelni och qoldiring. Bundan tashqari, agar sizda "yozgi dizel" ning zaxira qutisi bo'lsa, kerak emas sovuq havoda foydalaning. Kabi sohalarda Finlyandiya Laplandiyasi ob-havo chindan ham sovuqlashadigan joyda (-30 ° C dan pastroq), odatda undan ham pastroq sovuq filtrni ulash nuqtasi bo'lgan arktik dizel mavjud.
Oz miqdorda bo'lishi mumkin suv sizning yoqilg'ingizda, bu sizning yoqilg'i liniyalaringizni to'sib qo'yishi mumkin bo'lgan kichik muz kristallariga qadar muzlaydi. Buning oldini olish mumkin bo'lgan qo'shimchalar (gazli antifriz) mavjud. Bundan tashqari, kondensatsiyani kamaytirish uchun benzinli idishingizni doimo kamida yarim to'ldirishga yordam beradi.

Keltiring

Yuqoridagilardan tashqari, bu narsalar har qanday qishki sayohat uchun, hatto shahardagi qisqa haydash uchun ham foydali bo'lishi mumkin:

Issiq qishki kiyim, shu jumladan tashqaridagi sharoitga mos chang'i changitilari, qo'lqoplar, sharflar va hk., garchi siz bir avtoulov garajidan boshqasiga qisqa yo'lda ketayotgan bo'lsangiz ham. Kichik to'qnashuv sizning rejalaringizni o'zgartirishi mumkin. Agar siz yumshoq iqlim sharoitida yashasangiz va odatdagidek xarid qilgan joyingizdan qishki kiyim topa olmasangiz, sport mollari do'konini yoki ochiq sport do'konini sinab ko'ring. Fermerlar va yog'och kesuvchilarning jihozlari uchun do'konlarda ko'pincha qattiq qish kiyimlari o'rtacha narxda taqdim etiladi.
Rulda tutish uchun teri xurmo qo'lqoplari yoki charm kaftlari bo'lgan qishning issiq qo'lqoplari. Avtomobilni ishga tushirgandan so'ng, rulni isitish uzoq vaqt talab qilishi mumkin.
Quyosh ko'zoynaklari. Qishki ob-havo ko'pincha bulutli va xiralashgan bo'lishiga qaramay, quyoshli qish kunida qor (yoki hatto suv) dan yo'lda porlashi juda yomon bo'lishi mumkin. Tushdagi quyosh yuqori kengliklarda osmonda ancha pastroq va ko'tarilish va botish uchun quyi kengliklarga qaraganda sekinroq. Demak, haydash paytida, ayniqsa, ertalab va kechqurun ko'zingizga tushish ehtimoli ko'proq. Quyosh chiqishi va botishi quyosh bulut qatlamidan pastga tushadigan kunning yagona vaqti bo'lishi mumkin.
Cho'tkasi bilan muz qirg'ichi (ikkinchisi, ayniqsa sovuq chang qor uchun). Muzdan tushirish uchun buzadigan amallar. Qo'shimcha qirg'ich.
Jumper (kuchaytiruvchi) kabellar. Haddan tashqari sovuq haroratda (-30 ° C dan past) zaryadlangan zaxira batareyaga ega bo'lishingiz yaxshi bo'ladi.
Boshlang'ich suyuqlik, qishni sovuqda boshdan kechiradigan mamlakatlarda yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida va avtomobillarning ehtiyot qismlari do'konlarida sotib olinadigan purkagich. Ushbu dietil efirga asoslangan narsalar past yonish nuqtasiga ega, bu esa dvigatelni ishga tushirishda avtomobil akkumulyatori uchun ozroq yukni (sovuq haroratda kamroq quvvat oladigan) anglatadi. Sovuq havoda havo qabul qilgichga ozgina seping va darhol gaz pedalini bosib, mashinani darhol harakatga keltiring. Dvigatelning shikastlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun uni ortiqcha ishlatmang; har bir boshlash urinishidan oldin bir yoki ikki soniya davomida purkash kerak.
Yo'l xaritalari.
Favqulodda holatdagi yo'l yoritgichlari yoki ogohlantirish chiroqchasi, avtoulovingiz buzilib ketgan taqdirda kechasi uning joylashgan joyini belgilab qo'ying.
Uyali telefon va uning transport vositasidagi zaryadlovchi. Xizmat qishloq joylarida mavjud bo'lmasligi mumkin; chindan ham uzoq joylarda (masalan Trans-Labrador avtomagistrali) faqat sun'iy yo'ldosh telefoni signal topishi mumkin. Agar siz uyali telefoningizni yangilashni yoki almashtirishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, GPS-ni o'z ichiga olgan modelni qidirib toping (ko'pi buni qiladi). Oddiy flip-telefonda joylashgan GPS sizning joylashuvingizni aniqlash uchun 1-1-2 yoki 9-1-1 raqamlariga xabar berishi mumkin, aks holda emas navigatsiya uchun foydalidir. Smartfonlar OpenStreepMap-ga o'xshash ma'lumotlarga ega dasturlarni yuklab olishlari va GPS-dan navigatsion foydalanishlari mumkin. Qo'shimcha (eski) uyali telefonni mashinada saqlash (o'chirilgan, zaryadlangan; shuningdek, uning avtomobilidagi zaryadlovchi qurilmasi) ob-havodan qat'iy nazar har doim yaxshi fikr. AQSh va Evropa Ittifoqida 9-1-1 va 112 qo'ng'iroqlari (mos ravishda) hisob faol bo'lmagan va mablag 'bo'lmasa ham ulanadi, aksariyat mamlakatlarda hatto SIM-kartasiz ham. Agar shu yo'llarning boshqa foydalanuvchilari kuzatayotgan bo'lsa va sizning avtomobilingiz batareyasi yaxshi bo'lsa, CB yoki jambon radiosi foydali bo'lishi mumkin; ba'zi bir uzoqdan kesilgan yo'llarda foydalanuvchilar hali ham CB 19 ni kuzatadilar mobil telefonlar tayanch stantsiyadan juda cheklangan masofaga ega.

Qishki favqulodda vositalar

Shaharlardan tashqarida sayohat qilish uchun, qishki favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun to'plamni yig'ing. Bu sizga xavfsizlikni saqlashga yordam beradi yoki hatto qishdagi ko'plab favqulodda vaziyatlardan xalos bo'lishga yordam beradi, shu jumladan bir necha soat yoki bir kechada mashinangizda qolib ketgan. O'zingizga qo'yishingiz kerak bo'lgan ba'zi narsalar favqulodda qish to'plami:

Bir belkurak ko'pincha foydalidir.

Qo'shimcha buzilmaydigan tayyor ovqat. Har doim shokolad yoki yorma barlari kabi yuqori quvvatli gazaklar va mashinada ichimlik suvi bor.
Birinchi tibbiy yordam vositasi. "Kosmik adyol" (odamni o'rash uchun yupqa matoni aks ettiruvchi issiqlik) qo'shishni o'ylab ko'ring.
Agar siz zarur bo'lgan yoki uni to'xtatish mumkin bo'lmagan dori-darmonlarni qabul qilsangiz, o'zingiz bilan qo'shimcha dori-darmonlarni qabul qilganingizga ishonch hosil qiling.
Adyol yoki uxlash uchun sumkalar. Iloji bo'lsa, ularni yukxonada emas, balki yo'lovchilar bo'linmasida saqlang, shunda ular sovuqni muzlatib qo'ymaydi.
Yengilroq va ish tashlash joyidagi gugurtlar yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar.
Chuqur qalay qutiga joylashtirilgan sham: iloji bo'lsa, tiqilib qolsangiz, shamni mashina isitgichidan emas, balki issiqlik uchun ishlating. Avtoulovning toza havoga chiqishi uchun shamoldan himoyalangan tomonidagi oynani biroz oching.
AM diapazoni va batareyalari bo'lgan portativ radio yoki shamollatish radiosi, hatto sizning vositangizda radio mavjud bo'lsa ham. (Avtomobilingiz batareyasi ishdan chiqishi mumkin.)
Batareyalar bilan chiroq (mash'al) yoki chiroq. Batareyalarni teskari yo'naltirish kerak, shunda chiroq tasodifan yoqilgan bo'lsa, ular tugamaydi.
Agar ular batareyalardan foydalansalar, radio va chiroq uchun ehtiyot qismlarni zaxira qiling. Ishlatishdan oldin batareyalarni cho'ntagingizda yoki qo'lingizda isitish, ularning quvvatini kengaytiradi.
Yengil qorli belkurak (yoki har qanday belkurak, agar siz mahalliy darajada belkurak sotib ololmasangiz).
Avtomobilingiz tiqilib qolishi uchun tortishish uchun paqir yoki qum qopi yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar, ayniqsa to'liq g'ildiraklarsiz. Qum orqa g'ildiraklarni haydashda og'irlik qo'shish (va shu bilan tortishish) uchun ham foydalidir. Boshqa variantlar orasida qo'zg'aluvchan mushuklarning axlati va tijorat uchun tortiladigan paspaslar (yoki gilamchani tasmasi) qo'zg'aysan g'ildiraklari ostiga o'ralishi mumkin.
Shinalar zanjirlari yoki kabellari (yuqoridagi alohida bo'limga qarang).
Avtoulovingizni kunduzi aniqlashni osonlashtirish uchun lyuminestsent banner. Yansıtıcı jiletler, shuningdek, odam savdosi yo'lida turish yoki yurish kerak bo'lgan taqdirda ham yaxshi bo'ladi - Evropaning ko'plab mamlakatlarida, aslida, sizning mashinangizda bo'lishi shart.
10 metrli yorug'lik (parashyut) shnur yoki arqon, chiziq chizig'i sifatida foydalanish uchun (pastga qarang).

Haqiqatan ham qiyin qish paytida haydash uchun - off-road yoki alohida joylarda - sizga jiddiy uskunalar kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi hududlarda minimal xavfsiz transport vositasi to'rt g'ildirakli qo'zg'aysanli vintzali, vintzali va rulonli qafasga ega. Agar kerak bo'lsa yordamga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun sizga ikki tomonlama aloqa tizimi - radio yoki sun'iy yo'ldosh telefoni va yordam kelguncha omon qolish uchun yaxshi chodir va propan isitgich kabi uskunalar kerak.

Boring

Eslatma: Yo'lning holati yomon yoki prognoz yomon bo'lsa, haydashdan saqlanish har doim yaxshi.

Quyosh nurlari va -20 ° C atrofida, yomonroq bo'lishi mumkin. Tush bo'lishiga qaramay quyosh past.

Maqolani o'qing yo'l sayohatlari uchun maslahatlar. Odil ob-havoga taalluqli hamma narsa yomon ob-havoga nisbatan ko'proq qo'llaniladi.
Haqida umumiy tavsiyalarga qarang sovuq havo.

Ob-havo va yo'l sharoitlari

Ob-havo prognozini tekshiring qattiq qish ob-havo sharoitida (kuchli qor yog'ishi, qor bo'roni) haydashni oldini olish uchun siz o'tishni rejalashtirgan barcha hududlar uchun. Qishki ob-havo juda tez yomonlashishi mumkin. Mumkin bo'lgan taqdirda, qishki bo'ronni kutib olish uchun (uydan chiqishdan oldin) ikki kunlik moslashuvchanlikka imkon bering. Agar jo'nab ketishdan oldin prognozni bilsangiz, unda eng yomoni oldini olishga harakat qilishingiz mumkin. Siz o'tayotgan hududlarda ob-havo sizning ketish nuqtangizga yoki boradigan joyingizga qaraganda ancha sovuqroq yoki qattiqroq bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa, siz qirg'oqdan ichki hududga yoki pasttekislikdan baland tog'larga haydashda.
Yo'l sharoitlarini tekshiring foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan yo'llar uchun. Ko'pgina joylarda onlayn ravishda yo'l hisobotlari mavjud, yangiliklar hisobotlari hududdagi yo'l sharoitlarini yoritishni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin yoki telefon hisoboti uchun qo'ng'iroq qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan telefon raqami (masalan, Shimoliy Amerikaning ko'p qismida 5-1-1) bo'lishi mumkin. AQShda qidiruvingizga "shtat" (ya'ni "Montana shtati") so'zini kiriting; "yo'l hisoboti: yoki" yo'lning holati "atamasi ham foydali bo'lishi mumkin. Yo'l hisobotlari sizga qorlar, qor bo'roni yoki qor ko'chkilariga qarshi kurash tufayli yo'llarning yopilishi yoki yo'qligi, yo'lning ahvoli juda past bo'lganligi sababli haydash tavsiya etilmaydi; yoki agar Yo'l harakati ma'murlari har bir marshrut bo'ylab tanlangan nuqtalarda real vaqt rejimida yo'l qoplamasi tasvirini taqdim etadigan onlayn veb-kameralarni boshqaradilar, ayniqsa sizni tog'lar yoki tik yoki uzun bo'lgan erlar bo'ylab olib boradigan marshrutlar shartlariga e'tibor bering. sinflar.
Har doim mahalliy aholidan maslahat oling asosiy magistral yo'llardan tashqaridagi sharoitlar to'g'risida oldindan. Eng yaxshi marshrut siz uchun aniq bo'lmasligi yoki hatto qog'oz xaritada ko'rsatilishi mumkin.

Yo'nalish

Sun'iy yo'ldosh navigatsiyasi Yo'lda sayohat qilish uchun birliklar (GPS; Garmin, Magellan, TomTom va boshqalar) shunchalik arzonlashdiki, qishki haydashni o'z uyidan tashqarida olib boradigan har bir kishi foydalanishi kerak. Agar siz xalqaro chegaralarni kesib o'tgan bo'lsangiz, unda barcha tegishli mamlakatlarning xaritalari mavjudligiga ishonch hosil qiling va sizning qurilmangiz qanday ishlashini aniqlash uchun oxirgi daqiqagacha kutmang. Ideal holda, qishki uzoq safarga chiqishdan oldin siz o'z uyingizda kamida bir oy tajribaga ega bo'lishingiz kerak. Hatto tanish, yaqin joylarga haydashda ham GPS-dan foydalanishni mashq qiling. Har qanday qo'li bilan ishlaydigan bo'linma haydash paytida navigatsiya uchun mos ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling. E'tibor bering, qurilma maxsus holatlarda g'alati harakat qilishi mumkin (masalan, parom vayzasida tugaydigan yo'l) va kuchli yog'ayotgan qorda sun'iy yo'ldosh bilan aloqa uzilishi mumkin. Faqat piyoda yurish, qayiqda yurish va shunga o'xshash narsalarga mo'ljallangan GPS moslamasi emas haydash paytida mos keladi. Esingizda bo'lsin: qishda qoldirilgan yo'lga bir marta noto'g'ri burilish o'limga olib kelishi mumkin. Shuni yodda tutingki, GPS vaqtincha yopiq yo'llarni taklif qilishi mumkin, shuning uchun mahalliy yo'l idoralaridan so'nggi daqiqalarda ma'lumot oling. GPS xaritada eng qisqa yo'nalishni taklif qilishi mumkin, ammo hozirgi sharoit uchun eng yaxshi yoki tezkor bo'lishi shart emas. Haqiqiy vaqtda yangilanishlar odatiy holga aylandi, ammo bu model va hududga qarab farq qiladi.
If using a GPS device, mapping software, or websites to plan your route, always double-check it yourself against a detailed, printed map or atlas (e.g. Rand McNally, AAA/CAA, Michelin, etc.) Always select the "fastest" (never "shortest") route, as this will help keep it to the main highways. Of course, you shouldn't drive faster than conditions permit. Warning: Selecting "shortest route" or otherwise taking short cuts in wintertime could easily get you stranded, and can be deadly!
Avoid anything below a state/provincial route except for the last few miles/kilometers to your destination, where necessary. On some minor roads, there might not be another vehicle for days, weeks, or even months. Software maps are not as good as paper maps in showing how "minor" a less-used road is. Some aren't even paved, but look as good on a computer screen or GPS device as a well-paved, busy thoroughfare. That said, some government maps may have all state/provincial routes printed with equally bold lines, regardless of how well maintained and frequently traveled they are. Commercially produced maps are often much better at distinguishing major highways from minor ones.

Other

Leave a travel plan with a friend or family member if you are planning a long drive, driving in an unfamiliar area, or know that the weather or road conditions will be a challenge for you. Your travel plan should include the route that you plan to take, where you are going, and when you will check in with the person holding your travel plan. The person holding the travel plan must alert authorities if you do not check in on time. The travel plan will let them know where to search. A travel plan may feel like it limits your spontaneity, but with modern communications, it is easy to let people know about a change of plans even if you make it at short notice.
Be aware of early sunset times in the northern latitudes. Some examples on the 21st of December each year: Anchorage, Alyaska 3:41PM; Feyrbanks, Alyaska 2:40PM; Banff, Alberta 4:37PM; Boston, Massachusets shtati 4:15PM; Chikago, Illinoys 4:23PM; Irkutsk, Rossiya 4:52PM; Yakutsk, Rossiya 2:53PM; Stokgolm, Shvetsiya 2:48PM; Nordkapp, Norvegiya no sunrise at all, twilight ends 12:49PM.
A particularly difficult combination is blizzard conditions (where visibility is reduced by blowing snow) combined with early quyosh botishi (so headlights are on and being reflected back into the driver's eyes at night). This accompanies dangerously snow-covered roads (with reduced traction and inability to see any painted lane markings on snow-covered asphalt). While the first obvious advice is to slow down for conditions, on busy highways operators of large trucks often refuse to decelerate, instead repeatedly passing other vehicles. This dumps more snow and slush onto windscreens, making an already-bad visibility problem worse for drivers of small cars. At some point, the road becomes unsafe at any speed. Leave the highway at the next exit.
Finally, be prepared to alter, delay, or cancel your travel plans if weather conditions require it. This is especially important for those who have little winter driving experience. Mixing a tight itinerary with winter driving conditions is almost always a bad idea; you'll be tempted to drive faster than is safe or to drive in poor/unsafe road conditions, in order to keep on schedule.

Haydash

Finnish national road 192 in Masku covered by snow and ice in December.

Controlling your car

Stopping distance and speed

Reducing your speed is the best way to compensate for a slippery surface. If you can remember only one thing about winter driving, it should be o'zingni bos. Start carefully and test the surface by gentle braking until you know how slippery it is. Test frequently as conditions can change during a trip.
Driving on snow, and especially ice, requires extra stopping distance: 3–4 times greater than on dry asphalt is common. If your minimum distance to the next car is 3 seconds in summer, 5 or 6 seconds should be the absolute minimum on snowy or icy roads. Use extreme caution when going downhill.
Approach all intersections at a speed slow enough (20–30 km/h or about 15 mph) to be able to stop if there are other cars or pedestrians. Intersections are often more slippery, and turn lanes may have had less traffic, resulting in more unmelted ice. Hech qachon try to run through yellow light traffic signals—especially when turning. Likewise, always check that other drivers are able to stop before proceeding through an intersection.
Corner at less than 30 km/h (18 mph). Practice this and find the speed where the car starts skidding, if necessary (but conditions vary).
When driving downhill, no amount of technical gadgetry (ABS, 4x4, ESP,...) will protect you against skidding. Gentle speed and high quality winter tires or snow chains are the only remedy. In really slippery conditions, it is better to downshift to reduce speed rather than to brake, as braking can cause the vehicle to move sideways (fishtail). Especially for large vehicles, do not drive in neutral or depress the clutch when going downhill: when the clutch/gear is reconnected, the wheels may have uneven traction and start sliding on one wheel, leading to a spin.
Even though a 4x4 is great for providing forward traction, it will emas improve stopping distance.

Skidding

Skidding (sideways) is most likely to start with the driving wheels. So when driving a car with front wheel drive, a front wheel skid is most likely, rear wheel skid on a rear wheel drive, and on a 4x4 don't be surprised if all four wheels lose their grip at the same time!
A rear wheel skid is most difficult to control as the car tends to rotate, while a front wheel skid usually appears as straight ahead movement when you try to turn.
Avoid braking. You want to get your traction back. Braking with non-ABS brakes while skidding will easily cause the rest of the wheels to skid as well.
For vehicles with ABS anti-locking brakes, do emas pump the brake pedal if you start to skid.
It is very easy to panic and overcompensate, abruptly turning the wheels further when the vehicle initially fails to respond. This will quickly put you off the road, into a ditch or in the way of oncoming vehicles.
Disengaging the clutch is usually the best way to stop a skid in progress. A rear wheel skid can be counteracted with the steering. If a front wheel skid started when trying to turn, you probably turned too sharply, try to get back the grip and then turn more smoothly.

Dangers

Especially slippery conditions

Temperatures around 0°C (freezing point) are generally the most slippery. The colder the road, the less slippery. Also changes in temperature make the road slippery.
When the ice and snow are melting or there is fresh snowfall on refrozen ice, the road surface is much more slippery than usual in the winter. Soft, melting snow (slush) is more slippery than ice. Steering (handling) is particularly difficult on slush, although braking distance is not unusually long. Cold snow is the least slippery.
Rain on a frozen surface, or rain in freezing temperatures, will form very slippery, invisible "black ice". Black ice can also form from the moisture in the air.
Watch out for the slippery ice or built-up snow between lanes.
Ice is more likely to form on bridges, overpasses, and ramps. Slow down when going over them, especially on the highway/motorway.
Ice on an otherwise dry road is also possible when there has been morning mist, such as in the shade of a forest. Be alert everywhere where there is likely to have been temperature differences.
Try to anticipate when you will need to use extreme measures, such as low-range four wheel drive, and shift before you are in trouble. Stopping entirely in a "traction condition" is the fastest way to get yourself stuck. If you see snow drifts, wet ice, etc ahead, take action in advance and you have a better chance of getting through it.
Be aware that in northern areas, late winter or early spring can be the most hazardous time, in particular on less heavily trafficked roads. In many places, roads are not cleared "down to the pavement" and there may be layered ice still on top of the road surface. The sun can glaze the ice, making it extra slick, or rain may puddle up on it if snow berms are preventing proper drainage. Wet ice is basically the slickest thing you will ever drive on and is extremely dangerous.

Deep snow

Deep snow – especially at just a couple of degrees under freezing – affects your ability to control your car. It can turn your wheels into rudders and be as dangerous as ice.
When driving through snow, the tires need to plow their way through the snow in addition to bringing the vehicle forward. Often the surface is slippery as well, and all this might be too much for the tires and leave you skidding when driving uphill or stranded if on an even surface. A combination of rear wheel drive, an empty trunk and bad tires will pretty much guarantee your getting into trouble when driving in snow. This is where snow chains are useful.
If you're driving on a highway where only the lanes themselves are plowed and there is snow or slush between them, move slowly when changing lanes. Suddenly moving across even a thin layer of snow or slush at highway speed can lead to the snow "grabbing hold" of one wheel, with disastrous consequences. This is why that uncleared area between lanes is called "the devil's strip" in some places.
It can be hard to know how wide the road is. Sometimes there are markings for the snowplow, but otherwise you have to be careful, especially when giving way for meeting traffic on minor roads, not to find yourself in the ditch.
If your vehicle becomes high centered on snow (meaning the wheels are no longer supporting the full weight of the vehicle), there is nothing you can do to simply drive out out of the situation, so don't waste your time. You either need to dig out the snow beneath the vehicle, or pull it out with another vehicle or a winch. Digging may be of limited usefulness as well if the entire area has equally heavy snow, you'll just be stuck again moments after freeing it.

White-outs

Get off the road. Now.

In blizzard/white-out conditions, you may not be able to see anything through the windshield. Try rolling down the window and sticking your head outside. Then, find a safe place to get off the road and stay there until conditions improve.
In snowfall, main beam (headlamps full beam; high beam) may not be useful as the driver is blinded by light reflected from big snowflakes. Dipped beam (low beam), front fog lamps or even parking lamps may be better than main beam. But make sure full strength rear lights are used. If your vehicle has automatic headlamps that turn on in the dark, do not rely on them. Turn your headlamps on manually; these systems tend not to activate early enough in snowy weather, leaving it almost impossible for other drivers to see you.
Some areas are affected by snowsqualls – heavy snow that suddenly starts, stops, and changes in intensity, often accompanied by gusty winds – typically on the leeward side of bodies of water. Be aware that visibility can go from clear to almost nil in these regions with very little notice.

Things you may encounter

Change of route

If you miss your freeway exit, get off at the next one and turn around. Continuing on to a less-used alternate route in winter is foolish.
If a road is closed due to the weather, there's a good reason for it. Don't even think of using local roads to get around the closure. Saving a day or two is not worth risking your life.

Winter road maintenance

Meeting a snow plow.

Trying to pass a snowplow or snow grader is almost always a bad idea. The blades can cast a ridge of wet snow/slush even on the overtaking (non-plowing) side, and hitting it at speed can make you skid. Besides, the road surface behind the snowplow is almost certainly better than in front.
For clearing freeways and other multi-lane roadways, echelon plowing is sometimes used: a fleet of snowplows clears all lanes simultaneously. It may be frustrating to be stuck behind an army of snowplows as they crawl down the highway, but trying to pass by cutting in between them is almost certain to result in a crash.
On undivided roads, snowplows often need to cross slightly over the center line to clear the entire roadway. When meeting a plow, be mindful of where the edge of the plow blade is and stay well clear.
Salt is applied to roadways to melt ice and snow, but it loses its effectiveness when roadway temperatures drop below −12 °C (10 °F) or so. If a flash freeze happens, salt can actually backfire and make roads worse – it melts the ice and snow, which then refreezes when temperatures plummet. Be aware of this possibility in a sudden cold flash.
Depending on road conditions, a mixture of salt and sand, grit, or gravel may be applied to the roads by specially-equipped sanding trucks to increase traction. Stay 10 m back from sanding trucks, as flying rock chips could crack or break your windshield. Sanding trucks often apply sand only to slippery areas, such as ramps, bridge decks and intersections, so you may get the impression that it's safe to follow more closely – until the sander is turned on.
Different jurisdictions may have wildly differing ideas about what constitutes adequate winter road maintenance. Also, different categories of highway usually receive differing amounts of attention. Watch for a change in conditions when entering or leaving a city or moving from one route to another.

Convoy driving

Convoy driving is used routinely in Norway and other countries in difficult weather, particularly through mountain passes but also on other roads exposed to strong wind. Convoy driving means that drivers have to wait for a number of vehicles to line up and then follow a snow plow across the particularly difficult stretch of road. Only a limited number of cars are allowed, and each driver must never lose sight of the car ahead and never leave the convoy. In particularly difficult conditions only heavy vehicles (above 3.5 or 7 tons) are permitted. Waiting and slow driving means an hour or more is added to the trip. Convoys may run on a fixed timetable or departure may depend on the number of cars waiting.

Ice roads

Ice road in Estoniya with a "bridge" over a crack marked with young trees. Speed limit 10 km/h

In some regions there are roads made over the ice of lakes and rivers, even the sea, in the winter. Some provide road access to places otherwise inaccessible by car and some replace ferry connections. Locals may drive on the ice just for fun although this is not without danger, even if operating a qor avtomobili.

Official ice roads are usually well maintained and secure at least in good weather, but do respect speed and weight restrictions. Speeding will cause cracks in the ice. Stopping on the ice is often a bad idea, as the weight of the car causes a local depression. In the worst case you will have water flow in and too steep a grade to easily get out. Check instructions for using the roads, there may even be peculiarities such as self service ferries over shipping lanes.

For unofficial ice roads, always get local advice. There will probably not be any obvious warning signs.

Driving on the ice where there is no road at all requires judgement and knowledge of local conditions. Having a ship open a lane between you and the mainland is no fun (and wind or a raise in water level can cause similar situations). Have a good big scale map and a compass. Snowfall or snowdrift can cause you to see nothing but snow.

If there is any alternate route which avoids an ice road, take it. Vehicles falling through the ice can routinely result in death of drivers or passengers, particularly at the beginning or end of the season where ice conditions are unstable.

Other advice

You need time in the morning to clean the car from snow and ice and have the cabin heated to avoid (or clear) misting on the windshield. In some countries police can issue a substantial fine if windows are not sufficiently cleaned. Mind the lights, mirrors and the air intakes below the windshield. Do not leave snow on the roof, as it can land on the windshield of the vehicle behind once you speed up, or on your windshield when braking.
Start the engine a few minutes before you are ready to go (though this might be illegal in some countries, e.g., Germany).
You cannot drive at highway/freeway speeds with chains on. For most chains, the limit is 50 km/h (30 mph).
Check your rear lights regularly: you often need them also in daytime, as snow from the road reduces visibility, and the lights themselves may become covered.
Pay more attention to signs – the road markings are obscured by the snow.
During snowfall at low temperatures, snowflakes may freeze onto heated car windows (notably the windshield). One solution to this problem is to switch off or reduce inside heating in the car, while still running the ventilation fan at high speed.
Although driving slower than usual is often advised, watch the locals and keep a keen attitude. Deliberately driving 10–20 km/h slower than traffic annoys other drivers and invites risky overtakes.

Survive

Accidents on trafficked roads

Car crash on a wintry road, Sweden

If an accident happens and the car is on a lane and cannot be moved, it might get hit by other cars at any moment. Remember that other cars will not be able to stop as quickly as on a dry road and the worse the visibility, the more likely it is that someone will collide with your car — this is how freeway pile-ups come into being. Depending on circumstances, you might want to get everybody out of the car and off the road. Having an injured person in the cold outside the car is often a bad idea, but you need to weigh that against the possibility of sustaining even more injuries if staying in a vehicle that oncoming vehicles might crash into. That said, Soley cars very seldom catch fire and explode like in the movies.
A warning triangle (mandatory in many countries) should be placed it 50–100m behind the car so that other drivers have time to notice you and slow down. Especially if you have none, somebody should be placed to warn the traffic, if this can be done safely.
Fluorescent vests (also mandatory in some countries) are a very good way to make yourself noticed by other drivers in time, and they're usually cheap, so it's a good idea to have one or several of them in your car. At dark, you should at the very least have a safety reflector, otherwise you are almost invisible to other vehicles. If there isn't too much snow, stay next to the road.
If someone is more than lightly injured, call an ambulance (note that somebody seriously injured might feel OK). If somebody is unconscious, secure their breathing. The first aid pack should have a tool to cut the safety belt.
In the case other vehicles are involved in the accident, check if there is someone who needs help. Every involved party will almost certainly need to contact their insurance company (though this varies between countries). In more serious collisions you should also call the police to at least direct the traffic and if needed investigate the accident.
You need to call a tow truck to tow your vehicle away if it can't be moved otherwise. Check beforehand whether your insurance covers this.

Stranded in a vehicle

At 2,500m (8,200 ft) above sea level you might get a white surprise even in the summer!

Tinchlik saqlang. Think. When the winter storm ends, you will be found.
Stay in your vehicle. It can provide enough shelter to save your life, better than any igloo or snow cave that you could make. Also, it's much easier for rescuers to see and to find, since cars are large and are always on or near roads.
Run the engine for only 5–15 minutes each hour, with the heater up to the max. Even if you have a full tank of fuel (always advisable - as the extra weight improves rear wheel traction), you want to make it last for as long as possible. Make sure drifting snow doesn't block the exhaust pipe. Check each time before restarting engine (unless obvious: not snowing and no wind), and shovel any snow out from the rear end as needed. Keep the radiator clear of snow so that the engine does not overheat.
If you must go outside for a few minutes (for example to clear the tailpipe), do not overexert. Wet, sweaty clothes cannot keep you warm. Clearing heavy snow is a common cause of heart attack.
If you must go outside in low-visibility conditions, use a 30-foot line to tie yourself to the vehicle. Reeling in the line will lead you to the vehicle even in zero visibility.
To warm up, move around while inside the vehicle. This will also improve blood circulation. Loosen tight clothing. Put your hands in your armpits, between your legs, or rub hands together to warm them. Huddle together with other people in the car for warmth.
Crack a window slightly, on the side away from the wind. Better to be cold and alert than warm and sleepy.
Make yourself easy to spot. Hang a fluorescent banner or traffic vest from the antenna or out a window during the day. At night, remove the cover from the dome light and turn it on; searchers can see it from a long distance. Do not turn on your emergency flashers unless your see or hear someone, as they are a much larger drain on the car battery.
Take turns sleeping so that there is always somebody watching and listening for rescuers.
Protect any critical liquid medications such as insulin from becoming frozen. If there is no more heat from your vehicle, keep it next to your body.
Assuming no cell phone service, have your phone on every 15 minutes per hour. Then turn it totally off (usually the "end" button on newer phones) to help save its battery. Don't waste the battery trying to dial numbers where there's no service. Rescuers can use portable receivers and direction finders to pick up its signal. However, even if they do, it's not possible to communicate with you over the phone. If battery power has become critical, leave the phone off after dark, as rescue efforts are often suspended sunset to sunrise.
When there is cell phone service, but the signal is poor or there is little battery, use text messages instead of calling or using the internet. SMS uses less power and does not need a continuous connection. Most land lines cannot receive SMS, so choose whom to text at which phone number carefully. Keep the internet connection off, as it uses much more power. It's a good idea to always have a spare 12V charger (via the round power outlet) in your vehicle. (The other end attached to the phone is usually 5V, and the connector type must match.)
If you absolutely must go outside, write your name, address, phone number, and where you are going on a sheet of paper. Leave the paper on the dash of the car.
Don't expect to be comfortable. Your goal is simply to survive until you are found.

Bu sayohat mavzusi haqida Qishki haydash bor qo'llanma holat. It has good, detailed information covering the entire topic. Iltimos, o'z hissangizni qo'shing va buni amalga oshirishda bizga yordam bering Yulduz !