Rossiya (Ruscha: Rossiya, Rossiya) dunyodagi eng yirik mamlakat bo'lib, Yerning yashaydigan quruqligining sakkizdan bir qismidan ko'prog'ini o'z ichiga oladi. Sharqiy Evropa va shimoliy Osiyo, shuningdek, o'n bir vaqt zonalari. Geografik jihatdan asosan Osiyoda bo'lsa-da, Rossiya aholisining asosiy qismi Evropa qismida va madaniy jihatdan Rossiya shubhasiz Evropada joylashgan. Ammo Osiyo qismining katta qismi Sharqiy Evropadan ko'ra ko'proq Qozog'iston, Mo'g'uliston yoki Shimoliy-Sharqiy Xitoy bilan o'xshashliklarga ega. Rossiya boy tarix va madaniyatga ega.
Mintaqalar
| Markaziy Rossiya (Moskva, Ivanovo viloyati, Kaluga viloyati, Kostroma viloyati, Moskva viloyati, Ryazan viloyati, Smolensk viloyati, Tver viloyati, Tula viloyati, Vladimir viloyati, Yaroslavl viloyati) Ajoyib me'morchilik va tarixiy binolar, shuningdek poytaxt shaharlari joylashgan Rossiya madaniyatining tarixiy markazlaridan biri, Moskva. |
| Chernozemye (Belgorod viloyati, Bryansk viloyati, Kursk viloyati, Lipetsk viloyati, Orel viloyati, Tambov viloyati, Voronej viloyati) Janubida Markaziy Rossiya va boy, chuqur, qora tuproq bilan mashhur (Chernozem rus tilida "qora tuproq" ma'nosini anglatadi), bu Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida muhim jang maydoni bo'lgan. |
| Rossiyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismi (Sankt-Peterburg, Arxangelsk viloyati, Kareliya, Komi Respublikasi, Leningrad viloyati, Murmansk viloyati, Nenetsiya, Novgorod viloyati, Pskov viloyati, Vologda viloyati) Sobiq imperatorlik poytaxti joylashgan uy Sankt-Peterburg, shuningdek, "shimoliy poytaxt" deb nomlanadi. U katta Ladoga va Onega ko'llari va O'rta asr qal'alarining go'zal manzarasini birlashtiradi Pskov viloyati, ning lakustrin mintaqasi bilan Kareliya, va bu Skandinaviyadan eshik. |
| Kaliningrad viloyati (ko'pincha qismi deb hisoblanadi Rossiyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismi) Tarixiy jihatdan Germaniyaning Sharqiy Prussiya mintaqasi SSSR Germaniyaning mag'lubiyatidan so'ng Ikkinchi jahon urushiva endi Rossiyaning yagona eksklavi, bu Rossiyaga chegaralarni ulashishga imkon beradi Polsha va Litva. |
| Janubiy Rossiya (Adigeya, Checheniston, Qrim, Dog'iston, Ingushetiya, Kabardin-Balkariya, Qalmoqiya, Qorachay-Cherkesiya, Krasnodar o'lkasi, Shimoliy Osetiya, Rostov viloyati, Stavropol o'lkasi) Qora dengiz bo'yidagi hududlar butun mamlakatdagi eng iliq, subtropik kabi go'zal kurort shaharlari bilan Sochi, sovuq, tog'li va notinch respublikalar bilan yonma-yon joylashgan Shimoliy Kavkaz. |
| Volga mintaqasi (Astraxan viloyati, Chuvashiya, Kirov viloyati, Mari El, Mordoviya, Nijniy Novgorod viloyati, Penza viloyati, Samara viloyati, Saratov viloyati, Tatariston, Udmurtiya, Ulyanovsk viloyati, Volgograd viloyati) Kabi shaharlarda keng ko'lamli harbiy texnika ishlab chiqarish bilan mashhur bo'lgan mamlakatdagi eng rivojlangan mintaqa Izhevskboy madaniyati va tarixiga ega, shu jumladan Tatariston poytaxti va "Rossiyaning uchinchi poytaxti", Qozon |
| Urals viloyati (Boshqirdiston, Chelyabinsk viloyati, Xantiya-Mansiya, Kurgan viloyati, Orenburg viloyati, Perm o'lkasi, Sverdlovsk viloyati, Tyumen viloyati, Yamaliya) Bugungi kunda Rossiyaga zarur bo'lgan ko'plab resurslarni ishlab chiqarish bilan mashhur bo'lgan eng boy hududlardan biri. Evropa va Osiyo o'rtasidagi chegarani tashkil etuvchi ulkan Ural tog'lari nomi bilan atalgan. |
| Sibir (Oltoy o'lkasi, Oltoy Respublikasi, Buryatiya, Evenkiya, Irkutsk viloyati, Kemerovo viloyati, Xakasiya, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk viloyati, Omsk viloyati, Taymiriya, Tomsk, Tuva, Zabaykal o'lkasi) Mamlakatning eng katta maydoni - landshaft va yillik harorat jihatidan xilma-xilligi bilan ajralib turadi Baykal ko'li, dunyodagi eng uzun daryolar va markazda va shimolda botqoqliklar. Ushbu mintaqada Sibirni Evropa Rossiyasidan aniq ajratib turadigan ko'plab turkiy, mo'g'ul, tunis va boshqa etnik guruhlar mavjud. |
| Rossiya Uzoq Sharq (Amur viloyati, Chukotka, Yahudiy avtonom viloyati, Kamchatka o'lkasi, Xabarovsk o'lkasi, Magadan viloyati, Primorsk o'lkasi, Saxalin viloyati, Yakutiya) Dunyodagi eng sovuq shaharning uyi bo'lgan Rossiyaning eng sovuq mintaqalaridan biri, Yakutsk. Milliy bog'lar, go'zal manzaralar va tog'lar va vulqonlari bilan dunyoga mashhur Kamchatka. Shuningdek, kirish eshigi Shimoliy Koreya va Xitoy. |
Shaharlar
Rossiyaning to'qqizta shahrining inglizcha va ruscha kirillcha nomlari bilan vakillik namunasi:
- 1 Moskva (Moskva) - Rossiya gargantuan poytaxt dunyoning eng buyuk shaharlaridan biri va sarguzasht mehmonni taklif qiladigan cheksiz diqqatga sazovor joylariga ega
- 2 Irkutsk (Irkutsk) - dunyodagi eng sevimli Sibir shahri, bir soat ichida joylashgan Baykal ko'li ustida Trans-Sibir temir yo'li
- 3 Qozon (Kazan) - tatar madaniyatining poytaxti qalbida jozibali shahar Volga mintaqasi ta'sirchan kremlin bilan
- 4 Nijniy Novgorod (Nijniy Novgorod) - Rossiyaning eng yirik shaharlaridan biri bo'lishiga qaramay, ko'pincha Nijniy Novgorodni Kreml, Saxarov muzeyi va unga yaqin joylashgan Makaryev monastiri ziyorat qilishga arziydi.
- 5 Sankt-Peterburg (Sankt-Peterburg) - ilgari Leningrad deb atalgan, Rossiyaning madaniy va sobiq siyosiy poytaxti - Ermitaj dunyodagi eng yaxshi muzeylardan biri, shahar markazi esa o'z-o'zidan jonli ochiq osmon ostidagi muzey bo'lib, bu shaharni ushbu shaharni dunyodagi eng yaxshi sayohat yo'nalishlari
- 6 Sochi (Sochi) - Rossiyaning eng sevimli Qora dengiz sohil kurorti 2014 yilgi Qishki Olimpiya o'yinlariga mezbonlik qilguniga qadar chet elliklar uchun noma'lum edi
- 7 Vladivostok (Vladivostok) - ko'pincha "Rossiya San-Fransisko, "tepalikli ko'chalar va jangovar kemalarga to'la. Rossiyaning asosiy Tinch okeani shahri terminali hisoblanadi Trans-Sibir avtomagistrali va Trans-Sibir temir yo'li
- 8 Volgograd (Volgograd) - ilgari Stalingrad deb nomlangan bu shahar, ehtimol Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining hal qiluvchi jangiga sahna bo'lgan va hozirda katta urush yodgorligi
- 9 Yekaterinburg (Ekaterinburg) - Ural mintaqasining markazi va Rossiyaning asosiy madaniy markazlaridan biri bu erda yaxshi to'xtash joyidir Trans-Sibir temir yo'li va tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun kelish nuqtasi Urals, ikkinchi Rossiya moliya markazi
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Evropa va Osiyo chegarasi - bu aniq aniqlangan Yekaterinburgva qit'alarda yuradigan fotosessiyalar uchun juda mashhur to'xtash joyi!
- 2 Dombay - na xalqaro miqyosda mashhur va na yaxshi saqlanib kelinayotgan bo'lsa-da, bu eng go'zal tog'li kurort zonasi Shimoliy Kavkaz
- 3 Oltin uzuk - shimoliy-sharqdagi halqani tashkil etuvchi go'zal tarixiy shaharlar va shaharlarning mashhur ko'chasi Moskva
- 4 Kamchatka - ko'chalarda yuradigan faol vulqonlar, geyzerlar, mineral buloqlar va ayiqlar mintaqasi.
- 5 Kizhi - Rossiyadagi eng qimmatbaho joylardan biri, Onega ko'lidagi Kijhi oroli o'zining ajoyib yog'och cherkovlarining ajoyib ansambli bilan mashhur.
- 6 Komi bokira o'rmonlari - bu juda uzoq va tashrif buyurish qiyin, ammo bu uzoq Evropaning eng yirik yovvoyi hududi bo'lib, u Evropaning eng katta milliy bog'ini o'z ichiga oladi. Yugyd Va
- 7 Baykal ko'li - "Sibir marvaridi" - hajmi bo'yicha dunyodagi eng chuqur va eng katta ko'l va tashqi makonni yaxshi ko'radiganlar uchun ajoyib manzil.
- 8 Mamaev Kurgan - yigirmanchi asrning eng muhim jangi bo'lgan jang maydonida va u erda joylashgan ulkan yodgorlik va muzey: Stalingrad
- 9 Solovetskiy orollari - Oq dengizning shimolida va o'zining qattiq tarixida ham harbiy qal'a, ham gulag sifatida xizmat qilgan go'zal Solovetskiy monastiri joylashgan.
- Kavkaz Dolmenlari - butun Kavkaz bo'ylab joylashgan noma'lum qadimiy binolarni Buyuk Sochi yaqinida ham uchratish mumkin. Masalan, Lazarevskoe (Buyuk Sochi viloyati) bo'yicha yo'riqnomalar sizga mahalliy o'rmonlarda katta tosh dolmenlarni ko'rsatishi mumkin. (Mahalliy aholi ba'zida to'lov evaziga kichkina dolmenlarni namoyish etadi, lekin ular asosan soxta va betondan yasalgan)
Tushuning
 | |
| Poytaxt | Moskva |
| Valyuta | Rossiya rubli (RUB) |
| Aholisi | 146,8 million (2017) |
| Elektr | 220 volt / 50 gerts (Schuko, Europlug) |
| Mamlakat kodi | 7 |
| Vaqt zonasi | UTC 02:00 |
| Favqulodda vaziyatlar | 112, 7-01 (o't o'chirish bo'limi), 02 (politsiya), 7-03 (shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xizmatlari), 101 (o't o'chiruvchilar), 102 (politsiya), 103 (shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xizmatlari) |
| Haydash tomoni | to'g'ri |
| Wikidata-da tahrirlash | |
Rossiya, aql bilan, tushunolmaydi, «Umom Rossiyu ne ponyat, |
Tarix
Imperiya kuchi
- Shuningdek qarang: Rossiya imperiyasi, Rossiyaning ozchilik madaniyati
Rossiyaning o'ziga xosligi O'rta asrlarda kuzatilishi mumkin, bu uning birinchi davlati sifatida tanilgan Kiyev Rus va uning dini Vizantiya nasroniyligidan kelib chiqqan (ya'ni Lotin katolikidan farqli o'laroq yunon pravoslavlari). Konstantinopol. Ammo 1725 yilgacha hukmronlik qilgan Buyuk Pyotr podshohligigacha u Evropaning asosiy qismi deb hisoblanmagan. U o'ziga bag'ishlangan evrofil va "Evropaga to'g'ri" tashrif buyurgan birinchi podshoh bo'lib, yashirin sayohat paytida bir qator Evropa mamlakatlariga shogird sifatida tashrif buyurgan. hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilishidan oldin (u erda yodgorlik yodgorliklari mavjud Grinvich va ba'zi joylar Gollandiya, u erda u qisqacha yashagan).
Piter 1721 yilda Rossiya imperiyasini tashkil qildi, garchi Romanovlar sulolasi 1613 yildan beri hokimiyat tepasida bo'lgan bo'lsa ham. Rossiyaning eng xarizmatik va kuchli rahbarlaridan biri bo'lgan Butrus imperiyaning asoslarini markazlashgan va avtoritar siyosiy madaniyat asosida qurdi va millatni majburan "g'arbiylashtirish" ga asos soldi. Ushbu sa'y-harakatlar doirasida u poytaxtni o'rta asrlarda va bezovta qiluvchi Moskvadan Sankt-Peterburgga, uning irodasi va xazinasi kuchi bilan qurilgan shaharga ko'chirdi. Asosan frantsuz va italyan uslublari asosida yaratilgan Sankt-Peterburg Rossiyaning "G'arbdagi oyna" nomi bilan tanilgan va g'arbiy Evropadagi qirol sudlarining odob-axloqi va uslubini qabul qilgan, frantsuz tilini o'zlariga ma'qul til sifatida qabul qilgan.
Rossiya imperiyasi 18-asr oxiri va 19-asr boshlarida eng katta cho'qqiga chiqdi, Buyuk Ketrin, Dostoevskiy va Tolstoy singari ko'plab rang-barang va ma'rifatli shaxslarni yaratdi. Shunga qaramay, avtoritar sulola va uning bo'ysunuvchilari o'rtasidagi jarlik har bir avlod bilan yanada ravshanroq bo'la boshladi. Rossiya Buyuk Shimoliy urushi (1700-1721) va Yetti yillik urush (1756-1763) da hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi buyuk kuchlarga teng ekanligini isbotlagan bo'lsa-da, Napoleonning badbaxt bosqini boshlanguniga qadargina Evropaning qolgan qismi Rossiyaning Frantsiya, Prussiya yoki Avstriya bilan teng huquqli buyuk davlatga ko'tarilganiga e'tibor qaratdi. Ammo qisman uning o'ta avtoritar reaktsion hukumati tufayli bu hokimiyat mavqei uzoq davom etmadi. 19-asrning oxiriga kelib siyosiy inqirozlar ketma-ket ketma-ketlik bilan boshlandi, isyon va repressiyalar o'lim va umidsizlikning o'ta xavfli davrini yopdi. Romanovlar va imtiyozli sinflarning vaqti-vaqti bilan jamiyatni isloh qilish va pastki sinflarning ahvolini yaxshilashga urinishlari har doim muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Bunga sabab bo'lgan omil (nisbatan) liberal va islohotchi "podsho-ozod qiluvchi" Aleksandr II 1881 yilda boshiga tushgan muammolar uchun anarxist tomonidan o'ldirilgan bo'lishi mumkin. U vafotidan keyin uning vorislari islohotlarga hattoki tayyor emas edilar. Eng yomoni, Rossiya tashqi siyosatda omadsizligini ko'rsatdi, Qrim va Rossiya-Yaponiya urushlari harbiy jihatdan, ammo siyosiy jihatdan ham halokatli bo'ldi. 1905 yilgi inqilob - ozmi-ko'pi bostirilishi mumkin bo'lgan so'nggi inqilob qisman Yaponiyaning rus harbiylarini kamsitishi sababli "nodavlat" (hech bo'lmaganda Evropa nazarida) tufayli sodir bo'ldi.
Rossiya kirdi Birinchi jahon urushi Britaniya va Frantsiya tomonida, go'yo Serbiyani himoya qilish uchun, boshqa Evropa imperiyalari singari, o'zi uchun halokatli natijalar. Tsar Nikolay II va uning rafiqasi, qirolicha Viktoriyaning nabirasi, o'zini fokussiz, zaif va shaxsiy fojialar (masalan, merosxo'rning gemofiliyasi) va urush og'irliklari bilan chalg'itdi. Dastlab Rossiya harbiy kuchlari Germaniya kutganidan ko'ra kuchliroq ekanligini isbotlagan va Germaniyaning g'arbiy jabhadagi sharqdagi g'alabalarini inkor etish bilan tahdid qilgan bo'lsa-da, Rossiyaning Tanneberg yaqinidagi mag'lubiyatidan so'ng, to'lqin o'zgarib, 1917 yilga kelib ruhiy holat tubsiz edi, qochish avj olgan va hamma joyda tinchlikka bo'lgan umumiy da'vat.
Hukumat 1917 yildagi Rossiya inqiloblarini (fevralda burjua va oktabrda leninchilarni) ushlab turolmasligini isbotladi. 1917 yil fevral inqilobidan kelib chiqadigan qisqa muddatli muvaqqat hukumat befoyda kurashishga urinib ko'rgan bo'lsa (qisman frantsuz va inglizlarning Rossiyaga qarshi qo'shinlari ularni bosib olishidan qo'rqishgani sababli), kurashishga urinishgan bo'lsa-da, bolsheviklar ularning rahbarlari Vladimir Ilich boshchiligida " Lenin "Ulyanov tezda non, tinchlik va er va boyliklarning adolatsiz taqsimlanishiga barham berishga va'da berdi. Ko'p odamlar Leninning va'dalariga ishonishdi va 1917 yil oktyabrga kelib kommunistik bolsheviklar Moskva va Sankt-Peterburgni egallab oldilar (Petrograd deb nomlanib, tez orada Leningrad nomi bilan ataladi) va shu bilan hukumatning samarali nazorati. Uydan ozod qilingan va uy qamog'ida bo'lgan Nikolay, Aleksandra va ularning farzandlari - va ular bilan birga Romanovlar sulolasi - yangi hukumat buyrug'iga binoan Lenin rahbarligidagi yangi hukumat buyrug'i bilan podvalda Yekaterinburg kommunizm qulaganidan keyin topilgan va avliyo Pavlus va Pyotr soborida qayta ko'milgan noma'lum qabrlarga ko'milgan uy. Sankt-Peterburg.
Kommunizmning shtab-kvartirasi
- Shuningdek qarang: Sovet Ittifoqi
Birinchi jahon urushi 1917 yilda Rossiyaning imperatorlik hukumat va ijtimoiy institutlarini inqilobni to'xtatish bosqichiga olib bordi. Sotsial-demokrat Aleksandr Kerenskiy boshchiligidagi qisqa muddatli hukumatdan so'ng, bolsheviklar fraktsiyasi (ruscha "bolshoy" ning buyuk nomi bilan atalgan), fraksiya ko'pchilik ichki birlikda bo'lgani uchun qaror, umuman olganda, ozchilikni tashkil etgan bo'lsa-da) Kommunistik partiya marksistik Vladimir Lenin davrida hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritdi, Rossiyani urushdan olib chiqdi va ruhoniylarni, siyosiy dissidentlarni, aristokratlarni, burjuaziyani va boy mustaqil dehqonlar va er egalarining kulak sinfini tozalashni boshladi. Kommunistik rahbariyatning "qizil armiyasi" va dvoryanlar va o'rta sinflarning "oq armiyasi" o'rtasidagi shafqatsiz fuqarolar urushi 1920 yil oxirigacha davom etdi. Fuqarolar urushida qizillar ham, oqlar ham (va boshqacha, kichikroq guruhlar) ham urush jinoyatlarini sodir etishdi. va Birinchi Jahon urushida boshidan kechirgan azob-uqubatlaridan tashqari mamlakatni vayron qildi. O'zining hokimiyat yillarida Lenin Qizil Armiya (ko'pchilik o'zining tayinlangan vorisi deb bilgan Lev Trotskiy tomonidan tashkil qilingan va qurilgan), ichki xavfsizlik apparati va Kommunistik partiya rahbariyatidan millionlab siyosiy qamoqxonalarni o'ldirish yoki surgun qilish uchun foydalangan. muxoliflar, qattiq kommunistik pravoslavlikni sug'urtalash, eski Romanov imperiyasining bo'laklari ustidan nazoratni ta'minlash va dehqonlarni "kollektivlashtirish" va ulkan davlat xo'jaliklarida dehqonchilik qilish uchun terror kampaniyasini boshlaydilar.
Sovet inqilobiy davlati Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi (SSSR) nomidan tashkil topgan hukumatni titulli nazoratida bevosita amaldorlar tomonidan boshqarilmadi. Odatda tushunilgan ma'noda hukumat aslida ham, ham kommunistik nazorati davomida kommunistik nazorati davomida ahamiyatsiz edi. Haqiqiy hokimiyat Kommunistik partiya, Qizil Armiya va ichki xavfsizlik apparati (maxfiy politsiya) rahbarligida edi.
1924 yilda bosh vazir Vladimir Leninning vafotidan so'ng, bolshevik rahbariyati o'rtasida hokimiyat uchun kurash boshlanib, Iosif Stalin Kommunistik partiyaning yangi rahbari va SSSR diktatori sifatida maydonga chiqdi. Lenin deyarli Trotskiydan keyin uning o'rnini egallashini ma'qul ko'rgan bo'lsa-da, Stalin o'zini hokimiyatga bo'lgan da'vosini "qonuniy" qilib ko'rsatish uchun o'zini Lenin bilan suratga tushirish va boshqalarni olib tashlashgacha bordi. Stalinning shafqatsiz hukmronligi (1928-53) "tozalash" to'lqinlari bilan ajralib turdi, ularda hukumatda, partiyada, Qizil Armiyada va hatto xavfsizlik kuchlarida dissidentlikda gumon qilinganlar qatl etildi yoki juda oz miqdorda gulaglarga (qamoq lagerlariga) surgun qilindi. dalil. Lenin qishloq xo'jaligini majburiy ravishda kollektivlashtirish va xususiy mulkni yo'q qilish va iqtisodiy erkinlikni ta'qib qilish bilan bir qatorda, Stalin SSSRni jadal sanoatlashtirgan shafqatsiz iqtisodiy tizimni ("bitta mamlakatda sotsializm") joriy etdi. Halok bo'lganlar soni jirkanch bo'lsa-da, Stalinning birinchi besh yillik rejasi deyarli havodan og'ir sanoat yaratishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, bu narsa Ikkinchi Jahon urushida hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega edi. Keyinchalik Mao Tszedunning "Buyuk pog'ona oldinga siljishi" Stalin rejasi asosida qurbonlar soni yanada yuqori bo'lganligi va natijada kamroq iqtisodiy yutuqlarga erishganligi bilan tuzilgan. Leninning o'rnini egallash uchun Stalinning raqiblari va undan keyin paydo bo'lgan tanqidchilar odatda tozalash tozalash qurbonlari bo'lib qolishdi. Garchi Stalin o'zining oldingisiga qaraganda kamroq idealist sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsa ham, Rossiyada joylashgan xorijiy davlatlarning kommunistik partiyalari ustidan Komintern nazorati ostida va chet el josusligi orqali xalqaro inqilobni tinimsiz amalga oshirdi. Agar siz Stalin hukmronligi haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lishni istasangiz, Hayvonlar fermasi va 1984 Jorj Oruell tomonidan, asosan, Stalinning vahshiyliklarini eshitgandan so'ng, uning kommunizmdan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan.
Ikkinchi jahon urushiSovet nuqtai nazaridan, Stalin to'satdan fashistlar Germaniyasi bilan tajovuz qilmaslik to'g'risida bitim tuzishi bilan boshlandi. G'arbiy hukumatlarni o'zgacha silkitib, Evropada va Amerikada chapni hayratda qoldirgan Shartnoma Gitlerga Polsha, Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urush boshlash uchun erkin qo'lni kafolatladi. Ushbu bitim SSSRga 1939 yilda Germaniyaning istilosidan so'ng neytral Finlyandiyani bosib olish va bosib olish va butun sharqiy Polshani egallab olish uchun ruxsat berdi. Nihoyat 1941 yil iyun oyida Gitler Frantsiyani va G'arbiy Evropaning aksariyat qismini bosib olib, o'zining doimiy ittifoqchisiga aylandi. va SSSRni bosib oldi. G'arb davlatlari bilan zarurat ittifoqining o'zgarishi 1945 yilda natsizmni mag'lub etishida muhim rol o'ynadi. Qizil Armiyaning Sharqiy frontdagi qonli yurishlari, shuningdek, fashistlarning qotil urushlari va unga aloqador jinoyatlari 20 milliondan ortiq ruslarning o'limiga sabab bo'ldi, ularning aksariyati tinchlik qurbonlari yoki dahshatli quruqlik janglariga tashlangan askarlar. Ikkala tomon ham harbiy asirlarga nafrat bilan munosabatda bo'lishdi va ularning ko'p qismi ikkala tomonda ham halok bo'lishdi. So'nggi nemis harbiy asirlari faqat 1950-yillarning o'rtalarida G'arbiy Germaniya tomonidan siyosiy tan olinishi evaziga qaytib kelishdi.
Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugagandan so'ng SSSR tezda barcha ustidan nazorat o'rnatishga o'tdi Sharqiy Evropa. U Boltiqbo'yi davlatlarini qo'shib oldi va Sharqiy Germaniya, Polsha, Chexoslovakiya, Vengriya, Bolgariya, Ruminiya va Albaniyada kommunistik rejimlarni o'rnatdi va siyosiy muxolifatni barbod qildi. Osiyoda, shuningdek, Mo'g'uliston, Xitoy, Shimoliy Vetnam, Shimoliy Koreya, Kambodja va Laosda kommunistik hukumatlarni o'rnatishga yordam berdi. G'arb tanqidchilari SSSR va uning Evropa va Osiyo "yo'ldoshlarini" shafqatsiz totalitarizm va buyruqbozlik iqtisodiyotining "temir parda" ortida qolgan deb ta'riflashga kelishdi. Yugoslaviya Kommunistik partiyasi Moskvadan mustaqillik darajasini o'rnatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo Vengriyadagi (1956) va Chexoslovakiyadagi (1968) qo'zg'olonlar Sovet armiyasi tomonidan shafqatsizlarcha bostirildi.
1953 yilda Stalin vafot etganidan so'ng Sovet Ittifoqining og'ir sanoat va harbiy qudrati Georgi Malenkov (1953-1955) va Nikita Xrushchev (1955-1964) davrida, partiyaning Bosh kotibi sifatida Stalinning vorislari sifatida o'sishda davom etdi. Garchi iste'mol tovarlarini ishlab chiqarishga urinishlar qilingan bo'lsa-da, odatda bu harakatlar muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va SSSR kollektivizatsiya va totalitarizm bo'yinturug'i ostida kurashni davom ettirdi. 1956 yilda Xrushchev Stalin rejimining haddan tashqari haddan oshishidan voz kechdi va SSSR iqtisodiyoti va jamiyatini "dezinstalinatsiya qilish" uchun o'zining turli xil tozalash ishlarini boshladi. Natijalar bir-biriga aralashdi va Xruşchev lavozimidan chetlashtirildi. Biroq, keyinchalik u ta'kidlaganidek, o'ldirilmaslik va o'ldirilmaslik uning siyosatining kechiktirilgan muvaffaqiyati sifatida qaralishi mumkin. 50-yillarning oxirlarida SSSR kosmik poygada sakrab chiqdi va birinchi bo'lib kosmosga narsa (Sputnik), tirik narsa (it Laika), erkak (Yuriy Gagarin) va ayolni (Valentina Tereshkova) uchirdi. Biroq, bu yutuqlardan ko'p o'tmay, ajoyib bosh dizayner Sergey Korolev 1966 yilda tabiiy sabablarga ko'ra vafot etdi va uning vorislari o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar, mablag 'etishmasligi va noto'g'ri texnologik va strategik qarorlar Sovet kosmik dasturini keyinchalik AQSh tomonidan o'zlashtirilishiga olib keldi. . 1969 yilda Oyga tushish amerikaliklar hozirda etakchi o'rinda ekanligini isbotlaganda, Sovet kosmik dasturining o'rniga uchuvchisiz zondlar va kosmik stantsiya o'zgartirildi. Buning natijasida Sovet Ittifoqi qulaganidan so'ng G'arb davlatlari bilan birgalikda qurilgan ulkan muvaffaqiyatli MIR (ruscha tinchlik) va Xalqaro kosmik stantsiyaning katta qismlari paydo bo'ldi. Sovet Ittifoqi o'zining harbiy, diplomatik va sanoat cho'qqisiga Leonid Brejnevning yopilish yillarida (1964-1982) erishdi. Ammo davom etayotgan korruptsiya va iqtisodiy tanazzullar inqirozga yuz tutib, bosh kotib Mixail Gorbachyovni (1985–91) olib keldi. glasnost (ochiqlik) va qayta qurish (cheklangan iqtisodiy erkinlik). Uning tashabbuslari tasodifan 1991 yil dekabrgacha imperiyani parchalab tashlagan kuchlarni bo'shatdi. Evropa sun'iy yo'ldoshlari SSSR va ularning mahalliy kommunistik rahbarlari boshqaruvidan ozod bo'lib, SSSR 15 ta mustaqil mamlakatga qulab tushdi.
Yangi paydo bo'lgan demokratiya va Vladimir Putinning paydo bo'lishi
Rossiya Federatsiyasi Sovet Ittifoqidan chiqdi va unga bo'ronli muammolar hamroh bo'ldi. Yangi tashkil topgan xalqning birinchi etakchisi Boris Yeltsin edi, u KGB tomonidan olib borilgan urinishlarga qarshi turish orqali hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarildi. Yeltsin asosan mamlakat ustidan boshqaruvni eski sovet elitasidan o'z oligarxik apparatiga o'tkazishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Yeltsin G'arb tomonidan keng qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan xarizmatik rahbar edi, ammo uning hukumati beqaror bo'lib, korruptsiya va Yeltsinning alkogolizmiga duchor bo'ldi. Iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar to'lqini Rossiya iqtisodiyotini xarobaga aylantirdi va armiyani mablag 'bilan ta'minlanmagan va intizomsiz qoldirdi. Shu vaqt ichida Rossiyaning uyushgan jinoyatchiligi va uning hukumat bilan munosabatlari, endi hamma tomonidan buzilgan va qobiliyatsiz deb tan olingan, siyosiy islohotlar amalga oshirilayotgan bo'lsa ham, millat ustidan ko'proq nazorat o'rnatildi. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, u hokimiyatga kelguniga qadar Yelsin Rossiyani "dunyodagi eng katta mafiya davlati" deb tan olgan edi.
Rossiya bilan ham urush bor edi Chechen allaqachon zaif Rossiya iqtisodiyoti uchun halokatli oqibatlarga olib kelgan separatistlar. Keng tarqalgan korruptsiya, qashshoqlik va keng ko'lamli siyosiy va ijtimoiy muammolar oxir-oqibat Eltsinni iste'foga chiqishga majbur qildi va Vladimir Putin prezident sifatida qolgan muddatini (2000 yil yanvar - aprel) to'ldirdi. Kommunistik rejim davrida sobiq KGB zobiti (bir muddat Sharqiy Germaniyada chet elda xizmat qilgan) va Eltsin boshchiligida qayta tiklangan Rossiya josuslik xizmati rahbari Putin o'z shaxsiyati va irodasini mamlakatning itoatsiz va jinoiy mahallalariga yukladi, ammo shunday qildi avtoritar xatti-harakati uchun juda ko'p mahkum etilgan. Konstitutsiyaviy ravishda cheklangan muddatlarda (2000-2008) ishlagan Putin, prezidentlik lavozimini tark etdi, ammo o'zining moylangan vorisi Dmitriy Medvedev orqali hukumatni nazorat qilishni davom ettirdi. Hech kimni ajablantirmagani uchun, 2012 yilda yana prezidentlik huquqini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, Putin prezidentlik faoliyatini davom ettirdi. 2014 va 2015 yillarda Rossiya ko'plab tashqi va ichki siyosat, shu jumladan Putin va uning partiyasi siyosiy muxolifatni boshqarish uslubi va uning ba'zi millatparvarlik ohanglaridan keyin tobora ko'proq bosim va tanqidlarga uchradi. siyosat va ma'ruzalar. Vaziyat Qrim va Ukraina tomonidan aytilgan yi va BIZ Putinning aybi bilan bo'lishiga qaramay, u hech bo'lmaganda qisman aybni o'z zimmasiga yuklaydi.
2000 yildan boshlab, Putinning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita boshqaruvi ostida, iqtisodiyot inqirozdan qaytdi, chunki Rossiyada xom ashyo narxlarining besh baravar ko'payishi juda ko'p emas. Inflyatsiya uch raqamdan yakka birliklarga tushdi, qashshoqlik kamaydi va Rossiya yana hukmron global iqtisodiy, siyosiy va harbiy qudratga aylandi. Ushbu spektakl ko'pincha "Rossiya mo''jizasi" deb nomlangan. Garchi Putin G'arbda juda ko'p qoralanayotgan bo'lsa-da, Rossiyaning iqtisodiy va harbiy yutuqlari natijasida u Rossiyada juda yuqori darajadagi obro'ga ega, uning ichki ma'qullash ko'rsatkichlari Rossiyadan keyin milliy g'urur to'lqini ostida misli ko'rilmagan darajaga etgan. Qrimning anneksiyasi.
Bugungi kunda, zamonaviy Rossiya hali ham 2014 yildan beri mamlakatga tushgan darmonsizlikdan to'liq xalos bo'lishi kerak, inflyatsiya narxlarni ko'tarishi, keng tarqalgan korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashda tobora to'xtab bo'lmaydigan yuk, raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan siyosiy tizim, mamlakatdagi mojaro Shimoliy Kavkaz, demografik inqiroz va iqtisodiy raqobatning pasayishi. Ruslar, shuningdek, Putinning yutuqlarini uning totalitar va o'zini maqtovchi impulslari bilan uyg'unlashtirish muammosiga duch kelishgan ko'rinadi. Shunga qaramay, ruslar SSSR qulaganidan beri ancha yuqori turmush darajasiga erishdilar. Biroq, ayrim tovarlarning narxi, xususan, 2014 yil oxiri va 2015 yil boshlarida neftning pasayishi Rossiya iqtisodiyotiga jiddiy zarba berdi va uning ta'siri hali ham ko'rinib turibdi. Rossiya o'zining boyliklariga bog'liq bo'lgan ushbu qaramlikdan xalos bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi - bu hali aniq emas.
Relyef
Relyefi kengligi tekisliklardan iborat bo'lib, g'arbdan past tepaliklarga ega Urals; keng ignabargli o'rmon va tundra Sibir; janubiy chegara mintaqalari bo'ylab tog'lar va tog'lar; tog'li va vulkanik Rossiya Uzoq Sharq.
Iqlim
Rossiya a sovuq mamlakat, lekin kul rangda har doim soyalar mavjud. Rossiyaning quruqlik va ekzotik Qora dengiz sohillarining 65 foizini egallagan tundraning doimiy muzlik kontrasti kontinental iqlim o'rtasida, Evropaning Rossiyaning eng ko'p yashaydigan zonasi, Sibirning janubiy mintaqalari va Rossiyaning Uzoq Sharqida joylashgan. Yozi har doim iliq, issiq kunlarning yaxshi qismi ko'p daryolar, ko'llar va dengizlarda suzish imkoniyatini beradi.
Bayramlar
Rossiya ta'tillari ro'yxati federal va mintaqaviy ravishda tashkil etilgan, etnik, tarixiy, professional va diniy bo'linadi. Dastlabki ikki tur mamlakat bo'ylab dam olish kunlari bo'lib, sayohatni rejalashtirishda e'tiborga olinishi kerak, bular Rossiya Federatsiyasidagi rasmiy bayramlar:
- Yangi yil ta'tillari (1-5 yanvar) ko'pincha Rojdestvo bilan birlashtiriladi va bir haftadan ko'proq dam olishni tashkil qiladi.
- Pravoslav Rojdestvo (7 yanvar).
- Vatan himoyachilari kuni (23 fevral).
- Xalqaro xotin-qizlar kuni (8 mart).
- Bahor va mehnat kuni (1 may).
- G'alaba kuni (9 may).
- Rossiya kuni (12 iyun).
- Xalq birligi kuni (4 noyabr).
O'lchov birliklari
Rossiya o'lchov tizimi AQSh va Myanma (Birma) dan tashqari butun dunyo bilan bir xil; SI tizimi. Selsiy, kilometr, kilogramm, litr va boshqalarga duch kelishingizni kuting. Masofa uchun arxaik birliklar versta va vershok; vazn uchun - pud.
Vaqt zonalari
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2021 yilga kelib, Rossiya o'n bitta mamlakatni qamrab oladi vaqt zonalari, va yozgi vaqtdan foydalanilmaydi. Ilgari mamlakat vaqt zonalari soni kamroq va DST bilan tajriba o'tkazgan.
- Kaliningrad vaqti (UTC 2): Kaliningrad viloyati
- Moskva vaqti (UTC 3): Markaziy Rossiya, Chernozemye, Rossiyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismi, Janubiy Rossiya, Volga mintaqasi (bundan mustasno Astraxan viloyati, Samara viloyati, Saratov viloyati, Udmurtiya va Ulyanovsk viloyati).
- Samara vaqti (UTC 4): Astraxan viloyati, Samara viloyati, Saratov viloyati, Udmurtiya va Ulyanovsk viloyati.
- Yekaterinburg vaqti (UTC 5): The Urals
- Omsk vaqti (UTC 6): Omsk viloyati
- Krasnoyarsk vaqti (UTC 7): Oltoy o'lkasi, Oltoy Respublikasi, Kemerovo viloyati, Xakasiya, Krasnoyarsk o'lkasi, Novosibirsk viloyati va Tomsk viloyati va Tuva
- Irkutsk vaqti (UTC 8): Sharqiy Sibir, bundan mustasno Tuva va Zabaykal o'lkasi
- Yakutsk vaqti (UTC 9): G'arbiy Yakutiya, Amur viloyati
- Vladivostok vaqti (UTC 10): Yahudiy avtonom viloyati, Xabarovsk o'lkasi, Magadan viloyati, Primorsk o'lkasi, Saxalin, markaziy Yakutiya
- Srednekolyomsk vaqti (UTC 11): sharqiy Yakutiya, Kuril orollari, Saxalin
- Kamchatka vaqti (UTC 12): Chukotka, Kamchatka
Gapir
- Shuningdek qarang: Ruscha so'zlashuv kitobi
Ruscha Rossiyaning asosiy tili. Til Sharqiy slavyan tillari oilasining a'zosi bo'lib, ukrain va belorus tillari bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Bolgar, xorvat, chex kabi boshqa slavyan tillari o'zaro tushunarli emas, ammo baribir biroz o'xshashlikka ega. Rus tili, asosan, juda murakkab grammatika tufayli ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan odam uchun eng qiyin Evropa tillaridan biri hisoblanadi. Siz qisqa vaqt ichida tilni o'rganmaysiz; ba'zi bir kalitlarni o'rganishga e'tiboringizni qarating "xushmuomalalik" iboralariva kirill alifbosi (masalan, "restoran" rim alifbosidagi "restoran" ni, "restoran" degan ma'noni anglatadi), shuning uchun siz ko'cha nomlari, yorliqlari va jamoat belgilarini tanib olish imkoniyatiga egasiz. Kirill alifbosi bilan tanishish nafaqat Rossiya uchun, balki boshqa qator davlatlar uchun ham juda foydali va juda qiyin emas.
Rus tilini o'rganish slavyan tilini bilmaydiganlar uchun qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Kirill yozuvida lotin alifbosidagi ko'plab harflar ishlatilgan, ammo ularning ko'pchiligiga turli xil tovushlar berilgan. Tilda uchta grammatik jins (erkaklar, ayollar va neytral), oltita grammatik holatlar va erkin tushish stresslari mavjud bo'lib, ularning barchasi mahalliy ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi uchun qiyin istiqbolga aylanish uchun fitna uyushtiradi.
Ingliz tili biznes dunyosining talabiga aylanib bormoqda va bu mamlakatda eng mashhur chet tili. Yoshroq, o'qimishli ruslar va xizmat ko'rsatish sohasida ishlaydiganlar ingliz tilini oddiy suhbatlashish uchun etarli darajada bilishlariga qaramay, uning juda oz qismi, hatto Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg. Mustaqil sayohatchiga rus tilini biroz bilish juda zarur.
Rus tilini har qanday bilish, ravon bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, mahalliy aholini hayratga solishi shart. Aytishlaricha, ingliz tilini yaxshi biladigan ruslar, ba'zi hollarda, agar ular bilan rus tilida gaplashmoqchi bo'lsangiz ham, ingliz tilida muloqot qilishni taklif qilishadi. Bunga hayron bo'lmang, chunki bu sizning harakatlaringizni susaytirishga qaratilgan emas; Ruslar umuman birov bilan tushunmaydigan tilda gaplashishni yaxshi odob deb hisoblamaydilar.
Chet tillarni o'qitish sifati u qadar yaxshi rivojlanmaganligi sababli, ingliz tilida so'zlashadiganlar noto'g'ri tushunishdan yoki tushkunlikka tushib qolishlaridan qo'rqib, bilganlarini inkor etishi yoki rad etmasligi mumkin. Ehtimol, siz ruslar hech qachon uchratmagan ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan juda kam odamlardan biri bo'lishingiz mumkin.
Rossiyada yuzlab tillar mavjud va ularning aksariyatini qo'llab-quvvatlashga da'vo qilmoqda. Sovet tilshunoslari ularni SSSRning dastlabki bir necha o'n yilligida hujjatlashtirdilar va ularga kirill yozuv tizimlari (Karelian, Veps, Ingrian, Votic va Ter Sami tashqari) berilganligiga ishonch hosil qildilar. Ba'zilari mahalliy rasmiy tillarga aylantirildi. Janubiy Rossiya turkiy, mo'g'ul va tungus tillari bilan qoplangan; shimoliy fin va samoyed tillari bilan. Janubi-g'arbiy burchakda turli xil Kavkaz tillari mavjud; shimoli-sharqda bir nechta chukotko-kamchatkan tillari mavjud.
Rus pravoslav dini dunyodagi eng qadimgi nasroniylik yo'nalishlaridan biri bo'lib, kommunistik davrda qatag'on qilinganiga qaramay, juda ko'p tarafdorlariga ega bo'lib kelmoqda va 2020 yil iyulidan beri davlat dini sifatida tan olingan. Rus tilida so'zlashadigan til Pravoslav cherkov xizmatlari Qadimgi cherkov slavyanzamonaviy rus tilidan ancha farq qiladi.
Chiqinglar
 | Viza cheklovlari: Cheklangan istisnolar bilan, Kosovan pasport egalari rad etildi Rossiyaning Kosovoni tan olmasligi sababli Rossiyaga kirish. |
 | COVID-19 ma `lumot: Rossiya o'z chegaralarini chet elliklar uchun yopib qo'ydi 2020 yil 17 martda. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 25 mart 2020 yil yangilangan) |
Vizalar
Vizasiz sayohat
Quyidagi mamlakatlar fuqarolariga viza kerak emas:
Cheksiz muddat
90 kun
- Abxaziya, Argentina, Armaniston, Ozarbayjon, Boliviya, Braziliya, Chili, Kolumbiya, Kosta-Rika, Ekvador, Salvador, Fidji, Grenada, Gvatemala, Gayana, Gonduras, Isroil, Qozog'iston, Qirg'iziston, Moldova, Nikaragua, Panama, Paragvay, Peru, Sent-Kits va Nevis, Janubiy Afrika, Tojikiston, Ukraina, Urugvay, O'zbekiston, Vanuatu, Venesuela. Shuningdek, an Estoniya chet elliklarning pasporti va a Latviya fuqarolik bo'lmagan pasport
60 kun
30 kun
- Bosniya va Gertsegovina, Kuba, Laos, Makao, Mo'g'uliston, Chernogoriya, Shimoliy Makedoniya, Serbiya, Seyshel orollari, Tailand
14 kun
Norvegiyaliklar chegaradan 30 km uzoqlikda joylashgan:
- Ushbu shaxslarga kamida 3 yil davomida chegara zonasida istiqomat qilishlari va chegaradan 30 km uzoqlikda yurmasliklari sharti bilan Rossiyaga 15 kungacha vizasiz kirishga ruxsat beriladi.
- Bir nechta yozuvlar uchun amal qiladigan chegara guvohnomasini Rossiya konsulligidan olish kerak Kirkenes oldindan, shuning uchun uni 5 yilgacha bir necha marta kirish uchun amal qiladigan vizaning maxsus turi sifatida ko'rish kerak. Xuddi shunday tartib Kaliningrad hududiga yaqin joyda yashovchi polyaklar uchun ham mavjud.
Bunga imkon beradigan bir nechta holatlar mavjud vizasiz kirish:
- Tranzit orqali Moskva Sheremetevo, Moskvaning Domodedovo yoki Yekaterinburg Koltsovo aeroportlari tranzit vizasini talab qilmaydi, agar sayohatchining keyingi parvozi tasdiqlangan bo'lsa, u aeroportda 24 soatdan ko'p bo'lmagan muddatda va yoki undan tranzitda emas Belorussiya va Qozog'iston (ushbu mamlakatlarga borish va qaytish ichki terminallardan foydalanadi). Sankt-Peterburg Pulkovo aeroporti orqali o'tish tranzit (yoki boshqa) vizani talab qiladi. Vizalar, juda cheklangan hollarda, aeroportlardagi konsullik xodimlaridan olinishi mumkin.
- Kruiz yo'lovchilari, Rossiyaga qayiqda kelgan va u erdan ketayotganlar, agar ular Rossiyada qolsalar, ularga viza kerak emas 72 soatdan kam. Bunga Saimaa kanalidan sayohatlar kiradi Lappeenranta (Finlyandiya) ga Vyborg va St.Peter Line kruizlari Sankt-Peterburg Xelsinki, Tallin yoki Stokgolmdan. O'zingizning guruhingizda qay darajada bo'lishingiz kerakligini tekshiring. Vizani bekor qilishni ortiqcha qoldirmang. If you do overstay, you need to apply for an exit visa, need to pay a fine of at least €500 and will not be able to enter Russia on a visa waiver for the next five years. The visa process in this case may take over a week, during which you need to pay for your stay and food.
- Special events: the best known example was the "supporters visa" temporarily available for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. This was a less onerous visa process, but you had to have tickets for matches and booked accommodation, which meant paying top prices. That has come to an end but there are many other sporting and cultural events with a similar visa arrangement: upcoming events are listed on the Russian embassy website. Visitors with tickets to UEFA Euro 2020 games (in summer 2021) in St. Petersburg will be allowed to enter visa free under the same scheme.
eVisas
Since 1 January 2021, the free electronic visas entitling visitors to enter certain parts of Russia are discontinued. They've been replaced by eVisas costing $40, allowing you to travel freely around Russia for 16 days, for tourism, business and participating in events. One limitation is that you can only enter and leave Russia through certain checkpoints (as of February 2021, 40 checkpoints) including major airports (though very few in eastern Russia) and ports, and a few land crossings (mostly to the Baltic states and to/from Kaliningrad), and two railway crossings to North Korea and nearby to China. In a nutshell: overland travel to and from most countries, including almost all train crossings, as well as entry directly into most of Asian Russia by plane require a full normal visa.
Eligible nationalities for these eVisas are the EU countries, Bahrain, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Philippines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Vatican City.
The visa process
Everyone else requires a visa. And for those unfortunates the complexity of the process depends on the class of visa. Thirty-day tourist visas are fairly straightforward to acquire; 90-day (and more) business visas, less so. US citizens are eligible for 3-year multiple-entry business, homestay/private, humanitarian and tourist visas without an invitation (but with proof of booking arrangements). It is best to start the application process well in advance. While expedited processing is available to those who need visas quickly, it can double the application cost.
I want a tourist visa and I don't want to book any accommodation before I have my visa Specialist Russian visa companies can do this for you and you don't have to worry about filing any paperwork with embassies. Just send them money, your passport and the relevant information. However, it's cheaper (but slightly more work) to use these agencies to get you an invitation and then lodge your application at the embassy yourself. |
Arranging a visa basically involves two steps:
- Getting an invitation and
- Applying for the visa.
You may arrive at any time on or after the start date of your visa's validity and may depart at any time on or before its expiry date. Normally, an exit visa is included in transit, private visit/homestay, tourist, and business visas so long as the visa is still valid. Other classes, such as student visas, still require a separate exit visa that can take up to three weeks to process.
Exit and re-entry during the validity period of your visa requires permits. Getting these permits is a Kafkaesque bureaucratic nightmare that is best avoided entirely by getting a double- or multiple-entry visa in the first place.
If you're in Russia and have lost your passport, your sponsor, not your embassy, must apply to the Federal Migration Service to transfer your visa to your replacement passport. Having a copy of your old visa helps with this, but is not sufficient to let you depart. An exception is for U.S. citizens, who only need show proof that they had not exceeded their duration of permitted stay in order to depart (but a visa would be required for a return to Russia).
An unaccompanied minor of Russian nationality needs, apart from the regular requirements for adults, a notarized statements in Russian signed by both parents. This statement can be requested at the Russian embassy or consulate. The child is likely able to get into Russia without this statement, but will most likely be prevented by the Russian border guards from getting out of Russia at the airport!
1. Getting an invitation
The invitation type determines the visa. A tourist invitation gets you a tourist visa, a private visit invitation gets you a private visit visa, etc. Except for tourist visas, invitations are official documents issued by Russian government agencies and must be applied for by the person or organization inviting you.
Any invitation will include the intended dates of travel and the number of entries required (1, 2 or multiple). The dates on the invitation determine the period of the ensuing visa's validity. If in doubt of dates, ensure that the invitation covers a period longer than the intended stay: a tourist visa valid for 7 days costs the same as one valid for 30 days.
In the likely situation you have to buy your invitation, shop around globally: all invitations come from Russia and the company that gets it for you will have a base in Russia. It doesn't make a difference whether its website is based in Germany, the UK, the US or Eswatini. Many embassies and consulates only require a copy of the invitation; however this is not always the case so check with the embassy or consulate beforehand. If the original invitation is required, it will have to be flown from Russia anyway. It is only applying for the visa that generally requires the application to be made in the applicant's homeland.
A tourist invitation (shuningdek, deyiladi reservation confirmation) is a letter of confirmation of booking and pre-payment of accommodation and travel arrangements in Russia. It is accompanied by a tourist voucher. These two documents can be issued only by "government approved" tour operators, hotels, online hotel booking services or Russian travel agencies (several Russian travel agencies have offices outside Russia and are adept at facilitating visa applications). "Government approval" here is not an endorsement of quality; it means that the company is registered with the Russian government. An ordinary hotel booking is not sufficient to constitute an invitation. Some hotels charge a fee to issue the invitation. Booking one night in a hotel will get you an invitation valid for one day (maybe two) and hence the resulting visa will be valid for a very brief time.
For independent travellers planning to travel around Russia, it is best to get an invitation through an agency. For a fee, these agencies will issue the necessary invitations and vouchers to any passport holder in any country. They do this without actually collecting any accommodation prepayment (and without providing any accommodation, of course). Two big players in the online tourist visa support document business are Way to Russia, a company with a US base (invitation US$30), and Real Russia with a British base (invitation ₤15). While the strict legality of such is questionable, these companies are well established and do enough not to upset the authorities. Most importantly, their services do not lead to problems for the traveller. However, if your itinerary is confined to only one hotel, then it makes sense to obtain the invitation documents directly from the hotel as the service fee will be similar.
Consider getting a private/homestay visa if you have friends or relatives in Russia (they do not necessarily have to be Russian). They would need to seek an invitation through their local Passport and Visa Division of the Federal Migration Service (formerly OVIR). These invitations tend to take at least a month to process. The inviting individual also becomes solely responsible for all your activities while in Russia and can be penalized heavily if something were to go wrong. Because of this, personal invitations are usually not available for a fee through the net.
Business invitations are issued by the government. They are generally time-consuming and costly to acquire but they can be quickly arranged for exorbitant fees. Any registered company in Russia can apply for a business invitation. Travel agencies and visa specialists can also get them issued for you. Business visas have longer validity than tourist visas. Being a tourist on a business visa bu permitted, so anyone wanting more than a 30-day stay should get one of these. As a rough guide, one UK company can arrange a business invitation for a single 90-day stay for various amounts between ₤38 (for 12 working day processing) and ₤121 (for 2 working day processing).
Invitations for student visas are issued by the educational institution where you plan to study. Most universities and language schools are familiar with the process.
Some Russian local governments have a right to invite foreigners for cultural exchanges by sending a message directly to the Embassy or Consulate of Russia overseas, requesting the visa be issued to a particular foreigner or group of foreigners. Such messages are used instead of an invitation. This is normally the way to go if you are invited by the government.
2. Applying for the visa
Different embassies and consulates have different requirements for visa applications. They may issue visas by mail, they may require application in person, they may accept a copy of the invitation, they may require the original. They may accept payment by card, they may insist on a money order. Check with the embassy or consulate beforehand - in most cases it will be on their website. Holders of U.S., Canadian, and British passports typically have to complete a longer application. Getting a Russian visa issued away from your country of nationality or one you have a residence permit valid for at least three months can be tricky. This can ruin plans for east-to-west trans-Siberian trippers. In Asia, success (no means guaranteed) is most likely to be found in Gonkong va Pnompen (if necessary, temporary Cambodian residence is simple to buy and only costs about US$100).
Visa service companies, for a fee, will double-check your application and invitation, go to the embassy for you, and return your passport to you. This service is nothing that you cannot do yourself (unlike arranging the invitation) but it can save time and frustration.
A single entry, 30-day tourist visa for citizens of EU-Schengen countries costs €35 and takes three working days for standard processing (€70 gets express service for next day collection). For UK citizens the price is ₤50 and processing takes 5 working days not 3 (express service is next day and costs £100). For citizens of the USA the price is US$160 with standard processing being at least 4 working days (express service is US$250 and stated to be 3 working days).
In some countries which have a busy trade in Russian visas (eg, UK and USA), the visa processing has been outsourced to private companies. These companies levy a further unavoidable application fee on top of the visa fees stated above. For applications made in the UK (by a citizen of any country) the application fee is ₤26.40 for standard service and ₤33.60 for express service. For applications made in the USA, the application fee is US$30.
An additional complication for UK citizens is the requirement to personally attend one of the visa application centres in London, Edinburgh or Manchester to have biometric data, that is fingerprints, taken.
The total cost of getting a visa usually has three parts: invitation fee, visa fee and application fee. If you're lucky, one or more of these may be zero but be prepared to be hit by all three. Take as an example a UK citizen applying for a 30-day, single entry tourist visa with standard processing in the UK (not the cheapest example and not the most expensive): invitation bought through an agency: ₤15, visa fee: ₤50, application fee: ₤26.40-91.40 .
Usually, tourist, homestay, and transit visas can allow one or two entries. Tourist and homestay visas have a maximum validity of 30 days. Transit visas are typically for one to three days for air travel and up to ten days for overland journeys. Business and other visa categories can be issued for one, two or multiple entries.
Any business visa can permit a maximum stay in any one visit of up to 90 days. However, a business visa generally only permits a total stay of 90 days in Russia in a 180-day period, regardless of how long it is valid for (whether it be 3, 6, or 12 months). If you stay in Russia for 90 days, you have to leave and your visa will not permit you to return for another 90 days. This means (give or take - a year isn't 360 days) that a six-month visa permits as long a total time in Russia as a three month visa!
Once you have your visa, check all the dates and information as it's much easier to correct mistakes before you travel than after you arrive!
Arrival and customs
On arriving in Russia, you'll have to fill out a landing card (usually filled out automatically by an immigration officer). As in most places, one half is surrendered on entry and the other portion should remain with your passport until you leave Russia. It is usually printed in both Russian and English though other languages may be available. If you lose it, then upon leaving Russia, you will be charged a nominal fine, and your departure may be delayed by an hour or two for the formalities.
Usually, you will be permitted to enter and remain in Russia for the term of your visa but it's up to the immigration officer to decide and they may decide otherwise, though this is unlikely.
Those who enter Russia with valuable electronic items or musical instruments (especially violins that look antique and expensive), antiques, large amounts of currency, or other such items are required to declare them on the customs entry card and must insist on having the card stamped by a customs officer upon arrival. Even if the customs officer claims that it is not necessary to declare such items, insist on a stamp on your declaration. Having this stamp may prevent considerable hassle (fines, confiscation) upon departure from Russia should the customs agent at departure decide that an item should have been declared upon entry.
Registration
Upon arrival to Russia and then subsequently upon arriving in any new city, you must be Ro'yxatga olingan within 7 business days of arriving. This law is a relic from the Soviet days of controlled internal migration. Today, even Russians are supposed to register if they move cities. The official line is that these expensive pieces of paper with blue stamps, help control illegal immigration from the poorer countries on Russia's southern borders in Markaziy Osiyo, Kavkaz, Xitoy va hatto Shimoliy Koreya.
Your host in that city (not necessarily the one who issued the invitation) is responsible for registering you. The proof of registration is a separate piece of paper with a big blue stamp on it. Registration can nowadays be done in any post office. You will also have visit a bank to pay the registration fee (about 300 руб).
All legal hotels will not let you check in without seeing your registration (at least if you've been in Russia for more than 7 business days) and police who insist that a lack of registration is your fault are more annoying and more expensive than paying the registration fee.
However, if you do not intend to stay at the hotels, you may, at your own risk, forego the registration procedure. Proofs of registration are hech qachon demanded by immigration offices at borders.
Overstaying a visa
If you overstay, even by a few minutes, you will likely be prohibited from leaving until you obtain a valid exit visa. Siz mumkin be able to obtain a visa extension from the consular officer at an airport against the payment of a fine if you overstayed for fewer than three days, but this is not guaranteed. Generally, though, obtaining an extension requires an intervention by your sponsor, a payment of a fine, and a wait of up to three weeks.
Be careful if your flight leaves after midnight and be aware of the time at which the train crosses the border. Border guards will not let you depart if you're leaving even 10 min after your visa expires!
If your overstay was due to reasons such as medical problems, the Federal Migration Service may instead issue a Home Return Certificate rather than an exit visa which is valid to depart Russia within ten days of issue.
Samolyotda
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Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by direct flights from most European capitals, and Moscow also has direct flights from many cities in East Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North America. Non-stop flights from the United States to Russia are offered by Delta (from New York and Atlanta to Moscow, Sheremetyevo), United Airlines (from Washington to Moscow, Domodedovo) and Aeroflot (from New York, Washington and Los Angeles to Moscow, Sheremeryevo).
There are four international airports in Moscow: Sheremetyevo SVO IATA in the northwest, Domodedovo DME IATA in the south Vnukovo VKO IATA in the southwest, and Zhukovskiy ZIA IATA. While first three have an express rail connection (500 rub) to a main railway station in the city, each of the stations are quite far apart which makes traveling between the airports quite challenging, so allow several hours between flights from different airports. A taxi between any of the airports should cost about 1500 руб (be prepared to negotiate hard). By public transport, costs range from roughly 200 rub for buses to just under 700 rub for the aeroexpress trains. The system is very user unfriendly so don't expect an easy, convenient or quick transfer.
Sheremetyevo Airport has five terminals in two clusters, and is the main hub of national carrier Aeroflot. Although Aeroflot had long been notorious for its poor safety record, things have improved greatly since the fall of the Soviet Union and today, it is just as safe as the major Western European airlines. Terminals B (the old Sheremetyevo-1) and C constitute the northern cluster and provide mostly domestic and charter services. New Terminals D and E, along with the older Terminal F (the old Sheremetyevo-2, built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics), form the southern cluster and serve international flights, mainly the SkyTeam alliance, and Terminal D also serves domestic Aeroflot flights.
Domodedovo is a high-class modern airport with a single spacious terminal. It serves domestic and international flights by most Russian and international companies, so you'd be better off choosing flights bound for it. It is the main hub for S7 Airlines, which also flies to numerous international destinations.
Vnukovo is a smaller airport and is generally operated by low-cost airlines.
Zhukovskiy is the latest addition to the Moscow aviation hub. It is a relatively small airport that mainly serves flights to Belarus and countries of Central Asia. However, it has the world's second-longest public-use runway that it shares with the adjacent Gromov flight research institute.
There are airports in all large cities in Russia. Some international services can be found in: Novosibirsk, Sochi, Vladivostok, Kaliningrad, Ekaterinburg. International service to other destinations is much more limited.
Local airlines are listed in Atrofga boring.
Low-cost air-lines from Europe:
Kimdan Germaniya:
- Eurowings flies to Moscow (Vnukovo International Airport) from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld), Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport), Hamburg (Hamburg Airport) and Stuttgart (Stuttgart Airport). There are also connections from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld) and Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport) to Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport). Approximate one-way price: US$100.
Kimdan Gretsiya:
- Egey havo yo'llari flies to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport) from €155 return ticket, Thessaloniki (Macedonia Airport) from €177 return ticket. Aegean operates seasonally from Heraklion, Klamath, and Rhodes.
Kimdan Italiya:
Kimdan Norvegiya:
Kimdan Ispaniya:
- vueling seasonally files to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Barcelona (Barcelona Airport). One-way fare €110-180 if booked in advance.
Dan Buyuk Britaniya:
- British Airways flies to Moscow (Domodedovo) from London Xitrou for around £300 one way.
Cheaper ways to get to Moscow from the Middle East, India, South-East Asia and Australia:
From/via Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari
- Emirates chivinlar Dubay to Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow and to Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg. New jets, high quality, a little pricey but sometimes they have really cheap sales. A good option to connect if flying from India, South-East Asia or Australia.
- Etihad chivinlar Abu-Dabi to Domodedovo International Airport. It offers one-way fares which are just slightly more expensive than a half of the return fare (also, return price generally does not become higher in case of a longer stay up to 1 year), the strategy otherwise employed almost exclusively by low-cost airlines. Offers very competitive rates also, especially for the connecting flights.
From/via Qatar
- Qatar Airways, another player on the Middle Eastern intercontinental connections market, files from Doha to Domodedovo International] airport. One of just 5 airlines of the world rated by Skytrax as 5-star. Nevertheless, connecting airfares from Asia are often quite modest.
Poyezdda
Russian Railways RZhD (Russian: РЖД) runs reliable services across dizzying distances. Eastern and Central Europe are well connected to Moskva and to a lesser extent Sankt-Peterburg. Moscow is also connected to some surprising destinations throughout Western Europe and Asia.
New Swiss carriages run from Moscow to Yaxshi va Parij, but the international trains otherwise are of the same standard as the domestic trains (see Get around: By train). However, any international trains that pass through the Belarusian-Russian border are only for Russian and Belarusian citizens.
The Russian word for railway station (Vokzal, Вокзал) comes from the pleasure gardens (i.e. leisure complex) in Vauxhall, London. In the 1840s early days of railways, visiting Russian entrepreneurs were impressed by these, which created a destination for railway travel and boost to the local economy. Similar gardens were established in St Petersburg around the first Russian railway, and elsewhere, and "vokzal" used to mean such a complex before coming to mean a railway station. The London gardens meanwhile became notorious for thievery and prostitution, and went bankrupt (so, most unlike any big railway station, especially in Russia). The original Vauxhall in London was "Falkes Hall", the home of Sir Falkes de Breauté, who fought for King John against the rebellious Barons, who were furious that he was breaking the terms of Magna Carta. So "voksal" commemorates a 13th-century reactionary warrior against the birth of English democracy!
Evropa
Belorussiya, Moldova va Ukraina are very well connected to Russia with many trains daily from cities throughout each country. Xelsinki in Finland has four high speed trains daily to St Petersburg and one overnight train to Moscow. Riga in Latvia, Vilnyus in Lithuania and Tallin in Estonia each have at least one overnight or daytime train to Moscow and St Petersburg.
Kaliningrad has a short summer-only train connection to Gdiniya va Gdansk in Poland. The trains from Kaliningrad to Moscow and St Petersburg pass through Vilnyus tushdan keyin.
Beyond Russia's immediate neighbours and former Soviet dominions, direct trains connect Moscow with Avstriya, Bolgariya, Xorvatiya, Chex Respublikasi, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Vengriya, Italiya, Monako, Chernogoriya, Gollandiya, Polsha, Ruminiya, Serbiya, Slovakiyava Shveytsariya. Most trains from Central Europe to Moscow pass through Belarus, for which westerners need a transit or tourist visa, even if they're visa-exempt for Russia. The Belarus visa needs to be double-entry to return the same way. Although there are often rumours about westerners being blocked and turned off the train at the Belarus-Russia border, this rail route (as of summer 2018) has for some years been trouble-free, and alternative routes via Ukraine or Scandinavia add more bother than they save. It's the yo'l route across that border where troubles sometimes occur.
Western Europe has a different track gauge from Russia, Finland and the CIS so bogies must be exchanged when the train crosses into the ex-Soviet countries (usually Ukraina yoki Belorussiya). This adds a couple of hours to the long wait already encountered for immigration. You can stay on the train as the wheels are being changed so it won't disrupt your sleep too much.
Osiyo
Moscow is connected to all the former Soviet Central Asian countries: (Qozog'iston, Qirg'iziston, Tojikiston, Turkmaniston, & O'zbekiston) at least 2-3 times per week. Journeys take 4 or 5 days. For the Caucasus, there is a service from Moscow to Boku in Azerbaijan (3 days), but the Azerbaijan-Russia border is only open to CIS passport holders. There is also a service from Moskva via Sochi to Sukhumi in the disputed territory of Abxaziya. The Trans-Sibir temir yo'li spans the entire country and connects with Chinese cities such as Pekin va Harbin, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Ulan-Bator in Mongolia. There is a service at least twice a month from Moscow to Pxenyan yilda Shimoliy Koreya, which is nowadays open to westerners with the correct paperwork. Its coaches attached to the Rossiya Moscow-Vladivostock train that are detached at Ussuriysk for the 36 hour onward haul into and across North Korea.
Mashinada
- Shuningdek qarang: Driving in Russia
You can travel to Russia by car, but the driving experience there does differ from what you'd expect in most western countries; see get around below for details. Also, crossing the border by car is a peculiar entertainment.
Avtobusda
A few bus companies, most notably Evrolinlar, Ekolinalar va Lux Express, operate international coach services from a number of destinations to Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg. Tallin, Xelsinki, Riga, Vilnyus, Varshava va Berlin have regular services to Russia.
Qayiqda
Ferry services operate in the summer between Sochi va Turkey'sTrabzon. In Vladivostok there is a scheduled roll-on, roll-off ferry to Pusan and numerous lines to the different Yapon ports, however they are mostly oriented to the used Japanese car imports and less to tourism, there is also a weekly service in summer between Korsakov kuni Saxalin va Vakkanay on the Japanese island Xokkaydo. Cruise ships are also call to Russian ports frequently. There is a boat connection from Lappeenranta, Finlyandiya ga Vyborg. There is now daily (overnight) service between Helsinki and St. Petersburg on St. Peter Line that does not require a visa for stays less than 3 days.If you join a cruise tour of St. Petersburg, then you don't need a Russian visa but you have to stay with the tour. Qarang Russia#Visa free entry by ship.
Velosipedda
There are two international cycling routes Eurovelo that pass through Russia including EV2 Capitals Route (from Ireland to Moscow) and EV10 Baltic Sea Cycle Route (Hansa circuit) interconnecting Saint-Petersburg with Estonia and Finland.
Atrofga boring
The enormous distances hamper all forms of transportation. While the Russian government has tried to make the vast space more accessible since tsarist times much of the country is still hard to reach and even where trains and roads go, travel time is often measured in days not hours. Consider flying for far-off destinations — domestic flight routes cover the country pretty well.
Poyezdda
Due to the immense size of the country, and the poor road safety, the best way to get around through the entire country quickly is by train. Russia has an extensive rail network linking nearly every city and town. For intercity travel, the train is generally the most convenient option for trips that can be covered overnight. Although accommodations may not be the best, Russian trains have efficient and courteous staff as well as timely departures and arrivals that would impress even a German. The train is an option for longer trips (many Russians continue to use it for trips of 2 days or more), but mainly if you appreciate the nuances and experience of train travel in Russia. For the complete Russian rail experience, the one-week Trans-Sibir temir yo'li has no equal.
Russian trains are divided into types: Long-distance (дальнего следования dal'nevo sledovaniya) trains generally cover trips more than about 4 hours or 200 km (120 miles). Take a look at the Russian long-distance rail jadval. Shorter distances are covered by the commuter trains (пригородные prigorodnyye), which are popularly called электрички elektrichki. Most train stations (железнодорожный вокзал zheleznodorozhnyy vokzal) have separate areas for selling tickets for these types.
Transportation of bicycles
Transportation of a bicycle in a carriage is permissible for one ticket under condition of being compactly folded/dismantled and clean. Usually the bike is taken off its wheels and pedals, put into a bag and stored on the upmost shelf in the Platzkart carriage. The other class carriages have less space or shelves and the bike should be more compact.
Sleeper cars
Almost all long-distance trains are set up for overnight travel. There are several classes of accommodation:
- Deluxe – myagkiy (мягкий) – with private compartments for two adults and a child, with a private toilet and shower. Few trains have this posh class.
- 1st class – spalnyy/lyuks (спальный/люкс) – with private compartments for two people. Most trains connecting major cities have a car of this class; tickets are quite expensive in comparison with European standards. Colloquially this class is commonly referred to as SV (es-veh, СВ). Frequently these compartments are the same as in kupe with the two upper beds stowed away.
- 2nd class – kupe (купе) – with private compartments of four people. On some trains, compartments may be marked as male, female, or mixed-sex by the ticketing system.
- 3rd class – platskart (плацкарт) – with unwalled compartments of fourfold out beds opposite two beds on the window wall. There is controversy on safety of these compartments. For some these compartments are generally less safe than other classes as they allow uncontrolled access. Others point out that in an open car full of witnesses the chances of becoming a victim of a crime or harassment are less. Anyway, they provide for a much more immersive experience. Nevertheless, they will be abolished slowly.
- Sitting class – sidyachiy (сидячий) – sitting cars for shorter distance, with seat reservation. These are mostly met on slower regional trains.
Every car has its own attendant/conductor (provodnik yoki provodnitsa), which check your tickets at your boarding, provides you bedding, sells you tea or snacks and can lend you a mug and spoon for about 10 руб. The conductor will usually take your tickets shortly after boarding, they are returned shortly before you arrive at your destination. At the end of each carriage you will find a samovar with free hot water for making tea or soup. Most long-distance trains have dining cars.
Bottom-bunk berths (nizhnie – нижние) are slightly more comfortable than top-bunk berths (verhnie – верхние), because they have more place for baggage under them. There are also discounts sometime for top-bunk berths only (usually not in the tourist season and not in popular directions, which are from largest towns on Friday nights, and back on Sunday nights).
Train classes
Trains are classified according to their average speed:
- skorostnoy (скоростной, numbered 151 to 178) – the fastest trains (seating only). Sapsan, Allegro and Lastochka trains fall here;
- skoryy (скорый, numbered 1 to 148 all-year and 181 to 298 seasonal) – rapid trains with overnight accommodation;
- passazhirskiy (пассажирский, numbered 301 to 399 all-year, 400 to 499 seasonal and 500 to 598 on specific dates only) – slower trains with more frequent stops;
- mestnyy (местный, numbered 601 to 698) – the slowest trains serving most of the localities along the railways. Typically this kind of trains run shorter routes, often just overnight, for example between adjacent or next to adjacent regional centers, or sideline dead-end branches. A somewhat rough upper limit for route length is about 700 km. Colloquially sometimes called shestisotye yoki shest'sot-veselye trains, based on their numeration (6XX or 600-happy trains);
- pochtovo-bagazhnyy/gruzopassazhyrskiy (почтово-багажный/грузопассажирский, numbered 901 to 998) – mainly used to deliver post and bulky baggage or goods. By railway regulation, depending on location and typically further from major centers, it may be possible to buy tickers on those trains. Where there is a choice of trains, they are inpractical, as they tend to have long stops on all major stations and thus being slower even comparing to 6XX trains. Expect a lot of police, when boarding and unboarding this kind of trains;
- prigorodnyy express (numbered 800 to 899 and 7000 to 7999) - local express trains, both suburban, such as REXes and Sputniks and interregional, including even trains from Moscow to Saint-Petersburg. Colloquially can be called popugai (parrots) for their bright colors, though further from Moscow regular local trains can be used as expresses;
- prigorodnyy/elektropoyezd (пригородный/электропоезд, numbered 6001 to 6998) – local or suburban trains mostly serving commuters in cities. Typically named elektrichka, or sometimes more informally sobaka (dogs). Although sometimes any kind of local trains are called elektrichka, even erroneously, their types are diverse, especially where rails are not electrified, including diesel-trains and railbuses, or short trains pulled by (usually) diesel or electric locomotive. Local trains, pulled by locomotives, also may be called kukushka (cuckoos).
Generally correspondence between numeration, speed and train types may be somewhat skewed, and trains from 'slower' category may actually be faster than trains from 'faster' category. Typically this occurs for various categories of rapid and express trains.
Service quality usually correspond to the class of train, but besides that, all-year trains usually have better service than seasonal trains, which are usually better than special dates only trains. Also according to their standards of service, some trains are promoted to firmennyy (фирменный) and given a proper brand and higher ticket price. The most distinguished trains use their special liveries.
Since 2011, dozens of local (prigorodny) trains are canceled each year due to lack of financing, and situation worsens each year. Cancellations occur everywhere over the country, except commuter zones of largest cities, such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk. Having latest news on cancellations may be essential for trip planning. Typical cancellation traits: most cancellations occur in the start of the year, sometimes some trains are returned into timetable, if local budgets find funds to sponsor them; some trains are cut at region borders, even when there are no roads over the border to the previous train destination; other local trains got cut to 1 a day or several a week, often with timetable, not convenient for tourists.
Chiptalar
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Reservations are compulsory on long-distance trains, so you need to plan specifically for each leg of your journey, you can't hop on and off. Previously, all Russian railways used only Moscow time in their schedules, which was very inconvenient and misleading, especially for traveling to the Far East, where the difference between the departure time indicated on the ticket and the actual departure time could be 7-8 hours.
On August 1, 2018, the Russian railways finally began indicating local time in their schedules.
Chipta narxi poezd sinfiga va avtoulov sinfiga, shuningdek mavsumga bog'liq (eng yuqori kunlik chiptalarning narxi 2/3). Siz chipta narxini quyidagi manzilda tekshirishingiz mumkin Rossiya temir yo'llari elektron do'koni.
Chiptani onlayn sotib olishning eng yaxshi usuli Rossiya temir yo'llari veb-sayti. Qaerda onlayn tizim poezdni ER (kichik poezd belgisi bilan) deb ko'rsatsa, siz ushbu chiptani uyda chop etishingiz kerak va bunga chiqishdan oldin uni tasdiqlash shart emas. EPsiz poezdlar uchun siz biletni olish uchun kvitansiyani peshtaxtaga olib borishingiz kerak va bu faqat Rossiya hududida amalga oshiriladi - shuning uchun siz ushbu poezdlardan Rossiyadan tashqarida boshlanadigan sayohatlarda foydalana olmaysiz.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, stantsiyadan sotib oling: Kassovyi Zal (kassovyy zal) chiptalar zali degan ma'noni anglatadi. Chiziqlar juda katta farq qiladi - ba'zi stantsiyalar boshqalarga qaraganda ancha yaxshi tashkil etilgan va bu ham mavsumga bog'liq. Agar siz chiziqlarni chidab bo'lmas darajada uzoqlashtirsangiz, odatda temir yo'l chiptalarini sotadigan agentlikni topish qiyin emas. Komissiya stavkalari odatda taqiqlanmaydi. Masalan, Moskvadan Sankt-Peterburgga chiptangizni sotib olsangiz, oddiy chiptaxonadan bir necha qadam narida yurganingiz ma'qul - yuqori qavatda navbatlar yo'q va R140 bu xizmat uchun to'lash uchun ozgina mukofotdir.
Chet elda rus poezd chiptalarini sotadigan ko'plab agentliklar mavjud - RusTrains.com, TuTu.travel, Haqiqiy Rossiya, Rossiya poezdlariva RussianTrain. Ularning chet tilidagi (ingliz, ispan va boshqalar) veb-saytlari bor, qog'ozli chiptalarni uy manzilingizga joylashtirishi, mijozlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi va ko'proq to'lov usullarini taklif qilishi mumkin, ammo narxlar 30-50 foizga yuqori.
Sayohat bo'yicha maslahatlar
Sayohat vaqti bir necha soatdan bir necha kungacha o'zgarishi mumkin. Ikkala poytaxt o'rtasida Rossiyaning boshqa ikki shahriga qaraganda ko'proq poezd turlari mavjud. Oddiy poezdlardan tashqari tezyurar poezdlar (Sapsan) faqat kun davomida ishlaydigan va Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg o'rtasidagi 650 km masofani 4 soat ichida bosib o'tgan. Bir kecha-kunduzgi poezdlarning ba'zilari juda hashamatli - bularga an'anaviylar kiradi Qizil o'q xizmat va yangi, soxta CHarizm davri Nikolaevskiy ekspresi, 19-asr formasidagi xizmatchilar bilan to'ldirilgan. Choyshablar, sochiqlar va qadoqlangan nonushta barcha yaxshi poyezdlarga kiradi. Umumiy hammom jihozlari poezd vagonining oxirida joylashgan. Kechasi bo'limning eshigini ichkaridan mahkamlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan maxsus lyuklar mavjud.
Moskva-Sankt-Peterburg tezyurar poezdi 5 soatlik sayohat qiladi va xarajatlari min. 2400 rub. Poezdlar faqat ozgina konditsioner. Moskva temir yo'l stantsiyasida hech kim ingliz tilini bilmaydi, shuning uchun siz o'zingizning poyezd chiptasini shaxsan sotib olish uchun rus tilini yaxshi bilmasangiz, jo'nab ketishingizdan oldin onlayn yoki mehmonxona konsiyerjingiz yoki sayyohlik agentligingiz orqali sotib olish tavsiya etiladi. Vokzal ichidagi asosiy yozuvlar rus va ingliz tillarida. Tezyurar poezdning vagonlari haqiqiy stol choyshablari va ta'sirchan menyu va sharoblar ro'yxati bilan yaxshi jihozlangan, ammo sayohat qilishdan oldin va keyin shaharda ovqatlanishdan 3-4 baravar qimmatroq.
To'xtashning davomiyligi bir daqiqadan (yo'lovchilarning tark etishlari va poezdga chiqishlari uchun etarli emas) 30 daqiqagacha farq qilishi mumkin. Yo'lak oxirida eshikka qo'yilgan jadvalni tekshiring. To'xtash paytida siz platformadan turli xil taomlar va ichimliklarni mahalliy aholidan juda qulay narxlarda xarid qilishingiz mumkin. Tez-tez savdogarlar to'xtash joylari oralig'ida avtoulovlar bo'ylab yurib, idish-tovoqdan tortib kiyimgacha Layning chiplariga qadar sotishadi.
Qatnovchi poezdlar asosan o'tiradigan poyezd vagonlari. Belgilangan o'rindiq raqamini olmaysiz - faqat skameykada joy topasiz. Ushbu poezdlar haddan tashqari ko'pligi bilan mashhur obro'ga ega, ammo bu biroz pasaygan. Poezdlar tez-tez to'xtab turishadi va juda sekin. Masalan, Vladimirga 200 km masofada sayohat taxminan 3 soat 30 daqiqa davom etadi. Ularda (!) Birinchi va oxirgi mashinalarda hojatxonalar mavjud, ammo bu unutilmas voqea bo'ladi (ularni faqat "favqulodda holatlarda" foydalaning).
Qatnovchi poezdlar uchun chiptalar shaharlararo poyezdlardan alohida xonada sotiladi va ba'zida tashqarida joylashgan do'konlardan sotiladi.
Ko'pincha Moskva va Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Tula va boshqa yaqin shaharlar o'rtasida joylashgan juda mashhur marshrutlar tezyurar qatnovchi poezdga juda qulay. Sizning chiptangiz belgilangan o'rindiq raqamiga ega bo'ladi va o'rindiqlar juda qulaydir. Poezdlar o'zlarining manzillariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sayohat qilishadi va shu bilan ancha tezlashadi.
Qaysi soat mintaqasi? 2018 yil avgustgacha Rossiyadagi barcha poezdlar Moskva vaqti bilan harakat qilishdi, Uzoq Sharqda mahalliy vaqtdan 7 soat. Bu syurreal bo'lishi mumkin, chunki siz Sibir oqshomining zulmatiga chiqish uchun soat 10: 00ni ko'rsatadigan poyezd, platforma va stantsiya zalidan chiqib ketdingiz. Ammo, hech bo'lmaganda, bu uzoqqa rejalashtirish uchun foydali bo'lgan izchil edi. Ammo hozirgi kunga kelib, harakat jadvali sharqqa qarab sayohat paytida o'zgarib turadigan mahalliy vaqtdan foydalanmoqda. Muayyan shaharda qaysi vaqt ishlatilishini bilish uchun chiptalar va jadvallarni diqqat bilan tekshiring.
Avtobusda
Rossiyaning aksariyat shaharlari avtobuslar shaharlarga 5-6 soat yoki undan uzoqroq masofada joylashgan. Umuman olganda, poezdga qaraganda unchalik qulay emas, ba'zida avtobuslar vaqt jihatidan yaxshiroq variant bo'lib, poezd harakat jadvallari sizga mos kelmasligini ko'rib chiqishga arziydi. Shaharlarning oz miqdori, xususan Suzdal, poezdda xizmat ko'rsatilmaydi va shuning uchun avtobus vagondan tashqari yagona imkoniyatdir.
Avtovokzalning ruscha so'zi Avtovokzal (Ahv-tuh-vahg-ZAHL). Ko'pgina shaharlarda shaharlararo avtobuslar uchun bittasi bor va davlat avtobuslari u erdan jo'naydi. Biroq, Moskvada va Rossiyaning boshqa ba'zi shaharlarida bir qator tijorat avtobuslari mavjud va ular odatda avtovokzaldan chiqmaydi. Ko'pincha temir yo'l stantsiyalari yaqinida tijorat avtobuslarini ko'rasiz. Ba'zan ular jadvallar bo'yicha harakat qilishadi, lekin mashhur yo'nalishlarda (masalan, Moskva-Vladimir, Moskva / Yaroslavl va boshqalar) avtobuslar to'ldirishni kutishadi. Ushbu avtobuslarda to'lov odatda haydovchiga to'lanadi.
Rossiya avtobuslarida bagaj ombori bor, lekin agar u eski Sharqiy blokli avtobus bo'lsa, sayohat oxirida yuklaringizni ho'llashingiz mumkin. Odatda yuk uchun "bagaj" chiptasini to'lashingiz kerak.
Marshrutka
Oddiy avtobuslardan tashqari shaxsiy mikroavtobuslar ham bor marshrutka (marshrutka). Ular Sovet Ittifoqi qulaganidan so'ng, mavjud bo'lgan jamoat transporti tizimiga alternativa sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Qonuniy ravishda ular litsenziyani taksi yoki avtobus sifatida olishlari mumkin. Ularning qatnov yo'nalishlari bor, lekin odatda harakat jadvali yo'q va oddiy bekatlar yo'q. Ular uchun rasmiy belgi Yo'nalish taksisi, (Ruscha: marshrutnoye taxi, ukraincha: marshrutne taxi), shuning uchun so'zlashuv marshrutka).
Ulardan biriga o'tirish uchun yo'l chetida to'xtab, qo'lingizni silkiting, agar omadingiz bo'lsa va mikroavtobus to'la bo'lmasa, to'xtaydi. Shaharda u baribir to'xtaydi va sizga yo'lakda turish yoki hatto o'tirgan yo'lovchilarga egilib burchakda turish imkoniyatini beradi. Bu qonuniy ham, qulay ham emas, lekin juda keng tarqalgan va maqbul. Drayv bilan belgilangan manzilda to'xtash uchun kelishib olishingiz mumkin. Agar sizga tushish kerak bo'lsa, baqirish kerak: "Ostanovite zdes!" (Astanaviti zdes, "mana shu erda to'xta!" Degan ma'noni anglatadi) iloji boricha baland ovozda haydovchi eshitishi mumkin. Marshrutka deyarli hamma joyda, hattoki transport harakati o'rtasida ham yo'l chetiga o'tmasdan to'xtaydi. Asosiy to'xtash joylarida haydovchi kutib, ko'proq yo'lovchilarni yig'ishi mumkin. Kutish vaqti oldindan aytib bo'lmaydi va jadvalga, yo'lovchilar soniga, raqobatdosh avtobuslarga va boshqalarga bog'liq. Chiptalar yo'q, siz haydovchiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'laysiz. U sizga tilxat berishi mumkin, ammo siz uni aniq so'rashingiz kerak.
Marshrutkalar qishloqda ham yurishadi (bu holda ular jadvalga ega bo'lishlari mumkin) va shahar transporti sifatida. Ba'zan ular odatdagi avtobuslarga o'xshaydi, bu ularni rasmiy avtobuslardan ajratib bo'lmaydi. Bundan tashqari, uzoq masofali yo'nalishlarda siz telefon orqali joyni zaxiralashingiz va hatto oldindan chipta sotib olishingiz mumkin. Tizim juda tartibsiz va g'alati tarzda tashkil etilgan. Haydovchilar bilan yoki hech bo'lmaganda o'z shaharlaridagi mavjud vaziyatni bilishi kerak bo'lgan mahalliy aholi bilan muayyan yo'nalish haqida batafsil ma'lumotni tekshirish tavsiya etiladi. Shaharlarda hech qachon marshrut raqamlariga ishonmang. Ba'zan ular rasmiy jamoat transporti bilan mos keladi, ammo ba'zida ular mos kelmaydi.
Mashinada
- Shuningdek qarang: Rossiyada haydash
Poyezdlar, samolyotlar va avtobuslar sizni Rossiyaning yirik shaharlari va ko'plab kichik joylar o'rtasida olib borishi bilan birga, avtoulov sayohatlari kaltaklangan yo'ldan chiqib, o'z tempingiz bilan sayohat qilish uchun yaxshi vosita bo'lishi mumkin. Shunga qaramay, siz mahalliy yo'l sharoitlariga va haydash madaniyatiga o'rganmagan bo'lsangiz va rus tilini tushunmasangiz, mustaqil avtoulov sayohati qiyin va hatto xavfli bo'lishi mumkin. Yo'llar yomon belgilangan bo'lishi mumkin, umuman belgilangan bo'lsa va yomon saqlanishi mumkin, ayniqsa, shahar va qishloqlardan tashqarida. Yo'l raqamlari yaxshi belgilanmagan va yo'nalish belgilari odatda faqat rus tilida.
Aksariyat federal avtomagistrallar (M-1, M-2 va boshqalar bilan belgilangan) avtomatlashtirilgan tizimlar tomonidan kuzatiladi, ammo kichik yo'llar Davlat avtohissasi (GIBDD yoki GIBDD tomonidan nazorat qilinadi, garchi u GAI nomi bilan ham tanilgan bo'lsa). GIBDD to'siqlari har bir federal okrug chegarasida (har 200 km atrofida) joylashgan. Radar tezligini ushlab turuvchi detektor va videoregistratorga ega bo'lish juda foydali. Video yozuv sizning eng yaxshi himoyangizdir barchasi GIBDD bilan bog'liq muammolar.
Agar siz haydovchi sifatida to'qnashuvga duch kelsangiz, asosiy qoidalar mashinangizni harakatga keltirmaslik va GIBDD inspektori avariya rejasini tuzmaguncha va siz unga imzo chekmaguningizcha voqea joyidan chiqib ketmaslikdir. Ushbu qoidaning har qanday buzilishi sizga 15 kunlik ozodlikdan mahrum bo'lishi mumkin. Boshqa barcha savollar sizning sug'urta kompaniyangizga yuborilishi kerak.
Rossiyadagi barcha avtomobil yo'llari bepul emas: ba'zi magistrallarda pullik eshiklar yo'lni to'sib qo'yadi, shuning uchun sayohatchiga kerak bo'lishi mumkin 20-60 rub har bir to'lov uchun (kredit karta orqali to'lash mumkin).
Ba'zi hududlarda benzin juda yomon bo'lishi mumkin; har doim biron birini topish yaxshiroqdir markali yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasi.
Avtomobillarni ijaraga berish xizmatlari qimmat. Agar siz rus tilini tushunmasangiz, bitta variant - xususiy litsenziyalangan qo'llanma. Odatda yo'lovchilar o'zlarining shaxsiy avtoulovlari yoki mikroavtobuslarini etkazib berishadi va yo'llarni, urf-odatlarni va qishloq joylarini bilishadi, bu esa kichik shaharlarni va tarixiy joylarni ko'rish imkoniyatini beradi.
Samolyotda
Rossiyaning ulkan masofalari, agar siz Rossiyaning uzoqroq diqqatga sazovor joylariga sayohat qilishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, samolyot sayohatlarini juda istaydi. Bir kechada poezdda sayr qilishdan uzoqroq bo'lgan har qanday manzil uchun e'tiborga olish kerak. Rossiya bo'ylab poezdda sayohat qilish juda romantik tuyulishi mumkin, ammo bu ko'p vaqtni talab qiladi va bir xilda. Deyarli har bir muhim yo'nalish aeroportga yaqin joylashgan. Ichki reyslarning aksariyati Moskvaga / u erdan uchadi, ammo boshqa xizmatlar mavjud.
Rossiyaning mahalliy aviakompaniyasi 1990-yillarda xavfsizlik ko'rsatkichlari, ishonchsiz jadvallar, dahshatli xizmat, eski samolyotlar va sifatsiz aeroportlar tufayli jirkanch obro'ga ega edi. Kattaroq yaxshilanishlar tufayli aviakompaniya bozori hozirgi kunda asosan xalqaro standartlarga mos keldi. Mart reyslarida juda kam miqdordagi istisnolardan tashqari, bugungi kunda barcha reyslar zamonaviy xavfsizlik uskunalari bilan jihozlangan. O'z vaqtida ishlash juda yaxshi, bugungi kunda kechikishlar odatda faqat ob-havoning noqulay sharoitida sodir bo'ladi. Boshqa tomondan, aksariyat rus aviakompaniyalari, shuningdek, ichimliklar, ovqatlanish, yuklar va o'rindiqlarni tanlash uchun qo'shimcha to'lovlar to'g'risida butun dunyo bo'ylab tashuvchilarni nusxalashgan.
Hozir Rossiyaning aksariyat aeroportlarida xalqaro standartlar mavjud. Xavfsizlik va ro'yxatdan o'tishda qatorlar odatda qisqa, ammo xodimlarning ingliz tilida gaplashishini kutishmaydi. Agar siz onlayn yoki mobil ro'yxatdan o'tishni amalga oshirgan bo'lsangiz (deyarli barcha aviakompaniyalar uchun mavjud), sizda bortga chiqish uchun ruxsatnoma bo'lishi kerak. Ko'chma ro'yxatdan o'tishni amalga oshirayotgan yo'lovchilar uchun ko'plab aeroportlarda o'z-o'ziga xizmat ko'rsatadigan kichik kiosk mavjud bo'lib, u sizga samolyotga chiqish stikerini chop etishga imkon beradi.
Ichki xizmatlarni ko'rsatadigan ko'plab turli xil aviakompaniyalarni hisobga olgan holda, ko'p aviakompaniyalar parvozlarini qidirish sahifalaridan yoki (onlayn) sayyohlik agentliklaridan foydalanish yaxshi fikrdir. Biroq, sizning mamlakatingizda keng tarqalgan saytlar barcha tashuvchilarni bilmaydi yoki mavjud bo'lgan eng past narxlarni ko'rsatmaydi. Shuning uchun, shunga o'xshash rus saytlaridan foydalaning Biletyplus va Agent.ru.
- Aeroflot asoslangan Sheremetevo aeroporti, Moskva - Rossiyaning milliy aviakompaniyasi, ichki va xalqaro xizmatlarga ega. Sankt-Peterburgdan Moskvaga qaytadigan reyslar narxi har xil, ammo siz ularni taxminan 32 AQSh dollaridan olishingiz mumkin (2016 yil fevral) va bu poezdga qaraganda arzonroq va kam vaqt talab qiladi. Aeroflot aeroplotdan tashqari xalqaro qatnovlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan eski xalqaro terminal (hozirgi Terminal F) yonida D terminalidan ichki va xalqaro reyslarni amalga oshiradi. Ko'pgina xalqaro reyslar va aksariyat ichki reyslar Boeing va Airbus samolyotlari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, biroq bir nechta mintaqaviy yo'nalishlar Rossiyada ishlab chiqarilgan Sukhoi Superjet 100 samolyotlari yordamida amalga oshiriladi.
- S7 aviakompaniyalari (sobiq Sibir yoki Sibir havo yo'llari) Rossiyaning Germaniya, Xitoy va sobiq Sovet respublikalarining ko'plab shaharlarida xalqaro xizmat ko'rsatadigan eng yirik mahalliy aviakompaniyasi.
- Rossiya havo yo'llari Sankt-Peterburgda joylashgan muhim tarmoqqa ega Pulkovo aeroporti Rossiyaning ikkala yirik shahriga va g'arbiy Evropaga.
- UTair Rossiyadagi eng yirik samolyot parkini boshqaradi va yo'lovchilar hajmi bo'yicha Rossiyaning eng yirik aviakompaniyalar beshtaligiga kiradi.
- Yakutiya aviakompaniyasi Sibir va chet ellarda keng parvozlar tarmog'iga ega bo'lgan Sibir / Uzoq Sharq havo tashuvchisi.
- Rusline
- Qizil qanotlar
- Ural havo yo'llari
- Nordvind
- Nordaviya maishiy va mintaqaviy xizmatlarni asosan shimoli-g'arbiy mintaqada amalga oshiradi
- Avrora Uzoq Sharq mintaqaviy aviatashuvchisi, shuningdek, Yaponiya va Janubiy Koreyaga xalqaro parvozlarni amalga oshiradi
- Pobeda aviakompaniyasi arzon aviakompaniya Vnukovo aeroportidan ichki va xalqaro reyslarni amalga oshiradi
- Nordstar (Taimyr Air Company) mahalliy va xalqaro havo tashuvchisi
- Azimut mahalliy va xalqaro arzon aviakompaniya Rostov-Donda va ba'zi parvozlar uchun Moskvada joylashgan
Ushbu aviakompaniyalarning aksariyati sobiq Aeroflot parchalanib ketgan Sovet Ittifoqi davridan beri o'z shaharlarida "Aeroflot" operatsiyalari asosida tashkil etilgan.
Masofali joylar uchun umumiy aviatsiya eng tezkor variant bo'lishi mumkin.
Qayiqda
Yozda kruiz qayiqlari Evropaning Rossiyasidagi daryolarda tez-tez uchraydi. Ko'pincha kruiz yo'nalishlari:
Dam olish kunlari, jumadan yakshanbagacha
- Moskva - Uglich - Moskva
- Sankt-Peterburg - Valaam - Sankt-Peterburg.
- Moskva - Konstantinovo - Moskva daryosi orqali Moskva
Uzoq masofalarga kruizlar
- Moskva - Sankt-Peterburg, Ladoga va Onega ko'llari orqali, 6 kecha.
- Moskva - Yaroslavl - Astraxan turli shaharlarda to'xtash joylari bilan
- Moskva - Yaroslavl - Rostov-Donda turli shaharlarda to'xtash joylari.
- Moskva - Oka daryosi orqali Nizniy Novgorod.
Bu asosiy yo'nalishlar, shuningdek, kamdan-kam uchraydigan yo'nalishlar. Moskva - Sankt-Peterburg kabi ba'zi sayohat yo'nalishlari chet ellik sayyohlar uchun sotildi. Kruizlarning aksariyati aylanma qatnovdir, ammo ba'zi shaharlarga sayohat qilish uchun kruiz kemalaridan ham foydalanishingiz mumkin, agar siz Nijniy Novgorod - Moskva kabi noyob bir tomonlama marshrutlarni qidirsangiz.
Bosh barmog'i bilan
Rossiya juda jonli avtostop madaniyat, ko'plab avtostop klublari bilan hattoki Avtostop Akademiyasi ham mavjud. Ko'plab musobaqalar mavjud. Rossiyada sodir bo'layotgan yomon voqealar haqidagi dahshatli voqealarga qaramay, avtostopda yurish nisbatan xavfsiz, ayniqsa qishloq joylarida. Ba'zi mintaqalarda rossiyaliklar sayr qilish uchun ozgina pul kutishadi.
Qarang
Rossiya juda katta va mehmonlar uchun diqqatga sazovor joylarni juda uzoq kutadi, garchi ko'plari sayyoramizning eng chekka mamlakatlarining borish qiyin bo'lgan qismida joylashgan. Eng taniqli diqqatga sazovor joylar mamlakatning asosiy shaharlarida va atrofida joylashgan Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg.
Tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Rossiya tarixi bu mamlakatga sayyohlarning kelishining birinchi sababi, uning ajoyib, ba'zida syurreal, ko'pincha shafqatsiz va doim kelib chiqadigan milliy dostonining chizilganidan keyin.
Dastlabki tarix
Derbent, Kavkaz Respublikasida Dog'iston, Rossiyaning eng katta qismi qadimiy shahar, 5000 yillik tarixga ega. Afsonaviy Aleksandr Geytsining uyi, Kavkaz Albaniyasi, Fors imperiyalari va mo'g'ullar tomonidan navbatma-navbat boshqarib turilgan (o'n sakkizinchi asr Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan zabt etilguniga qadar) 1500 yil davomida G'arbiy Rossiya va o'zaro savdo-sotiqni boshqarish uchun kalit edi. Yaqin Sharq. Rossiyaning boshqa qadimgi xalqlari o'zlarining tsivilizatsiyasi to'g'risida kamroq dalillarni qoldirdilar, ammo siz Kurgan xalqining izlarini topishingiz mumkin Urals, xususan eski poytaxt atrofidagi vayron qilingan butparast ziyoratgohlar va qabrlar Tobolsk va butun respublika bo'ylab Xakasiya.
Of erta Rossiya 'shahar shaharlari, eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan va eng qiziqarli joylardan biri Staraya Ladoga, Viking Rurik tomonidan tashkil etilgan, mamlakatning birinchi poytaxti deb hisoblangan, unga podsholarning birinchi qatori o'z nasablarini bergan. Novgorod859 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, zamonaviy Rossiyada Kiev Rusining eng muhim shahri bo'lgan Kiyev o'zi zamonaviy kunda Ukraina) va Rossiyaning birinchi kremlini joylashgan uy.
Ilk o'rta asr Rossiyasi sobiq Vladimir-Suzdalning rus knyazliklarida hukmronlik qilgan mustaqil Novgorod respublikasi va Mo'g'ul imperiyasining ikki yirik tsivilizatsiyasini ko'rdi (uning dastlabki poytaxti Vladimir XII asr yodgorliklari va kremlinning ajoyib to'plamini saqlab qolgan) va Kiev Rusi. Mo'g'ullar asosan tarixiy joylarni vayronagarchiliklarini qoldirgan bo'lsalar, shimolda joylashgan boy savdo xalqi Novgorod poytaxtida yirik shaharlarni, shuningdek Staraya Ladoga, Pskovva Oreshek (zamonaviy kun Shlisselburg), ularning barchasi o'rta asrlarda mavjud bo'lgan kremlinlarga va ko'plab o'rta asrlarning cherkov freskalari bilan to'ldirilgan ko'plab erta rus pravoslav cherkovlariga ega.
Mo'g'ullar kuchi susayib borishi bilan Moskva Buyuk knyazligi hokimiyatga ko'tarildi va ayniqsa Ivan dahshatli hukmronligi davrida butun G'arbiy Rossiyada hokimiyatni birlashtirdi, shu jumladan Qozon Xonlik (va u erda yana bir buyuk qo'rg'onni barpo etish) va hokimiyatni jamlash Moskva, Kremlini qurish, St Basil sobori va Rossiyaning boshqa taniqli tarixiy joylari. Shaharlari Oltin uzuk Moskva atrofida ham shu davrda muhim qurilishlar amalga oshirildi. Maqsadga ko'ra, mamlakatning shimoliy qismida ham diqqatga sazovor joy Solovetskiy monastiri- Shvetsiya dengiz hujumiga qarshi himoya bo'lib xizmat qilgan Oq dengiz orollaridagi kiyinish.
Imperatorlik tarixi
- Shuningdek qarang: Rossiya imperiyasi
Ivan Qo'rqinchli hukmronlik fojialar bilan tugadi, "Qiyinliklar vaqti", bu faqat vayronagarchilik va vayronagarchilikni ko'rdi va siz barpo bo'lgunga qadar tsivilizatsiya rivojlanishining ozgina dalillarini topasiz. Romanovlar sulolasi XVII asrning boshlarida. Buyuk Pyotr hokimiyatni birlashtirgandan so'ng, o'zining yangi shahrini qurishni boshladi Sankt-Peterburg Finlyandiya ko'rfazida G'arbga oyna. Sankt-Peterburg neoklasik davridan boshlab dunyoning sehrli eng go'zal shaharlaridan biriga aylandi va ko'rish kerak bo'lgan diqqatga sazovor joylar ro'yxati bu erda muhokama qilinishi juda uzoq. Atrofdagi yozgi saroylar Peterhof, Pavlovskva Pushkin shuningdek, aql bovar qilmaydigan darajada boy diqqatga sazovor joylar.
The Rossiya inqilobi Yigirmanchi asrning eng muhim daqiqalaridan biri bo'lgan va tarixni sevuvchilar Sankt-Peterburgda ko'p narsalarni ko'rishlari mumkin. Kommunistlar podsho Nikolay II ni ag'darish uchun hujum qilgan Qishki saroyda va Neva daryosidagi go'zal Piter va Pol qal'asida, uning sovuq va umidsiz qamoqxonasida ko'plab inqilobiy nuroniylarni joylashtirgan Qishki saroyda eng yaxshi tanilgan ikkita joy mavjud. Ehtimol, Anastasiya haqidagi voqeadan ilhomlangan Nikolay II Nikolay Romanovlar oilasining xursandchilik bilan tugashiga qiziquvchilar uchun, Qondagi cherkovdan boshqa erga qaramang. Yekaterinburg, uning oilasi qatl etilgan joyda qurilgan. MoskvaBoshqa tomondan, inqilobiy davrdagi eng mashhur yodgorlik - Leninning o'zi, qizil maydonda (uning xohishiga qarshi) marmar tanasi namoyish etilgan.
Sovet tarixi
- Shuningdek qarang: Sovet Ittifoqi
The Sovet davri Rossiya tarixida keskin o'zgarishlar yuz berdi va deyarli yangi tsivilizatsiya rivojlandi. Ommaviy sanoatlashtirish dasturlari funktsionallikni (ulug'vorlik bilan birgalikda) ta'kidlaydigan yangi estetik axloq bilan ta'minlandi. Yigirmanchi asrdagi ulkan konstruktiv binolar va haykallar ko'pincha xunuk monstrosiyalar deb qaraladi, ammo ular zerikarli emas (Belorussiya chegaralaridan Tinch okeanigacha bo'lgan shaharlarni ifloslantiradigan sanoat majmualari asl ko'zlar).
Ikkalasi ham Ikkinchi jahon urushi va Stalinning terror hukmronligi Rossiyaning madaniy merosiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Birinchisiga aloqador bo'lgan bombardimonlar Rossiyaning g'arbiy qismida tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan narsalarni deyarli yo'q qildi Chernozemye butun Rossiya bo'ylab ko'proq zarar ko'rdi. Biroq, bu butun mamlakat bo'ylab urushga yodgorliklarning qurilishiga olib keldi. Harbiy muxlislar uchun Mamaev Kurganga tashrif, muzey majmuasi Volgograd (sobiq Stalingrad) bu ajoyib manzil. Kursk, uning ulkan tank jangi uchun va Sankt-Peterburg, Leningrad qamalining sayti, qiziqarli yo'nalishlarni amalga oshiring.
Ehtimol, sovet merosidan eng achinarlisi, deb nomlangan qamoq lagerlari tarmog'idir Gulag arxipelagi. Atama Arxipelag haqiqatan ham 10 ming kilometrlik sovuq dasht bo'ylab azob-uqubatlarni qamrab olmaydi. Ehtimol, ushbu merosga qiziquvchilar uchun eng qiziqarli saytlar Solovetskiy orollari Oq dengizda va Kolyma gulag tizimining dahshatli xiralashgan tizimi Magadan viloyati. Agar siz Aleksandr Soljenitsinning qaerda qamalganini ko'rishni umid qilgan bo'lsangiz, Rossiya chegaralaridan tashqariga chiqishingiz kerak bo'ladi Ekibastuz yilda Qozog'iston.
Madaniy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Rossiyada dunyodagi eng buyuk davlatlar mavjud muzeylar, xususan tasviriy san'at. The Ermitaj muzeyi yilda Sankt-Peterburg birinchi navbatda boy podshohlar (xususan, uning asoschisi Ketrin Buyuk) tomonidan to'plangan ulkan to'plam va keyinchalik Sovetlar va Qizil Armiya (ular o'zlarining ne'matlarini qo'lga kiritgan fashistlardan ulkan xazinani tortib olgan) haqiqiy yulduzdir. ularning dunyo bo'ylab urushlaridan). Ko'rgazmaga qo'yilgan bino, Romanovlar sulolasining muhtasham Qishki saroyi ham shu qadar ta'sirli. Sankt-Peterburgning tez-tez e'tibordan chetda qoladigan Rossiya muzeyi ham ustuvor vazifa bo'lishi kerak, chunki u X asr ramzlaridan tortib zamonaviy harakatlarga qadar mamlakatning sof rus san'atining ikkinchi eng yaxshi to'plamiga ega, bularning barchasida inqilobiy Rossiya bu ayblovni boshqalardan oldinroq boshqargan. dunyoning. Moskvasan'at muzeylari, faqat bir oz kamroq tanilgan, o'z ichiga oladi Tretyakov galereyasi (rus san'atining premerasi to'plami) va Pushkin nomidagi G'arbiy san'at muzeyi.
To'plamlarni izlashga arziydigan boshqa muzey ko'rgazmalari qadimiy asarlar Sankt-Peterburg va Moskvada, xususan Ermitaj muzeyida va Moskva Kremlidagi qurol-yarog 'do'konida. Harbiy muxlislar uchun, ruscha harbiy muzeylar Moskvadagi asosiy qurollardan biri bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, hayoliy, haqiqatan ham eng yaxshi odamlardir - Markaziy qurolli kuchlar muzeyi, Kubinka tank muzeyi, Markaziy havo kuchlari muzeyi, Buyuk Vatan urushi muzeyi ( Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi), yoki viloyatlarga yo'l. Rossiya muzeylari dunyoning qolgan qismini yoritib turadigan boshqa toifalar tarkibiga kiradi adabiy va musiqiy sohalar. Aleksandr Pushkin tashrif buyurgan Nari shahri, agar u bir kun bo'lsa ham, uning hayoti va ijodiga bag'ishlangan kichik muzeysiz. Katta shahar muzeylarining eng yaxshilari qatoriga Moskvadagi Bulgakov muzeyi va Sankt-Peterburgdagi Anna Axmatova, Pushkin va Dostoevskiy muzeylari kiradi. Mamlakatning tinchroq joylarida, Dostoevskiyning yozgi uyida ajoyib sarguzashtlar kutmoqda Staraya Russa, Tolstoyning "erishib bo'lmaydigan adabiy qal'asi" da Yasnaya Polyana, Chexovning dala hovlisi Melixovo, Chaykovskiyning uyi Klin yoki uzoq tug'ilgan shahri Votkinsk yilda Udmurtiya, Raxmaninovning yozgi uyi Ivanovka, Pushkinning ko'chmas mulki Pushkinskie Gori, yoki Turgenevning Spasskoe-Lutovinovodagi ko'chmas mulki Mtsensk. Eng yaxshi muzeylar qishloq joylarida joylashgan. Klassik musiqa ixlosmandlari uchun Sankt-Peterburgdagi o'n to'qqizinchi va asrning turli xil bastakorlarining kvartiralar muzeylari nafaqat nostaljik sayrlardan ko'ra ko'proq ahamiyatga ega - ular ko'pincha aql bovar qilmaydigan musiqachilarning kichik chiqishlarini namoyish etishadi.
Rossiyadagi barcha sayyohlar ko'plab cherkovlarga qarashmoqda. Ruhiy arxitektura ruslar orasida muhim g'urur manbai bo'lib, piyoz gumbazi shubhasiz ustun milliy ramz hisoblanadi. Yigirmanchi asr, afsuski, ushbu me'morchilikni misli ko'rilmagan darajada yo'q qilishda madaniy buzg'unchilikni ko'rdi. Ammo juda qadimgi chiroyli monastirlar va cherkovlar ulkan kollektsiyaning saqlanib qolishini ta'minladilar. Eng taniqli, odatdagidek, ichida Sankt-Peterburg va Moskva, xususan, to'kilgan qonda qadimgi barokko cherkovi, Aleksandr Nevskiy Lavra va sobiq yodgorlik Qozon va Avliyo Ishoqning sobori, avliyo Basil sobori va ulkan Annunciation cherkovi. Rus pravoslav cherkovining ma'naviy uyi Sankt-Sergiusning Uchlik Lavrasida joylashgan Sergiev Posad ustida Oltin uzuk tuman (lavra - bu mamlakatda faqat ikkitasi bo'lgan eng muhim monastirlarga berilgan belgi), garchi cherkovning shtab-kvartirasi Moskvadagi Danilov monastirida bo'lsa. Kirillo-Belozerskiy monastiri yilda Vologda viloyati ko'pincha Rossiyaning ikkinchi eng muhim deb hisoblanadi (va bu aniq yo'ldan chiqib ketishning aniq usuli). Boshqa mashhur cherkovlar va monastirlarni avliyo Sofiya soborida topish mumkin Novgorod, Vassoning sobori Vladimir, ajoyib Königsberg sobori sobori (Immanuil Kant qabri joylashgan) Kaliningrad, Moskvadagi Novodevichy monastiri, Optina Putsin (Ota Zossima monastiri uchun asos Birodarlar Karamazovlar) va Volokolamsk monastiri yilda G'arbiy Moskva viloyati. Kizhi Pogost Onega ko'li va Valaam monastiri ustida Ladoga ko'li mashhur saytlar, ayniqsa Sankt-Peterburg va Moskva o'rtasidagi sayohatlar bilan mashhur.
Ammo cherkov me'morchiligi rus pravoslav cherkovi bilan tugamaydi - Rossiyada ham islom va buddistlar me'morchiligiga boylik mavjud. Xalqning eng muhim masjidlari - Qolshärif masjidi Qozon (Evropadagi eng katta masjid) va Sankt-Peterburgdagi Moviy masjid (dastlab Evropadagi eng katta masjid!). Ushbu ro'yxatda, xususan, ilgari mamlakatdagi asosiy masjid hisoblangan, ammo 2011 yilda juda munozarali ravishda buzib tashlangan Moskva sobori masjidi yo'q. Rossiyaning eng taniqli buddist ibodatxonalari ikkalasida ham mavjud Qalmoqiya—Evropaning yolg'iz buddaviy respublikasi va Mo'g'ulistonga yaqin joylar, ayniqsa uning atrofida Ulan Ude yilda Buryatiya va Qizil, Tuva.
Tabiiy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Ularning orasidagi masofa katta bo'lsa-da, Rossiyaning tabiiy mo''jizalari ta'sirchan va tabiatni sevuvchilar uchun izlashga arziydi. Mamlakatning aksariyat qismi boy Evroosiyo yovvoyi tabiati. Eng yaxshi ma'lum bo'lgan yo'nalishlar sharq tomon Sibirda, bilan Baykal ko'li uning "marvaridi" sifatida tanilgan. Rossiyaning haddan tashqari sharqiy qismida, deyarli Yaponiya va Alyaskagacha yovvoyi tabiat mavjud Kamchatka, bu erda Geyzerlar vodiysi, kislota ko'llari, vulqonlar va grizlizlar juda ko'p.
Boshqa muhim voqealar Uzoq Sharq idillikni (sovuq bo'lsa) o'z ichiga oladi Kuril orollari Kamchatka janubida, arktika sohilida kit tomosha qilmoqda Vrangel oroli, masofadan boshqarish pulti Sixote-Alin tog 'tizmasi, Amur yo'lbarsining uyi va chiroyli Saxalin. Ushbu qismlarning tabiat qo'riqxonalari ham ajoyib, ammo barchasi uchun oldindan ruxsat va ixtisoslashtirilgan sayohatlar talab etiladi.
Rossiyaning shimoliy yarmi minglab kilometr uzoqlikda joylashgan Komi Respublikasi orqali Kamchatka asosan bo'sh cho'l, asosan tog'li va har doim chiroyli. Ushbu hududlarga etib borish muammoli, chunki ko'pchilikka hech qanday yo'llar, infratuzilma yoki boshqa narsalar xizmat qilmaydi. Rossiyaning shimoliy-janubiy buyuk daryolari ushbu hudud bo'ylab harakatlanadigan har qanday odam uchun asosiy arteriyalardir: Pechora, Ob, Yenisey, Lena va Kolyma. Buning ortida kanoeda, vertolyotda va harbiy jiplarda bo'lishni kuting, sayohat qilishning yagona usuli bo'ladi va siz yo'riqnoma bilan borishni xohlaysiz.
Rossiya boshqa tog'li hudud janubiy janubda joylashgan Shimoliy Kavkaz. U erda siz Evropaning eng baland tog'larini topasiz, ular Alp tog'lari bo'ylab balandlikda, shu jumladan qudratli Elbrus. Mintaqadagi eng sevimli rus kurortlari bu erda joylashgan Sochi (2014 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o'yinlariga mezbonlik qilgan) va Dombay. Shimoliy Kavkazdan sharqqa borganingizda, landshaftlar tobora ko'payib borayotgan o'rmonli daralar va qorli tepaliklardan tobora dramatik bo'lib boraveradi. Checheniston ning cho'l tog'lariga Dog'iston, Kaspiy dengiziga qarab pastga qarab qiya.
Butun mamlakat bo'ylab yuzdan ortiq milliy bog'lar va qo'riqxonalar mavjud (zapovedniki). Birinchisi jamoatchilik uchun ochiq, va siz aytaylik, Qo'shma Shtatlarda topilgandan ko'ra ancha yovvoyi va rivojlanmagan. Ikkinchisi asosan ilmiy tadqiqotlar uchun saqlanadi va ko'pincha tashrif buyurishning iloji yo'q. Ruxsatnomalar ma'lum zaxiralarga beriladi, lekin faqat litsenziyalangan turoperatorlar orqali amalga oshiriladi. Agar imkoningiz bo'lsa, uni oling! Ba'zi eng ajoyib bog'lar yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Kamchatkada, shuningdek, Uralsda, xususan, Oltoy tog'larida (Oltoy Respublikasi va Oltoy o'lkasi).
Yo'nalishlar
- Circum-Baykal temir yo'li sohilidagi yo'ldir Baykal Ko'l.
- Oltin uzuk - qadimiy shaharlar va shaharchalar atrofida klassik yo'l Markaziy Rossiya cherkov va cherkovlarning oltin kuboklari bilan toj kiydirilgan.
- Moskvaning yashil halqasi - Moskva yaqinidagi tabiiy bog'lar va qo'riqxonalar.
- Kumush uzuk - atrofdagi Shimoliy shaharlar zanjiri Sankt-Peterburg.
- Trans-Sibir temir yo'li - hech qanday tanishtirishga muhtoj bo'lmagan cheksiz poezd safari.
Qil
- Musiqa - Rossiyada azaliy musiqiy an'ana bor va u o'zining kompozitorlari va ijrochilari bilan yaxshi tanilgan. Shubha yo'qki, siz shaharni qanchalik katta bo'lsa, orkestrning ko'proq chiqishlarini topasiz. Klassik musiqa turli teatrlarda yangraydi, u erda bir necha hafta oldin mahalliy va mehmon kontsertlari rejalashtirilgan. Rossiyada Chaykovskiy, Musussorgskiy, Raxmaninoff va Prokofyev kabi ko'plab buyuk bastakorlar paydo bo'lganligi sababli dunyodagi eng kuchli mumtoz musiqa an'analari mavjud bo'lib, hozirgi kunda ham Moskva konservatoriyasi dunyodagi eng zo'rlardan biri hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari, davlat kichik shaharlarda yoki hattoki qishloqlarda folklor ansambllarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va babushka yig'ilishlarini kuylash ko'plab sohalarda hanuzgacha odatlanib qolgan. An'anaviy ravishda rus bo'lmagan etnik guruhlar yashaydigan joylarda siz tomoq kuylash kabi har qanday tovushdagi etnik musiqani uchratishingiz mumkin Tuva yoki nodir asboblar ning Chukotka. Ba'zan kazaklar qo'shiqlarini faqat mutaxassislar farq qilishi mumkin Urals ning kazak qo'shiqlaridan Krasnodar. Professional jaz ijrochilari uchrashadilar Volga ustidan jaz festival Yaroslavl. Yakshanba kuni katta ko'cha bo'ylab yurish sizga har qanday shaharda gitara, saksofon, garmon va nayni eshitish imkoniyatini beradi.
- Harbiy parad 9 may kuni nishonlanadigan G'alaba kuni odatda butun Rossiya bayrami bo'lib, shahar maydonlari Buyuk Vatan urushi / Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi / II va undan keyingi yillariga tegishli kiyim-kechak kiygan odamlar va harbiy texnika bilan to'ldiriladi. The Vatan himoyachilari kuni bu oilalardagi yoki ishdagi ayollar erkaklar va hamkasblarini tabriklagan bayramdir. Bu 23 fevralda, erkaklar ayollarga yaxshilikni qaytarishdan bir necha hafta oldin sodir bo'ladi Xalqaro xotin-qizlar kuni, 8 mart.
- Raqs. Rossiya klassik baleti dunyoga mashhur bo'lib, ba'zi milliy qo'shinlar hattoki bunday chekka hududlarda ham mavjud Dog'iston yoki Yakutiya. Ikkala dunyodagi eng yaxshi deb hisoblangan Rossiyadagi eng taniqli ikkita balet kompaniyasi Katta balet Moskvada va Mariinskiy baleti Sankt-Peterburgda. Lezginka - jonli folklor raqsi, har doim katta miqyosda ijro etiladi Kavkaz voqealar. Agar siz folklor uslubiga qiziqsangiz, unda konsertni tomosha qiling Igor Moiseyev ansambli tirik - bu shunchaki majburiy narsa. Out of big cities you may easily find Irish dance, belly and Ball clubs, not to mention hip-hop and all.
- Cinema festivals. The major movie event in Russia is Moscow International Film Festival held at the end of June during 10 days and boasting first-class stars from all over the world. Kinotavr ning Sochi, Moscow's Festival of Latin America and international film festival Zerkalo, named after Andrei Tarkovsky, in Ivanovo are also of interest for film fans.
- Watch sports: - Muzli xokkey is the leading sport. 23 teams contest the KHL (Kontinental Hockey League), with four based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg; there are also teams from Helsinki, Riga, Minsk and Beijing.
- - Football - 16 teams play soccer in the Russian Premier League, the country's top tier; five are based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg. The playing season is August-May with a three month mid-winter break. The national team don't have a fixed home stadium but move north or south with the seasons.
Tashqi hayot
The association between Russia and its two biggest metropolises, Moscow and St Petersburg, is strong in the minds of tourists, but given its vast expanses and low population density, Russia is a nature lovers paradise as well. Russia has a network of exceptional natural areas, comprising 35 National Parks and 100 Nature Reserves (zapovednik) covering a total land mass larger than Germaniya.List of Russian Nature Reserves (in Russian) one can find Bu yerga
Some Russian Nature Reserves on the internet:
- [o'lik havola]The Great Arctic State Nature Reserve.
- [o'lik havola]Central Forest State Nature Bioshere Reserve.
- Ilmen State Reserve.
Provided your paperwork is in order, you may visit these areas independently. For those wishing to seek guidance, there are travel agencies specializing in ecotourism in Russia such as:
- [o'lik havola]Dersu Uzala: Ecotourism Development Fund, ☏ 7 495 518-5968, faks: 7 495 692-2053, ✉[email protected].
Whitewater rafting
Sotib oling
Pul
Exchange rates for Russian ruble As of September 2020:
Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com |
Throughout its history Russia has had various versions of the ruble (рубль), which is divided into 100 kopeks (копеек). The latest manifestation, whose ISO code is RUB (replacing the RUR), was introduced in 1998 (although all notes and first issues of coins bear the year 1997). All pre-1998 currency is obsolete. The ruble is sometimes symbolised using ₽, but Wikivoyage will use руб to denote the currency.
Coins are issued in 1, 5, 10, and 50 kopek and 1, 2, 5 and 10 руб denominations. Banknotes come in 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 руб banknotes. The 5-ruble note is no longer issued or found in general circulation. The 10-ruble note ceased being printed in 2010 and will suffer the same fate, but as of 2018 is still found in circulation. Both remain legal tender. Kopeks are generally useless, with most prices given to the nearest ruble. The 1- and 5-kopek coins are especially useless: even places that quote prices in non -whole rubles will round to the nearest 10 kopeks or ruble.
All banknotes have special marks (dots and lines in relief) to aid the blind in distinguishing values.
Russian law forbids payments other than in rubles.
Travellers cheques are generally inconvenient (only some banks, such as Sberbank, will cash even American Express, though they do it without commission). So bring enough cash to last you for a few days, or rely on ATMs and credit card transactions.
Currency exchange offices (called bureaus in Saint Petersburg) are common throughout Russia in banks and, in the larger cities, small currency exchange bureaus. Banks tend to offer slightly worse rates but are more trustworthy. Hotels generally offer much worse rates but could be useful in an emergency. You need to show your passport to change money at a bank and fill in copious amounts of time wasting forms.
Take your time to count how much money you received; different ways are sometimes used to trick the customer, including better rates, prominently displayed, for large transactions and worse rates, difficult to find, for small transactions.
Branches of large banks can be found in any major city. Sberbank has a presence even in unexpectedly small villages.
US dollars and euros are generally better bought outside Russia and then swapped to rubles once in Russia as changing other currencies, while possible, will not attract great rates. You can check the rates that are being traded in Moscow onlayn.
You will have an easier time changing clean, new banknotes. US dollars should be the current issues, although changing older versions shouldn't be impossible.
Don't change money on the street. Unlike during Soviet times, there is no advantage to dealing with an unofficial vendor. There are several advanced street exchange scams so better not to give them a chance.
Bankomatlar, called bankomats (банкомат), are common in large cities and can generally be found in smaller cities and towns. Though some may not accept foreign cards. English language interface is available. Some may also dispense US dollars. Russian ATMs often have a withdrawal limit of around 100000—150000 руб. (US $1,500—$2,000) per day. Big hotels are good places to find them.
In Moscow and Saint Petersburg almost all shops, restaurants, and services take credit cards. Visa/MasterCard are more accepted than American Express; Discover, Diners Club and other cards are rarely accepted.
Muzeylar and sightseeing places take cash and credit cards, with rare exceptions.
Train stations may accept plastic, even outside the big cities, be sure to ask as it won't always be obvious. Otherwise take plenty of cash. ATM machines at train station are popular and often out of cash, so stock up before going to the train station.
Taksilar rarely accept credit cards even in large cities. This needs to be checked before boarding. Emphasize that you need a card-accepting cab accepting when ordering it through hotel concierge or a bell-boy. However in big cities there are a number of taxi services (such as Uber, Yandex Taxi or Gett) that accept online payments by cards and can be called by iOS or Android applications.
Like anywhere in the world, it's better to avoid street ATMs (or at least to be very careful), as sometimes swindlers attach spy devices to them, to get your PIN and card details; the safest option is the ATMs in hotels, banks or big shopping centres.
Tips
Esa tipping was traditionally frowned upon in Russia it has been emerging after the fall of socialism. Tipping is not necessary, but expected. A tip exceeding 10% would be unusual. Some restaurants may include service into the amount, but that is very rare; if a service charge is included then a tip is not expected. Round up when paying your bill at a restaurant, particularly if it happens to be more or less like 10% above the total, and it mumkin be interpreted as a tip. If the service was particularly bad and you don't want to leave a tip, ask for your change. Bu imkonsiz to write-in a tip into restaurant credit-card payment.
Tipping is not considered customary for taxis, in fact, you should negotiate and settle upon your fare before you get in the taxi.
Xarid qilish
In general, Russian-made items are cheap although Russia has become a major player in the luxury goods market, but products imported from the West are often expensive.
Ovqat
- Chocolate (шоколад) — Russian chocolate is very good
- Ice-cream (мороженое) - Russian ice-cream also especially good. In general check dairy products, you may like them.
- Halva (халва) — it's different from the Turkish kind (in that it's made of sunflower seeds, rather than sesame), but Rot-Front products are really good
- Asal (мёд) — produced around the country; sorts and quality vary dramatically, but the higher-quality are worth seeking. Moskva hosts a honey market in Kolomenskoe some part of the year. A number of honey shops working all the year round can be found on VDNKh/VVTs grounds.
- Red caviar (красная икра) — Before buying, examine or ask if it's "salmon caviar", because there is a risk of "knock-off" due to about 30 species of fish which give a caviar of red colour. And this knock-off caviar often tastes bad.
- Black caviar (черная икра) — is still possible to buy. High risk of knock-off. But it is considered a delicacy and it is expensive.
- Sturgeon meat (осетр, белуга) and meat of other fish of the sturgeon family. Considered one of the top delicacies in Russia. Very expensive but very tasty.
- Hard cheese — mostly produced in Altai; occasionally available from there in large stores in Moscow
- Sparkling wine (шампанское) — Sparkling wine, "Russian Champagne" is surprisingly good (Abrau-Durso is believed to be the best brand, yet there are other good ones, too). Make sure you order it "suKHOye" (dry) or Brut. Many restaurants serve it at room temperature, but if you request it "cold" they can usually find a semi-chilled bottle. The cost is surprisingly low also, about US$10
Boshqalar
- Matryoshka (матрёшка) — a collection of traditionally painted wooden dolls, each one stacking neatly within another
- Ushanka (ушанка) — a warm hat with ears (ushi)
- Samovar (самовар) — an indigenous design for brewing tea. If you are buying samovars of value (historical, precious gems or metal, etc.), it is wise to check with customs before attempting to take it out of the country
- Winter coats in department stores are well made, stylish and excellent values
- Military greatcoats (sheeNEL) available in hard-to-find stores of military equipment
- Down pillows of very high quality are to be found
- Skin-care products. While when it comes to make up, you'll find all the same products, that are popular on the West, a lot of people prefer locally produced skin-care products because of their superior price/quality combination. Brands to check: Nevskaya cosmetica (Невская косметика) and Greenmama
- Gjel' (Гжель) — porcelain with cool authentic Russian ornaments.
- Khokhloma (Хохлома) — wooden tableware with flower-like paintings, red,gold,black colors.
- Luxury products— Russia has become the go-to place for people seeking luxury goods. For example you can buy limited edition IPhones made with rare materials. You can buy Faberge eggs.
Supermarketlar
There are a number of cheap food/goods chains.
- Billa. A bit more expensive than the others.
- Perekrestok (Перекресток). Also one of more expensive ones.
- Carousel (Карусель).
- Auchan (Ашан). A French supermarket chain. One of the cheapest, notorious for occasionally selling out-of-date food, so double-check expiry dates; however, it is mostly OK.
- Magnit (Магнит).
- [o'lik havola]Pyatyorochka (Пятёрочка).
- Lenta. (Лента)
- Diksi. (Дикси)
- O'Kay. (О'Кей)
Xarajatlar
Yemoq
- Shuningdek qarang: Russian cuisine
The foundations of the Russian cuisine was laid by the peasant food in an often harsh climate, with a combination of fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times.
Russia has for many decades suffered a negative reputation for its food, and Russian cuisine was known for being bland and overly stodgy. However, the food scene has improved in the past years and Russia has also been known and famous for delicacies like caviar.
Russian specialities include:
- Ikra (sturgeon or salmon caviar)
- Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings, similar to pot-stickers, especially popular in Ural and Siberian regions)
- Blini (thin white flour or buckwheat pancakes, similar to French crepes)
- Black bread (rye bread, somewhat similar to one used by North American delis and not as dense as German variety)
- Piroshki (aka Belyashi - small pies or buns with sweet or savoury filling)
- Golubtsy (Cabbage rolls)
- Ikra Baklazhanaya (aubergine spread)
- Okroshka (Cold soups based on kvass or sour milk)
- Schi (cabbage soup) and Green schi (sorrel soup, may be served cold)
- Borsch (Ukrainian beet and cabbage soup)
- Vinegret (salad of boiled beets, eggs, potato, carrots, pickles and other vegetables with vinegar, mustard, vegetable oil and/or mayonnaise)
- Olivier (Russian version of potato salad with peas, meat, eggs, carrots, and pickles)
- Shashlyk (various kebabs from the Caucasus republics of the former Soviet Union)
- Seledka pod shuboy (fresh salted herring with "vinegret")
- Kholodets (aka Studen' - meat, garlic and carrots in meat aspic)
- Kvass (a fermented thirst-quenching beverage made from rye bread, sugar and yeast, similar to young low-alcohol beer)
- Limonad (various soft drinks)
Both Saint Petersburg and Moscow offer sophisticated, world class dining and a wide variety of cuisines including Yapon, Tibetan and Italyancha. They are also excellent cities to sample some of the best cuisines of the former Soviet Union (e.g., Georgian and Uzbek). It is also possible to eat well and cheaply there without resorting to the many western fast food chains that have opened up. Russians have their own versions of fast food restaurants which range from cafeteria style serving comfort foods to streetside kiosks cooking up blinis, shawerma/gyros, piroshki/belyashi, stuffed potatoes, etc. Although their menus may not be in English, it is fairly easy to point to what is wanted — or at a picture of it, not unlike at western fast food restaurants. A small Russian dictionary will be useful at non- touristy restaurants offering table service where staff members will not speak English and the menus will be entirely in Cyrillic, but prices are very reasonable. Russian meat soups and meat pies are excellent.
It is better not to drink the tap water in Russia and to avoid using ice in drinks, however bottled water, kvass, limonad, and Coca Cola are available everywhere food is served.
Stylish cafes serving cappuccino, espresso, toasted sandwiches, rich cakes and pastries are popping up all over Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Some do double duty as wine bars, others are also internet cafes.
Unlike the United States, cafes in Russia (кафе) serve not only drinks, but also a full range of meals (typically cooked in advance—unlike restaurants where part or whole cooking cycle is performed after you make an order).
Dining etiquette
Generally speaking, Russian table maners follow traditional European norms.
- When having food with hosts, Do not get up until you are invited to leave the table. This is not considered polite.
- The hosts might get quite persistent when offering an alcoholic drink. You will often have to be very firm if you want to reject that second (or third, fourth, tenth...) shot. Claiming problems with medicine or pregnancy is always an imperfect option. Simply and grimly stating that you are an alcoholic can do the job too, but will depress your hosts.
- You will often be urged to take second helpings ad infinitum. If so, take it as a form of respect. Moreover, they really will love you if you keep eating.
- Do not rest your elbows on the table. This is considered rude (especially for kids).
- When a mixed group of people dine together, often the bill is split among the men, and the women are not expected to pay. This may not always be the case, so it's better to follow the example of your fellow diners.
Tipping in restaurants
Restaurant staff in Russia are not as dependent on tips as in the Qo'shma Shtatlar, but tipping is still encouraged, even if it is not common among the locals. A tip of 10% of the total bill, usually paid by rounding up the invoice amount, would be reasonably generous. Don't tip in cafeteria-like settings, where you travel along the counter with a tray and pay at the cash register. Drop a couple of 10-ruble coins (or the older notes) into the tip jar for staff. There is no way to leave a tip on your credit card so keep enough small notes in your wallet to hand to the staff.
Ichish
Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc.), international soft-drinks (Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Fanta, etc.), local soft drinks (Tarhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvas (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink).
Pivo (пиво) is cheap in Russia and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale at any street vendor (warm) or stall (varies) in the centre of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the centre) from about 17 руб ga 130 руб for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) bottle or can. "Small" bottles and cans (0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) and thereabouts) are also widely sold, and there are also plastic bottles of 1, 1.5, 2 litres (0.22, 0.33, 0.44 imp gal; 0.26, 0.40, 0.53 US gal) or even more, similar to those in which soft carbonated drinks are usually sold — many cheaper beers are sold that way and, being even cheaper due to large volume, are quite popular, despite some people say it can have a "plastic" taste. Corner stores/cafés, selling draft beer (highly recommended) also exist, but you have to seek them out. The highest prices (especially in the bars and restaurants) are traditionally in Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, on the other hand, is known for the cheaper and often better beers. Smaller cities and towns generally have similar prices if bought in the shop, but significantly lower ones in the bars and street cafes. Popular local brands of beer are Baltika, Stary Mel'nik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tin'koff and many others. Locally made (mainly except some Czech and possibly some other European beers — you won't miss these, the price of a "local" Czech beer from the same shelf will be quite different) international trademarks like Holsten, Carlsberg, etc. are also widely available, but their quality doesn't differ so much from local beers. Soft drinks usually start from 20-30 руб (yes, same or even more expensive than an average local beer in a same shop) and can cost up to 60 rub or more in the Moscow center for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) plastic bottle or 0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) can.
Cheap beer (less than 50 руб per 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal)) may not contain natural ingredients at all and can cause an allergic reaction.
Street vendors usually operate mainly in tourist- and local-frequented areas, and many of them (especially those who walk around without a stall) are working without a license, usually paying some kind of a bribe to local police. Their beer, however, is usually okay, as it was just bought in a nearby shop. In the less weekend-oriented locations, large booths ("lar'ki" or "palatki", singular: "laryok" ("stall") or "palatka" (literally, "tent")) can be found everywhere, especially near metro stations and bus stops. They sell soft drinks, beer, and "cocktails" (basically a cheap soft drink mixed with alcohol, a bad hangover is guaranteed from the cheaper ones. Many of these alcohol cocktails contain taurine and large doses of caffeine and are popular with the nightlife fans) and their prices, while still not high, are often 20-40% more than those in supermarkets. The chain supermarkets (excluding some "elite" ones) and malls (mostly on bigger cities' outskirts) are usually the cheapest option for buying drinks (for food, the local markets in the smaller cities, but not in Moscow, are often cheaper). Staff of all of these (maybe except in some supermarkets, if you're lucky) do not speak or, at the best, speak very basic English even in Moscow. And furthermore, staff of many markets in Moscow and other large cities speak very basic Russian (its mainly migrants from Middle Asia).
Mixed alcoholic beverages as well as beers at nightclubs and bars are extremely expensive and are served without ice, with the mix (for example, coke) and alcohol charged for separately. Bringing your own is neither encouraged nor allowed, and some (usually dance-all-night venues oriented to the young crowd) places in Moscow even can take some measures to prevent customers from drinking outside (like a face-control who may refuse an entry on return, or the need to pay entry fee again after going out), or even from drinking the tap water instead of overpriced soft drinks by leaving only hot water available in the lavatories. Any illegal drugs are best avoided by the people not accustomed to the country — the enforcement is, in practice, focused on collecting more bribes from those buying and taking, rather than on busting drug-dealers, the people selling recreational illegal drugs in the clubs are too often linked with (or watched by) police; plain-clothes policemen know and frequently visit the venues where drugs are popular, and you will likely end up in a lot of problems with notoriously corrupt Russian police and probably paying multi-thousand-dollar (if not worse) bribe to get out, if you'll get caught. It really doesn't worth the risk here.
Wines (вино) from Georgia, Crimea and Moldova are quite popular. In Moscow and Saint Petersburg, most restaurants have a selection of European wines—generally at a high price. Russians prefer sweet wine rather than dry. French Chablis is widely available at restaurants and is of good quality. The Chablis runs about 240 руб per glass. All white wines are served room temperature unless you are at an international hotel that caters to Westerners.
Sovet champagne (Советское Шампанское, Sovetskoye Shampanskoye) or, more politically correctly, just sparkling wine (Игристые вина, Igristie vina) is also served everywhere in the former Soviet Union at a reasonable price. The quality can be quite good but syrupy-sweet to Western tastes, as by far the most common variety is polusladkoye (semi-sweet), similar to Asti Spumanti, but the better brands also come in polusukhoe (semi-dry) and sukhoe (dry) varieties. Brut also exists but is rare. The original producer was Abrau-Dyurso, but Ukrainian brands like Odessa va Krymskoe, are also very popular. Among quality Russian brands, the best brands originate from the southern regions where grapes are widely grown. One of a quality Russian brands is the historic Abrau-Dyurso (200-700 руб for a bottle in the supermarket depending on variety); Tsimlyanskoe (150-250 руб) is also popular. The quality of the cheapest ones (from 85-120 руб, depending on where you buy) varies, with some local Moscow and St. Petersburg brands (produced out of Crimean and southern Russian grapes) being quite good. You can buy if you do want to have a try while not paying much, but it's wiser to stick to something better.
Good genuine kvass (квас) is non-trivial to buy. Non-refrigirated PET bottles typically contain an imitation of varying quality. A reasonably close to genuine product can be found in some supermarkets in refrigerators. The key difference is that it is specifically marked to store in a refrigerator or the bottle may explode.
In warm periods, genuine kvass can be bought from huge metal barrels on trailers (bochkas). Originally a symbol of soviet summertime, bochkas became rare after 1991. Soviet nostalgia and these trailers' no-nonsense good functionality have given them a revival. There are also modern, plastic, stationary, upright barrel-like dispensers but these may not sell the genuine article. Towards the end of an especially hot day, avoid genuine kvass from bochkas as it may have soured.
Medovukha (медовуха) aka mead, the ancient drink brewed from many a century ago by most Europeans was widespread among ancient Russians. It has semi-sweet taste based on fermented honey and contains 10-16% alcohol. You may see it sold in bottles or poured in cups in fast-food outlets and shops.
Choy (чай) is drunk widely in Russia. Most Russians drink black tea with either sugar, lemon, honey or jam.
Uyqu
In most cities, quality hotels are really scarce: most were built in Soviet times decades ago and have been renovated in decor, but rarely in service and attitude. Even for a local, it's quite a problem to find a good hotel without a recommendation from a trusted person. For the same reason, it may be really hard to find a hotel during mass tourist-oriented events like St. Petersburg's anniversary.
Generally a chained-brand hotels provide better service than independents.
Hotels in Russia may be quite expensive in metropolises and touristy areas. If you do speak a bit of Russian and are not entirely culture shocked, it is much smarter to seek out and rent a room in a private residence. Most Russians are looking to make extra money and, having space to spare, will rent it out to a tourist gladly. Native Moscovites or residents of Saint Petersburg would rather rent out to tourists than their own countrymen: foreigners are considered more trustworthy and orderly. Expect to pay US$60-70 a night (usually with breakfast prepared by your host), and the accommodations will certainly be very clean and proper if not modern. When it comes to home/family life, Russian culture is very warm and inviting.
Another useful option is short-term apartment rental offered by small companies or individuals. This means that certain flats in regular living buildings are permanently rented out on a daily basis. The flats may differ in their location and quality (from old-fashioned to renovated), but in any case you get a one- or two-room apartment with own kitchen, toilet, and bath. Additionally, the hosts provide bed linen as well as cups, plates, and other kitchen equipment. The apartment rental provides great autonomy and flexibility (e.g., there is no strict check-out time). On the other hand, you do not get certain hotel facilities, such as breakfast, laundry service, etc. The price for the daily apartment rental normally does not exceed the price for the hotel of similar quality, so it is a very useful options, especially in large cities. The negotiations are usually quite official: the host collects the data from your ID, while you get a bill and a rental agreement.
A new phenomenon has been the development of "mini-hotels" in large Russian cities. Such hotels usually (but not necessarily!) provide clean modern rooms with private baths at far lower costs than conventional large hotels, approximately US$60 vs. well over US$150. These small hotels are located within existing apartment buildings and include one, two, or more floors located a story or two above street level. They also often serve breakfast. Saint Petersburg has quite a few with more opening all of the time and some are appearing in Moscow.
Couchsurfing is very popular in Russian cities.
O'rganing
Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It also has one of the best mass-education systems in the world, with excellent results at international educational competitions. Moscow State University is Russia's most prestigious university, while the Moscow Conservatory is one of the world's foremost institutions for aspiring classical music performers.
One of the great attractions of education in Russia is the cost, especially when compared to the quality. Degree study tuition can range from US$2,000 to $8,000 per year, with other costs (room & board, books, etc.) ranging from US$1,500 to $5,000 per year, depending on location and spending habits.
The academic year lasts from September 1st to mid June everywhere, with long summer vacations from July 1st to August 31st. The year is divided at "autumn semester"(from 1st September to 25th January) and "spring semester" (from February to June)
Several universities and private schools offer Ruscha language courses with either individual or group tuition.
Ish
It is generally difficult to obtain a work permit, as Russia has a relatively strict immigration policy.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
 | OGOHLANTIRISH: Many governments recommend against travel to the Shimoliy Kavkaz due to ongoing conflict within the region. It is not safe to travel with 10 km of the eastern border of Ukraine. Most countries do not recognize the annexation of Qrim by Russia, and do not provide consular services there. |
Hukumatning sayohat bo'yicha maslahatlari | |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2020 yil sentyabr oyida yangilangan) |
Largely because of the transition from state socialism to market capitalism, Russia did experience a rise in criminal activity during the 1990s. As those who controlled capital through the state had to reconfigure their business operations towards a free enterprise rationality, profiteering and scams have increased. The truth is that crime was greatly exaggerated in the media, and for the average tourist Moscow, Saint Petersburg and the rest of Russia are actually just as safe as most major Evropa shaharlar. This, however, is not har doim the case.
Jinoyat
Historically very high, the crime rate has fallen dramatically since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and is o'rtacha. Even though the crime issues are continuing to drop, assault, robbery, or pickpocketing are the most common crimes - more common in underground walkways, the subway, overnight trains, train stations, airports, markets, tourist attractions, and restaurants. Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and robbery in or around nightclubs or bars, or on their way home. Some travelers have been drugged at bars, while others have taken strangers back to their lodgings, where they were drugged, robbed and/or assaulted. Of significant note: nightclubs are vulnerable to acts of spiking drinks. The drug called GHB is gaining popularity in nightclubs, and it has been proven that this drug can knock you unconscious, give you amnesia, and can even kill you. Typically it's in the form of a capful of liquid mixed with a beverage.
The use of unmarked taxis is also a problem, as passengers have been victims of robbery, kidnapping, extortion, and theft. Although there are few registered taxi services in Russia, you should always use authorized services when arriving at a major airport, and it is best to ask which is registered before moving along. Bogus trolley inspectors, whose aim is to extort a bribe from individuals while checking for trolley tickets, are also a threat, if an increasingly rare one in the 2020s.
Russia's law enforcement are well-trained and are extremely professional in their jobs. Although being historically very inadequate since the Soviet Union's breakup, the government has fought police corruption fiercely with success. Policemen should not dare to bribe anyone, as they themselves will end up being fined huge amounts. While there is an ongoing effort to shape up the police force initiated by the government, some policemen still remain underpaid, and therefore corrupt.
If you intend to take a stroll during the night, have someone to accompany you — going alone can only make you a target for corrupt officials and maybe criminals.
Shimoliy Kavkaz
As a tourist, you are strongly discouraged to travel to the Shimoliy Kavkaz, as that region is the most dangerous in the entire country. The area has garnered a bad reputation for terrorism, crime and extremes of both corruption and lawlessness.
The safest region to access is Qorachay-Cherkesiya, as that region has encountered very little attacks in the past few years. If you really need to visit the more dangerous pockets of the region, it's best to contact your embassy before traveling to the area. Assistance will be limited, however.
If you are planning to see Mt. Elbrus, it's best to put it on hold until the situation in the region improves.
LGBT travellers
Male partners are strongly advised to avoid shows of affection and physical contact other than a handshake. Female partners can get away with non-sexual affection and physical contact, as it is considered acceptable. Cross-dressing is a strong no-no unless you know very well what you are doing.
Russia has seen a spike in homophobic activity, since the beginning of 2013 after a series of events that led to the adoption of a law establishing fines and deportation of foreigners for LGBT advocacy ("propaganda") directed towards minors. Though homosexuality is not illegal in Russia, you may have problems with the law if you participate in any LGBT advocacy activities where police would believe that minors can be involved. This effectively includes all public "outdoors" advocacy events, including gay pride parades and festivals, and may also be extended to public demonstration of your orientation and gender identification where minors are present. Participating in indoors LGBT activities, and allowed outdoors actions, where necessary precautions against participating of minors have been taken is legal, but there is still a threat of being hunted by homophobic activists during such events, as they specifically target them. Besides the events, general wisdom about keeping your orientation and gender identification secret will keep you safe in most situations, but if it is exposed, you may face harassment or violence from people, including hosts, if they didn't know beforehand, service workers, and more unpleasantly, lack of cooperation from police, if you'll have to turn to them seeking help against hate crimes.
Haydash
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Driving by the majority of Russians is routinely reckless (hence the viral dashcam videos), and claimed almost 26,000 lives in 2016. Reckless driving habits, the lack of proper training, and a mixture of very old to old model cars all what contributes to a high death rate on roads. Drivers attack their art with an equal mix of aggressiveness and incompetence. Guidelines are lax and not always followed. As a pedestrian, take great care when crossing the roads, as pedestrian crossings are sometimes ignored. Most drivers are not very well trained and some have forged their licenses to avoid problems with the police. More importantly, the rapidly expanding economy has led to an increase in traffic density. Driving in the tunnels is perhaps even more dangerous than driving on the roads — the tunnels are improperly built as a result of underinvestment, and they claim even more casualties than on the roads.
When driving you must not be under the influence of alcohol. Russians have a zero tolerance to this, and the penalty is about two years imprisonment. If you are pulled over by the GIBDD (Russian Traffic Police), don't worry — they will simply check your papers. By law, the GIBDD should not try to solicit a bribe — if that happens, you are entitled to report it to the nearest police station. Under no circumstances try to run away from them — if you do, they will shoot your vehicle, even when you're not armed.
Racism
Russia is a multicultural nation, due to historical conquests and immigration from parts of the former USSR and other parts of the world. Racially-motivated violent crimes, once a major issue, have dropped steadily since 2009, and the common traveller is unlikely to face any major problems.
People from the Shimoliy Kavkaz are often viewed with distrust and contempt, and are often discriminated against by landlords. Similarly, individuals who aren't Russian and/or not from a Slavic-language speaking country can also be barred from renting homes in certain areas.
Interracial couples, particularly those in a relationship with a Russian local, may often attract unwanted stares and/or curiosity.
Identification papers
There is a mistaken belief that everyone in Russia must carry identification papers. This is not the case. However, a lack of proper identification, while not punishable in itself, can lead to 3-hour detention "for identification purposes" (the law says "up to 48 hours" ). Formally, arbitrary document checks are not permitted, and the police officer that checks papers must introduce himself and explain the reason for checking. They however do still happen, though with far less frequency than previously, especially in the larger cities. Document checks are now more likely in places with little tourism – some police officers have very narrow notions of what should be appropriate for tourists.
Having no documents can lead to being held for up to 3h but not arrested. The detention should not be behind bars and you should not be deprived of your belongings (such as mobile phone): you can be taken to a police station, where you will end up sitting on a chair in a normal room while police "identify" you, but again, this rarely happens. Like most countries, you can be arrested if you are suspected of having committed a crime, but being unable to provide ID is not a crime and carries no penalty. No physical force can used in the detention, unless you apply it first. If you are stopped, be confident and remember that police officers are forbidden from shouting at you. The passport checks that do happen are primarily targeted at darker skinned people who are suspected of being illegal immigrants. Western-looking, Caucasian people are very rarely asked on the street for ID.
To spare yourself of potential problems, you may choose to carry your passport, migration card and registration slip on you. If you do, keep a separate photocopy just in case. Shuningdek, siz pasport (id va viza) va immigratsion kartaning nusxasini olib kelishni tanlashingiz mumkin.
Shaxsiy guvohnoma uchun to'xtatilish pora uchun shart emas. Odatda politsiya xodimi salom beradi va pasportingizni so'raydi ("paspart", "veeza" yoki "dokumenty" kabi so'zlarni tinglang). Ularni ularga bering, ular ularga qarashadi, qaytarib berishadi va sizga salom berishadi. Umuman olganda, birinchi marta sayyohlar uchun noxush voqea bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, bu erda yomon narsa yo'q.
Buzuq politsiyachi sizning hujjatlaringizda (pasport, immigratsiya kartasi va yashash joyini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish) muammolar mavjudligini da'vo qilishi va jarima (pora) talab qilishi mumkin. Sizda uchta variant bor: siz chiroyli, samimiy va qat'iyat bilan aslida hamma narsa yaxshi ekanligini tushuntirishingiz mumkin, hujjatlaringizda muammo yo'q va siz narsalarni tozalash uchun politsiya bo'limiga borishga tayyormiz; siz to'lashingiz mumkin (300 rub metropolitenlarda etarli bo'lishi kerak); tahdid qilmoq. Birinchi variant rus tilini bilmasdan qiyin (va qattiq nervlarni), lekin umuman ishlaydi. Ikkinchi variant sizga tinchlikni sotib oladi, ammo korrupsiyani yanada kuchaytiradi. Uchinchi variant qarama-qarshilikka ega va biroz asabiylikni talab qiladi: uyali telefondan chiqing va elchixonangizga qo'ng'iroq qilish bilan tahdid qiling. Bu ish berishi mumkin va politsiya orqaga qaytishi mumkin.
Xarid qilish
Pullaringizni kattaroqlarini yashirgan holda tashqi tomondan kichik yozuvlar bilan buklab turing. Naqd pulingizni faqat uni topshirganingizda chiqaring. Ko'proq miqdorlarni alohida va kichikroq kundalik pullardan yashirgan holda saqlang.
Xavfli hayvonlar
Uchrashuv paketlari tajovuzkor itlar adashgan yoki qorovulda bo'lgan, lekin zanjirlangan / taqiqlanmagan, ayniqsa kaltaklangan yo'ldan tashqarida bo'lishi mumkin. O'zingizni xotirjam tuting va sumkalaringizni oldingizda ushlab turing. Agar shunday bo'lmasa, bog'langan maqoladagi boshqa maslahatlarga amal qiling.
Sog'lom bo'ling
Tibbiy muassasalar umuman farq qiladi. Kasalxonalarning aksariyati juda yaxshi jihozlangan, toza va eng so'nggi texnologiyalarga ega, ba'zilari esa g'arbiy me'yorlardan ancha past, dori-darmon etishmasligi va qarovsiz qoldirilgan uskunalar.
Sizning barcha emlashlaringiz zamonaviy ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling va siz qabul qilayotgan retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarning etarli miqdoriga ega bo'ling. Dorixonalar yirik shaharlarda keng tarqalgan va sifatli g'arbiy dorilarni olib yurishadi.
Sifati musluk suvi mamlakat bo'ylab farq qiladi va hatto o'zgaruvchan bo'lishi mumkin ichida shaharlar. Eski binolarda musluk suvi ichish mumkin emas. Evropaning Rossiyasining yirik shaharlarida suv biologik ifloslantiruvchi moddalardan toza, ammo eskirgan shahar sanitariya-tesisat tufayli ko'pincha og'ir metallar mavjudligidan aziyat chekadi. Agar siz shisha suv sotib ololmasangiz, ichishdan oldin suvni qaynatib oling yoki yaxshiroq bo'lsa, istalgan supermarketda sotib olishingiz mumkin bo'lgan musluk suvi uchun maxsus filtrdan foydalaning. Shishaga solingan suv narxi taxminan atigi 25-50 rub 2 litr uchun (0,44 imp gal; 0,53 AQSh gal).
Rossiyaning yirik shaharlarida mahalliy shifokorlardan tashqari (odatda sifatli, lekin tez-tez kambag'al muassasalarda ishlaydigan) G'arb tomonidan boshqariladigan bir nechta tibbiy markazlar mavjud. Bularning barchasi turli xil to'lov siyosatlariga ega (ba'zilari kredit kartalarini oladi, ba'zilari sug'urta bo'lsa ham, naqd pul bilan to'lashni talab qiladi), shuning uchun har qanday xizmatga rozi bo'lishdan oldin nima uchun (va qachon va qanday) to'layotganingizni bilib oling.
Xavfli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan soxta aroqni sotib olishdan ehtiyot bo'ling (jiddiy ravishda bu erda "xavfli" "kuchli" degani emas; tarkibida metanol bo'lishi mumkin). Aroqni faqat katta do'konlarda yoki ixtisoslashgan do'konlarda sotib oling, stiker qopqog'i va / yoki mintaqaning shtrix-kodi yon tomonida.
Oziq-ovqat do'konlarining katta qismi, shu jumladan ba'zi oziq-ovqat / tovarlar tarmoqlari, mustaqil oziq-ovqat do'konlari, kiosklar va oziq-ovqat bozorlari sifatsiz oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotish bilan mashhur, shu jumladan eskirgan yoki hatto eskirgan, muddati tugagandan keyin qayta nashr etiladi. sana. Garchi ularning aksariyati juda yaxshi bo'lsa-da, iloji bo'lsa, oziq-ovqat sifatini vizual kuzatuv bilan tekshirib ko'ring, ayniqsa almashtiriladigan tarzda qo'shib qo'yilgan sana yorliqlariga ishonmang. Shuningdek, siz boshqalarning nima sotib olayotganiga e'tibor berishingiz mumkin, ba'zida boshqa xaridorlardan qaysi mahsulot yaxshiroq ekanligini so'rashingiz mumkin, bu normal holat. Bu sizga yaxshi tanlov qilishga yordam beradi. Odatda sifatsiz sotiladigan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga misol qilib, baliq mahsulotlarining aksariyati, shu jumladan dudlangan va achchiq tuzlangan tuz (ayniqsa ehtiyot bo'ling), oldindan tayyorlangan salatlar, yangi sabzavot va mevalar, ularni qo'lingiz bilan ko'tarolmaysiz (bozorlarda ularni do'kon ayollaridan keyin tekshiring) ularni siz uchun tanlab oldingiz, siz odatda o'zingizga yoqmaganlarni o'zgartirishingiz mumkin, do'konlarda ular odatda o'zgartirishga yo'l qo'ymaydi va yomonlarini sumkaga solib qo'yish uchun ishlatadi), sabzavot konservatorlari chegirma bilan sotiladi (va odatda eski ishlab chiqarish sanasi bilan) ), arzonroq sut mahsulotlari, ammo unchalik mos kelmasa ham, boshqalarning sotib olgan narsalarini tekshirish bu erda sizga yordam berishi mumkin. Sharbat ishlab chiqaruvchilari o'zlarining ishlab chiqarishlarini quyidagicha belgilay olmaydilar sharbat (rus: sok) agar u 100% sharbat bo'lmasa. Bugungi kunda nektar deb belgilangan barcha past sifatli sharbatlar (rus: nektar) suvning 50-70% gacha va "mevali ichimliklar" (rus: fruktovyy napitok) tarkibida hamma narsa bo'lishi mumkin!
Rossiya OIV tarqalishi barqaror ravishda o'sib bormoqda, asosan fohishalar, yoshlar va giyohvand moddalar iste'molchilari. Xavfsiz bo'ling.
Hurmat
Ruslar o'zini tutib turadigan va odob-axloqli odamlardir va G'arbiy Evropaliklarga qaraganda an'anaviyroq bo'lishadi.
Imo-ishoralar
Rossiyada tabassum qilish an'anaviy ravishda do'stlar uchun ajratilgan va begona odamga tabassum qilish ularni o'zlarini anglashga majbur qilishi mumkin. Ko'chada bir rusga tabassum qiling va ehtimol ular xuddi shunday javob berishmaydi. Avtomatik AQSh-amerikalik yoki romanik-evropalik tabassum keng samimiy emas deb hisoblanadi. Ushbu an'ana asta-sekin o'zgarmoqda, chunki Rossiya tabassum qilish hali ham mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatishda juda kam uchraydi. Savdo bo'yicha yordamchilar, davlat xizmatchilari va shunga o'xshashlar jiddiy va ishbilarmon ko'rinishi kerak. Shuning uchun ruslar haqida ular juda dahshatli xalq va hech qachon tabassum qilmaydilar degan keng tarqalgan noto'g'ri tushunchalar - ular sizni taniganlaridan keyin juda mehmondo'st va mehribon bo'lishadi.
Biron bir savol bilan begona odamga murojaat qilganda, avval rus tilidan foydalanishga harakat qiling va ingliz tilida gaplashasizmi, deb so'rang, ruslar o'z tillari bilan juda faxrlanadilar va agar siz ularga ingliz tilida gaplashsangiz, odamlar sezilarli darajada chetroq bo'lishadi. "Iltimos" va "rahmat" rus tilidagi ekvivalentlaridan foydalanish ham odamlar uchun sezilarli farq qiladi.
An'anaga ko'ra ayollarga ritsarlik bilan munosabatda bo'lishadi. Ayol sayohatchilar uchun rossiyalik erkak do'stlar o'zlarining hisob-kitoblarini restoranlarda to'lashlari, oldilaridagi har bir eshiklarini ochishlari, o'sha kichik pog'onadan pastga ko'tarilishlarida yordam berishlari yoki qo'l sumkasidan og'irroq narsalarni ko'tarishlarida yordam berishlari mumkin. kamsitilish degani emas. Erkak sayohatchilar buni ba'zi rossiyalik ayollar ham kutishini tushunishlari kerak.
"OK" ishorasi yaxshi.
Ichidagi ovozlar
Ruslar bir-birlari bilan jamoat joylarida ajoyib va samimiy suhbatlashish uslubiga ega. Yaxshisi, bosh barmoq kabi ajralib turmaslik va atrofingizdagi odamlarni chindan ham bezovta qilmaslik uchun harakat qiling va ularga ergashganingiz ma'qul - suhbatdoshingizga biroz yaqinroq turing va ovozni pasaytiring.
Nozik muammolar
Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Sovet Ittifoqi haqida gap ketganda juda ehtiyot bo'lish talab etiladi. Ushbu mojaro Sovetlar uchun katta fojia edi va har bir oilada vafot etgan 25-30 million odam orasida kamida bitta qarindoshi bor (G'arbiy Evropa va Qo'shma Shtatlar birlashganidan ham ko'proq) va bu to'qnashuvning izlari bugungi kunda ham sezilib turibdi. 1980-yillarda Afg'onistondagi urushni muhokama qilishdan saqlaning.
Gruzinlar yoki ukrainlar bilan munosabatlarni muhokama qilishdan saqlaning. Ushbu mavzular haqida suhbatlashish dushmanlik va hatto qattiq tortishuvlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Qo'shni davlatlar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar ko'plab mojarolarga olib keldi va Rossiya hukumatining Gruziya va Ukrainadagi harakatlariga nisbatan yuqori milliy g'urur hissi mavjud.
Shuningdek, davlat tomonidan homiylik qilingan doping mojarosi va keyinchalik Rossiya sportchilariga qo'yilgan taqiqlar haqida gapirishdan saqlaning. Ko'pgina ruslar ularni G'arbning siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra Rossiya sportini obro'sizlantirishga qaratilgan qasddan qilingan hiyla-nayranglari bo'lgan yolg'on ayblovlar deb bilishadi.
Gomoseksualizm dolzarb masala bo'lib, rasmiy hukumat siyosati LGBT hamjamiyati huquqlarini tobora cheklab qo'ymoqda.
Siyosiy masalalar
Xuddi shunday, siyosiy qarashlaringizni o'zingiz uchun saqlang. Istaganingizcha savol bering, lekin uning o'tmishi va hozirgi siyosiy holati to'g'risida bayonot yoki izoh berishdan saqlaning. Rossiya va Sovet Ittifoqi tez-tez zo'ravonlik tarixiga ega edi va aksariyat ruslar G'arb aholisidan "Sovet Ittifoqi qanchalik yomon bo'lganini" eshitishdan charchagan. Ular buni yashab, uning g'alabalari va fojialari bilan faxrlanadilar va ehtimol bu haqda sizdan ko'ra ko'proq bilishadi. Shuningdek, ruslar orasida Sovet Ittifoqi uchun yuqori darajadagi nostalji mavjud va ko'p odamlar Sovet Ittifoqi AQShga hokimiyat va xalqaro ta'sirida qonuniy raqib bo'lgan paytda mag'rur va mehr bilan qarashadi.
Chechenistondagi mojaroni tanqid qilishdan saqlaning. Checheniston respublikasidagi urush har ikki tomon uchun dahshatli bo'lgan. 2000-2005 yillarda sodir bo'lgan ommaviy terroristik hujumlardan so'ng ayirmachilik kuchlari islomiy terrorchilar sifatida qaralmoqda. Rossiyadagi siyosiy fikrlar juda qutblangan va siyosiy munozaralar har doim juda qiyin. Buning oldini olish yaxshiroqdir.
Shuni ham yodda tutingki, jamiyatning muhim qismi Boris Yeltsinning G'arbga do'stona tuzumi davrida mamlakatning turg'unligidan uyaladi va Putinning Rossiyaning xalqaro ta'sirini tiklashdagi roli bilan faxrlanadi.
Qrimning siyosiy maqomi ham noo'rin suhbat mavzusi.
Uy odob-axloq qoidalari
- Agar sizni kimningdir uyiga taklif qilishsa, unga kichik sovg'a olib keling hurmat shakli sifatida. Biroq, ko'pchilik sovg'a taklif qilganda norozilik bilan tugaydi. Bu ozgina narsa deb javob bering va sovg'ani yana taklif qiling va u umuman qabul qilinadi, deb umid qilaman. Kechqurun unchalik rasmiy bo'lmagan tarzda o'tkazishni kutsangiz, bir shisha spirtli ichimliklarni olib kelish maqsadga muvofiqdir.
- Agar siz gul olib kelsangiz, sariq rang bermang - Rossiyada bu rang sevgi va ajralishda aldanish belgisi sifatida qabul qilinadi va ayniqsa to'y guldastalari uchun hech qachon ishlatilmaydi. Gullar bilan bog'liq yana bir xurofot - bu gullar soni. Ushbu miqdor har doim g'alati bo'lishi kerak; ya'ni uch, besh, ettita va boshqalar. Dafn marosimlariga har doim bir juft gullar keltiriladi.
- Bola tug'ilguncha bolaga sovg'a bermang ma'lum bir oilaga. Buni tezroq qilish juda yaxshi emas. Insonning tug'ilgan kunidan oldin og'zaki tabriklar ko'pincha yomon belgi sifatida qabul qilinadi.
- Birovning uyiga kelganda tashqi oyoq kiyimlarini echib oling, mezbonlar bu kerak emasligini aytgan taqdirda ham - bu shunchaki xushmuomalalik. Sizga kiyish uchun terlik berilishi mumkin.
- Birovning uyida, Rasmiy kiyimlarda kiyinish. Yaxshi kiyinish uy egalariga hurmatni anglatadi. Biroq, ushbu qoida yoshlar orasida ishlamasligi mumkin.
Boshqa odob-axloq qoidalari
- Poezdda sayohat qilayotganda, yaqinlaringiz bilan ovqatingizni baham ko'rganingiz ma'qul, chunki o'sha paytda siz xushmuomalalik bilan qaraysiz.
- Cherkovlarga borishda erkaklar shlyapalarini, ayollar esa boshlarini yopib turadigan ro'mol kiyishlari talab qilinadi.
Ulanmoq
Internet
2014 yildan boshlab Rossiya hukumati Internet "Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi loyihasi" ekanligi va tarmoqqa kirishga uringan har bir kishidan shaxsini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni talab qiladigan qonunlar ekstremizm va terrorizmga qarshi kurashish kerakligi sababli umumiy Wi-Fi tarmog'iga kirishni cheklashga harakat qilmoqda. Ko'pincha siz hali ham ruscha telefon raqamiga muhtojsiz va bepul Wi-Fi-da, ayniqsa, temir yo'l stantsiyalarida yoki banklarda ro'yxatdan o'tishingiz mumkin. Hatto mehmonxonalardagi Wi-Fi ham ko'pincha Rossiyaning telefon raqamini talab qiladi, agar sizda bitta mehmonxona xodimi bo'lmasa, ba'zan buni siz uchun qabul qilib, sizga SMS-kodni aytib berishadi.
Ba'zi xabar almashish dasturlari (masalan, LINE) bloklangan, ammo bu bepul VPN dasturidan foydalanish orqali osonlikcha chetlab o'tiladi va Xitoyga qaraganda kamroq qo'llaniladi.
Telefonlar
Rossiya (va Qozog'iston sobiq Sovet Ittifoqining sobiq a'zosi sifatida) uchun mamlakat kodi 7.
Rossiya telefon raqamlarida uch, to'rt yoki besh raqamdan iborat viloyat kodi mavjud (ularning viloyatiga ko'ra), so'ngra 7, 6 yoki 5 raqamli individual raqam, har doim hammasi bo'lib 10 ta raqamdan iborat. Uch xonali 800 kodi bepul qo'ng'iroqlar uchun ishlatiladi. Uyali telefonlarda har doim uch xonali "hudud" kodlari va etti xonali raqamlar mavjud.
Har qanday hudud kodidagi qo'ng'iroqlar hudud kodini o'tkazib yuborishi mumkin (ichida bundan mustasno Moskva).
Rossiya hududi ichidagi kod qo'ng'iroqlari: 8 (ohangni kuting) hudud kodini o'z ichiga olgan to'liq ruscha raqam.
Terish uchun xalqaro kirish kodi chiqib Rossiya - bu ketma-ketlik 8 (ikkilamchi ohangni kuting va keyin) 10
Xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar ga Rossiya, har doimgidek, xalqaro telefon formatidagi plyus () belgisini siz qo'ng'iroq qilayotgan mamlakat uchun mahalliy xalqaro kirish kodi bilan almashtiring, so'ngra Rossiyaning 7 davlat kodini, so'ngra shaxsiy Rossiya telefon raqamini, hudud kodini o'z ichiga oladi.
Oldindan to'langan SIM-kartalar
Rossiyada 5 ta GSM operatorlari mavjud bo'lib, ularning barchasi 2G uchun 900/1800 MGts, 3G uchun 900/2100 MGts standart va 4G / LTE uchun 800/2600 MGts standartidan foydalanadi, xuddi Evropa va Osiyo bilan bir xil. Rossiyaga olib kelishdan oldin telefoningiz ushbu standartlardan birini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini tekshiring. 5 ta operator Bilayn, Megafon[o'lik havola], MTS, Tele2va Yota. Shuningdek, bitta CDMA tarmog'i mavjud: Skylink ammo ushbu tarmoqdan foydalanish uchun Skylink telefonini sotib olish kerak.
Barcha operatorlar rouming to'lovlarini to'lashning har doim yaxshi alternativi bo'lgan arzon ma'lumotli SIM-kartalarni taqdim etadilar. Megafon eng yaxshi qamrovga ega, ammo "Bilayn" eng arzon deb hisoblanadi. MTS boshqalar orasida bo'lgani kabi, mintaqalar o'rtasida har xil haq to'lamaydi. Rossiyada ma'lumotlar juda arzon va siz butun Rossiya uchun cheksiz paketlarni sotib olishingiz mumkin.
Agar siz do'kondan SIM-kartani sotib olsangiz, identifikatsiya qilish uchun pasportingiz kerak bo'ladi va kerakli hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirish uchun 5 daqiqa vaqt ketadi. Agar siz rus tilini bilmasangiz, ingliz tilida gaplashadigan odamni topishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, siz SIM-kartani metro stantsiyalaridagi avtomatlashtirilgan kiosklardan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Uyali telefonlardan shahar telefonlariga qo'ng'iroqlar boshqa mobil telefonlarga, ayniqsa, bir xil tarmoqdan foydalanadigan qo'ng'iroqlarga qaraganda qimmatroq. Kiruvchi qo'ng'iroqlar bepul. Siz foydalanadigan kompaniyaning do'konlarida yoki avtomatlashtirilgan kioskalarda yoki Internetda o'zingizning kartangizga qiymat qo'shishingiz mumkin. Xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun oldindan to'langan kartani sotib olishingiz mumkin, ammo Skype kabi onlayn xizmatlar ko'pincha arzonroq.
Agar siz noutbukni yoki kompyuteringizni ma'lumotlar tarmog'iga ulashni xohlasangiz, USB-modem uchun arzon SIM-kartalarni sotib olishingiz mumkin.
Smartfonga foydali dasturlar
Xaritalar
- Yandex.Haritalar (Yandeks.Karty): Yandex - bu Rossiyaning Google-si va bu ularning xaritada qo'llanilishi. Bu qidiruv funktsiyasini (shuningdek toifalar bo'yicha), marshrutni, trafik va to'xtash joylarini ma'lumotlarini taqdim etadi. Shaharlarda avtobuslar, marshrutki va hokazolarning real vaqt holati va yo'nalishlari ko'rsatilgan. Interfeys rus, ingliz, ukrain va turk tillarida mavjud. Mahalliy bo'lmagan ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar o'zlarining telefon tillariga ingliz tilini qo'shishlari kerak, aks holda interfeys rus tilida bo'ladi.
- Maps.me oflayn xaritalari bilan mashhur.
Transport
- RZD yo'lovchilari (RJD Passajiram): Rossiya temir yo'llarining rasmiy ilovasi sizga uzoq masofalarga chiptalarni sotib olishga imkon beradi. Shahar atrofidagi chiptalarni stantsiyadan sotib olish kerak, chunki ular uchun chet el pasportlari shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjat sifatida ilovada qabul qilinmaydi (2019 yil oktyabr). Agar siz poezd aloqasini qaerda bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa, topolmasangiz, jo'nash va boradigan joyni kirillcha harflar bilan yozib ko'ring.
- Taksi dasturlari: Yandex.Taxi, City-Mobil, Uber va Gett eng ommabop bo'lgan taksilar uchun bir nechta dastur mavjud.
- BlaBlaCar: Ilova haydovchilar va yo'lovchilarni shaharlar o'rtasida birgalikda sayohat qilishni va sayohat xarajatlarini baham ko'rishni xohlaydi.
Sayohat uchun qo'llanmalar
- Oflayn o'quvchilar kabi Kiviks Vikivoyajni yuklab olish va undan oflayn rejimda foydalanish imkoniyatini bering.
- izi.TRAVEL: Rossiyaning bir nechta muzeylari va tashkilotlari ushbu platforma orqali bepul audio qo'llanmalar bilan ta'minlaydilar.