 | COVID-19 ma `lumot:Rasmiy COVID-19 ma'lumotlari Germaniya hukumatidan, shu jumladan kirish cheklovlari, karantin talablari va boshqa qoidalar. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 26-aprelda yangilangan) |
Germaniya (Nemis: Deutschland), rasmiy ravishda Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) eng katta mamlakatdir Markaziy Evropa. Germaniya siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy jihatdan nufuzli va eng yirik hisoblanadi Yevropa Ittifoqi aholisi va iqtisodiy mahsuloti bo'yicha a'zo davlat. Dunyo bo'ylab "nemis muhandisligi" bilan bir qatorda dunyoning etakchi bank va sug'urta kompaniyalari bilan tanilgan bu mehmonlar o'zining qadimgi jozibasi va Gemütlichkeit (qulaylik). Germaniya haqidagi har qanday tasavvurni shunchaki bir hil deb hisoblang va mintaqaviy xilma-xillikni ajablantiradigan mamlakat kutmoqda.
Mintaqalar
Germaniya 16 ta siyosiy jihatdan qudratli davlatlardan tashkil topgan federativ respublikadir (shunday nomlanadi Bundeslender - qisqartirildi Lander) ba'zan birlashgan Germaniya davlatidan oldingi tarixiy mintaqalarga to'g'ri keladi, ular esa tasodifiy ravishda juda ko'p turli xil xalqlarni bir xil davlatga tashlaydilar va shu bilan ularni o'zlarining yaqin qarindoshlaridan ajratib turadilar. Ulardan uchtasi Bundeslender aslida shahar-davlatlar: Berlin, Bremen va Gamburg. Shtatlarni geografiya bo'yicha quyida keltirilgan guruhlarga ajratish mumkin, ammo boshqa guruhlar mavjud. Uzoq vaqt davomida shimol va janub o'rtasidagi madaniy bo'linish eng diqqatga sazovor edi, ammo Sovuq urush merosi tufayli hozirgi kunda sharq va g'arb o'rtasida bo'linish sezilarli bo'lib qoldi.
| Shimoliy Germaniya (Bremen, Gamburg, Quyi Saksoniya, Meklenburg - G'arbiy Pomeraniya, Shlezvig-Golshteyn) Shamol esgan tepaliklar va Shimoliy dengiz va Boltiq dengizi sohillarining mashhur dam olish joylari |
| G'arbiy Germaniya (Shimoliy Reyn-Vestfaliya, Reynland-Pfalz, Saarland) Sharob mamlakati va zamonaviy shaharlari hayratlanarli darajada keskin ravishda kesilgan O'rta Reyn va Moselle vodiylar |
| Markaziy Germaniya (Xesse, Turingiya) Eng muhim tarixiy va moliyaviy shaharlari va qadimgi Turingiya o'rmonlari bilan Germaniyaning yashil yuragi |
| Sharqiy Germaniya (Berlin, Brandenburg, Saksoniya, Saksoniya-Anhalt) Eksantrik va tarixiy poytaxt Berlin va qayta tiklangan tarixiy Drezden, "Elbadagi Florensiya" |
| Janubiy Germaniya (Baden-Vyurtemberg, Bavariya) Qora o'rmon, Alp tog'lari va Oktoberfest. Germaniya Lederhosen, Dirndl, postcartalarni rasmlari va High-Tech firmalari. |
Shaharlar
Germaniya mehmonlarni qiziqtiradigan ko'plab shaharlarga ega; mana shunchaki to'qqiz eng mashhur sayohat yo'nalishlaridan. Ular asosan Germaniyaning yirik shaharlari. Ba'zilar, masalan Berlin va Gamburg, ko'proq qishloq landshaftlarida shahar orollari kabi turishadi, boshqalari, Dyusseldorf va Frankfurt singari, boshqa shaharlar bilan birgalikda metropolitanlarning bir qismidir.
- 1 Berlin - Germaniyaning birlashtirilgan va jonlangan poytaxti; dunyodagi eng taniqli ba'zi klublar, do'konlar, galereyalar va restoranlarga ega bo'lgan xilma-xillik metropolidir. Sovuq urush davrida o'nlab yillar davomida ikkiga bo'linib ketganligi sababli, Berlin dunyoning boshqa joylariga qaraganda aholi jon boshiga ko'proq opera uylari va muzeylarga ega.
- 2 Bremen - Uning eski bozori Shnur, Bottcherstrasse, Viertel va uning dengiz mahorati Bremenni ajoyib shahar tajribasiga aylantiradi.
- 3 Kyoln (Kyoln) - 2000 yil oldin rimliklar tomonidan asos solingan va ulkan sobori (dunyoda ikkinchi o'rinda), Romanesk cherkovlari, arxeologik joylari va jonli eski shahar mahallasi bilan tanilgan. Köln karnavali - bu fevral oyidagi eng katta durang.
- 4 Drezden - Bir vaqtlar Frauenkirxe (Italiya tashqarisidagi eng yaxshi barokko sobori) va uning tarixiy nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan "Elfadagi Florensiya" deb nomlangan. AltstadtIkkinchi Jahon urushi paytida vayron qilinganidan keyin ham bunyod etilgan. Tsvinger va Residenzshloss dunyoga taniqli muzeylardir.
- 5 Dyusseldorf - Germaniyaning xaridorgir poytaxti, shuningdek, juda xilma-xil yangi me'morchilikka ega. "Altstadt" kvartali va Reyn qirg'oqlari jonli tungi hayotga ega.
- 6 Frankfurt - Evropaning ajoyib manzarasi, moliyaviy va transport markazi, Evropa Markaziy bankining bosh qarorgohi (ECB) va muhim savdo yarmarkasi. Yarim yog'och uylar, atrofdagi muhim muzeylar va galereyalar bilan jihozlangan kichik rekonstruksiya qilingan markaz Muzeysofer kabi Shirn Art Hall, The Städel va Senckenberg Tabiiy muzey.
- 7 Gamburg - Germaniyaning ikkinchi yirik shahri porti, ko'plab kanallari va ko'priklari bilan tanilgan SpeicherstadtMishel cherkovi va yangi Elbphilharmonie kontsert zali, Reeperbahn, uning musiqiy asarlari va Hafengeburtstag festivali bilan Sankt-Pauli atrofidagi gavjum tungi hayot.
- 8 Myunxen (Myunxen) - Germaniyaning uchinchi eng yirik shahri va tez rivojlanayotgan poytaxti Bavariya Oktoberfest, Hofbräuhaus, operalar, teatrlar va muzeylar, jonli tungi hayot, ko'plab musiqiy festivallar, pivo bog'lari va daryo sörfü va shu jumladan ko'p qirrali madaniy takliflari bilan mashhur. Alp tog'lariga kirish eshigi.
- 9 Nürnberg (Nürnberg) - sobiq Reyxshtadt O'rta asrlar teginish bilan uning eski shahri urushda, jumladan gotikada kuchli bombardimon qilinganidan keyin qisman tiklandi Kayzerburg va asosiy cherkovlar. Shuningdek, siz Fashistlar partiyasining miting maydoniga, Hujjatlar markaziga va Nürnberg urush jinoyati bo'yicha sudlar o'tkazilgan 600-chi sud zaliga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin.
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Boltiq dengizi sohillari (Ostseeküste) - Bir paytlar toj kiygan boshlar uchun o'yin maydonchasi, bu mintaqa Sovuq Urush dunyoning aksariyat qismlarini yopib qo'ygandan keyin yana o'z maydoniga qaytadi. Mashhurlarning sayti Strandkorb 2007 yilgi G8 sammitining surati.
- 2 Bavariya Alplari (Bayerische Alpen) - Germaniya, ehtimol, eng klişeli, ammo ayni paytda eng chiroyli; qishda chiroyli chang'i chang'i, yozda piyoda sayr qilish va Shloss Noyshvanshteyn shunchaki diqqatga sazovor joylardir.
- 3 Qora o'rmon (Shvartsvald) - Siz "kuku soati" yoki olcha pirogi haqida o'ylashingiz mumkin, va siz kechirasiz, lekin bu mintaqada bundan ham ko'proq narsa bor.
- 4 Sharqiy Friz orollari (Ostfriesische Inseln) - Germaniyaning yozgi ta'tilga eng mashhur joylari orasida Vadden dengizidagi asosan avtoulovlarsiz orollar hali ham xalqaro mehmonlarni o'zlariga munosib bo'lganlaridan kamroq ko'rishadi.
- 5 Franconian Shveytsariya (Frankische Shveyts) - 19-asrning boshlarida yopishib olgan ismini bergan shoirlarning favoriti, bu karst mintaqasi toqqa chiqishi bilan dunyoga tanilgan va go'zalligi bor. g'orlar.
- 6 Harz - Germaniya bo'limi orqali o'tib ketganligi sababli uzoq vaqtdan beri unutilgan Xarz bugungi kunda sayyohlarni ajoyib sayohatlar va jodugarlar jalb qilish uchun mashhur bo'lgan Brocken tog'ining sirli romantikasi bilan jalb qilmoqda (Gyoteda aytilganidek) Faust).
- 7 Konstans ko'li (Bodensee) - Germaniyaning eng katta ko'llari "Shvabiya okeani" (hazilomuz) bir vaqtning o'zida alp panoramasi va suv bilan shug'ullanishni taklif etadi.
- 8 O'rta Reyn vodiysi (Mittelrheintal) - Reyn daryosining bir qismi Bingen / Rudesheim va Koblenz o'rtasidagi YuNESKOning meros ob'ektidir; vodiy o'zining sharoblari bilan mashhur.
- 9 Shimoliy Friz orollari (Nordfriesische Inseln) - Shimoliy dengiz qirg'og'ida joylashgan kurortlari bo'lgan tinch orollar, ayniqsa Silt o'zining taniqli taniqli mehmonlari va toza tabiati bilan mashhur.
Tushuning
Tarix
Rim imperiyasi
- Shuningdek qarang: Rim imperiyasi
Milodning birinchi asrida rimliklar bir qator harbiy yurishlardan so'ng u erda yashaydigan german va kelt qabilalaridan hozirgi g'arbiy va janubiy Germaniyaning aksariyat qismini bosib olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Rim imperiyasining chegaralari "Ohaklar" tomonidan belgilab qo'yilgan. Imperiyani german qabilalaridan ajratib turuvchi qism (Limes Germanicus) 568 km uzunlikda bo'lib, Reyn og'zidan Dunayga yaqin bo'lgan Regensburg. Ko'tarilgan bankning bo'limlarini hali ham ko'rish mumkin va yurish mumkin. Biroq, Rim davrida Limes qat'iy chegaradan va savdo-sotiqdan tashqari, ba'zan Rimning harbiy ekspeditsiyalari hozirgi Germaniyaning aksariyat joylariga milodiy IV asrgacha ta'sir ko'rsatgan.
Bugungi kunda Germaniyada hali ham muhim bo'lgan bir nechta shaharlarga rimliklar tomonidan harbiy bazalar va keyinchalik aholi punktlari, shu jumladan tashkil etilgan Maynts, Visbaden, Kyoln va Bonn. Baden-BadenBuloqlarni Rimliklar juda qadrlashdi, ular vannalar qurdilar, ularning qoldiqlariga mos nom ostida tashrif buyurish mumkin. Römerplatz (Rim maydoni). Germaniyadagi eng ta'sirli Rim qoldiqlarini topish mumkin Trier, eng qadimiy nemis shahri. Bular orasida Alp tog'ining shimolidagi Rimning eng katta shahar darvozasi bo'lgan Porta Nigra va Trier amfiteatrlari mavjud.
Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi va o'rta asrlar
- Shuningdek qarang: Franks, Gans Ligasi
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Frankslar qiroli Charlemagne, milodning 800 yilgi Rojdestvo kuni Papa Leo III tomonidan Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining birinchi imperatori sifatida toj kiygan. Buyuk Karl ko'pincha Frantsiya bilan bog'liq, ammo uning sohasi juda keng edi; uning poytaxti Aix la Shapelda bo'lgan, bugun nemis tilida shunday tanilgan Axen. Buyuk Karlning qishki imperator saroyining qoldiqlari ( Kaiserpfalz) shaharchasida ko'rish mumkin Ingelxaym. Zamonaviy nemis tarixi va madaniyatining ildizlari Karoling davridan keyingi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasidan boshlanadi.
Dastlabki o'rta asrlardan boshlab Germaniya yuzlab kichik davlatlarga bo'lina boshladi, kuchli mintaqaviy tafovutlar shu kungacha saqlanib kelmoqda, masalan Bavariya. Ushbu davrda mahalliy knyazlar va yepiskoplarning kuchi oshdi, ularning merosi Vartburg qal'asi singari ko'plab ajoyib qal'alar va saroylar edi. Eyzenax, Turingiya. 1200-yillardan boshlab, Boltiqbo'yi mintaqasi bilan savdo-sotiq Gans Ligasi kabi boy shahar davlatlari Lyubek va Gamburg. Kabi boshqa shaharlar ham ichki savdo yo'llaridan ko'zga tashlandi Leypsig, Nürnberg va Kyoln.
Nemis jamiyati asta-sekin feodal tuzilmasidan merkantilistik tuzumga, gildiyalarga yoki Zyunte hunarmandchilik tashkil topdi va nemis iqtisodiyoti va jamiyatining asosiy omiliga aylandi. O'rta asrlarning ba'zi gildiya zallari hanuzgacha saqlanib kelinmoqda va bugun ularni ziyorat qilish mumkin. Bu davrda Fugger singari bank oilalari ko'payib ketdi, ularning qarzdorlari orasida papalar va imperatorlar bo'lgan va kabi shaharlarning o'sishiga ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Augsburg.
O'rta asrlarda va hozirgi zamonning boshlarida Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi (ularning aksariyati bugungi kunda Germaniya, Avstriya, Vengriya, Chexiya va uning atrofidagi mamlakatlarning ayrim qismlarini tashkil etadi) 2000 ga yaqin yarim mustaqil hududlardan iborat bo'lib, ularning barchasi ozmi-ko'pmi texnik bo'ysunishda bo'lgan. imperatorga. Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi - Volterning mashhur tanqidiga ko'ra - na Rim, na muqaddas va na imperiya edi. Ba'zi bir kichik knyazliklar bir necha qishloqlardan ko'proq bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, muhim shaharlar maqomga ega bo'lishdi Reyxshtadt (yoki ko'plik bilan Reichsstädte), bu ularni asosan shahar-davlatlarni faqat imperatorning o'ziga bo'ysundirgan. Ularning avvalgi boyligini Rothenburg ob der Tauber va kabi joylarda hali ham ko'rish mumkin Nördlingen. XV asrning boshidan XVII asrning boshigacha modernizatsiya qilish uchun jiddiy harakatlar bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi oxir-oqibat nominal markaziy siyosiy kuchdan boshqasini yo'qotdi. So'nggi yillarda, hatto o'sha paytdagi ikkita eng qudratli tarkibiy qism - Avstriya va o'rtasida tinchlikni saqlay olmadi. Prussiya, ularning raqobati 19-asrning aksariyat qismida nemis tilida so'zlashadigan hududlarning taqdirida hukmronlik qiladi.
Dastlabki zamonaviy Germaniya
Diniy islohotlar va ilmiy kashfiyotlar davri 1517 yilda Martin Lyuterning 95 ta tezisining nashr etilishi bilan belgilandi Vittenberg, bu boshlangan Protestant islohoti. Lyuter Vartburgda Injilni markaziy nemis tiliga tarjima qilib, nemislarni standartlashtirish va shimoliy lahjalarni "past nemis" yoki "golland" deb chiqarib tashlash uchun juda ko'p ishlarni amalga oshirgan. Muqaddas imperiya katoliklar va protestantlarning bir nechta shoxlari o'rtasida bo'linib ketdi, mintaqaviy kuchlar katoliklarning birlashgan hududlaridan paydo bo'ldi. Bavariya va protestant Saksoniya va Brandenburg (keyinchalik Prussiya nomi bilan tanilgan). Protestant-katolik mojarosi avjiga chiqdi O'ttiz yillik urush, bu Germaniyaning ko'plab hududlarini vayron qildi. Germaniya aholisi urushgacha bo'lgan darajaga qaytguniga qadar 100 yil o'tdi. Saksoniya hukmdorlari (ammo uning aholisi emas) Avgust Kuchli hukmronligi davrida katoliklikni qabul qildilar, ular buni Qirol bo'lish uchun old shart sifatida qildilar. PolshaShunday qilib, Prussiyaga nemis protestantlari orasida ustun mavqeini yo'qotish.
Germaniya imperiyasining yanada badavlat knyazliklari va qirolliklarining hukmdorlari San'at va fanlarning rivojlanishini qo'llab-quvvatladilar, masalan, Yoxann Sebastyan Baxning asarlari kabi, Saksoniyayoki Gyote va Shillerning asarlari, ular ikkalasida ham yuqori miqdordagi sinekuralar bo'lgan Veymar ularning yozuvchi sifatida eng samarali yillarida. Richard Vagner (Saksoniyada tug'ilgan) Bavariyaning Lyudvig II shahrida tayyor homiyni topdi, u erda ko'plab saroylar qurilgan bo'lib, ular hozirda sayyohlar tomonidan yaxshi ko'rilgan, ammo uning shaxsiy mablag'larini bankrot qilgan. Taniqli olimlar qatoriga Daniel Farengeyt, Aleksandr fon Gumbolt, Karl Vilgelm "omadli" Scheele va matematikada Gotfrid Vilgelm Leybnits ikkalasida ham katta yutuqlarga erishdilar. Leypsig va Gannover.
San'at va me'morchilikda barok davrda ko'plab nemis hukmdorlari davlat qirollik qarorgohlarini yaratdilar va o'zlarining qudrati va didini aks ettirish uchun poytaxt shaharlarini qayta qurishdi. O'sha davrning ajoyib ijodiga kiradi Drezden va Potsdam.
Imperator Germaniya
- Shuningdek qarang: Birinchi jahon urushi
The Napoleon urushlari Rim-Germaniya imperatori Franz II 1806 yilda iste'foga chiqishga qaror qilganida Germaniya davlatining so'nggi qiyofasini tugatdi. Keyinchalik turli xil nemis davlatlari Konfederatsiya tomonidan birlashtirildi, bu asosan bugungi Evropa Ittifoqiga qaraganda kamroq "federal" kuchlarga ega bo'lgan harbiy ittifoq edi. Ushbu konfederatsiyani bir tomondan liberal burjuaziya va reaktsion aristokratiya, boshqa tomondan Prussiya va Avstriya o'rtasidagi ziddiyat soyada qoldirdi. 1848 yilda liberal millatchi oppozitsiya va uning chap qismidagi ba'zi bir elementlar markazlashgan Germaniya davlatini qurishni, parlament va ta'sis assambleyasini yig'ishni talab qilganda, 1848 yilda shu keskinlik yuzaga keldi. Polskirx yilda Frankfurt. Inqilob muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, chunki inqilobchilar ko'p vaqtni Avstriyani yangi Germaniyaning ("großdeutsch") tarkibiga kirishi kerakmi yoki yo'qmi ("kleindeutsch") bilan bahslashishdi. Pirovardida Germaniya imperatori unvoni Prussiya qiroli Fridrix Vilgelm IVga taklif qilingan edi, ammo u bu taklifni radikal sifatida emas, balki burjua tomonidan taklif qilingan "bulg'angan" deb rad etdi. 1849 yilgacha ko'proq radikal unsurlar kurash olib bordi va ba'zi inqilobchilar o'z hayotlarini yo'qotdilar, ammo mo''tadil elementlar hokimiyat bilan tinchlik o'rnatdilar va keyinchalik Prussiya hukmronlik qilgan imperiyani qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar, radikallashgan unsurlar esa tobora ko'proq sotsializmga tortilib, hamma narsaga radikal qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. monarxiya. Juda oz bo'lmagan ozchiliklar ham surgun qilishni tanladilar, asosan Frantsuz Sigel va Karl Shurts singari "qirq sakkizta" shimolni Shimoliy tarafdorlari orasida edilar. Amerika fuqarolar urushi va birinchilardan bo'lib ozodlikni talab qilmoqda.
1866-1871 yillarda (Avstriya va Frantsiya bilan hal qiluvchi urushlardan so'ng) Prussiya Bismark boshchiligida Germaniyani Germaniya imperiyasi deb nomlangan davlat sifatida birlashtirdi (Deutsches Reyx, yoki Kaiserreich). Bu yakka davlatlarni podshohlari, knyazlari va knyazlari bilan birga ushlab turadigan federal uyushgan davlat edi. Ba'zi davlatlar, masalan, Bavariya yoki Vyurtemberg, hatto o'z qo'shinlari, temir yo'llari va pochta aloqalarini saqlab qolishgan. Shtatlar va ularning qarorgohlari hali ham muhim madaniy markazlar edi. Imperiya monarxiya kabi an'anaviy institutlarni zamonaviy demokratiya elementlari bilan birlashtirdi, masalan demokratik yo'l bilan saylangan parlament (Reyxstag) va siyosiy partiyalar. Reyx darajasida kattalar uchun umumiy erkaklar saylov huquqi mavjud edi, ammo ayrim shtatlar saylov huquqini yoki ovozlarning og'irligini mulk talablariga bog'lashi mumkin edi, bu esa Prussiya barcha shtat saylovlari uchun qilgan. Bundan tashqari, germanizm va qonuniy ta'qiblar Bismark va / yoki Kayzer bilan ziddiyatli bo'lgan siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatiga to'sqinlik qildi. Dastlab rejimning g'azabi siyosiy katoliklik hukumatga qarshi siyosiy va'zlarni taqiqlovchi aniq qonunlar bilan tushdi, ammo keyinchalik sotsial-demokratlar va sotsialistlar alohida ta'kidlandi. Bismark ishchilar sinfiga nisbatan aqlli "sabzi va tayoq" ga ergashdi. Bir tomondan chap qanotlarga egalik qilishda gumon qilingan ishchilar klublari, hatto ular atletika, ashula yoki futbolga bag'ishlangan tashqi "adolatli" ijtimoiy klublar bo'lsa ham - politsiya tomonidan noqonuniy yoki ta'qib qilingan, shu bilan birga Bismark eng ilg'or va majburiy ravishda vaqtni ta'minlaydigan ijtimoiy xavfsizlik qonunchiligi. Kasallik, shikastlanish yoki o'lim holatlarida davlat tomonidan kafolatlangan pensiyalar, tibbiy sug'urta va to'lovlar shu vaqtdan boshlab yuzaga keladi va ularning asosiy maqsadi qo'zg'olonni qo'zg'atish edi, ular o'sib borayotgan shahar proletariatining ahvolini ancha yaxshiladilar. Shunga qaramay, sotsial-demokratik partiya ovozlarning ulushini oshirdi va Vilgelm II Bismarkni ishdan bo'shatdi va ta'qiblarni kuchaytirdi. Binobarin, sotsial-demokratlar radikal va inqilobiy partiyadan tobora "sodiq oppozitsiya" ga aylandi. Partiya 1914 yilda o'zlarining vatanparvarliklarini isbotlash uchun Birinchi Jahon urushini moliyalashtirish uchun ajratilgan kreditlarni yoqlab ovoz berdi. Yangiliklar Germaniyada hali ham mashhurligini eshitib, Vilgelmning quvonchli "Ich kenne keine Parteien mehr, ich kenne nur noch Deutsche" (endi hech qanday partiyalarni bilmayman, faqat nemislarni bilaman).
Savdo to'siqlari asta-sekin pasayib borishi bilan Germaniya o'zini keyingi sanoat inqilobi davrining markaziga aylantirdi va o'zini yirik sanoat kuchi sifatida namoyon qildi. Ushbu davrda yirik kompaniyalar, shu jumladan hozirgi kungacha saqlanib qolgan ba'zi kompaniyalar tashkil topdi va turli sohalarda texnologik yangiliklar ro'y berdi, bu avtomobilni Karl Benz va Gottlib Daimler tomonidan yaratilishi bilan ajralib turdi. Baden-Vyurtemberg. "Bismark imperiyasi" tashkil topgandan to birinchi jahon urushigacha Germaniya ishlab chiqarishi arzon va past sifatli ommaviy tovarlarni ishlab chiqarishni boshidan kechirdi (bu uchun inglizlar "ogohlantirish belgisi" ni ishlab chiqdilar) Germaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan) o'z sohalaridagi eng yaxshi tovarlarga, Germaniyaning ko'plab sanoat mahsulotlari bugungi kungacha bo'lgan obro'siga ega. Germaniya, shuningdek, tabiiy fanlar va tibbiyot sohasida yuqori pog'onalarga ko'tarila boshladi, Ikkinchi Jahon urushigacha Nobel mukofoti nemislarga bugungi amerikaliklar singari tez-tez berib turilardi. Pol Ehrlich (tibbiyot), Maks Plank (kvant fizikasi), Robert Koch (mikroblar nazariyasi) yoki Albert Eynshteyn (ammo uning davrida Shveytsariyada yashagan). annus mirabilis 1905) hali ham dunyoga tanilgan va yaxshi nomga ega bo'lgan bir nechta tadqiqot institutlari ularning nomlari bilan atalgan.
Millionlab nemislar, ayniqsa, xorijga ko'chib ketishdi Qo'shma Shtatlar, bu erda ular etnik etnik guruhga aylandilar, ayniqsa Eski G'arbiy. Jahon urushlari paytida nemis-amerika o'ziga xosligi yo'qolib ketgan bo'lsa-da, u ko'rinadigan bo'lib qolmoqda Amerika oshxonasi gamburger va Wiener kolbasa kabi idishlar bilan (shuningdek, tanilgan Frankfurter). Kanada og'ir nemis immigratsiyasi hududida Berlin nomli shahar bo'lgan; uning nomi o'zgartirildi Kitchener, ingliz generalidan keyin, 1916 yilda. Avstraliya shuningdek, ko'plab nemis muhojirlarini qabul qildi; Schnitzelning mahalliylashtirilgan versiyasi standart avstraliyalik pab narxlari sifatida qabul qilingan, nemis muhojirlari esa Avstraliyaning pivo va sharob sanoatini boshlashda katta rol o'ynagan. Nemis immigratsiyasi Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlarida ham sodir bo'lgan va har doim ham ko'p bo'lmaganiga qaramay, u tez-tez boradigan mamlakatlarning iqtisodiy yoki oshpazlik tarixida iz qoldirgan.
Veymar respublikasi
Birinchi jahon urushi (1914-18) oxirida imperator (Kayzer) Vilgelm II taxtdan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi. Inqilobiy qo'mita Veymarda milliy yig'ilish uchun saylovlarni tayyorladi, bu Reyxga yangi respublika konstitutsiyasini berdi (1919). O'tish davri "noyabr inqilobi" deb nomlangan va respublika keyinchalik odatda "Veymar respublikasi" deb nomlangan. Biroq, Germaniya 1945 yilgacha "Germaniya reyxi" bo'lib qoldi, Veymar konstitutsiyasining birinchi moddasi yangi konstitutsiyaviy tuzumni "Germaniya reyxi" yoki "Germaniya respublikasi" deb nomlash to'g'risida munozaralarni "Germaniya reyxi - bu respublika" ". Inqilob paytida, Germaniya Rossiyadagi ikki yil oldingi kabi sotsialistik / kommunistik davlatga aylanishi kerak edi, ammo sotsial-demokratlar oxir-oqibat Kaiserreich davridagi konservatorlar va reaktsionerlar bilan biron narsani chap tomoniga siqib chiqarish uchun taniqli odamni o'ldirish uchun umumiy ish qildilar. jarayonda sotsialistlar Roza Lyuksemburg va Karl Libknecht. Ushbu xiyonat ko'plab kommunistlarni g'azablantirdi va Frantsiya yoki Ispaniyadan farqli o'laroq, sotsial-demokratlarning chap tomonidagi kuchlar hech qachon demokratik partiyalar bilan fashizmning kuchayishini to'xtatish uchun umumiy ish qilmadilar. Buning o'rniga, KPD (kommunistik partiya) va NSDAP (fashistlar partiyasi) ko'pincha ishonchsizlik va populist, ammo real bo'lmagan qonun loyihalari asosida konsertda ovoz berishdi.
Yosh respublika urushdan kelib chiqadigan katta iqtisodiy muammolarga duch keldi (masalan, 1923 yildagi giperinflyatsiya), xususan Germaniyaning Versal shartnomasi natijasida ittifoqchilarga to'lashi kerak bo'lgan qoplamalar, shuningdek, Birinchi jahon urushidagi sharmandali mag'lubiyat. Yana bir muammo shundaki, ko'plab elita (sudyalar, davlat xizmatchilari va hattoki siyosatchilar) ochiq-oydin monarxist edi va eng yaxshi holatda yangi tizimga nisbatan "kuting va ko'ring" deb yondashdi, bu esa adolat tizimiga olib keldi, chunki o'ng qanot siyosiy zo'ravonlik va kommunistik qo'zg'olon haqida gap ketganda. Chapparast yozuvchi Kurt Tuxolskiy aytganidek: "Respublika uning o'ng ko'zida ko'r edi". Birgina misolni keltiradigan bo'lsak, 1923 yilda Adolf Gitler va Birinchi Jahon urushi generali Erix Ludendorff boshchiligidagi o'ng qanot to'ntarishi va Gamburgdagi kommunistik qo'zg'olon sodir bo'ldi. Gitler qisqa muddatli qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan bo'lsa, Ludendorff oqlandi. Kommunistik qo'zg'olonchilarga bunday omad etishmadi - qattiq qamoq jazosi yoki hatto o'lim jazosi chiqarildi. Shaxsiy siyosiy suiqasdlar bir-biridan farq qilmagan va hukumat va iqtisodiyotdagi bir nechta taniqli shaxslar - ularning aksariyati markazchi yoki hattoki o'ng markazchi va ularning nomutanosib soni yahudiy ajdodlari - o'ng qanot tomonidan o'ldirilgan. Freikorps va Tashkilot konsuli virtual jazosiz qolish bilan. Mashhur qurbonlar orasida moliya vaziri Matias Erzberger (markaziy partiya, siyosiy katolik), sanoatchi va tashqi ishlar vaziri Valter Rathenau (Germaniya Demokratik partiyasi, liberal) bor, ular Birinchi jahon urushida urush sanoatini tashkil etishda muhim rol o'ynagan va mo''tadil va o'rtacha darajadagi bir nechta siyosatchilar. juda chapda.
Inflyatsiya va siyosiy notinchlik radikal partiyalarning o'sishiga olib keldi, ayniqsa chap tomonda KPD (Kommunistik partiya) va o'ngda NSDAP (fashistlar partiyasi). 1923 yildagi davlat to'ntarishiga urinish natsistlarning obro'sini pasaytirgan bo'lsa-da - hech bo'lmaganda Bavariya tashqarisida - va KPD giperinflyatsiya oxiri va Buyuk Depressiya o'rtasidagi iqtisodiy yaxshi davrda qo'llab-quvvatlashni yo'qotgan bo'lsa-da, 1930 yilgi saylovlarda ikkala radikal partiyalar ham qaytib kelishdi to'liq kuch va siyosiy markaz-markazning virtual qulashi (Sotsial-demokratlar, ba'zi bir ovozlarni yo'qotib, kommunistlarga nisbatan barqarorlikni qo'lga kiritishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi), shuningdek, sobiq saylovchilarning ovozlarini olish NSDAP va KPD-ga qadar yutuqlarni ko'payishiga olib keldi. Reyxstagda kommunistlar yoki natsistlar ovozisiz ko'pchilikni tashkil etish imkoniyati yo'q edi. 1930 yilda Veymar respublikasi Gitler paydo bo'lishidan oldin Reyxstagda ijobiy ko'pchilikka tayanishi mumkin bo'lgan hukumatni oxirgi marta tashkil etadi. O'sha davrdan 1933 yilgacha bo'lgan barcha kabinetlar Reyxsprasidentning keng ko'lamli "favqulodda" vakolatiga tayanar edi (ular Reyxstag bilan maslahatlashmasdan o'z so'zlari bilan kantslerlarni tayinlashi yoki ishdan bo'shatishi mumkin edi) va parlament tobora demokratiya dushmanlari uchun o'zlarining sahnalarini namoyish etish joyiga aylandi. siyosiy munozaralar va kuch markazidan ko'ra teatr. Reyxstag hech qachon ishonchsizlik huquqini yo'qotmadi va haqiqatan ham Xindenburg kantslerga nisbatan ishonchsizlik harakatini oldini olish uchun Reyxstagni tarqatib yuborishi va yangi saylovlar e'lon qilishi kerak edi (bu yana u o'z xohishiga ko'ra buni amalga oshirishi mumkin edi). o'tish.
1920-yillarning o'rtalarida nisbatan yaxshi iqtisodiy iqlim sharoitida ko'pgina banklar va bizneslar uzoq muddatli investitsiyalarni moliyalashtirish uchun nisbatan arzon qisqa muddatli kreditlar olishdi, bu 1929 yildagi Uoll-stritdagi halokatga iqtisodiyotni katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Germaniya iqtisodiyoti Amerika sarmoyasi tufayli Buyuk Depressiya ushbu investitsiyalarni olib qo'yilishiga olib keldi. Natijada Germaniya iqtisodiyoti nogiron bo'lib qoldi va hukumat deflyatsiya siyosati hamda global protektsionizm tendentsiyasi vaziyatni yanada yomonlashtirdi. Bu kuchli antidemokratik kuchlarga (masalan, KPD va NSDAP) Veymar konstitutsiyasining tashkiliy muammolaridan foydalanishga imkon berdi. 1930 yilgi saylovlardan boshlab Reyxstagda boshqa hech qachon demokratlarning aksariyati yo'q edi.
Natsional-sotsialistik partiya (tez-tez "fashistlar" deb ataladi) o'zgarishlarni istagan ko'pchilik umidsizlikka uchragan nemis saylovchilarini qo'lga kiritish orqali nazoratni qo'lga kiritdi. 1933 yil boshida, keyinchalik 84 yoshli Reyx prezidenti Pol fon Xindenburg - Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida yuqori martabali general - fashistlar boshlig'i Adolf Gitlerni kantsler etib tayinladi. Xindenburg, shuningdek, prezidentlik vakolatlarini Gitlerning paydo bo'layotgan diktaturasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatgan. Tarixchilar Hindenburgning sabablari haqida hali ham bahslashmoqdalar. U Gitlerni qadrlamagan yoki Gitlerning avtoritar uslubiga hech bo'lmaganda qisman hamdard bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. 1934 yilda Xindenburg vafot etganida, Gitler o'zini bir vaqtning o'zida Prezident, Fyurer va Kantsler deb e'lon qildi, bu konstitutsiya mazmuni va ruhini ochiqdan-ochiq buzdi va u erdan nazorat qilinmasdan va o'zi boshqaradi.
Natsistlar davri
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi, Holokostni yod etish
1933 yil millatchi va irqchi Natsional Sotsialistik Germaniya Ishchi (fashistlar) partiyasi va uning hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilganiga guvoh bo'ldi Fyer, Adolf Gitler. Fashistlar diktaturasi davrida demokratik institutlar tarqatib yuborildi va politsiya davlati mustahkamlandi. Yahudiylar, slavyanlar, lo'lilar, nogironlar, gomoseksuallar, sotsialistlar, kommunistlar, ittifoqchilar va fashistlarning Buyuk Germaniya haqidagi qarashlariga mos kelmaydigan boshqa guruhlar quvg'inlarga duchor bo'ldilar va o'lim lagerlarida qullikda yoki o'ldirildilar. Evropadagi yahudiylar va lo'lilar butunlay yo'q qilinishi uchun belgilangan edi. Birinchi natsistlar kontslagerining joylashgan joyi Dachau va yana bir qancha odamlar hozirda yodgorlikdir.
Gitlerning Markaziy va Sharqiy Evropada yangi (uchinchi) Germaniya imperiyasini yaratish bo'yicha militaristik ambitsiyalari fashistlar Germaniyasi mag'lub bo'lgan va qit'ada va xususan Germaniyada tantanali iz qoldirgan Ikkinchi Jahon urushiga olib keldi. Ikki avvalgi "nemis imperiyalari" tufayli fashistlar davri ko'pincha nemis tilida "Reich"(uchinchi imperiya) boshqa belgilar qatorida.
Gitler tashqi siyosati tobora militaristik va agressiv tus oldi. Biroq, Frantsiya rahbarlari, xususan, Buyuk Britaniya yana bir Evropa urushidan ehtiyot bo'lishdi va Germaniya 1919-1933 yillarda diplomatiya orqali juda ko'p imtiyozlarga ega bo'lganligi sababli, ba'zilari hatto Gitlerga qarshi chiqish yoki uni buzish bilan qutulish muammosini ko'rmadilar. Versal shartnomasi. Tarixchilar Gitlerning buyuk bosh rejasi bo'lganmi yoki u har safar to'xtab qolmaslik uchun rag'batlantirilib, qanchalik uzoqqa borishi mumkinligini bilish uchun har safar qimor o'ynaganmi yoki yo'qmi deb bahslashmoqdalar, ammo yakuniy natija bir xil bo'lib qolmoqda. Germaniya Millatlar Ligasini tark etdi (1933), Gitler hokimiyatga kelguniga qadar (1935) Reynni remilitarizatsiya qilishgacha (1936) plebisit bilan kelishilganidan keyin Saar hududini qo'shib oldi, millatlar ligasiga qaramay Ispaniya fuqarolar urushida millatchi (Franko) tomoniga yordam berdi. urushdan chetda qolish to'g'risidagi kelishuv (1936-1939), shu jumladan nemis havo kuchlari bo'linmasini bombardimon qilish Gernika (1937). Germaniya, shuningdek, Avstriyani annektsiya qildi va bosib oldi (1938) va Chexoslovakiyaga qarshi tajovuzkor pozitsiyani egalladi, natijada hozirgi mashxur Myunxen shartnomasi (1938), Chexoslovakiya bu masalada maslahatlashmasdan Sudetlandiyadan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi. 1939 yil 1-sentabrda Germaniya Polshaga hujum qilib, ularni soxtalashtirgan soxta polshalik hujumni oqlashi sababli, Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya nihoyat o'zlarining ittifoqchilik majburiyatlariga bog'lanib qolishdi va 3 sentyabrda Germaniyaga qarshi urush e'lon qildilar. fashistlarning 1940 yilgi hujumiga qadar Frantsiyaning qulashi va ingliz qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketishiga olib keldi Dunkirk. Gitler o'zining sobiq ittifoqchisi Stalinga xiyonat qilib, Sovet Ittifoqiga bostirib kirganida, "Blitskrig" na Moskvada va na muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi Leningrad qo'lga olindi va oxir-oqibat Sovetlar bu oqimni har ikki tomonning dahshatli yo'qotishlari bilan, shu jumladan inson huquqlarini dahshatli buzilishi va qirg'inlari bilan, ayniqsa SS va Vermaxt tomonidan bosqin qilingan hududdagi tinch aholiga qarshi sodir etilgan. 1944 yilda ittifoqchilar (xususan Amerika, Buyuk Britaniya va Kanada) Normandiyaga tushishdi, Gitler esa qo'nish Kale orqali o'tadigan asosiy harakat bilan fint deb ishonishda davom etdi va Sovet Ittifoqi barqaror rivojlanib, 1945 yil aprelda Berlinni bosib olish bilan yakunlandi. , 1945 yil may oyida taslim bo'lish (har xil tarzda 8 yoki 9 may sifatida nishonlanadi) va so'nggi fashistlar qo'lga olinishi Shlezvig Xolshteyn o'sha oyning oxirida. Fashistlar harbiy jinoyatchilari sudga tortildi Nürnberg garchi ko'pchilik hukmdan qochib, arab dunyosida, Lotin Amerikasida yoki hatto Germaniyaning o'zida, ba'zan yuqori hukumat, ilmiy yoki sanoat lavozimlarida ishlashgan.
Urushning keyingi bosqichida ittifoqchilarning bombardimonchilar reydlari deyarli har bir yirik nemis shaharlarini vayronaga aylantirdi (Germaniyaning harbiy havo kuchlari urushning oldingi bosqichlarida Rotterdam, Varshava, London, Koventri va boshqa shaharlarga qilgani kabi). Urush yutqazilgandan so'ng, bosib olingan mamlakat sharqiy hududlarining katta qismini yo'qotdi va katta qochqinlar inqiroziga duch keldi, millionlab nemislar Germaniyaning qolgan qismiga g'arbiy tomon suv bosdi va boshqa nemis ozchiliklari harbiy va siyosiy ta'siridan qochib qutulgan boshqa mamlakatlar. g'olib Sovet Ittifoqi.
Urushdan keyin
- Shuningdek qarang: Sovuq urush Evropa
Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi dahshatli mag'lubiyatdan so'ng (1939–45) Germaniya to'rtta sektorga bo'linib, Britaniya, Frantsiya, Sovet va AQSh kuchlari tomonidan nazorat qilindi. Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh o'z sektorlarini birlashtirishga qaror qildilar, keyin frantsuzlar. Sovuq urush boshlanishi bilan Germaniya tobora ko'proq Sovet nazorati ostidagi sharqiy va G'arbiy ittifoqchilar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan g'arbiy qismga bo'linib bordi. G'arbiy qismi Germaniya Federativ Respublikasiga (Germaniya nomi bilan FRG yoki BRD), kapitalistik, demokratik mamlakatga aylantirildi. Bonn sifatida amalda ko'pincha G'arbiy Germaniya deb ataladigan kapital.
Sovet nazorati ostidagi hudud kommunistik / avtoritar Sovet uslubidagi Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi (GDR) bo'lib, odatda Sharqiy Germaniya deb nomlanadi. Bu bugungi kunni qamrab olgan Lander ning Saksoniya, Saksoniya-Anhalt, Turingiya, Brandenburg va Meklenburg - G'arbiy Pomeraniya. BerlinSharqiy Germaniyada geografik jihatdan qoldirilgan, Sovet va G'arb o'rtasida bo'linib, sharqiy qismi GDR poytaxti va Berlinning g'arbiy sektorlari sifatida xizmat qilganligi sababli alohida maqomga ega edi (G'arbiy Berlin) bo'lish a amalda Federal respublikaning eksklavi.
The fates of East and West Germany differed markedly, in political and economic development. The East saw heavy demontage - for example very close to every rail line lost its second track and electrification in the immediate postwar era, some having never regained them - and only a gradual switch to economic aid by the occupying power. Thanks to Western aid, the economy and industrial base in West Germany was quickly rebuilt, resulting in the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle). The East became a socialist, centrally-planned economy with almost all of its economy nationalised, and increasingly lagged behind the West as this system proved much less efficient or conducive to growth. The limitations of personal freedoms, ever-present censorship and secret police led many of the East's citizens to attempt to flee to the West. However, compared to the other Soviet Bloc countries like Czechoslovakia, Polsha, Hungary, or even the Soviet Union itself, the East Germans were (on average) wealthier.
In 1961, the Berlin Wall was erected around West Berlin as part of a heavily guarded frontier system of border fortifications to deter inhabitants from East Berlin from defecting to the more prosperous West. Today some remnants of the era are now museums, such as the former prisons in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen or Bautzen. While many pieces of the Berlin Wall were destroyed outright or sold to enthusiasts around the world, parts have been preserved in their original location as monuments or art installations. The most widely known such installations is the eastside gallery in central Berlin. If you want to avoid the tacky Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin, Bernauer Straße (the street which had windows walled shut, as the houses were in the East and the street in the West) is more accurate — if chilling — with its museum and monument.
United Germany
Germany was reunited peacefully in 1990, a year after the fall and collapse of the GDR's communist regime and the opening of the iron curtain that separated German families by the barrel of a gun for decades. The re-established eastern states joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, a day since celebrated as a national holiday (Tag der Deutschen Einheit, day of "German national unity", or "Reunification Day"). The united Berlin became the capital of the unified Germany again, and with all federal government branches gradually moving there in the 1990s, the city saw a continued construction and economic boom, putting the city among the European hotspots.
Reunification meant that the affluent West helped the East rebuild its economy, while also accepting the willing migrants freely. This has not been without social and political tensions, but ultimately reunification is regarded as a success, with many cities of the East regaining their former glory (e.g. Drezden) and industrial might (e.g. Leypsig). The legacy of the GDR is still palpable in a slightly higher unemployment, a slightly lower standard of living and a more even distribution of wealth in some areas of the East, and with numerous mementos to socialism like the huge statue of Karl Marx in the city of Chemnitz, which was called Karl-Marx-Stadt during the period of communist rule. The DDR museum in Berlin offers a way to experience the peculiar, and sometimes absurd, life in the erstwhile East Germany.
While the major cities of the East are once again growing, rural areas and minor towns have been hit hard, and some appear to be on a terminal decline, having lost half their inhabitants to the big cities since 1990, with only elderly people remaining. However, even some places in the West are beginning to encounter problems once characteristic of the post-reunification East, such as dilapidated public infrastructure, empty municipal coffers and shrinking population figures. The overall downward trend was reversed - at least for the short term - due to the influx of refugees in 2015 and there seems to be a trend of re-urbanisation driving up housing costs in major cities, but the decline of rural areas seems to be only getting worse.
In the years after reunification Germany faces challenges such as the climbing average age of its population and partially the integration of inhabitants who immigrated recently. Germany enjoys the benefits of European cooperation and the digital revolution. A very visible modern development are the wind turbines, praised for providing sustainable energy and criticised for their impact on the landscape.
Economy
As one of the 10 biggest economies in the world by total GDP Germany is regarded as an economic powerhouse not only within Europe, but also globally. Much of Germany's economic reputation stems from the export orientation of many of their companies, both those who grew to be large multinationals, but also mid-sized enterprises. Germany is known as an exporter of various kinds of machinery and technology, be it consumer goods like automobiles, and all kinds of machinery for all branches of industry, mining and agriculture. Creative industries, high-tech start-ups and the service sector also play an increasing role for Germany's economical output.
A pretty unique feature of Germany's economy is the relative decentralization: you will find large companies headquartered in many different German cities and Länder, not only in or around the capital as in many other European centres. The result of that is not only the widespread relative wealth and high living standards, as well as elegant and tidy appearance of both large cities and small towns, but also the additional tourist opportunities. You can visit the factories and company museums of BMW in Myunxen or Mercedes and Porsche in Shtutgart. More and more factories are also built to be more than manufacturing plants, but also experience centres, like the BMW and Porsche plants in Leypsig yoki gläserne Manufaktur of VW in Drezden, the latter now builds electric cars.
The global importance of the German economy and its geographically distributed nature has its reflection in the transportation network of the country. Frankfurt aeroporti is an important air traffic hub for Europe and the main one for Germany's flag carrier Lufthansa. That said, many other airports have numerous intercontinental connections, as well as busy intra-European and domestic traffic, including those in Berlin, Myunxen, Düsseldorf, Kyoln va Gamburg. The somewhat unsatisfactory airport situation in the capital - in part a legacy of partition - was finally remedied by a new "Berlin Brandenburg International Airport", after it had a laughing stock due to numerous delays and problems with planned openings in the early 2010s before finally opening a decade late and several times over budget in autumn 2020. There is also a dense network of railway lines within Germany and to neighbouring countries, many of which have been upgraded to high-speed standards (served by Germany's state operator Deutsche Bahn's Inter-City-Express trains). The Avtobahn (motorway) network is world-famous for its quality and comprehensiveness, as well as the lack of speed limits on certain stretches. Unlike most of its neighbours, Germany does not have any tolls (for cars, that is) for the vast majorities of its highways yet. The Autobahnen are also used by many bus companies, which offer a low-cost alternative to airlines and railways.
Politics
Germany is a federal republic, consisting of 16 federal states (Bundesländer). The federal parliament (Bundestag) is elected every four years in a fairly complicated system, involving both direct and proportional representation. The parliament elects the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler), who serves as the head of the government. The Bundesländer are represented at the federal level through the Federal Council (Bundesrat). Many federal laws have to be approved by this council and this can lead to situations where council and parliament block each other if they are dominated by different parties. The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) has the right to pass judgement on the constitutionality of laws.
The head of state is the Federal President (Bundespräsident). He or she is not involved in day-to-day politics and has mainly ceremonial and representative duties. There is a tendency to nominate elder statesmen to the role which (as of 2020) is filled by former vice-chancellor and minister of the exterior Frank-Walter Steinmeyer. While the president lets his party membership "rest" during his time in office and the office is supposed to be non-partisan, all but one (Joachim Gauck) had had a clear party-affiliation prior to taking the office.
The two largest parties are the centre-right CDU (Christlich Demokratische Union, Christian Democratic Union) and the centre-left SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Social Democratic Party of Germany). Due to the proportional voting system, smaller parties are also represented in parliament. They cover a full spectrum of political views from free market economy, environmentalism to far left socialism. Still, the number of different parties is relatively low because a party is only represented if it gained at least 5 % at the elections. While Germany for a long time did not have a far-right populist party at the federal level - unlike most of the rest of Europe - the "Alternative für Deutschland" (AfD) now fulfills this role to much controversy.
Germany is subdivided into sixteen states which retain a great deal of political power, including education, setting the closing hours of stores and local rail traffic.
Demographics
Being a federal republic, Germany is very much a decentralised country, which does justice to the cultural differences between the regions. Some travellers will perhaps only think of beer, Lederhosen and Oktoberfest when Germany comes to mind, but Germany's famous alpine and beer culture is mostly in Bavariya va Myunxen. The annual Oktoberfest is Europe's most visited festival and the world's largest fair. Germany's south-western regions, however, are well known for their wine growing areas (e.g. Rheinhessen va Palatinate) and Bad Dürkheim on the "German wine route" (Deutsche Weinstraße) organises the biggest wine festival worldwide with over 600,000 visitors annually.
Immigration has also played a large part in Germany over the past 50 years, with approximately 20% of the total population being either foreign or of a 'migrant background' (Germans and non Germans who moved to Germany after 1949 or have at least one parent that did). Many cities have large communities of Turks, Poles, Italians as well as people from Southern and Eastern Europe or the Middle East. Immigration of various types also played a role before that, but in most cases descendants of e.g. refugees from the former German territories east of Oder and Neisse or descendants of French Huguenots are distinguished from other Germans by little more than their last name if that. Although the Jewish community was virtually wiped out by the Nazis, high levels of immigration from the former Soviet Union since its collapse in 1991 have resulted in a large number of Soviet Jews settling in Germany, and Germany now once again has one of the world's largest Jewish communities, and the fourth largest in Europe after France, the United Kingdom and Russia.
Many cities have a vibrant LGBT scene, especially Berlin va Kyoln. Berlin's tourism agency and other tourism organisations actively attract gay and lesbian travellers to their cities. Laws legalising gay marriage were passed and implemented in 2017. Homosexuality is widely accepted in society. Open homosexuals have attained high political office, including the mayorships of Berlin and Hamburg, vice-chancellor and foreign minister and even some rural and conservative places have elected openly gay mayors. Views on homosexuality have traditionally been more negative in rural areas and among blue collar workers, but even here acceptance is increasing, as is visibility. Some people of Middle Eastern descent - including urban youth - also have more negative views of homosexuals and homosexuality as do people on the extreme political right.
Elektr
Electricity is supplied at 230 V and 50 Hz and power failures are very rare. Almost all outlets use the Schuko socket, and most appliances have a thinner but compatible Europlug. Travel adapters of all kinds are widely available in electronics stores, but they are often rather expensive.
Gapir
- Shuningdek qarang: Nemischa so'zlashuv kitobi
The official language of Germany is Nemis (Deutsch). The standard form of German is called "Xoxdeutsch" (High German). It's understood by all and spoken by almost all Germans. However, every region has its own dialects, which might pose a challenge even to those who speak German well, even native speakers. This is usually noticeable only in the south and rural areas of the north and east. Dialect remains a strong part of the local identity in Bavaria, Saxony, southern Rhineland and Hesse, Württemberg and Baden. The general rule is that the Main River divides north Germany from the south in both language dialects and local culture. Dialects are losing ground to various extent throughout Germany, not least because of unsavoury associations of ruralness, lacking education and the prejudice that dialect as the home language would impede acquisition of "proper" standard German in school.
'Sie' or 'Du'? Politeness in German is important, and you should generally refer to other unacquainted people with the formal and polite form of 'you' which is "Sie". The informal version of 'you' is "du" and can be used if both of you are already very familiar, or if the person is a child. These days younger people, roughly below the age of 30, can use "'du'" between complete strangers, except in some professional contexts. Verb endings will also change depending upon which you use. |
Many Germans have learned some Ingliz tili at school (a compulsory subject in the West since the 1980s), so you should be able to get by. However, while many Germans claim to speak it fairly well, actual proficiency varies tremendously across most social, generational, and even geographic dimensions; some Germans have near-native fluency on par with the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, while others maybe barely utter a few sentences. Generally speaking, people in large and cosmopolitan urban areas such as Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart speak very good English, whereas people from more industrial regions, such as much of Rhine-Ruhr, smaller urban areas (Hanover, Kiel, Münster), rural areas, and most of east Germany may not possess as much fluency. Furthermore, younger people will usually be able to converse in English, whereas older generations tend to not speak any English at all.
Since language ability is a measure of social standing it may be difficult to persuade many Germans to speak German to you if they know you are a native English speaker. Saying that you are (even if pretending to be) a non-native English speaker can get around this situation. That said, Germans who are actually truly fluent and confident in English usually have no issue speaking German with you.
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Germans tend to be direct, and will often answer in English with short responses. Since it's polite to reply "Bitte" if someone thanks you, Germans may literally translate this with "please" instead of "here you are" or "you're welcome".
Other languages are spoken in Germany as well. A surprising number of Germans speak Frantsuz, often with really good proficiency. In parts of Eastern Germany, a small Slavic community of 50,000 also speaks Sorbian. Many people who grew up in the formerly communist East Germany were taught to speak Russian and there's a sizable community of former residents of the Soviet Union who immigrated after 1990 and tend to speak Russian. Turkish is spoken by many in the large ethnic Turkish community. Due to immigration, it is becoming more common to find other foreign languages such as Italian, Polsha, Ispaniya and various Yugoslav languages, although many do not speak the language of their parents or grandparents, let alone on a native level.
Virtually all movies, in addition to foreign shows broadcast on German TV are dubbed into German. If you wish to watch the newest movies in English, they may be shown without dubbing at select theatres at the biggest cities for a little premium fee. Look for the symbol OmU yoki OmengU (Original with subtitles). An even rarer treat is the cinema showing movies in their original version holda subtitles - those usually only exist in cities of half a million or more. Niche films and shows shown on high-brow channels like arte (a French-German channel) or 3sat (a German-Swiss-Austrian channel) may sometimes be shown with their original audio and subtitles due to the cost of dubbing niche media, but those are rare even on these niche channels.
Chiqinglar
Kirish talablari
Germany is a member of the Shengen shartnomasi.
- Odatda shartnomani imzolagan va amalga oshirgan mamlakatlar o'rtasida chegara nazorati mavjud emas. Bunga Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat qismi va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlar kiradi.
- Odatda xalqaro reyslarga yoki qayiqlarga chiqishdan oldin shaxsni tekshirish tekshiruvi o'tkaziladi. Ba'zida quruqlik chegaralarida vaqtinchalik chegara nazorati mavjud.
- Xuddi shunday, a viza har qanday Shengen a'zosi uchun berilgan, imzolagan barcha boshqa mamlakatlarda amal qiladi va shartnomani amalga oshirdi.
- Iltimos, ko'ring Shengen zonasi bo'ylab sayohat qilish sxema qanday ishlashi, qaysi mamlakatlar a'zo ekanligi va qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun sizning fuqaroligingizga qanday talablar qo'yiladi.
Recognised refugees and stateless persons in possession of a valid travel document issued by the government of any one of the above countries/territories (e.g. Canada) are exempt from obtaining a visa for Germany (but yo'q other Schengen country, except Hungary, Nederlandiya va Belgiya, and for refugees, Slovakia) for a maximum stay of 90 days in a 180-day period.
Citizens of Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea and the US are eligible to obtain a residence permit, or Aufenthaltstitel (authorising a stay of more than 90 days and permission to work), upon arrival in Germany, but before the end of the 90-day period of visa-free entry. Before obtaining such status, they are not allowed to work, with the exception of some specific occupations (such as artists). Nationals of Honduras, Monaco and San Marino can also obtain such a permit, but this is issued only if they may not work on the residence permit. Other nationals will need to obtain a visa before if they intend to stay in Germany for longer than the 90-day period, even if they are visa-free for that period for a stay in the Schengen area, or if they intend to work.
Authorised members of the British and US military need to possess only a copy of their duty orders (NATO Travel Order) and their ID card to be authorised entry into Germany. The passport requirement, though, applies to spouses and dependents of military personnel, and they must obtain a stamp in their passports to show that they are sponsored by a person in Germany under the Status of Forces Agreement.
There are no land border controls: travel between Germany and other Schengen states, including Switzerland, is easy. However, plain-clothes officers of the German border police are known to ask travellers for their ID especially on the border between Bavaria and Austria.
When crossing a border in an international Eurocity train (especially to/from the Czech Republic and Poland) you will almost always be asked for ID.
There are a number of ways to get into Germany. From neighbouring European countries, a drive with the car or a train or bus ride are perhaps the easiest and most comfortable options; visitors from further away will probably be using air travel.
Samolyotda
Major airports and airlines
The most important airports are Frankfurt (FRA IATA), Myunxen (MUC IATA) va Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER IATA). Düsseldorf (DUS IATA), Kyoln (CGN IATA), Gamburg (DUDLANGAN CHO'CHQA GO'SHTI IATA) va Shtutgart (STR IATA) also have many international flights.Frankfurt is Germany's main hub (as well as one of Europe's main hubs) and the destination of most intercontinental flights. Munich is a growing secondary hub. Travellers can easily fly into Frankfurt and Munich on Germany's flag carrier Lufthansa, which is a member of Star Alliance.
Flag carriers usually have - at the very least - flights from their main hub to Frankfurt Airport and all main airline alliances codeshare and cooperate for flights to one of more of Germany's major airports. Few countries are more than one connection away.
The airports of Frankfurt, Düsseldorf and Köln/Bonn are on the InterCityExpresstezyurar temir yo'l tarmoq. Berlin Airport is served by local trains, S-Bahn and Intercity trains (on the Rostock-Berlin-Dresden route) but while the station is capable of accommodating an ICE it does not do so as of late 2020. Leipzig Halle airport (LEJ IATA) is served by both local and Intercity trains. Most other airports are either connected via the urban public transport network or have their own commuter rail station. However, this is not always the case with lesser "regional" airports, frequently used by no frills airlines, with "Frankfurt"-Hahn being a particular example having no rail connection and a bus that takes about 2 hours to Frankfurt as the only mode of public transport.
Lufthansa passengers travelling from Frankfurt Airport have the option to check in at Cologne or Stuttgart train stations and travel to Frankfurt airport by ICE, dropping off their luggage immediately at Frankfurt airport long distance railway station. If doing so, be sure to book the train journey as a Lufthansa connecting flight (i.e. in advance together with the flight); otherwise, siz are responsible for any missed connection. All major German airports and most airlines also offer temir yo'l va uchish, a program that allows you to get a ticket to/from the airport and anywhere on the German rail network. Most of the time this has to be bought at the same time as the plane ticket, but some airlines allow you to buy it in addition to the plane ticket later on. For more see rail air alliances.
Minor and budget airlines
- Shuningdek qarang: Flying on a budget
Flying can be the cheapest way to get to Germany and from there to other European countries. Before booking a budget flight, compare carefully as their destinations are often a bit out of the way and after adding all the fees, taxes, additional bus tickets to get to their airports, you might end up at even higher prices than you would pay for a discounted Lufthansa ticket. Also according to a 2013 VCD (Verkehrs Club Deutschland) study, inner-European flights are more expensive than a train ticket booked on the same day as the flight would be in over 80% of the time.
The major airports for budget airlines bor Berlin Brandenburg Airport (particularly its "Terminal 5" which has seen better days) (BER IATA), "Frankfurt"-Hahn (HHN IATA) and Weeze (NRN IATA) as well as smaller airports with fewer choice of destinations like Memmingen (FMM IATA) (110 km (68 mi) from Munich). Some of the smaller airports are former military airports from the cold war era. They are far away from urban centres. Don't be tricked by the name: Frankfurt-Hahn is actually 130 km (81 mi) from the city of Frankfurt. Düsseldorf-Weeze was forced by a court decision to change its name, as Düsseldorf is 85 km (53 mi) to the south east. No frills airlines are notorious for changing the airports they serve at short notice and several airports that used to have dozens of flights daily have reverted to slumbering general aviation fields.
There are budget flights from almost every city in Europe to Germany. The major budget airlines in Germany are easyJet, Ryanair, Eurowingsva Wizz Air (for flights from Eastern Europe) which all offer several connections to many countries throughout Europe. The main hubs for easyJet are Berlin-Brandenburg and Dortmund, for Ryanair Hahn and Weeze and for Eurowings Cologne/Bonn and Stuttgart. Most of those airlines also fly into and out of other airports but usually with a more limited choice of connections.
For budget flights from European holiday destinations, for example around the Mediterranean, some of Germany's other carriers are Kondor (also from main tourist destinations throughout the world) and TUIfly. The classical "holiday charter" airlines offer a number of - often seasonal - connections largely from Mediterranean destinations. While they still sell most of their seats as parts of package deals as the name indicates, almost all of them sell tickets unbundled and if they want to get a plane that would otherwise be half-empty full, you can get some amazing deals indeed. Antalya (Turkey) has several daily connections even to relatively minor German airports during the holiday season.
Poyezdda
- Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada temir yo'l bilan sayohat
Regular train services connect Germany with all neighbouring countries. Almost all neighbouring countries (especially Shveytsariya, Polsha, Gollandiya, Daniya, Chex Respublikasi va Avstriya) and even some non-neighbouring countries (e.g. Italiya va Hungary) are quite well connected with "EuroCity" trains. They are a little bit slower and sometimes slightly less comfortable than the European high-speed trains but nevertheless reach up to 200 km/h. They are a worthwhile way to travel – not only for budget travellers (although budget airlines might sometimes be cheaper) or landscape viewers (especially the Rhine valley lines). When booked in advance Deutsche Bahn offer juda competitive prices to many European destinations under their "Europa-Spezial" brand, with tickets starting at €39 (or less for short "hops" across the border) one way (you can usually book no earlier than 180 days in advance); however, you cannot change the train or date of travel and refunds are limited. If you miss the train that usually means the ticket becomes worthless.
Several European high-speed trains cross into and out of Germany:
- The ICE brings you at 300 km/h top speed from Frankfurt (3.25 hr), Cologne (2.5 hr) or Düsseldorf (2.25 hr) to Amsterdam. The train journey from Frankfurt ga Parij (320 km/h) using the ICE will take about four hours; going from Gamburg ga Parij can take eight and a half hours. There is also an ICE line from Frankfurt to Brussels via Cologne.
- The Thalys brings you from Cologne (Köln) to Paris in approximately four hours and to Brussels in about two hours.
- The TGV brings you from Marsel, Lion va Strasbourg to Frankfurt, and from Paris, and Strasbourg to Munich.
- Orasida Shtutgart va Milan you can travel with one stop in Tsyurix, the fastest trans alpine train connection. The Italian and German lines feeding into the Gotthard Base Tunnel (which opened in late 2016) are being upgraded. The German and Swiss railways plan to introduce new services along this route for the 2018 schedule.
Standard rail fares are quite high, but there are a number of special fares and discounts available – see the "Get Around" section for more information. Xususan, Bahncard reduction applies for the whole journey as long as it starts or ends in Germany. If you have some time on your hand taking local trains to the border on a domestic ticket might actually be cheaper, especially to/from the Czech Republic and Poland.
Qayiqda
Paromlar
International ferry services exist, notably to Skandinaviya. Some of the most popular connections are listed below:
- Lyubek va Sassnitz are connected to Kaliningrad, Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya. Sassnitz is also connected to Rønne, Daniya va Trelleborg, Sweden.
- Kiel has connections to Gyoteborg, Sweden, Klaipeda, Litva va Oslo, Norvegiya.
- Rostock has connections to Xelsinki (Finlyandiya), Trelleborg (Shvetsiya) va Gedser (Daniya). Germany's busiest cruise port is at Rostock-Warnemünde.
- Travemünde has connections to Xelsinki (Finlyandiya), Malmö (Shvetsiya), Trelleborg (Shvetsiya), Ventspils va Liepaja, Latviya
- Puttgarden is connected to Rødby, Daniya. This ferry also takes the ICE to Copenhagen.
There are also ferries crossing Konstans ko'li va dan Shveytsariya.
Kruizlar
Rostock is by far the most important cruise port in the country. Other ports also see some cruises, including Gamburg va Kiel, the latter mostly for cruises passing through the Kiel Canal.
River cruises along Reyn va Danube also cross international borders. The Asosiy Donau Kanal is popular with river cruises as it allows easy access to both Rhine and Danube and makes Nuremberg reachable by boat.
Avtobusda
The German intercity bus market has grown and changed significantly since it was fully liberalised in the 2010s. Most operators have folded and Flixbus dominates both the German domestic market and international routes. Intercity buses in France were legalised shortly after Germany and it is France-based "Blablabus" that became the first serious challenger to Flixbus after they cornered the market. Most operators from Central and Eastern Europe that predate liberalisation still exist but have mostly been pushed aside by the rapid growth, so you are unlikely to see them advertised much. Newer non-German entrants to the market include Student Agency/Regiojet from the Czech Republic. New routes appear and disappear quickly, so don't take outdated information from other sources for granted.
Tramvay orqali
Germany is served by two foreign tram systems with connections across the border. The Bazel tram has one line to Weil am Rhein, whereas the Strasbourg tram system has a line to Kehl. As both Switzerland and France are part of the Schengen Area, there are no border controls. However, when going to/from Switzerland, you pass a customs border as Switzerland is not in the EU and thus there may be a customs inspection.
Atrofga boring
On the whole transportation is efficient and fast, though last minute tickets can be a bit on the expensive side. All modes of transportation are up to a high modern standard, including a dense network of airports, high speed rail services connecting most major cities and regional trains reaching almost every settlement of any size, one of the densest and best maintained highway networks on earth (with stretches where the speed limit is shrug emoji), and intercity bus services introduced in 2013.
Samolyotda
Given the size of Germany, there are few routes where flying makes sense. Business travellers are increasingly drawn to high speed rail services as they offer better overall travel times on all but the longest routes and flights are almost never cheaper than other options. That said, most airports have at least flights to Frankfurt airport and any one of either Hamburg airport, Munich airport, Cologne-Bonn airport or Berlin airport, mostly as feeder flights for their long distance services or catering to business travellers.
Domestic flights are also more prone to cancellation or weather delays. Strikes are at least as common on airlines as they are on the railways and when only some flights have to be cancelled, domestic flights are invariably the lowest priority. Don't worry though, you might be given a voucher for a train to complete your journey regardless.
Lufthansa or its subsidiaries are the only airlines on many domestic routes. Because of a fast connection by train from Berlin to Munich offering travel times competitive with aviation, and the Coronavirus in 2020, Easyjet has withdrawn and Lufthansa scaled back its domestic flights. DB meanwhile is increasing its frequencies on many busy routes — Hamburg Berlin will see a train every half-hour starting December 2020 — and can sometimes charge "premium" fares for business travellers with few other options.
The picture is a bit different for Germany's islands, but with the exception of Sylt none of them see service from any airport much farther away from the coast than "their" harbour.
- Lufthansa Germany's former flag carrier has greatly reduced its domestic network. Some routes were turned over to subsidiary Eurowings to be run on a "no frills" basis, whereas some feeder flights have been replaced by trains, bookable through Lufthansa if you are booking an international flight with them
- Eurowings Lufthansa's no-frills subsidiary is based in Düsseldorf and also serves some domestic routes in Germany
Some islands, such as Sylt or some East Frisian islands have small airports of which Sylt is also served by Lufthansa and Eurowings. Other operators include:
- Sylt Air mostly flies Hamburg-Sylt
- OFD (short for Ostfriesischer Flugdienst; East Frisian flight service) flies from Northern Germany to several islands, mostly the East Frisian islands
Poyezdda
- Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada temir yo'l bilan sayohat
Germany's railway system is usually fast, on time and reliable and if you book tickets in advance (180 days before departure at the earliest) it can be surprisingly affordable. Regional trains are now run by a variety of private operators as well as Deutsche Bahn subsidiaries, but they can all be booked through bahn.com. Long distance trains on the other hand are almost all run by Deutsche Bahn. Those few that aren't have to be booked through the operating company. To give you a hint of just how dense the German railway system is: the biggest town without any rail service has barely over 60,000 inhabitants and you've probably never heard of it.
Long distance
All major cities are linked by DB's ICE (InterCity-Express) and regular InterCity trains. ICE is a system of tezyurar poezdlar that are capable of speeds up to 330 km/h. They can be expensive, with a 1-hr trip ( Frankfurt ga Kyoln, around 180 km) costing around €67 one-way (normal price "Flexpreis" without any discount). However, unlike high-speed trains in most other countries (e.g. France), taking the ICE on a "Flexpreis" fare does not require a reservation or bind you to a particular train.
If you want to save money, try for discounted "Super Sparpreis"yoki"Sparpreis" tickets, starting at €19.90 or €29.90, respectively regardless of distance. As those tickets are sold mainly to attract people to use less popular routes and times, you should try looking for them on off-peak times (Tuesday at noon is the time when trains are emptiest, according to statistics). You cannot change the train or departure time with the "Super Sparpreis" tickets and you will incur a change fee (plus fare difference) for changes to a "Sparpreis" ticket. However, if you miss a train due to a delay on another train you can use the next train, if you have a confirmation for the delay. With a BahnCard 25 or a BahnCard 50 you will get a 25% discount on the Sparpreis (reduced fare) tickets.
"Sparpreis" and "Flexpreis" ICE tickets include a DB City-Ticket, which gives passengers access to most local public transport networks to allow them to get to the station where they will commence their main train journey and from the station where they terminate their main train journey to their final destination (e.g. hotel). This is particularly useful if your actual origin and final destination are not covered by DB's railway network.
Seat reservations are not mandatory but are recommended, especially when you travel on weekends or holidays. This means that with an Interrail yoki Eurail pass you can use domestic ICE trains without supplement (except for international ICE trains)
Next are the regular InterCity (IC) and EuroCity (EC) trains. The latter connect the larger European cities and are virtually identical to the regular ICs. These trains are also fairly comfortable, even if they lack the high-tech feeling of the ICE. The rolling stock used for IC services varies widely with both old coaches from the 1970s and 1980s and much newer ones - sometimes on the same train - as well as bilevel (Doppelstock or Dosto in German) multiple units that only entered service in 2015. Most older rolling stock, including the first two generations of ICE (dating to the 1990s) have since undergone extensive refurbishment. Eurocities on the other hand are often composed of cars from several different countries with the style and quality difference that implies.
On the major lines, an ICE or IC train will run each hour or so during the day, and even certain minor cities of touristic importance like Tübingen yoki Heringsdorf are connected on a daily or weekly basis. Before you shell out the money for the ICE ticket, you may want to check if it actually makes a significant time difference. ICE trains travel faster than other IC trains only on specially equipped high-speed routes. There are also long distance trains operated by other companies than Deutsche Bahn, usually running over secondary routes. Virtually all of them are marketed by Flixbus under its Flixtrain brand. Other than that international trains such as Thalys or TGV serve stations in Germany and sometimes even domestic routes to an extent. However, a number of operators have announced plans to offer some train service, especially in the sleeper train business, as DB has abandoned that service completely. Usually DB only sells tickets for other operators if a cooperation exists or if forced to by law (e.g. all regional trains). DB tickets are not usually sold by other operators either.
Regional travel
Regional and local trains in Germany come in several flavours:
- IRE (InterRegioExpress). The same as RE, but goes between two regions (Bundesland).
- RE (Regional-Express). Semi-express trains, skips some stations. On many routes, this is the highest available train category.
- RB (Regional-Bahn). Stops everywhere except that it may skip some S-Bahn stops.
S-Bahn station Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof tief- S-Bahn. Commuter network for a city or metropolitan area but can travel fairly long distances. S-Bahn trains do not offer a toilet, with the exception of those in Bremen, Dresden, Hanover, Leipzig, Nuremberg and some S-Bahn Rhein-Neckar trains.
Within a region (Bundesland), it is often possible to get a budget (Länderticket) valid for one day. It can be used for RE, RB, most S-Bahn and some bus connections within the Bundesland, some local urban rail networks are included as well, though not necessarily all. It is available as a single or group ticket. Prices for Ländertickets vary from region to region, but start generally at about €23-27 for one person and usually between €3 and €5 for any additional member of your group up to a party of five. More information is provided at the Website of Deutsche Bahn as well as in the get around section of most Bundesländer.
While regional trains are more and more operated by companies other than Deutsche Bahn and carrying a livery other than DB red, in practice this makes little to no difference as barchasi mintaqaviy poezdlar franchayzing asosida davlat qatnov jadvalidan tortib, harakatlanuvchi tarkibgacha, shuningdek subventsiya oladigan operatorlarga, shuningdek chipta narxini belgilaydi. Siz ular xizmat ko'rsatadigan stantsiyalarda bir nechta mintaqaviy poezd operatorlari uchun chiptalarni sotadigan mashinalarni yoki hisoblagichlarni ko'rishingiz mumkin, ammo Deutsche Bahn ular bilan ishlaydi juda cheklangan istisnolar - ular uchun sizga ham chipta sotishga majbur qilishadi va Länderticket u erda ham qabul qilinadi. JB-dan tashqari ko'plab operatorlar yuqorida ko'rsatilgan sxemaga amal qilishsa-da, ba'zilari o'z xizmatlariga RB yoki RE-dan boshqa nom berishni tanladilar, ammo ular ko'pincha (yarim) "ekspress" va "mahalliy" o'rtasidagi farqni kuzatadilar.
Umuman olganda, mahalliy poezdlarda bortda oziq-ovqat va ichimliklar xizmati yo'q, lekin ba'zida sotuvchi ichimliklar va aperatiflar (odatda qimmat) sotish uchun o'rindiqlardan o'tib ketadi. Ba'zi liniyalar va operatorlar - masalan Metronom - shuningdek, ularning poezdlarida avtomatlar mavjud.
Guruh poezd chiptalari
Kichik bir guruhni birlashtirganda mintaqaviy poezdlar bilan arzon sayohat qilish mumkin. Ba'zi ogohlantirishlar mavjud:
- Chipta narxi odatda nisbatan yuqori narxga ega bo'lgan va guruhning har bir boshqa a'zosi uchun kichik qo'shimchaga ega bo'lgan sayohatchilar soniga bog'liq. Agar sizning guruhingiz beshdan ortiq odamdan iborat bo'lsa, katta guruhlar uchun maxsus takliflar to'g'risida Deutsche Bahn bilan bog'laning.
- Ushbu chiptalar faqat amal qiladi mintaqaviy poyezdlar (RE, RB va S-Bahn) va shaharga qarab ba'zi mahalliy transport (metro engil temir yo'l va avtobus). Bunday chipta bilan ICE yoki IC olish mumkin emas.
- Ba'zi Landderticketlar birinchi sinf uchun mavjud bo'lsa-da (qo'shimcha pul to'lash sharti bilan), agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, ular faqat ikkinchi sinf uchun amal qiladi.
Agar marshrutingizni bilsangiz, Internetda guruh tashkil qilishingiz, chiptani sotib olishingiz va boshlashingiz mumkin. Guruh chiptalarini DB Navigator dasturi orqali sotib olish mumkin. Barcha chiptalar ish kunlari soat 09:00 dan va shanba va yakshanba kunlari yarim tundan boshlab amal qiladi. Ularning amal qilish muddati odatda ertasi kuni soat 03:00 da tugaydi.
Avtobusda
- Shuningdek qarang: Germaniyada uzoq masofali avtobus sayohati
Ko'pgina yirik shaharlardan o'nlab kunlik xizmatlar mavjud, ular ko'pincha poezdlarga qaraganda ancha arzon. Ko'pgina avtobuslar Wi-Fi va elektr manbaiga o'xshash xizmatlarni taklif qiladi, ba'zilari esa velosipedlarni tashiy oladi.
Bulardan tashqari, mintaqaviy va mahalliy avtobus yo'nalishlarining juda zich tarmog'i mavjud. Qishloq joylarida esa ko'plab liniyalar kuniga atigi bir marta ishlaydi. Mintaqaviy va mahalliy tezkor avtobus yo'nalishlarini belgilovchilar odatda CE (mahalliy), E harflarini o'z ichiga oladi (Gamburg atrofida mintaqaviy; boshqa joylarda E maxsus yurish uchun ishlatiladi), S (mintaqaviy), SB (mintaqaviy va mahalliy) yoki X (mahalliy ichida Berlin), shahar avtobus yo'nalishini belgilovchilar BB ("Burgerbus", tarif birlashmalariga qo'shilmagan), C yoki O harflarini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Har doim jo'nash taxtalarini diqqat bilan tekshirib ko'ring: ba'zan, ayniqsa kechasi yoki qishloq joylarida, telefon orqali avtobus.
Mashinada
- Asosiy maqola: Germaniyada haydash
Germaniyada dunyoga mashhur ajoyib yo'llar tarmog'i mavjud va avtoulovlar uchun to'lovlarsiz va to'lovlarsiz Autobahn (avtomagistral) mavjud. Garchi Germaniyada jamoat transporti juda yaxshi bo'lsa-da, haydashni tanlaganlar yo'l tarmog'ini tez va samarali topadilar. Evropaning aksariyati singari, Germaniya ham o'ng tomonda harakatlanadi.
Sizning nemis bo'lmaganligingizni oldindan tekshirib ko'ring haydovchi guvohnomasi Germaniyada amal qiladi. Aks holda, siz katta miqdorda jarima yoki bir yilgacha qamoq jazosiga hukm qilishingiz mumkin. Ko'proq yashash uchun chet el litsenziyalari sizning yashash maqomingiz qanday bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar haqiqiy emas. Agar siz uzoqroq yurishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz (bir necha oy yoki yil), odatda butun Evropa Ittifoqi bo'ylab amal qiladigan Evropa haydovchilik guvohnomasini olishga harakat qiling.
Svetoforlarning qizil chiroqlarini hurmat qiling, lekin istisno mavjud: svetoforga, qizil chiroq yonida kichik yashil o'ng o'q taxtasi qo'yilganda siz o'ngga burilishingiz mumkin - bu hali ham o'ng tomonga burilishdan oldin to'xtash, qarash va hosilni talab qiladi.
Tezlik cheklovlari juda ko'p sonli tezlik kameralari bilan jiddiy qabul qilinadi. Tezlik chegaralari:
- "Spielstraßen" da yurish tezligi (o'ynayotgan bolalar, piyodalar ustuvorligini ko'rsatadigan ko'k / oq belgi bilan belgilanadi)
- Shaharlarning aksariyat turar-joylarida 30 km / soat (19 milya) ("30-zona Wohngebiet" belgisi bilan belgilangan, 20-zona va 10-zona ham mavjud, ammo 10 ta zona uchun belgilar faqat maslahat)
- Shahar va shahar ichkarisida 50 km / soat (31 milya) (sariq shahar nomi belgisi bilan belgilangan) va "Kraftfahrstraßen" (ko'k fonda oq avtomobil aks etgan belgi bilan belgilangan)
- Shahar va shaharlar tashqarisida 100 km / soat (62 milya)
- Avtoulovda yoki "Kraftfahrstraßen" da tirkamani tortib ololmaydigan avtoulovlar va mototsikllar uchun doimiy umumiy tezlikni cheklash yo'q. Bu cheklanmagan emas, chunki tezlikni vaqti-vaqti bilan yoki doimiy ravishda cheklaydigan bo'limlar mavjud va tavsiya etiladi avtoulovda maksimal tezlik 130 km / soat (81 milya) ni tashkil etadi va agar siz yuqori tezlikda haydashni yangi boshlagan bo'lsangiz, bunga harakat qilishingiz kerak. Biroq, ba'zi "tezkor sayyohlar" Germaniyaga shunchaki ekzotik sport avtomobili ijaraga olish uchun kelishadi va dunyodagi uchinchi yirik avtomobil tarmog'i bo'lgan Autobahn tarmog'ini portlatishadi.
Avtoulovlar, ayniqsa bitta raqamli raqamlarga ega bo'lganlar (kattaroq hududlarni uzoqroq masofada bog'laydigan) yoki shaharlarga yaqin bo'lganlar (masalan, Reyn / Rur) juda gavjum juma kuni tushdan yoki yozgi ta'tildan boshlab. Janubdan Italiyaga yoki Boltiqbo'yi va Shimoliy dengiz sohilidan shimolga olib boradigan mashhur shosselar har bir shtat ta'tilining boshlanishi bilan ma'lum bir gavjumlikni boshdan kechirmoqda. Sayohatni rejalashtirishda maktab ta'tilining boshlanishini qidirib toping va o'sha kuni yoki undan keyingi hafta oxirida haydashdan saqlaning. Qishki ta'tilda (Rojdestvo va Karnaval) Alp tog'laridagi chang'i kurortlariga olib boruvchi ko'chalar ham bir qadar to'lib ketishi mumkin, bu hatto mo''tadil qor yog'ishi bilan ham yomonlashadi - ayniqsa, bu mavsumning birinchi qor bo'lsa.
Avtoturargoh odatda topish oson, lekin bepul to'xtash joyi tobora siyraklashib bormoqda. Ba'zi qo'shni mamlakatlar Germaniyadagi to'xtash stavkalarining yuqori darajasiga qarab ham kulishsa-da, arzon avtoulovlar ta'minoti AQShga qaraganda ancha past bo'lib, hanuzgacha mavjud bo'lgan bepul avtoulov turlaridan biri (Germaniyada P&R nomi bilan tanilgan). odatda temir yo'l jamoat transportiga qo'shni. Ushbu lotlarning ba'zilari ertalab to'ldiriladi va kechqurun qatnovgacha band bo'ladi, ammo ular dam olish kunlari deyarli bo'sh bo'lishi mumkin. Savdo markazlari va supermarketlarda xaridorlar qolish muddati davomida odatda bepul avtoulovlar mavjud, ammo avtoulovlarni o'z erlarida saqlaydigan mijozlar yoki mashinalar uchastkada soatlab qoldirilishi kabi to'xtash qoidalarini tobora kuchaytirmoqda.
Ride-almashish (Carpooling) Germaniyada mashhur va sayohat uchun yo'l haqi ko'pincha temir yo'ldan arzonroq. Blablacar birgalikda sayohat qilishni tashkil qilish uchun mashhur veb-sayt. Saytdan foydalangan holda xalqaro sayohatlar ham tashkil qilinishi mumkin.
Taksilar qimmat va ko'pincha faqat naqd pulni qabul qilishadi. Shartlar odatda mashinada yozilmaydi, shuning uchun haydovchidan so'rang. Stavkalar mahalliy hokimiyat tomonidan belgilanadi.
Rekreatsiya vositasi va kampervanlar tomonidan
Nemis lagerlari (boshqalar kabi) G'arbiy Evropa) odatda barcha qulayliklarni taklif qiladi. Sizda har doim o'zingizning elektr tarmog'ingiz bor va ularning har biri uchun suv va kanalizatsiya tarmoqlari keng tarqalgan. Har bir lagerda dam olish xonalari va dush, shuningdek oshxona, kir yuvish mashinalari va spin kurutgich mavjud.
Kempingning sariq sahifalari yoki agar xohlasangiz, nemis lageridagi Injil bu ADAC Campingführer, Germaniyaning eng yirik ADAC avtomobil klubi tomonidan lagerga qo'llanma. Unda deyarli barcha lagerlar, narxlar, joylashish turi, hajmi, ish vaqti, qulayliklari, o'zingiz nomingiz bilan ro'yxatlangan. Qo'llanmada bir qator tillarda tushuntirilgan ko'plab belgilar ishlatilganligi sababli, u chet eldan kelgan sayohatchilar uchun ham mos keladi.
Umumiy tezlik chegarasi avtoulovlarga va biron bir narsani tortib oladigan narsalarga, hattoki Autobahn-ning cheklangan hududida ham amal qiladi. Odatda orqada stiker bo'ladi yoki sizning hujjatlaringiz yoki ijara shartnomasi uni yozib qo'yadi.
Elektr transport vositasida (EV)
Germaniyadagi eng ko'p quvvat oladigan stantsiyalar veb-saytlarida keltirilgan www.goingelectric.de (EV-Drivers tarmog'i) '' Stromtankstellen '' punkti ostida. Rasmiy veb-sayt ""LadesäulenkarteGermaniya hukumati Bundesnetzagentur.
Avtostop bilan
Bu mumkin avtostop Germaniyada va ko'pchilik nemislar asosiy ingliz tilida gapirishadi, shuning uchun sekin gapirsangiz tushunasiz. Haydovchilar kamdan-kam hollarda siz ularga sayohat uchun pul berishingizni kutishadi. Nemis davlat raqamining birinchi harflari (defis oldidan) avtomobil ro'yxatdan o'tgan shaharni ko'rsatadi. Agar siz boradigan joyingiz uchun kodni bilsangiz, bu to'g'ri transport vositasini to'xtatish imkoniyatini oshiradi.
Ustida to'xtatish noqonuniy hisoblanadi Avtobahn, lekin xizmat ko'rsatish joylaridan yoki yonilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida avtostop bilan yurish uzoq safarlarga (100-200 km) etib borishning yaxshi usuli hisoblanadi. Qiyin qismi Avtobanga kirib bormoqda, shuning uchun uzoqqa ketsangiz, yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalari yonida uxlashingiz yaxshi bo'ladi. Yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida siz chaqirilgan bepul bukletni olishingiz mumkin Tanken und Rasten Autobahn va uning yonilg'i quyish shoxobchalari xaritasi bilan. Ko'targichni olishda haydovchidan qaerga tushishni kelishib oling va yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasi borligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Dan qochishga harakat qiling Autohofs.
Bundan tashqari, tartibga solish juda keng tarqalgan shaxsiy transport vositasida sayr qilish oldindan oflayn agentlik yoki Internet orqali. Oflayn agentliklar yoqadi Citynetz yoki ADM asosan shahar markaziga yoki asosiy temir yo'l stantsiyasiga yaqin yirik shaharlarda vakolatxonalariga ega. Ushbu oflayn agentliklar haydovchiga to'lashingiz kerak bo'lgan yoqilg'i narxi uchun komissiya oladi.
Shaxsiy transport vositalarida sayr qilishni tashkil qilish bo'yicha onlayn xizmatlar juda mashhur, chunki hech bir tomon an'anaviy agentliklarga komissiya to'lamaydi. Siz faqat yonilg'i narxiga o'z hissangizni qo'shishingiz kerak (masalan: Frankfurt ga Berlin 25 evro). Siz haydovchiga elektron pochta, telefon yoki sms orqali to'g'ridan-to'g'ri murojaat qilishingiz mumkin. Haydovchilar ro'yxatdan o'tishlari kerakligi sababli, bu avtostopdan xavfsizroq.
Avtostopchilar qiyoslanadigan xizmat, ko'p tilli va bepul. Blablacar ma'lumotlar bazasida ko'plab sayohatlar bilan tanilgan yana bir taniqli o'yinchi.
Velosipedda
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropada velosiped haydash
Germaniya, umuman olganda, velosiped bilan do'st, shaharlarda ko'plab velosiped yo'llari mavjud. Shuningdek, yaxshi imzolangan, uzoq masofalarga velosiped marshrutlari tarmog'i mavjud. The Nemis velosiped tarmog'i (Radnetz Deutschland) o'n ikki rasmiy yo'nalishdan iborat (D1-12). Siz veb-sahifadagi har bir bo'lim uchun GPX-treklarni bepul yuklab olishingiz mumkin.
Velosipedchilar ham xuddi shunday yo'l tutishlari kutilmoqda yo'l qoidalari avtotransport vositasi sifatida. Nazariy jihatdan velosipedchilar avtoulovlarda yoki mototsiklda bo'lganlar kabi bir xil yo'l qoidalariga bo'ysungan bo'lsa-da, ijro etilishi yumshoqroq bo'ladi va masalan, DUI chegarasi avtoulovchilar uchun 0,5 milga nisbatan ancha yuqori (tegirmonda 1,3). Velosipedda velosipedda harakatlanish paytida mobil telefondan foydalanish ham yaxshi, ammo motorli transport vositasi kabi unchalik katta emas. Agar yo'lga parallel ravishda velosipedchi bo'lsa, oq-ko'k rangdagi "velosiped" belgilari (o'ngga qarang) kerak buni ishlat. Ushbu aylanish yo'llari odatda bir tomonga, agar boshqacha tarzda aniq ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa va siz noto'g'ri yo'nalishda bo'lganingiz uchun jarimaga tortilishingiz mumkin. Ba'zi shaharlarda velosiped yo'laklari asosiy yurish joyida to'q qizil yo'lak toshlari bilan belgilangan. Ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki velosipedchilar va piyodalar ushbu chegaralardan o'tishga moyil. Yo'lda velosiped haydashga yo'l qo'yilmaydi, agar u velosiped yo'li sifatida belgilanmagan bo'lsa (10 yoshdan kichik bolalar uchun istisnolar mavjud).
Aksariyat temir yo'l stantsiyalari, savdo maydonchalari, mehmonxonalar va biznes binolari mavjud velosiped stendlari (ba'zilari yopiq) o'zingizning velosipedni qulflash zanjirini biriktiradigan joy bilan.
Mintaqaviy poezdlar odatda velosipedni bortga olib kirishga imkon beradigan bitta arava mavjud. InterCity poezdlari, shuningdek, velosipedda yurishga imkon beradi, ammo ICE yo'q. Odatda velosiped olib kelish uchun alohida chipta va / yoki bron talab qilinadi. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun qarang Germaniyada temir yo'l bilan sayohat # Velosipedlar.
Agar siz velosipedingizni a-da olishni xohlasangiz shaharlararo avtobus bir necha kun oldin bron qilishingiz kerak va muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishi mumkin, chunki velosipedlarni saqlash xonasi juda cheklangan (bitta avtobusda atigi ikki yoki uchtasi).
Hozir Germaniyaning bir nechta shaharlari taklif qilmoqda velosiped almashish dasturlari, aksariyati ikkalasi tomonidan boshqariladi keyingi velosiped yoki Deutsche Bahn sho''ba korxonasi velosipedni chaqiradi. Ular shahar ichkarisida qisqa masofani bosib o'tishning ajoyib usuli, ammo uzoqroq turlar uchun eng yaxshi variant emas, chunki ijaraning maksimal vaqti odatda 24 soat. Klassik velosiped ijarasi hali ham ko'plab shaharlarda, shuningdek ko'plab sayyohlarni ko'radigan qirg'oqqa yaqin kichik qishloqlarda mavjud. Ular ijaraga olish uchun ko'pincha depozit yoki shaxsiy guvohnomani talab qilishadi.
Elektron skuter orqali
Berlin, Myunxen va Köln kabi bir qator yirik shaharlarda; to'g'ri dastur yuklangan holda siz ko'chalarda tarqoq ekstraditsiya qilingan skuterni olishingiz mumkin. Bir qator kompaniyalar tomonidan boshqariladi, shu jumladan Davr, Qatlam, Qush va Laym. Siz minishingiz uchun 14 yoshdan oshgan bo'lishingiz kerak va velosiped bilan bir xil qoidalarga amal qilasiz; yulka / yon piyoda yurish mumkin emas (faqat velosiped yo'llari yoki yo'llardan foydalanish) va alkogolli ichimliklar cheklovi haydovchilik guvohnomangiz holatiga ta'sir qiladi. Ular 20 km / soat bilan cheklangan, ammo shunga qaramay, ular paydo bo'lganidan beri avariyalarning keng tarqalgan sababi.
Qarang
Madaniy va tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Germaniya haqida o'ylashganda, pivo, lederhosen va Alp tog'idagi shlyapalar tezda yodga tushadi, ammo bu stereotiplar asosan bog'liqdir Bavariya madaniyati va umuman Germaniyani namoyish etmaydi. Germaniya ulkan va xilma-xil mamlakat bo'lib, madaniy jihatdan o'ziga xos 16 ta davlatga ega bo'lib, ular 1871 yildan beri siyosiy ittifoq tuzadilar. Hatto shtatlar ichida ham juda ko'p madaniy xilma-xillik mavjud. Masalan, Bavariya hukumati shtatda yashovchi uchta "qabila" haqida gapirishni yaxshi ko'radi; "keksa Bavariya", frankiyaliklar va shvabiyaliklar. Ayniqsa, avvalgi ikkitasi ingliz va shotland tillari singari birlashishni yaxshi ko'radilar.
Agar siz hali ham kliklarni qidirsangiz, the Romantik yo'l romantik qal'alar va chiroyli qishloqlar bo'ylab taniqli tabiiy marshrut. O'zining ertak ko'rinishi bilan Noyshvanshteyn qasri nemis qal'alarining eng ramziy belgisi hisoblanishi mumkin. Ning devor bilan o'ralgan shahri Rothenburg ob der Tauber vaqt o'tishi bilan tegmaganga o'xshab ko'rinadigan go'zal o'rta asrlar markaziga ega. Shunga o'xshash ba'zi bir nemis shaharlarini mamlakatning boshqa joylaridan topish mumkin Augsburg, Bamberg, Celle, Geydelberg, Lyubekva Quedlinburg. Germaniyadagi rasmli kartpostalingiz pivo zallariga tashrif bilan yakunlanadi Myunxen va Alp tog'lariga qarash Garmish-Partenkirxen. In Ulm siz dunyodagi eng baland cherkov shpiliga - Ulmer Myunsterga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek, siz juda yoqimli, ammo kamdan-kam uchraydigan O'rta asrlar shahriga borishingiz mumkin Shvabisch zali. Rapunzel, Rumpelstiltskin, Snow White va The Pied Piper singari ko'plab mashhurlarni o'z ichiga olgan Grimm ertaklari muxlislari uchun Germaniyaning turizm kengashi tavsiya qiladi. Ertaklar marshruti bu sizni Grimm birodarlar yashagan joylarga, shuningdek Grimm ertaklari namoyish qilingan shaharlarga olib boradi.
Germaniya zamonaviy sanoat xalqidir va Wirtschaftswunder ning sanoat merosi bilan yaxshi ifodalanadi Rur. Gamburg qit'aning eng gavjum ikkinchi portiga ega bo'lgan yana bir iqtisodiy kuchdir. Frankfurt Germaniyaning va umuman Evropaning moliyaviy markazi, chunki u Evropa Markaziy bankining asosidir. Uning silsilasi Atlantika okeanining narigi tomonida joylashganlarga yaqinlashadi. Moda shahri Dyusseldorf, media-sanoat Kyoln, va avtomobilsozlik kompaniyalari Shtutgart ularning har biri nemis iqtisodiy mo''jizasining gullab-yashnagan sohasini anglatadi.
Butunlay boshqacha tajribani topish mumkin Berlin, sayyorada boshqa joyda topilishi ehtimoldan yiroq shahar. Arxitektura jihatidan sterilizatsiya qilingan kvartiralarning g'alati nomuvofiqligi, post-modernist shisha va temir konstruktsiyalari va ba'zi tarixiy qoldiqlar, u tinch muhitga va baynalmilalizm madaniyatiga ega. Uning notinch tarixi juda katta tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylarni yaratdi, ular orasida Berlin devori, Brandenburger Tor, Bundestag, Checkpoint Charlie, Fernsehturm, Holokost yodgorligi va Rotes Rataus bor edi. Ammo o'zingizni chinakam Berlinlik kabi his qilishni istasangiz, Prenzlauer Berg mahallasini sog'inmang. Kreuzberg (ilgari panklar bilan mashhur bo'lgan, hozirda asosan jentrifikatsiya qilingan) va yoqimli nomlangan To'y ham ulardan qolishmaydi.
Natsistlar davridagi qorong'u xotiralar Germaniyada ham iz qoldirdi; qarang Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Holokostni yod etish. Mavzu ta'sirchan bo'lsa-da, mavzu haqida "hazillar" sizning uy egalaringizni yaxshi bilmasangiz, yomon fikrdir, Germaniya bu davr yodgorliklarini himoya qilish uchun juda ko'p harakatlarni amalga oshirdi va sobiq kontsentratsiya kabi joylarda batafsil o'quv eksponatlari. lagerlar, sobiq natsistlar partiyasining miting maydonlari Nürnberg yoki fashistlarning Berlindagi vazirlik va idoralarining sobiq o'rindiqlari, agar sovuq va tushkunlikka tushgan bo'lsa, tashrif buyurishga arziydi.
Tabiiy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Markaziy Evropada joylashganligi va joylashuvi tufayli Germaniya turli xil landshaftlarning xilma-xilligiga ega. Shimolda Germaniya keng hududga ega qirg'oq chizig'i sifatida tanilgan ulkan hududda Shimoliy dengiz va Boltiq dengizlari bo'ylab Shimoliy Germaniya tekisligi. Landshaft juda tekis va iqlimi kuchli shamollar va mo''tadil, sovuq harorat bilan qo'pol. Nemis Bight-ga suv bosadigan janubi-sharqiy shamollar tufayli faslning o'zgarishi juda yuqori bo'lib, Vadden dengizi. Dengiz tubining keng joylari kuniga ikki marta ochilib, ko'p sonli orollardan boshqasiga yurish imkoniyatini beradi. (Bu faqat qo'llanma bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak.) Sharqiy Friz orollari qirg'oq yaqinida juda chiroyli, garchi ko'pincha nemislarning o'zlari tashrif buyurishadi. Boltiq dengizi bo'ylab eng sevimli oq qum kurortlari orasida Rügen va Usedom.
Germaniyaning markaziy yarmi Markaziy tepaliklar, dalalar va o'rmonlar katta shaharlarga aralashadigan tepalikli qishloq joylari. Ushbu tepaliklarning aksariyati xuddi shunga o'xshash turistik joylardir Bavariya o'rmoni, Qora o'rmon, Harz, Ruda tog'lari, Shimoliy Gessen va Saksoniya Shveytsariyasi. The Reyn vodiysi juda yumshoq, qulay iqlimga va unumdor maydonga ega bo'lib, mamlakatni sharob va meva etishtirish uchun eng muhim maydonga aylantiradi.
Haddan tashqari janubda, Avstriya bilan chegaradosh, Germaniya bu qismni o'z ichiga oladi Alp tog'lari, Markaziy Evropaning dengiz sathidan 4000 m (12000 ft) balandlikka ko'tarilgan eng baland balandligi, Germaniyadagi eng baland sammiti esa Zugspitze 2962 m (9717 fut) da. Alp tog'larining ozgina qismi Germaniyada joylashgan bo'lsa-da, ular go'zalligi va o'ziga xos Bavariya madaniyati bilan mashhur. Mamlakatning Shveytsariya va Avstriya bilan janubi-g'arbiy chegarasi bo'ylab joylashgan Konstans ko'li, Germaniyaning eng katta toza suv ko'lidir.
Yo'nalishlar
- Berta Benz yodgorlik marshruti - dunyodagi birinchi uzoq masofaga avtomobilda sayohat qilish
- Romantik yo'l - Vyurtsburgda boshlanib, Fyussenda tugaydigan Germaniyadagi eng mashhur tabiiy marshrut
- Reynsteig va Reynburgenweg - Germaniyaning eng go'zal landshaftlari bo'ylab yuqori darajadagi yo'ldan o'tib, Reyn daryosi bo'yidagi qasrlarni tomosha qiling. Visbaden va Bonn yoki Bingen va Bonn-Mehlem.
- Elbe Radveg Gamburgga etib borguncha Drezden va Magdeburgdan o'tadigan Elba daryosi bo'ylab velosiped yo'li. Daryoga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli, tik ko'tarilishlar kam, bu esa marshrutni yangi boshlagan velosipedchilar uchun ideal qiladi.
Qil
Germaniya madaniy va sport xarakteridagi turli xil tadbirlarni taklif etadi. Ko'plab nemislar sport klubining a'zolari.
Sport
Germaniya futbol haqida aqldan ozgan (futbol) va Germaniya futbol assotsiatsiyasi (DFB) 25 mingdan ortiq klublarda 6,35 million a'zosi (Germaniya aholisining 8 foizi) bo'lgan dunyodagi eng yirik futbol birlashmasi. Ko'pgina nemis futbol klublari Evropadagi eng qimmat futbol brendlari qatoriga kiradi, masalan, Dortmundning "Borussiya" si va "Bavariya". Har bir qishloqda klub bor va o'yinlar ko'pincha dam olish kunlari asosiy ijtimoiy voqea hisoblanadi. Shuni yodda tutingki, futbol muxlislari (oz sonli) tabiatiga ko'ra, o'yinlar va zo'ravonlik paytida politsiyaning tez-tez ishtirok etishi kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo bunday holatlar kam uchraydi. Boshqa mashhur jamoaviy sport turlariga (Olimpiya) gandbol (ayniqsa shimolda mashhur), xokkey ("Eishockey"), voleybol va basketbol kiradi. Avtoulov sporti - ko'plab mashhurlar tashrif buyuradigan mashhur diqqatga sazovor joy Formula-1 kabi kurslar Xokenxaym va Nürburgring ("Yashil do'zax").
Germaniya, xususan, Shimol ham gap ketganda eng yaxshi davlatlardan biri Gandbol. Flensburg, Kiel va boshqalar kabi jamoalar bir necha hafta davomida o'z zallariga taniqli olomonni jalb qilishadi va dunyodagi eng yaxshi gandbolni ishlab chiqarishadi.
Amerika futboli 1970-yillarga borib taqaladigan an'analardan zavqlanib, Germaniyada ham ijro etiladi. Germaniya terma jamoasi so'nggi ikki Evropa chempionatida g'olib bo'lgan (2010 va 2014). Olomon ko'proq mashhur sport turlariga yaqin joyda emas (2000 muxlis - ko'pgina jamoalar faqat muhim o'yinlarda qatnashishadi) final 15 000 dan 20 000 gacha tomoshabinni jalb qiladi va atmosferani tinchlantiradi, hattoki mehmon jamoaning tarafdorlari kutib olinadi va Sizning jamoangizda yoki uning tarixida yaxshi xulqli jab bo'lish siz bilan sodir bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan eng yomoni. Super Bowl Sunday yakshanba kuni "jamoat ko'rish" (bu nemis tilidagi haqiqiy so'z) tadbirlari bo'lib o'tadi, garchi bu yarim tunda bo'lsa ham, boshqa Shimoliy Amerikaliklar singari boshqa futbol ixlosmandlari bilan ham uchrashish uchun yaxshi imkoniyat. chet el aholisi.
Qish paytida ko'plab odamlar Alp tog'larida yoki Xarz, Eyfel, Bavariya o'rmoni yoki Qora o'rmon kabi tog 'tizmalarida chang'ida yurishadi.
Sportning eng ommalashgan turlaridan biri bu tennis; Steffi Graf va Boris Beker davridan beri biroz pasaygan bo'lsa-da, ko'p joylarda hali ham tennis kortlari mavjud va ularning aksariyati soatiga ijaraga olinishi mumkin.
Deyarli har bir o'rta bo'yli nemis shahri kurortiga ega (ko'pincha shunday nomlanadi) Thermesuzish havzalari, slaydlar, vannalar, saunalar, bug 'vannalari, quyosh tomlari va boshqalar.
Madaniy tadbirlar
Kattaroq shaharlarning bir qancha teatrlari ajoyib klassik va zamonaviy spektakllarni namoyish etadilar. Germaniya madaniy tadbirlarning xilma-xilligi bilan faxrlanadi va har bir shahar madaniy kun tartibini ishlab chiqadi. Aksariyat teatrlar va opera teatrlari chiptalarni arzon narxlarda ushlab turish uchun katta miqdordagi subsidiyalarni olishadi va agar arzon narxlar mavjud bo'lsa, ko'p joylarda 10 evrodan arzon narxga ega bo'lishlari mumkin.
Mumtoz musiqa
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropa klassik musiqasi
Germaniya o'zining bir necha jahon darajasidagi opera teatrlari bilan mashhur (ayniqsa Berlin, Bayreutva Myunxen), va Berlin filarmoniya orkestri dunyodagi eng yaxshi uch orkestrdan biridir. Germaniya Evropadagi eng kuchli mumtoz musiqa an'analaridan biri hisoblanadi, bunda Bax, Xandel kabi ko'plab taniqli bastakorlar bor. Xandel u 1712 yilda Londonga joylashgunga qadar), Betxoven, Shumann, Brams va Vagner Germaniyadan kelib chiqqan.
Frantsiya va Italiya opera bilan uzoqroq tarixga ega bo'lishsa-da, Germaniya ham o'ziga xos opera an'analarini rivojlantirgan. Nemis tili italyan va frantsuz tillari bilan bir qatorda asosiy operatsion til hisoblanadi, chunki ko'plab taniqli nemis tilidagi operalarni Mozart, Betxoven, Vagner va Strauss kabi taniqli bastakorlar bastalagan.
Germaniyada 130 dan ortiq professional orkestrlar mavjud - bu dunyoning boshqa mamlakatlaridan ko'proq. Bu feodal davrning merosi bo'lib, mamlakat hududi parchalanib ketgan va mahalliy hukmdorlarning har biri alohida sud orkestrini ish bilan ta'minlagan. Hozirgi kunda aksariyat orkestrlarni shtat yoki mahalliy hukumat yoki jamoat radioeshittirishlari boshqaradi. Eng kattasi - Gewandhausorchester Leypsig 185 nafar maosh oluvchi musiqachilar bilan (ammo ular kamdan-kam hollarda bir vaqtning o'zida o'ynashadi, opera, balet, Thomaner o'g'il bolalar xori va o'zlarining simfonik kontsertlarini ijro etadilar).
Musiqiy
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Germaniyada musiqiy musiqalar mashhur. Vaqti-vaqti bilan gastrol dasturlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, aksariyat namoyishlar bir necha yil davomida ma'lum bir shaharda qoladi. Asosiy "musiqiy shaharlar" - Gamburg, Berlin, Oberxauzen, Shtutgart, Bochum va Kyoln. Nemis tomoshalariga kiradi Arslon qirol, Yomon, Starlight Express va Rokki.
Teatr
Umuman olganda, nemis teatrlari juda ko'p va boshqa ko'plab g'arbiy mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslaganda, ular juda arzon, chunki hukumat ularni "zarur" deb hisoblaydi va tashriflarni hammaga arzon qilish uchun ularning ko'pchiligini subsidiyalaydi. Hatto ba'zi beparvo qilinmagan teatrlar, masalan, musiqiy filmlar bilan taqqoslaganda, hali ham arzon. Ko'pincha talabalar yoki qariyalar uchun maxsus chegirmalar mavjud. Aksariyat o'yinlar nemis tilida ijro etiladi, ammo vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa tillarda ham sahnalashtirilgan voqealar bo'lib turadi. Eng taniqli nemis tilidagi mualliflarni har kuni ko'plab ko'chalar nomlarida ham, ko'plab teatrlarda ham topish mumkin. Gyote, Shiller va Lessing - bularning barchasi uyning ismlari, ammo zamonaviy mualliflar Brext kabi tez-tez talqin qilinadigan va ijro etilgan. Germaniyadan tashqarida nemis teatri va nemis tili teatri o'rtasida osonlikcha chiziq chizish mumkin emas, shuning uchun avstriyalik, shveytsariyalik yoki boshqa nemis tilidagi yozuvchi va rejissyorlarning asarlari ham ko'pincha nemis sahnalarida namoyish etiladi va aksincha.
Shekspir
Qizig'i shundaki, Uilyam Shekspir Germaniyada bo'lgani kabi Anglosfera singari hech qaerda sevilmaydi. Masalan, hali ham mavjud - Deutsche Shekspear Gesellschaft 1864 yilga to'g'ri keladi va shu tariqa har qanday ingliz yoki amerikalik Shekspir jamiyatidan oldin paydo bo'ladi. Buni ko'p jihatdan Bard asarlarini sevib qolgan Gyotega bog'lash mumkin. Agar sizning nemis tilingiz unga bog'liq bo'lsa, spektaklni ko'rish juda qiziqarli bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi nemislarning fikriga ko'ra, Shekspir aslida yaxshilandi tarjimada, chunki ishlatilgan til bir muncha zamonaviyroq. O'zingiz hukm qiling.
Musiqiy festivallar
Germaniyada Wacken Open Air (og'ir metallarning musiqa festivali), Wave-Gotik-Treffen ("qorong'u" musiqa va san'at festivali) kabi taniqli va yirik yillik festivallar mavjud. Leypsig) va Fusion Festival (elektron musiqa festivali Meklenburg ko'l tumani).
Sotib oling
Pul
Evro uchun valyuta kurslari 2021 yil 4-yanvar holatiga ko'ra:
Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olinadi XE.com |
Germaniya evro, boshqa bir qancha Evropa davlatlari singari. Bir evro 100 sentga bo'lingan. Evroning rasmiy belgisi €, ISO kodi esa EUR. Tsent uchun rasmiy belgi yo'q.
Ushbu umumiy valyutadagi barcha banknotalar va tangalar barcha mamlakatlarda qonuniy to'lov vositasidir, faqat ayrimlarida past nominalli tangalar (bir va ikki tsent) bekor qilinadi. Banknotalar mamlakatlar bo'ylab bir xil ko'rinishga ega, tangalar esa teskari tomonida standart umumiy dizaynga ega bo'lib, qiymatini ifodalaydi va old tomonda milliy mamlakatga xos dizaynga ega. Shuningdek, old tomonda esdalik tangalarining turli xil dizaynlari uchun foydalanilgan. Old tomonning dizayni tanga ishlatilishiga ta'sir qilmaydi.
100 evrodan kattaroq eslatmalar, yuridik to'lov vositasi bu kabi tez-tez muomalada bo'lmaydi va ba'zi do'konlarda yoki kichik xaridlarda rad etiladi. Potentsial qalbaki pullar ustidan ko'proq tekshiruv o'tkazilishi uchun yirik veksellarga tayyor bo'ling. Kichik do'konlarda va hatto jamoat transporti uchun bir nechta avtomatlashtirilgan mashinalarda 50 evro yoki undan kattaroq banknotalar qabul qilinmaydi.
Valyuta ayirboshlash Evro paydo bo'lganidan beri juda kamaydi, garchi siz uni hali ham yirik temir yo'l stantsiyalari va aeroportlarda yoki yaqinida topishingiz mumkin. Chet el valyutasi, hattoki qo'shni davlatlarning valyutalari ham kamdan-kam hollarda qabul qilinadi va ko'pincha yomon valyuta kurslarida. Biroq, siz chegara yaqinida Shveytsariya franklari bilan bir oz omadga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin, chunki Germaniya shveytsariyalik sayyohlar uchun juda mashhur xarid qilish joyidir. Shunga o'xshab, ba'zi tez ovqatlanish restoranlari, ayniqsa, AQSh armiyasi muassasalari yaqinidagi restoranlar AQSh dollarini qabul qilishadi (yana yomon valyuta kurslarida), lekin bunga ishonishmaydi. Oddiy banklar, albatta, valyuta ayirboshlashni taklif qilishadi, ammo ba'zida ular mijoz bo'lmaganlar uchun katta miqdordagi to'lovlarni talab qilishadi va evrodan chet elga naqd pulga o'tishda oldindan ogohlantirish talab qilinishi mumkin. Sayohatchilar tekshiradi borgan sari kamdan-kam uchraydilar, ammo banklar ularni almashtirib turishadi, garchi shunchaki debet yoki kredit kartangizni olib, oddiy bankomatlardan pul yechib olish unchalik qiyin bo'lmaydi.
Naqd pul (Bargeld) kundalik operatsiyalar uchun to'lovlarni eng maqbul usulidir. Shunga o'xshash mustaqil sotuvchilar, kichik kafe va savdo rastalari Rojdestvo bozorlari kredit kartalarini qabul qilmaysiz va ba'zida sotib olishning minimal miqdori mavjud. Germaniya esa ichki debet kartalari - deb nomlangan EC-Karte yoki girokard - (va PIN-kodga asoslangan Maestro kartalari va VPay), deyarli hamma tomonidan qabul qilinadi, kredit kartalar (Visa, MasterCard, American Express) yoki chet el debet kartalari (Visa Debit / Electron va boshqalar) boshqa Evropa davlatlarida bo'lgani kabi keng qabul qilinmaydi Qo'shma Shtatlar. Biroq, ular deyarli barcha yirik chakana savdo do'konlarida va tez ovqatlanish tarmoqlari do'konlarida qabul qilinadi. Asosiy chakana sotuvchilar tobora ko'proq kredit kartalarini qabul qilmoqdalar (odatda Visa va MasterCard-larda) va hozirda Near Field Communication texnologiyasi keng tarqalgan (qidiring: logotip 
) chakana savdoda ishlaydigan ko'plab odamlar hali texnologiyani yaxshi bilishmasa ham.
Ko'pchilik Bankomatlar kredit kartalarini qabul qiladi va agar bankomat to'lovni talab qilsa (Evropa Ittifoqining boshqa mamlakatlariga nisbatan Germaniyada bundaylar ko'p bo'lsa), Evropa Ittifoqi qonunchiligi mashinadan pulni olib qo'yishdan oldin (stiker yoki xabarnoma orqali xabarnoma) aytib berishga majbur qiladi. ekran). Shu bilan birga, sizning kartangizni chiqaruvchisi bankomat operatori tomonidan olinadigan to'lovlardan qat'i nazar yoki ularning mavjudligidan qat'i nazar o'z to'lovlarini undirishi mumkin; ishlatishdan oldin emitentingiz bilan maslahatlashing.
Ko'pgina boshqa G'arbiy Evropa tillari bilan umumiy nuqta va vergul ma'nolari to'liq teskari ingliz odati bo'yicha; o‘nlikni ko‘rsatish uchun nemis tilida vergul ishlatiladi. Masalan, "2,99 €" - bu ikki evro va 99 evrosent. "€" belgisi har doim ham qo'llanilmaydi va deyarli har doim narxdan keyin qo'yiladi va ba'zi nemislar "birinchi navbatda valyuta belgisi" yozuvini g'alati deb hisoblashadi. Nuqta raqamlarni "guruhlash" uchun ishlatiladi (uchta raqam uchun bitta nuqta), shuning uchun "1.000.000" millionga teng bo'ladi. Demak, nemis tilidagi "123.456.789,01" ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarda "123,456,789,01" bilan bir xil.
Soliqlar
Barcha tovarlar va xizmatlarga QQS qo'shilgan (Mehrvertsteuer) 19%. Bu har doim ham qonun tomonidan buyumning narx yorlig'iga kiritilgan (faqat tijorat maqsadida eksport qilinadigan tovarlar bundan mustasno, lekin keyinchalik bojlar olinishi mumkin). Yoqilg'i, ko'pikli sharob, spirtli ichimliklar va tamaki yuqori soliqlarga tortiladi. Mehmonxonalar uchun QQS 7% ga kamaytirilgan (lekin ichkarida iste'mol qilinadigan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari uchun emas), oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari (hashamatli mahsulotlar deb hisoblanadigan ba'zi narsalar, masalan, lobster bu pasayishdan ozod qilinadi), bosma mahsulotlar, barcha qisqa masofali jamoat transportlari va uzoq masofali poezdlar uchun va opera yoki teatr uchun kirish narxi. Tovarlar yoki xizmatlar QQS stavkasini to'la yoki pasaytirilganligi to'g'risida aniq ma'lumotlar juda murakkab va ashaddiy, ammo bitta misolni keltiradigan bo'lsak, tez ovqatlanish restoranida siz eshitadigan "bu erda ovqatlaning yoki olib keting" degan savol soliqlarni o'z ichiga oladi. 7% soliqqa tortiladi.
Tips
Germaniyada maslahatlar (Trinkgeld, so'zma-so'z "pul ichish") restoranlarda, barlarda (tez ovqatlanish restoranlarida emas), taksilarda va soch salonlarida odatiy holdir. Majburiy bo'lmasa-da, har doim mukammal xizmat uchun minnatdorchilik sifatida baholanadi. Maslahatlar kamdan-kam hollarda hisob-kitobning 10 foizidan oshadi (soliqni hisobga olgan holda) va maslahatlar, agar bu kichik o'zgarishlarga duch kelmaslik uchun notekis miqdor bo'lsa (masalan, 13,80 evrolik hisob-kitob qilish uchun odatda 15 evrogacha yaxlitlanadi) o'zgarishni osonlashtirish). Server hech qachon buni taklif qilmaydi va hatto x.99 € ning zerikarli narxlaridan biri bilan ishlashda ham, agar siz boshqacha aytmasangiz, mis tangalarni o'zgartirish uchun astoydil izlaydilar.
Ba'zi bir boshqa mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlarga har doim soat bo'yicha ish haqi to'lanadi va soatiga eng kam ish haqi 9,19 evro (2019 yildan boshlab) boshqa har qanday kasb bilan bir qatorda xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlarga ham tegishli. Biroq, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar eng kam ish haqini yoki boshqa ish joylari yuqori ish haqi oladigan muassasalarda ham arang ish haqini olishlari mumkin. Shuning uchun maslahat asosan xushmuomalalik bilan bog'liq bo'lib, sizning minnatdorchiligingizni bildiradi. Agar siz ushbu xizmatni qadrlamagan bo'lsangiz (masalan, sekin, murosasiz yoki befarq xizmat), siz umuman maslahat bermasligingiz mumkin va u xodimlar tomonidan qabul qilinadi. Xususan, amerikaliklar xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar orasida xizmatidan qat'i nazar, saxiy yo'lboshchilar sifatida tanilgan, shuning uchun ular ba'zi joylarda band bo'lgan kunlarda unchalik muhim emas.
Tipping in Germany is usually done by mentioning the total while paying. So if, e.g., a waiter tells you the bill amounts to "€13.50", just state "15" and s/he will include a tip of €1.50. Alternatively, if you wish to ask them to keep the change, you may say "Stimmt so!" yoki oddiygina "Danke!".
Tipping in other situations (unless otherwise indicated):
- Taxi driver: 5–10% (at least €1)
- Housekeeping: €1–2 per day
- Carrying luggage: €1 per piece
- Delivery services: 5–10% (at least €1)
Xarid qilish
Retail prices - especially for groceries - are much lower than one would expect given the GDP per capita and to some extent even compared to local wage levels. This in no small part due to intense competition on price led by "Discounter" (that's the usual German term for a low price supermarket) since the 1960s in the food sector and in other sectors since at least the 2000s. Germans are said to be very cost-conscious and advertisements tend to put an emphasis on price. That said, there's no upper limit for the price of high quality or high value goods in specialty stores.
Supermarkets
Got a euro? Virtually all supermarkets that have shopping carts require you to insert a coin into them (usually €1 or €0.50). Most Germans have one or several small plastic chips that work just the same for the shopping carts. If and when you properly return the shopping cart, you will get back whatever you inserted into it. As Germany has been a rather slow adopter of "cashless" transactions, virtually everybody has change at hand when going shopping and if all else fails, there are those plastic chips, which seem to only ever exist as free giveaways for marketing purposes. If you intend to stay in Germany for a longer period of time, those come highly recommended. |
Chains like "Aldi", "Lidl", "Penny" and "Netto" are discount supermarkets (Discounter). Their range of products is limited to the necessities of daily life (like vegetables, pasta, milk, eggs, convenience foods, toiletries, etc.), sold in rather simple packaging for tightly calculated prices. While quality is generally surprisingly high, do not expect delicatessen or local specialities when you go to shop there. Don't blame discounter personnel for being somewhat brusque; although they are paid slightly better than usual, they have to cope with a rather grim working atmosphere and a significantly higher workload than colleagues in "standard" supermarkets. Lidl and Aldi have tried to brand themselves as more "upscale" and laying focus on quality since about the mid-2010s but prices have stayed the same while new "gimmicks" such as coffee machines (€1 per drink) or freshly baked (from frozen dough) bread, rolls and other baked goods were introduced as part of that strategy.
Examples of standard supermarket chains are Rewe, Edeka, Real, Kaufland, Globus or Famila. Their prices are slightly higher than in discount supermarkets, but they have a much wider range of products (including cheap to high-end quality). Usually there are big pishloq, meat and fish counters where fresh products are sold by weight. The personnel in these shops is trained to be especially helpful and friendly.
Plenty of chain supermarkets only exist in certain parts of the country or show a clear geographic focus. Norma is only found in the south, Sky only in the north and Netto "with dog" (there are two separate chains both named "Netto", one of them having a dog as their symbol) only in the north and east.
Beside those major chains, Turkish supermarkets (which can be found in virtually all west German cities) can be a worthwhile alternative since they combine the characteristics of discounters (low price levels but limited assortment) with those of "standard" supermarkets ((Turkish) specialities and usually friendly staff). Fruits and vegetables at Turkish supermarkets tend to be particularly good value for money. Other diaspora groups also own some supermarkets, but they tend to be rarer outside big cities. In Berlin you might find an ethnic enclave of many groups, but they can be harder to find even in Munich or Hamburg and non-existent in smaller cities. The East has a surprisingly large Vietnamese diaspora and "Asia Shops" of varying kinds can be found in many parts of the country. Specialised Asian food items tend to be cheaper, of better quality and more readily available here than at Rewe and co. However, the shop might not look like much from the outside and feel rather cramped on the inside.
If you are looking for organic products, your best bet is to visit a "Bioladen" or "Biosupermarkt". (Bio- generally means organik.) There are also many farmers selling their products directly ("Hofladen"), most of them organised in the "Bioland" cooperative. They offer reasonable food at reasonable prices. Fresh produce - both organic and "regular" - can also be bought at roadside stalls or (for seasonal stuff like asparagus or strawberries) at temporary stalls on store parking lots. Buying directly from producers cuts out a lot of middlemen and you'll likely get fresh, high quality goods, but finding them can be a challenge as even internet based solutions (e.g. a website listing all agricultural producers who sell directly to producers or an order online service) tend to be rather local.
Toiletries, makeup, skincare and other amenities are best bought in Drogerie (drugstore) such as dm, Rossmann, and Müller, as the supermarkets do not usually provide the complete lineup. They also sell simple medicines and supplements that do not require a prescription. Common painkillers sold in drugstores elsewhere around the world such as aspirin or ibuprofen however are only sold in pharmacies and require a doctor's prescription.
Be prepared to bag your own groceries and goods as well as provide your own shopping bags for doing so. While most stores provide plastic or paper as well as canvas shopping bags at the checkout, you are charged up to 50 cents per bag for them. Buggies/shopping carts usually have to be unlocked with a euro coin which you get back. At most super markets you can spot a canister with lots of cardboard boxes in it, usually after the cash point. You are allowed to take cardboard boxes from there! It's a service the markets offer and also an easy waste disposal for them. Just tell them you are getting yourself a box when the cashier starts to scan your goods, come back and start packing.
Bottle and container deposits (Pfand)
Germany has an elaborate beverage container deposit ("Pfand") system. Reusable bottles, glass and plastic, usually cost between 8 and 25 cents Pfand per bottle depending on size and material - the actual value depends on the material but isn't always spelled out on the bottle (it will be spelled out on the receipt, though). Additional Pfand is due for special carrying baskets matching the bottle measures. The Pfand can be cashed in at any store which sells bottles, often by means of a high-tech bottle reader than spins the bottle, reads the Pfand, and issues a ticket redeemable with the cashier. Plastic bottles and cans usually cost 25 cents Pfand, if not they are marked as pfandfrei. Exempt from Pfand are liquors and plastic boxes usually containing juice or milk. There are also a few other instances where Pfand is due, for example for standardised gas containers or some yogurt glasses. Pfand on glasses, bottles and dishware is also common at discotheques, self-service bars or public events, but usually not at a students' cafeteria.
Factory outlets
Outlet centres as such are a rather new phenomenon, but the similar concept of "Fabrikverkauf" (literally factory sale) where products (including slightly damaged or mislabeled ones) are sold directly at the factory that makes them, often at greatly reduced prices. American style outlets not associated with a factory have become more common and Herzogenaurach for instance has outlets of Adidas and Puma (whose headquarters - but no production - are there) and of other clothing and sports companies.
Local products
You can find local food products (not necessarily organic) in most places at the farmer's market ("Wochenmarkt" or simply "Markt"), usually once or twice a week. While your chances on finding English-speaking sellers there may be somewhat reduced, it's nevertheless quite fun to shop there and mostly you will get fresh and good quality food for reasonable prices. Most winemakers sell their products either directly or in "Winzergenossenschaften" (winemaker cooperatives). These wines are almost always superior to the ones produced by German wine brands. Quality signs are "VdP" ("Verband deutscher Prädikatsweingüter", symbolised by an eagle) and "Ecovin" (German organic winemaker cooperative). Wines made of the most typical German wine varieties are usually marked with "Classic".
Some agricultural producers have also started to sell their produce directly to consumers, either via a small stand at the roadside (often along rural Bundesstraßen but sometimes also inside urban areas) or directly from their farm. Dairy farmers sometimes run "Milchtankstellen" (a compound noun from the German word for milk and gas station) where you can get milk from a vending machine similar to a soda fountain. All of those tend to be cash only but prices and value for money tend to be rather good.
Yodgorlik
Nemis honey is a good souvenir, but only "Echter Deutscher Honig" is a guarantee for reasonable quality. Along the German coasts, smoked eel is quite a common delicacy and a typical souvenir. You can discover an astonishing German pishloq variety in cheese stores or in Bioläden.
Some of those products may not be taken into all countries due to agricultural contamination concerns.
Other products
Some German brands of high-end goods such as kitchen utensils, stationery, and hiking gear are considerably cheaper than abroad.
Cheap kiyim-kechak of sufficient quality might be bought at C&A, but don't expect designer clothes. During the end-of-season sales you should also compare prices of conventional stores since they may be even cheaper than the discounters. H&M sells cheap, stylish clothing, but with notoriously awful quality.
Germany is also a good place to shop for consumer electronics such as mobile phones, tablets and digital cameras. Every larger city has at least one "Saturn" or "MediaMarkt" store with a wide selection of these devices, as well as music, movies and video games on CD/DVD. MediaMarkt and Saturn belong to the same company, but there are also independent stores and the Expert/TeVi chain. Prices are generally lower than elsewhere in Europe. English-language movies and TV shows are universally dubbed into German, and computer software and keyboards are often German-only.
Germany is justifiedly famous for world-class board games. Board games are taken very seriously as a field even of academic study: Germany boasts "board game archives", several scientific publications on the phenomenon, and the prestigious "Spiel des Jahres" ("[board] game of the year") award first awarded in 1979. Many book stores, several Drogeriemärkte of the Müller chain, and some general purpose stores will boast a board game section. In most bigger towns, there will be one or several dedicated board game stores. While games in languages other than German are hard to get, dedicated board game stores will often also have the raw materials for tinkerers to build their own board games. There are often conventions of board game enthusiasts to buy, play or exchange games.
Opening hours
Opening hours vary from state to state. Some states like Berlin, Gamburg va Shlezvig-Golshteyn have no more strict opening hours from Monday to Saturday (however, you will rarely find 24 hour shops other than at petrol stations), while most stores in Bavaria and Saarland are by law required to close between 20:00 and 06:00. With some exceptions, shops are closed nationwide on Sundays and national holidays (including some obscure ones), including pharmacies; single pharmacies remain open for emergencies (every pharmacy will have a sign telling you which pharmacy is open for emergencies or the list can be found Bu yerga). An exception would be on special occasions called Verkaufsoffener Sonntag, in which shops at selected communes are open from 13:00 ga 18:00 on selected Sundays, usually coinciding with public holidays or local events. Train stations however are allowed to and frequently have their stores open on Sundays, though usually for limited hours. In some larger cities such as Leypsig va Frankfurt, this can include an entire shopping mall that happens to be attached to the train station. Some shops in touristic areas and towns designated as a Kurort (health resort) are also allowed to have their stores open all week during tourist season.
As a rule of thumb:
- Smaller supermarkets: 08:00-20:00 give or take an hour
- Big supermarkets 07:00-22:00 or midnight
- Shopping centres and large department stores: 10:00-20:00
- Department stores in small cities: 10:00-19:00
- Small and medium shops: 09:00 yoki 10:00-18:30 (in big cities sometimes to 20:00). Small shops are often closed 13:00–15:00.
- Spätis (late night shops): 20:00-23:59 or even longer, some open 24 hours, especially in big cities
- Petrol stations & their attached minimart: in cities and along the "Autobahn" usually 24 hours daily - however during night hours you might have to pay and order through a small window and night cashiers might not always speak English well
- Restaurants: 11:30–23:00 or midnight, sometimes longer, many closed during the afternoon
If necessary, in many big cities you will find a few (sometimes more expensive) supermarkets with longer opening hours (often near the main station). Bakeries usually offer service on Sunday mornings (business hours vary) as well. Also, most petrol stations have a small shopping area.
In some parts of Germany (like Berlin, Kyoln, Dyusseldorf va Ruhr area) there are cornershops called "Späti" oder "Spätkauf" ("latey"), "Kiosk", "Trinkhalle" (drinking hall) or "Büdchen" (little hut) that offer newspapers, drinks and at least basic food supplies. These shops are, depending on the area, open till late night or even 24/7.
Yemoq
- Shuningdek qarang: German cuisine
How to get service
In Germany, at sit-down establishments, you usually look for a table that pleases you by yourself. In more expensive restaurants, it is more likely that a waiter attends you at the entrance who will lead you to a table.
When you get a table, it's yours until you leave. There is no need to hurry. That said, if you see that the restaurant is getting really crowded and people find it difficult to get a place, it is polite to leave and continue your after meal chat with your friends elsewhere.
It is also not absolutely unheard of in restaurants in the countryside, and in cities like Munich, to take a seat at a table where other people are already seated, especially if there are no other seats available. While it is uncommon to make conversation, in this case saying a brief hello goes a long way.
In Germany, the waiter or waitress is contacted by eye contact and a nod. He or she will come to your table immediately to serve you. Many service staff are university students who do it as a side gig, so the service might not always be as prompt and flawless as you could expect of trained staff. Have a bit of patience. Also keep in mind that waiters in Germany are expected to be as professional and unintrusive as possible, so be sure to ask if you need anything; checking on customers periodically like what waiters in the United States is considered unprofessional.
You will usually pay your bill directly to your waiter/waitress. Splitting the bill between individuals at the table is common. For tipping practices, see "Tipping" in the "Buy" section.
German food
German food usually sticks to its roots and a typical dish will consist of meat with some form of potatoes and gravy, accompanied by vegetables or salad. Modern German cuisine has been influenced by other European countries such as Italiya va Frantsiya to become lighter. Dishes show a great local diversity which is interesting to discover. Most German Gaststätte and restaurants tend to be children and dog friendly, although both are expected to behave and not be too boisterous.
Putting places to eat into 7 categories gives you a hint about the budget and taste. Starting from the lower end, these are:
Imbiss
Schnellimbiss means 'quick snack', and is what you will see on the sign of German stalls and small shops that sell primarily sausage (Wurst) and fries (Pommes Frites). Sausages will include Bratwurst, which is fried and usually a boiled pork sausage. A very German variant is Currywurst: sausage chopped up and covered in spiced ketchup, dusted with curry powder. Beer and often even spirits are available in most Schnellimbisse.
Döner Kebab is a Turkish dish of veal, chicken or sometimes lamb stuffed into bread, similar to Greek Gyros and Arab Schawarma. Despite being considered Turkish, it's actually a specialty that originated in Germany. According to legend, it was invented by Turkish immigrants in West Berlin during the 1970s. In fact, the Dyorer is Germany's most loved fast food. The sales numbers of Dyorer shops exceed those of McDonald's and Burger King products by far.
Nevertheless, fast food giants like McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut can be found in most cities. Nordsee is a German seafood chain, which offers 'Rollmops' (pickled herrings) and many other fish and seafood snacks. However, many independent seafood snack-bars (most common along the German coasts) offer slightly better and slightly cheaper seafood. You can also find independent shops selling pizza by the slice.
In addition to being able to grab a sweet snack at a bakery, during the summer, it seems like ice cream shops are on every block. Sinab ko'ring Spaghettieis for a popular sundae that is hard to find elsewhere. They press vanilla ice cream through a potato ricer to form the "noodles". This is topped with strawberry sauce to mimic the "spaghetti sauce" and usually either white chocolate shavings or ground almond nuts for "Parmesan cheese".
Bakeries and butchers
Germans do not have a tradition of sandwich shops, but you will find that bakeries and butchers sell quite good take-away food and are serious competition for the fast food chains. Even the smallest bakeries will sell many sorts of bread or rolls, most of them darker (for example, using wholemeal or rye flour) than the white bread popular around the world and definitely worth a try. Even if they don't already have it prepared, almost all butchers will prepare a sandwich for you if you ask. Some butchers even prepare meals for you.
This butcher 'imbiss' is mainly popular in southern Germany, and the quality and freshness of food is usually high. Butcher shops that sell a lot of meals will often have a narrow, stand-up counter along one edge, so that you have a place to put your food while you stand up and eat it. Other bakeries and butcher shops even have tables and chairs and serve you more or less like a Café, as they also sell coffee and other hot beverages.
Canteens and cafeterias
Although rarely a tourist attraction in themselves, if you are wanting to sit down to eat but have little time or a limited budget, canteens and cafeterias are a good alternative to fast food restaurants. Many companies allow non-employees to eat at their canteens although most of these require some local knowledge about location and access, as do the university and college cafeterias. Food at college cafeterias is usually subsidised by the university and you'll have to pay a higher rate as a non-student but even then rates are usually affordable. Whether students can invite guests to dine at the student rate varies from university to university, but it is usually accepted when they swipe the meal with their own payment card which is usually their student ID or linked to it. Another option popular with pensioners and office workers are self-service restaurants in the larger furniture stores such as XXXL or IKEA.
Biergarten
In a beer garden, you can get the obvious drink. In traditional beer gardens in Bavariya, it is possible to bring your own food if you buy their drinks. Most places will offer simple meals. Biroz Biergärten are also known as Bierkeller (literally beer cellar), especially in Franconia. Historically, Bierkeller originate from the need to store beer in a cool place prior to artificial refrigeration. Thus underground structures were dug and soon beer would be sold directly out of storage in the summer months, giving rise to the Bierkeller tradition as we know it today. Many are set in quite beautiful natural surroundings, but probably the best known ensemble of Bierkeller can be found in Erlangen where they gave rise to the Bergkirchweih, one of the biggest beer festivals in the area. They were dug through a mountain just out of town and gave the city an edge in beer storage and consequently higher production capabilities, which led to beer from Erlangen becoming a household name once the railway connection enabled export. The invention of artificial cooling ended that advantage, however. The cellars still exist and besides their role in Bergkirchweih one of them operates as a normal Keller (as it is often shortened to) year round.
As the name implies, a beer garden is in a garden. It may be entirely outdoors, or you may be able to choose between an indoor (almost always non-smoking) area and an outdoor area. They range in size from small, cozy corners to some of the largest eating establishments in the world, capable of seating thousands. Munich's Oktoberfest, which happens at the end of September each year, creates some of the most famous temporary beer gardens in the world.
Brauhaus
Smaller breweries sell their products straight to the customer and sometimes you will find food there as well. Haxe yoki Schweinshaxe (the ham hock, or the lower part of the pig's leg) will usually be among the offerings. It is a distinctively German specialty and probably the best dish in almost every establishment of that sort.
Gasthof/Gasthaus
Probably 50% of all eating places fall into this group. They are mainly family-run businesses that have been owned for generations, comparable to pubs in the UK. You can go there simply for a drink, or to try German food (often with a local flavour). Food quality differs significantly from place to place but the staff will usually give you an indication of the standard; regulations require restaurant owners to indicate certain possibly harmful ingredients (e.g. glutamates/MSG) in footnotes – a menu containing lots of such footnotes usually indicates low quality; if a cheap "Gasthaus"/restaurant is overcrowded with Germans or Asians, this indicates at least sufficient quality (unless the crowd is thanks to an organised coach excursion).
Restaurants
Germany has a wide range of flavours (e.g. German, Chinese, Japanese, Thai, Polish, Indian, Italian, French, Spanish, Greek, Turkish, Vietnamese) and almost all styles of the world are represented.
Turkish cuisine in Germany ranges from simple "Döner" shops to mostly family-run restaurants offering a wide variation of usually very cheap (in relation to German price levels) Turkish home cooking.
You will rarely find restaurants catering for special needs within Germany (e.g. kosher restaurants are common only in cities with a notable Jewish population like Berlin), although most restaurants will prepare special meals or variants for you if they are neither relying on convenience foods only nor too fancy. Most restaurants have at least some vegetarian meals. Muslims may want to stick to Turkish or Arabic restaurants. At some Turkish or Arab food stalls vegetarians might find falafel and baba ganoush to suit their tastes. For not-so-strict Jews the halal (sometimes spelled helal for the Turkish word for it) Turkish food stalls are also the best option for meat dishes.
In most restaurants in Germany you can choose your own table. You can make reservations (recommended for larger groups and haute cuisine on Saturday nights) and these are marked by reservation cards ("Reserviert"). In expensive restaurants in larger cities you will be expected to make reservations and will be seated by the staff (who will not allow you to choose your table).
Restaurants in commercial areas often offer weekday lunch specials. These are cheap (starting at €5, sometimes including a beverage) options and a good way to sample local food. Specials tend to rotate on a daily or weekly basis, especially when fresh ingredients like fish are involved.
Some restaurants offer all-you-can-eat-buffets where you pay around €10 and can eat as much as you want. Drinks are not included in this price.
"XXL-Restaurants" are rising in popularity. These offer mostly standard meat dishes like Schnitzel or Bratwurst in big to inhumane sizes. There is often a dish that is virtually impossible to eat alone (usually bordering 2 kg!) but if you manage to eat everything (and keep it inside), the meal will be free and you'll get a reward. Unlike in other restaurants it is common and encouraged to take leftover food home.
Table manners
Da juda formal events and in high-end restaurants, a few German customs may differ from what some visitors may be used to:
- It's considered bad manners to eat with your elbows resting on the table. Keep only your wrists on the table. Most Germans will keep up these manners in everyday life since this is one of the most basic rules parents will teach their children. If you go to a restaurant with your German friends, you may want to pay attention too.
- When moving the fork to your mouth, the tines should point upwards (not downwards as in Britain)
- When eating soup or other food from your spoon, hold it with the tip towards your mouth (not parallel to your lips as in, again, Britain). Spoons used to stir beverages, e.g. coffee, should not be put in the mouth at all.
- If you have to temporarily leave the table, it's fine to put your napkin (which should have rested, folded once along the centre, on your lap until then) on the table, to the left of your plate, in an elegant little pile—unless it looks really dirty, in which case you might want to leave it on your chair.
- If you want the dishes to be cleared away put your knife and fork parallel to each other with the tips at roughly the half past eleven mark of your plate. Otherwise the waitstaff will assume you are still eating.
Typical dishes
Rinderroulade mit Rotkraut und Knödeln: this dish is quite unique to Germany. Very thin sliced beef rolled around a piece of bacon and pickled cucumber until it looks like a mini barrel (5 cm diameter) flavoured with tiny pieces of onion, German mustard, ground black pepper and salt. The meat is quick-fried and is then left to cook slowly for an hour, meanwhile red cabbage and potato dumplings are prepared and then the meat is removed from the frying pan and gravy is prepared in the frying pan. Knödel, Rotkraut and Rouladen are served together with the gravy in one dish.
Schnitzel mit Pommes Frites: there are probably as many different variations of Schnitzel as there are restaurants in Germany, most of them have in common a thin slice of pork that is usually breaded, and fried for a short period of time and it is often served with fries (usually called Pommes Frites or often just Pommes). Variations of this are usually served with different types of gravy: such as Zigeunerschnitzel, Zwiebelschnitzel, Holzfäller Schnitzel and Wiener Schnitzel (as the name suggests, an Austrian dish – the genuine article must be veal instead of pork, which is why most restaurants offer a Schnitzel Wiener Art, yoki Viennese-style schnitzel which is allowed to be pork). In the south you can often get Spätzle (pasta that Swabia is famous for) instead of fries with it. Spätzle are egg noodles typical of south Germany – most restaurants make them fresh. Due to the ease of its preparation ordering it might be perceived as an insult to any business with a decent reputation (with the exception of Wiener Schnitzel perhaps), admittedly it is almost unavoidable to spot it on the menu of any sleazy German drinking hole (and there are many...), if nothing else therefore it might even be the most common dish in German restaurants (yes, at least German government officials qil call their taverns as well as the common fast food stalls restaurants!).
Rehrücken mit Spätzle: Germany has maintained huge forests such as the famous Black Forest, Bayrischer Wald and Odenwald. In and around these areas you can enjoy the best game in Germany. Rehrücken means venison tenderloin and it is often served with freshly made noodles such as Spätzle and a very nice gravy based on a dry red wine.
Wurst "sausage": there is hardly a country in the world with a greater variety of sausages than Germany and it would take a while to mention them all. "Bratwurst" is fried, other varieties such as the Bavarian "Weißwurst" are boiled. Here is the shortlist version: "Rote" beef sausage, "Frankfurter Wurst" boiled pork sausage made in the Frankfurt style, "Pfälzer Bratwurst" sausage made in Palatine style, "Nürnberger Bratwurst" Nuremberg sausage – the smallest of all of them, but a serious contender for the best tasting German sausage, "grobe Bratwurst", Landjäger, Thüringer Bratwurst, Currywurst, Weißwurst ... this could go on till tomorrow. If you spot a sausage on a menu this is often a good (and sometimes the only) choice. Often served with mashed potato, fries or potato salad. The most popular type of sausage probably is the Currywurst (Bratwurst cut into slices and served with ketchup and curry powder) and can be bought almost everywhere.
Königsberger Klopse: Literally "meatballs from Königsberg", this is a typical dish in and around Berlin. The meatballs are made out of minced pork and anchovies and are cooked and served in a white sauce with capers and rice or potatoes.
Matjesbrötchen: Soussed herring or "roll mops" in a bread roll, typical street snack.
Local specialties
Starting from the north of Germany going south you will find a tremendous variety of food and each region sticks to its origins.The coastal regions are fond of seafood and famous dishes include "Finkenwerder Scholle".
In the region of Cologne you will find Sauerbraten, which is a roast marinated in vinegar. Traditionally made from the tough meat of the horses who worked their lives pulling river barges up the Rhine, these days the dish is usually made from beef.
Labskaus (although strictly speaking not a German invention) is a dish from the north and the opinions about this dish are divided, some love it, others hate it. It is a mash of potato, beetroot juice and cured meat decorated with rollmops and/or young herring and/or a fried egg and/or sour cucumber and/or beetroot slices on top. The north is also famous for its lamb dishes, the best type of lamb probably being "Rudenlamm" (lamb from Ruden, a small island in the Baltic Sea; only a few restaurants in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania serve this), the second best type being "Salzwiesenlamm" (salt meadow lamb). The Lüneburger Heide (Lueneburg Heath) is famous not only for its heath but also for its Heidschnucken, a special breed of sheep. Be aware that a lot of restaurants import their lamb from New Zealand though because it is cheaper. Crabs and mussels are also quite common along the German coasts, especially in North Frisia.
A specialty of Hamburg is "Aalsuppe" which – despite the name (in this case "Aal" means "everything", not "eel") – originally contained almost everything – except eel (today many restaurants include eel within this soup, because the name confused tourists). At the coast there's a variety of fish dishes. Beware: if a restaurant offers "Edelfischplatte" or any dish of similar name, the fish may not be fresh and even (this is quite ironic) of poor quality. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that, for eating fish, you visit specialised (or quality) restaurants only. A fast-food style restaurant chain serving standardised quality fish and other seafood at low prices all over Germany is "Nordsee", though you will rarely find authentic specialties there.
Pfälzer Saumagen: Long a well-known dish in Palatinate, but difficult to find outside of this area. Literally this is pig stomach filled with a mash of potato and meat, cooked for 2–3 hours and then cut into thick slices. It is often served with sauerkraut. It gained some notoriety as Helmut Kohl was fond of serving it to official state guests such as Gorbachev and Reagan when he was Chancellor.
Swabia is famous for Spätzle (a kind of noodle, often served with cheese as Kässpätzle) and "Maultaschen" (noodles stuffed with spinach and mince meat, but lots of variations, even veggie ones, exist).
In Bavaria this may be Schweinshaxe mit Knödeln (pork's leg with knödel, a form of potato dumplings), "Leberkäs/Fleischkäse mit Kartoffelsalat" (a type of meat pie and potato salad), "Nürnberger Bratwurst" (probably the smallest sausage in Germany), Weißwurst (white sausages) and "Obatzda" (a spicy mix of several milk products).
The south is also famous for its nice tarts such as the "Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" (tart with lots of cream and spirits made from cherries).
A delicacy in Saxony is Eierschecke, a cake made of eggs and cream similar to cheese cake.
A specialty of the East is "Soljanka" (originally from Ukraine, but probably the most common dish in the GDR), a sour soup containing vegetables and usually some kind of meat or sausages.
Seasonal specialties
White asparagus (Spargel) floods the restaurants from April to June all over Germany, especially in and around Baden-Baden and the small town of Schwetzingen ("The Asparagus Capital"), near Heidelberg, in an area north and north-east of Hannover ("Lower Saxony's Asparagus Route"), as well as in the area southwest of Berlin, especially in the town of Beelitz and along the Lower Rhine ("Walbecker Spargel"). Franconia, particularly the Knoblauchsland around Nuremberg also produces quite good asparagus. Many vegetables can be found all year round and are often imported from far away, whereas asparagus can be found for only 2 months and is best enjoyed fresh after harvest, it stays nice for a couple of hours or until the next day. The asparagus is treated very carefully and it is harvested before it is ever exposed to daylight, so that it remains white. When exposed to daylight it changes its colour to green and might taste bitter. Therefore, white asparagus is considered to be better by most Germans. Especially in areas with a Spargel growing tradition the devotion to this white vegetable can seem near-religious and even rural mom and pop restaurants will have a page or more of Spargel recipes in addition to their normal menu.
The standard asparagus meal is the asparagus stalks, hollandaise sauce, boiled potatoes, and some form of meat. The most common meat is ham, preferably smoked; however, you will also find it teamed with schnitzel (fried breaded pork), turkey, beef, or whatever is available in the kitchen.
White asparagus soup is one of the hundreds of different recipes that can be found with white asparagus. Often it is made with cream and contains some of the thinner asparagus pieces.
Another example of a seasonal specialty is kale (Grünkohl). You can find that mainly in Lower Saxony, particularly the southern and south-western parts such as the "Emsland" or around the "Wiehengebirge" and the "Teutoburger Wald", but also everywhere else there and in the eastern parts of North-Rhine-Westphalia. It is usually served with a boiled rough sort of sausage (called "Pinkel") and roasted potatoes. If you are travelling in Lower-Saxony in fall, you should get it in every "Gasthaus".
Lebkuchen are some of Germany's many nice Christmas biscuits and gingerbread. The best known are produced in and around Nürnberg.
Stollen is a kind of cake eaten during the Advent season and yuletide. Although native to Drezden, Saksoniya; it can be found everywhere in Germany.
Around St. Martin's day and Christmas, roasted geese ("Martinsgans" / "Weihnachtsgans") are quite common in German restaurants, accompanied by "Rotkraut" (red cabbage, in southern Germany it is often called Blaukraut) and "Knödeln" (potato dumplings), preferably served as set menu, with the liver, accompanied by some kind of salad, as starter, goose soup, and a dessert.
Bread
Germans are very fond of their non (Brot), which they make in many variations. This is the food that Germans tend to miss most when away from home. Most people like their bread relatively dark and dense and scorn the soft loaves sold in other countries. Bakeries will rarely provide less than twenty different sorts of bread and it's worth trying a few of them. In fact, many Germans buy their lunch or small snacks in bakeries instead of takeaways or the like. Prices for a loaf of bread will range from €0.50 ga €4, depending on the size (real specialties might cost more).
Because German bread tends to be excellent, sandwiches (belegtes Brot) are also usually to a high standard, including in train stations and airports. However, if you want to save money do as most locals and make the sandwich yourself as belegtes Brot can be quite expensive when bought ready made.
Vegetarian
Outside of big cities like Berlin, there aren't many places which are particularly aimed at vegetarian or vegan customers. Most restaurants have one or two vegetarian dishes. If the menu doesn't contain vegetarian dishes, don't hesitate to ask.
Be careful when ordering to ask whether the dish is suitable for vegetarians, as chicken stock and bacon cubes are a commonly "undeclared" ingredient on German menus.
However, there are usually organic food shops ("Bioladen", "Naturkostladen" or "Reformhaus") in every city, providing veg(etari)an bread, spreads, cheese, ice cream, vegan milk substitutes, tofu and seitan. The diversity and quality of the products is great and you will find shop assistants that can answer special nutritional questions in great depth.
Veganism and vegetarianism is on the rise in Germany so that many supermarkets (such as Edeka and Rewe) have a small selection of vegan products as well in their "Feinkost"-section such as seitan-sausages, tofu or soy milk at a reasonable price.
Allergy & Coeliac sufferers
When shopping for foods, the package labelling in Germany is generally reliable. All food products must be properly labelled including additives and preservatives. Be on the look out for Weizen (wheat), Mehl (flour) or Malz (malt) and Stärke (starch). Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga nisbatan ehtiyot bo'ling Geschmacksverstärker tarkibiy qismi sifatida kleykovina bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan (lazzat kuchaytirgichlar).
- Reformhaus. Germaniya va Avstriyadagi 3000 ta sog'lom oziq-ovqat do'konlari tarmog'i, ular tarkibida kleykovina bo'lmagan bo'limlar mavjud, ular makaron, non va muomala bilan ta'minlangan. Reformhaus do'konlari odatda past darajadagi savdo markazlarida joylashgan (masalan: PotsdamerArkaden va boshqalar).
- DM do'konlari. Germaniyadagi CWS / Shopper's Drug Mart ekvivalenti bug'doy va glyutensiz bo'limlarga ega
- Alnatura. - katta miqdordagi glyutensiz bo'limga ega tabiiy oziq-ovqat do'koni
Ichish
Ichkilikning qonuniy yoshi:
- 14 - voyaga etmaganlarga restoranda noma'lum (fermentlangan) alkogolli ichimliklarni, masalan, pivo va sharobni ota-onasi yoki qonuniy vakili bilan bo'lgan joyda sotib olishga ruxsat beriladi.
- 16 - voyaga etmaganlarga pivo va sharob kabi tozalanmagan (fermentlangan) alkogolli ichimliklarni sotib olishga ruxsat beriladi holda ularning ota-onalari yoki qonuniy vakili. Distillangan alkogol tarkibidagi har qanday ichimlikka (umuman spirtli ichimliklar miqdori odatdagi pivodan pastroq bo'lsa ham) ruxsat berilmaydi
- 18 - kattalar bo'lib, odamlarga alkogol ichish uchun cheklovsiz ruxsat beriladi.
Pivo
Nemislar pivosi bilan dunyoga mashhur bo'lib, uni ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol qilishni butun dunyoga eksport qilishgan.
Asrlar davomida Bavariyada pivo ishlab chiqarish boshqarib kelinmoqda Reinheitsgebot (soflik to'g'risidagi qonun) 1871 yilda Germaniyaning birlashishi bilan milliy siyosat ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, unda nemis pivosi faqat xop, malt va suvdan tayyorlanishi mumkinligi aytiladi (xamirturush o'sha paytgacha hamon ma'lum emas edi). The Reinheitsgebot Evropaga integratsiyalashganligi sababli import bilan sug'orilgan, ammo Germaniya pivo ishlab chiqaruvchilari hali ham bunga rioya qilishlari kerak, chunki ular uchun milliy qonunlar amal qiladi. Shu bilan birga, milliy qonunchilikka rioya qilinmagan va hozirda ishlab chiqarish jarayonida turli xil qo'shimchalar va yordamchi moddalar ishlatilishi mumkin, agar ular oxirgi mahsulotda topilmasa.
Ichki pivo bozorida bir yoki bir nechta yirik pivo zavodlari ustunlik qilmaydi. Garchi bir nechta yirik o'yinchilar bo'lsa ham, mintaqaviy xilma-xillik juda katta va 1200 dan ortiq pivo zavodlari mavjud, ularning aksariyati faqat mahalliy bozorlarga xizmat qiladi. Odatda bar va restoranlar shaharlardan shaharga farq qiluvchi mahalliy navlarga xizmat qiladi. Ammo shimol janubga qaraganda kamroq xilma-xillikka ega, ayniqsa, pivoga ixtisoslashgan bo'lmagan joylarda siz katta pivo zavodlaridan ommaviy ravishda sug'orilgan qoziqlar olish ehtimoli ko'proq. Agar siz haqiqatan ham nemis pivosini boshdan kechirishni istasangiz, unda kichikroq brendlarga yopishib oling, chunki ular ommaviy bozorga murojaat qilishlari shart emas va shuning uchun ta'mi jihatidan ko'proq "individual". Nemis tilida o'tirganda Kneipe, mahalliy pivo har doim tanlovdir va ko'pincha bitta variant.
Mutaxassisliklar kiradi Vayzenbier (yoki Bavariyadagi Weißbier), janubda mashhur bo'lgan tetiklantiruvchi yuqori fermentlangan pivo, Alt, ayniqsa, atrofida va atrofida mashhur bo'lgan qorong'u ale Dyusseldorfva Kölsch, ichkarida pishirilgan maxsus pivo Kyoln. "Pils", nemischa pilsner nomi, Germaniyada nihoyatda mashhur bo'lgan och tilla pivo. Yilning faqat ma'lum vaqtlarida tayyorlanadigan mavsumiy pivolar ham mavjud (masalan, qishda Bokbier va mayda Maibok, ikkalasida ham ko'p miqdordagi alkogol, ba'zida odatdagi Vollbierdan ikki baravar ko'p).
Pivo odatda 200 yoki 300 ml stakanlarda (shimoliy qismida) yoki 500 ml janubda beriladi. Bavyeradagi Biergartens-da 500 ml kichik pivo ("Halbe") va bir litr normal ("Maß" talaffuzi "Mahss"). "Irish pablari" dan tashqari, pintlar yoki krujkalar juda kam uchraydi.
Nemislar uchun ko'pik ko'pligi ham tazelik, ham sifat belgisidir; Shunday qilib, pivo har doim juda ko'p bosh bilan xizmat qiladi. (Barcha ko'zoynaklar tanqidiy qalblar uchun tovush belgilariga ega.)
Bundan tashqari, nemislar pivoni boshqa ichimliklar bilan aralashtirishdan qo'rqmaydi (garchi keksa avlod vakillari bunga qo'shilmasa ham). Pivo odatda gazlangan limonad bilan aralashtiriladi (odatda 1: 1 nisbatda) va "Radler" deb nomlanadi (yoki velosipedchi bahorda yoki yozda velosiped ekskursiyasi paytida bahramand bo'ladigan tetiklantiruvchi ichimlik bilan bog'liqligi sababli shunday nomlanadi) (yoki "Alsterwasser" / "Alster" (daryodan keyin Gamburg) shimolda); Pilsener / Altbierning "kokteyllari" va Fanta kabi alkogolsiz ichimliklar, "Krefelder" / "Colaweizen" kolasi va qora bug'doy pivosi - bu yana bir kombinatsiyadir. Cola bilan aralashtirilgan qoziqlar ayniqsa yosh nemislar orasida juda mashhur bo'lib, sizning hududingizga qarab, turli xil nomlar bilan ajralib turadi - masalan, "Dizel", "Shmuttsiges" (iflos) yoki "Shvayneber" (cho'chqalar pivosi). Yana bir mashhur mahalliy noziklik - "Berliner Weiße", taxminan 3% atrofida bulutli, nordon bug'doy pivosi. bu siroplar bilan aralashtirilgan (an'anaviy ravishda malina) va yozda juda tetiklantiruvchi. Ushbu pivoga asoslangan aralash ichimliklar keng tarqalgan va ommabop bo'lib, ularni odatdagi pivo sotiladigan har qanday joyda oldindan aralashtirilgan butilka sifatida sotib olish mumkin (odatda oltita paketda).
Publar Germaniyada soat 02: 00gacha yoki undan keyin ishlaydi. Ovqat odatda yarim tungacha mavjud. Nemislar odatda soat 20:00 dan keyin chiqib ketishadi (mashhur joylar 18:00 ga qadar to'ldirilgan).
Sidr
Germaniyada "Apfelwein" (yoki mahalliy nomi bilan Äbblwoi) sidrining shubhasiz kapitali Frankfurt. Frankfurtliklar o'zlarining sidrini yaxshi ko'radilar. Hatto faqat Apfelwein va ba'zi gastronomik mutaxassisliklarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan maxsus baralar ("Apfelweinkneipe") mavjud. Sidr ko'pincha "Bembel" deb nomlangan maxsus idishda xizmat qiladi. Ta'mi boshqa mamlakatlardagi sidrlardan biroz farq qiladi va tetiklantiruvchi bo'lib turadi. Kuzda olma sharobga aylantirilganda siz ba'zi joylarda "Frischer Most" yoki "Süßer" yozuvlarini ko'rishingiz mumkin. Bu "Apfelwein" ishlab chiqarish zanjiridagi birinchi mahsulot; bir stakan yaxshi, lekin ikki yoki uchta stakandan keyin siz hojatxonaga ko'p vaqt sarflashni yoqtirmasangiz, muammoga duch kelasiz. In Saarland va "Apfelwein" atrofidagi mintaqalar "Viez" deb nomlangan. Bu erda "Suesser Viez" (shirin), "Viez Fein-Herb" (o'rtacha shirin) dan "Alter Saerkower" (nordon) gacha o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu mintaqaning Viez poytaxti Merzig. Qish paytida issiq sidr (ba'zi chinnigullar va shakar bilan birga) ichish odatiy holdir. Bu yaqinlashib kelayotgan sovuqqa qarshi samarali choralar hisoblanadi.
Kofe
Nemislar ko'p ichishadi kofe. Gamburg porti kofe savdosi uchun dunyodagi eng gavjum joy. Qahva har doim yangi maydalangan kofe yoki loviyadan tayyorlanadi - darhol tayyor bo'lmaydi. Biroq, kofe an'analari katta bo'lgan mamlakatlardan kelgan odamlar (masalan Italiya, Portugaliya, kurka, Gretsiya yoki Avstriya) oddiy restoranlarda beriladigan kofe biroz zerikarli bo'lishi mumkin. Shimoliy Friziyadan kelib chiqqan, ammo hozirgi kunda Sharqiy Friziyada keng tarqalgan nemis mutaxassisi - "Pharisäer", kofe va spirt aralashmasi, odatda rom, tepasi qalin krem bilan. Buning o'zgarishi "Tote Tante" (o'lik xola, issiq shokolad bilan almashtirilgan kofe bilan).
So'nggi bir necha yil ichida Amerikadagi Starbucks kofe uylari tarmog'i yoki klonlari Germaniyada kengayib bordi, lekin asosan siz "Kafe" larga duch kelasiz, ular odatda kofe bilan birga tortlarning katta tanlovini taklif qilishadi.
Glyuven
Dekabr oyida Germaniyaga tashrif buyurasizmi? Keyin borib mashhurlardan birini ko'ring Rojdestvo bozorlari (eng mashhur voqea Nürnberg, Drezden, Leypsig, Myunster, Bremen, Augsburg va Axen) va bu erda Gluhwein (issiq sharob), achchiq sharob qishda sovuqda sizni yupatish uchun juda issiq xizmat qildi.
Ruhlar
Meva hosil qilingan ruhlar uchun umumiy so'z Obstler, va har bir yo'nalish o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega.
Bavariyaliklar o'zlarining pivosini ham yaxshi ko'rishadi Enzian, spirtli ichimliklar ko'p bo'lgan ruh, bu og'ir ovqatdan keyin ovqat hazm qilish vositasi sifatida eng yaxshisidir.
Kirshchasser so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi gilos suvi; gilosning ta'mi, albatta, lekin boshqa tomondan bu oddiy ichimlik suvi emas. Badenda spirtli ichimliklar yasashda azaliy an'ana bor va "Kirschwasser" ehtimol flagman mahsulotidir va bu sizni Himbeergeist (malinadan), Shlehenfeuer (mayin mevalari bilan xushbo'ylangan), Uilyamxrist (nok) kabi boshqa taomlarni tatib ko'rishga undashi mumkin. va Apfelkorn (olma sharbati va Korn).
Korn, dondan qilingan, ehtimol Germaniyada eng keng tarqalgan ruhdir. Korn shimolda ko'proq mashhur bo'lib, u mashhurligi bo'yicha pivodan oshib ketadi. Janubda vaziyat aksincha. Uning asosiy ishlab chiqarish markazi (Berentsen) Haselünne shahrida joylashgan bo'lib, bu erda distillash zavodlarida ekskursiyalar va ta'mlar uyushtirilishi mumkin. Shahar Germaniyaning shimoli-g'arbidagi Ems daryosi yaqinida; Haselünnega temir yo'l xizmati uchun (juda kam) qarang Eyzenbahnfreunde Hasetal[o'lik havola]. Odatda, taxminan 20% gacha ishlaydigan olma sharbati bo'lgan Korn ("Apfelkorn"). va odatda yoshroq odamlar tomonidan iste'mol qilinadi. O'zining mashhur yana bir shahri Doppelkorn (besh yuz yildan ziyod urf-odat bilan) Nordxauzen Turingiyada ham ekskursiyalar va tatib ko'rishlar osonlik bilan tashkil etiladi.
Quyi Saksoniyada, ayniqsa Lüneburg Xit atrofidagi joylarda turli xil ixtisoslashgan likyorlar va shnaplar ko'zga tashlanadi. Ratseputz tarkibida 58% spirt mavjud va tarkibida ildiz zanjabilining ekstraktlari va distillatlari mavjud. Heidegeist alkogol tarkibida 50% bo'lgan 31 ta hezer tarkibiy qismlarini o'z ichiga olgan o'simlik suyuqlikdir. U tiniq rangda va kuchli yalpiz ta'mga ega.
Shimoliy Friziyada, Köm (qarag'ay ruhi), toza yoki choy bilan aralashtirilgan ("Teepunsch", choy punch), juda mashhur.
Eiergrog tuxumli likyor va romning issiq aralashmasi.
Choy
Choy, Tee, shuningdek, juda mashhur va katta tanlov osonlikcha mavjud. Mintaqasi Sharqiy Friziya xususan, qadimgi choy an'analariga ega va ehtimol Germaniyada choy kofega qaraganda ko'proq mashhur bo'lgan yagona joydir. Sharqiy Frisian choy marosimi maxsus tosh shakar bilan tekis chinni stakanga solingan qora choydan iborat (Kluntje) choyni quyishdan oldin stakanga qo'yiladi. Keyin krem qo'shiladi, lekin choyga aralashtirilmaydi. Sharqiy-frizcha choyga bo'lgan mehr qahvaxonaga yaxshi mos tushadigan biron bir shirinlik uchun juda mashhur sharmandali reklama roligida masxara qilingan, ammo bu da'voni shovqinli sharqiy-frizcha "Und was ist mit Tee?" " (Va choy haqida nima deyish mumkin?) Shimoliy Germaniya stereotipik talaffuzida. Ko'pgina nemislar ushbu jumlani hali ham bilishadi, agar uning kelib chiqishi shart bo'lmasa.
Issiq shokolad
Ayniqsa, qishda nemislar issiq shokoladni yaxshi ko'rishadi (Schekolade), bu keng tarqalgan. Germaniyadagi issiq shokolad ko'proq yoki kamroq bo'lishga intiladi Zartbitter - bu achchiq - va achchiqroq ta'mirlanadigan korxonalarda u juda qorong'i va achchiq va faqat bir oz shirin bo'lishi mumkin. Odatda u bilan xizmat qilinadi Shlag (yangi ko'pirtirilgan qaymoq, shuningdek deyiladi Schlagsahne). Odatda oldindan tayyorlangan ba'zi bir kafelarda siz o'zingiz aralashtiradigan va issiq sutda eriydigan shokolad bloki xizmat qiladi. Sutli shokolad deyiladi Kinderschokolade ("bolalar shokolad") Germaniyada va umuman jiddiy qabul qilinmaydi, shuning uchun agar siz kattalar bo'lsangiz, issiq sutli shokoladga buyurtma berishni umid qilmang.
Vino
Ba'zi nemislar o'zlariga nisbatan shunchalik jonkuyar sharoblar (Vayn) boshqalar kabi ularning pivosi haqida. O'xshashliklar bu erda to'xtamaydi; ikkala mahsulot ko'pincha kichik kompaniyalar tomonidan ishlab chiqariladi va eng yaxshi sharoblar mahalliy darajada iste'mol qilinadi. Sharob ishlab chiqarish Germaniyada 2000 yillik tarixga ega Rheinisches Landesmuseum yilda Trier ammo, albatta, bu o'sha paytda Rimlarning yashash joyi edi. Sunshine Germaniyada sharob ishlab chiqarish uchun cheklovchi omil hisoblanadi va shuning uchun sharob ishlab chiqarish janubda cheklangan. Sharob ishlab chiqarishda oq sharob asosiy rol o'ynaydi, ammo ba'zi joylarda qizil sharob ishlab chiqariladi (Ahr, Baden Vyurtemberg). Oq sharoblar Riesling, Kerner va Myuller-Thurgau uzumlaridan ishlab chiqariladi (ko'pi ham bor) va umuman yangi va mevali sharoblarni ishlab chiqaradi. Nemis sharoblari kislotaga boy bo'lishi mumkin va juda tetiklantiruvchi. Risling uzumida eng yaxshi nemis sharoblari ishlab chiqarilishi qabul qilingan, ammo ular quyosh nurlarini talab qiladi va ular Mosel, Rheingau, Bergstraße, Kaiserstuhl va Pfalz kabi juda ochiq joylarda yaxshi o'sadi.
Germaniya muzli sharob bilan mashhur (Eiswein), unda uzum yig'ishdan oldin uzumzorlarda muzlash uchun qoldiriladi. Nemis muzli vino navlari odatda ularga qaraganda unchalik shirin emas Kanadalik hamkasblari.
Sharoblarni o'rganishning eng yaxshi usuli - ular etishtiriladigan joyga borib, ularni joyida tatib ko'rishdir. Bu "Weinprobe"va umuman bepul. Turistik joylarda siz ozgina haq to'lashingiz kerak.
Yaxshi sharoblar odatda yaxshi ovqat bilan birga bo'ladi, shuning uchun siz och bo'lganingizda ham, chanqaganingizda ham tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin. Deb nomlangan Straußenwirtschaft, Besenwirtschaft yoki Heckenwirtschaft bu odatda "sendvich, pishloq va jambon kabi ozgina ovqatlar bilan sharob ishlab chiqaruvchisi o'z sharobini sotadigan kichik" pablar "yoki bog'lar. Odatda, ular faqat yozda va kuzda ishlaydi va yiliga 4 oydan oshmaydi (qonuniy qoidalar tufayli). Ular tokzorlarda yoki orqa ko'chalarda bo'lganligi sababli, ularni topish har doim ham oson emas, shuning uchun siz eng yaxshisini mahalliy (yoki eng yaxshisini) so'rang. Straußenwirtschaft u biladi.
Kuz paytida siz Germaniyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida "Federweisser" ni sotib olishingiz mumkin. Bu qisman fermentlangan oq sharob va tarkibida bir qancha alkogol (yoshga qarab) mavjud, ammo mazasi juda shirin. Shuningdek, uni "Roter Sauser" yoki "Roter Rauscher" deb nomlanadigan qizil uzumlardan olish mumkin.
Sharob ishlab chiqaradigan joylar:
- Ahr nemis qizil sharoblarining jannatidir. Ishlab chiqarishning yarmi qizil sharoblarga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, u erda "Gaststätten" va "Strausswirten" zich joylashgan. Bir so'z aytiladi: Kim Ahrni ziyorat qilgan bo'lsa va u erda bo'lganligini eslasa, u erda bo'lmagan.
- Baden v bilan. 15,500 gektar vino maydonlari va 1 million gektolitr ishlab chiqaradigan Baden Germaniyaning sharob etishtirish bo'yicha uchinchi yirik maydonidir. Bu eng janubiy nemis vinochilik zonasidir va Germaniyaning taniqli frantsuz Elzas, Shampan va Luara mintaqalari bilan birgalikda Evropaning B toifasidagi yagona a'zosi hisoblanadi. Badenning uzunligi 400 km dan oshadi va to'qqizta mintaqaviy guruhga bo'linadi: Tauberfranken, Badische Bergstraße, Kraichgau, Ortenau, Breisgau, Kaiserstuhl, Tuniberg, Markgräflerland va Bodensee. Kaiserstuhl va Markgräflerland Baden sharobining eng mashhur joylari. Eng yirik vinochilik kooperativlaridan biri bu Badischer Vinzerkeller yilda Breisach.
- Franken: Franconia shimoliy qismida joylashgan Bavariya va u erda juda chiroyli sharoblarni, ko'pincha quruq oq sharobni topishingiz mumkin. Franconiyada ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi sharoblar "Bocksbeutel" deb nomlangan maxsus shishada sotiladi.
- Hessische Bergstraße: Reyn vodiysining yon bag'irlarida bu sokin kichik sharob ishlab chiqaradigan maydon bo'lib, vinolar odatda uning atrofida va atrofida iste'mol qilinadi. Geppenxaym.
- Mosel-Saar-Ryuver: Germaniyadagi eng tik uzumzorlarni Mosel vodiysidan haydash paytida ko'rish mumkin Koblenz ga Trier.
- Pfalz: Germaniyadagi sharob ishlab chiqaradigan eng katta maydon. Ajoyib sharoblari va uzumzorlarga singib ketgan ko'plab yaxshi qishloqlari bor. Ichkarida sharob Deydsxaym yaxshi g'oya va nemis sharobining bir nechta asosiy ishlab chiqaruvchilari asosiy yo'lda. Dunyodagi eng katta sharob bochkasini ko'rishni xohlaysizmi? Keyin o'ting Yomon Dirkxaym.
- Reyxau: sharob ishlab chiqaradigan eng kichik maydon, ammo Germaniyada eng yuqori darajadagi Riesling vinolarini ishlab chiqaradi. Tashrif Visbaden va Reynda sayohat qiling Eltvil va Rudesxaym.
- Reynhessen ayniqsa, Riesling bilan mashhur. Tashrif Maynts va Reynda sayohat qiling Qurtlar, Oppenxaym, Ingelxaym yoki Bingen.
- Saale-UnstrutSaksoniya-Anhalt shtatida Saale va Unstrut daryolari bo'yida Evropaning sharob ishlab chiqaradigan eng shimoliy hududi hisoblanadi.
- Saksen: Germaniyaning eng kichik sharob mintaqalaridan biri, Elbe daryosi bo'yida joylashgan Drezden va Maysen.
- Vyurtemberg: Avval aytib o'tganimizdek, bu erda eng yaxshi sharobni mahalliy aholi iste'mol qilishi haqidagi qoida qat'iy amal qiladi; qizil yoki oq sharob bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, boshiga sharob iste'moli Germaniyaning qolgan qismiga qaraganda ikki baravar yuqori. Mintaqaning o'ziga xos xususiyati Trollinger deb nomlangan qizil sharobdir va u Germaniya standartlariga ko'ra juda yaxshi bo'lishi mumkin.
Uyqu
Germaniya turar joy uchun deyarli barcha imkoniyatlarni, shu jumladan mehmonxonalar, mehmonxonalar, pansiyonlar, yotoqxonalar va lagerlarni taqdim etadi. Shuningdek, a a'zolari bilan qolishni o'ylashingiz mumkin mehmondo'stlik almashinuvi tarmoq.
Nemis zambillari amerikaliklar va yaponlarning qattiqlari bilan taqqoslaganda, qat'iylik uchun ikkinchi darajali mavqega ega. To'shak oddiy bo'lishga intiladi: matrasni yopadigan choyshab, odam boshiga bitta ko'rpa (Decke, agar siz adyolni cho'chqaga aylantirmoqchi bo'lgan odam bilan uxlasangiz juda yaxshi, lekin ba'zida baland bo'yli odamlar uchun oyoq barmoqlari atrofida ozgina shamol) va juda yoqimli to'rtburchak tukli yostiq, bu sizni yoqtirgan har qanday shaklga solib qo'yishingiz mumkin. Ertalab to'shakni yotqizish bir necha soniya davom etadi: katlamani katlayın Decke uchdan birida bilaklaringizni tez silkitib, xuddi siz tashqarida bo'lganingizda u sizning joyingizda uxlayotgandek va yostiqni karavotning yuqori qismiga tashlang.
Mehmonxonalar
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Ko'pgina xalqaro mehmonxonalar tarmoqlari Germaniyaning yirik shaharlarida franchayzingga ega va mahalliy mehmonxonalarning xilma-xilligi mavjud. Germaniyadagi barcha mehmonxonalar yulduzlar bo'yicha (1 dan 5 gacha) joylashgan. Reytinglar mustaqil ravishda tuziladi va shuning uchun umuman ishonchli, ammo ba'zi hollarda ular eskirgan tekshiruvlarga asoslanishi mumkin. Narx har doim QQSni o'z ichiga oladi va odatda xonaga to'g'ri keladi. Narxlar shaharga qarab sezilarli darajada farq qiladi (Myunxen va Frankfurt eng qimmat). Kabi ko'plab "qiymatga yo'naltirilgan" zanjirli mehmonxonalarni topishingiz mumkin Motel One yoki IbisKo'pgina shaharlarning chekkalarida va shahar markazlarida, ko'pincha yangi yoki ta'mirlangan va narxlari uchun hayratlanarli darajada yoqimli. Frantsiyada bo'lgani kabi, avtoulovlarda sayohat qilayotgan odamlar uchun Germaniyada Avtohannalar yaqinidagi shaharlarning chekkasida Ibis Budget mehmonxonalarining zich tarmog'i mavjud va ular xostellar bilan raqobatlasha oladigan narxlarda chinakam yalang'och mehmonxonalar tajribasini taklif etadi.
O'lchovning boshqa tomonida Germaniyada ko'plab hashamatli mehmonxonalar mavjud. Bozorga mehmonxonalar tarmoqlari kirib borishi yuqori. Mahalliy brendlar orasida ultra hashamatli Kempinski (hozirgi kunda u jahon miqyosidagi brend), Dorint va Lindner esa yuqori darajadagi biznes mehmonxonalarni boshqaradilar. Aksariyat global mehmonxonalar zanjirlari doimiy ravishda mavjud bo'lib, Accor (Sofitel, Pullman, Novotel, Mercure) etakchilik qilmoqda.
Sifat va bashorat qilinadigan tajribani etkazib beradigan nemis mehmonxonalariga ishonishingiz mumkin bo'lgan bu klişe emas. Agar risolada bunday yozilmagan bo'lsa, sizni erkalamasligingiz mumkin, ammo tajribangiz haqiqatan ham yomon bo'lishi juda kam. Bundan tashqari, Germaniya ichki sayyohligi oilaviy yo'naltirilgan, shuning uchun xonalarda qo'shimcha yotoqlari, ko'pincha ikki qavatli yotoq shaklida va oilangiz uchun qulay bo'lgan mehmonxonalarni topishda qiynalmasligingiz kerak.
Agar mehmonxona nomida "Garni" atamasi mavjud bo'lsa, demak, nonushta qo'shilgan. Shunday qilib, nomida joylashgan mehmonxonalar soni yaxshi bo'lishi mumkin "Garni mehmonxonasi"shaharda; yo'nalishlarni so'rashda mehmonxonaning to'liq nomini aytib bering va nafaqat"Garni mehmonxonasi".
Yotoq va nonushta
B&B ("Pensionen" yoki "Fremdenzimmer") (odatda) arzon narxlarda mehmonxonalarga qaraganda kamroq qulaylikni ta'minlaydi. Afzalligi shundaki, siz nemislar bilan uchrashishingiz va nemis turmush tarziga tegishingiz mumkin. "Zimmer frei" degan yozuvda xona mavjud bo'lgan B&B belgisi ko'rsatilgan.
Xostellar
Xostellar birinchi navbatda umumiy xonalarda oddiy, byudjetli turar joy bilan ta'minlash. Ular boshqa sayohatchilar bilan tanishish uchun yaxshi joylardir. Germaniyada, ko'plab mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, ikkita tur mavjud: xalqaro yoshlar yotoqxonalari va mustaqil yotoqxonalar.
Xalqaro yoshlar yotoqxonalari ("Jugendherbergen") "Deutsches Jugendherbergswerk" uyushmasiga tegishli va boshqariladi. (DJH), bu Hostelling International (HI) tarmog'ining bir qismi. Butun Germaniya bo'ylab katta va kichik shaharlarda hamda mamlakat tomonida tarqalgan 600 dan ortiq yotoqxonalar mavjud. Nafaqat sayohatchilar, balki maktab sinflari va boshqa yoshlar guruhlari ham mehmonlardir. U erda uxlash uchun siz yoshlar uylari tashkilotiga a'zo bo'lishingiz yoki unga a'zo bo'lishingiz kerak Salom tarmog'i. Bu haqda va ularning har bir yotoqxonasi haqida batafsil ma'lumotni DJH-dan olishingiz mumkin. Umuman olganda, bu shunchaki kartani to'ldirishga va kechasiga bir necha qo'shimcha evro to'lashga olib keladi. Umuman olganda, bu joylarning afzalligi shundaki, ular bufet uslubidagi nonushta uchun qo'shimcha haq to'lamaydilar, ammo bu mutlaqo qoida emas. Biroq, sifat ko'pincha xususiy yotoqxonalarnikidan past bo'ladi va ko'pchilik ijtimoiylashish uchun yaxshi imkoniyat bermaydi.
Xususiy ravishda ishlaydigan mustaqil yotoqxonalar xuddi shunday narxga jozibali alternativa bo'lib kelmoqda. Oltmishdan ortig'i Germaniyada mavjud bo'lib, har yili tobora ko'proq ochilmoqda. Ular katta shaharlarda, ayniqsa, shaharlarda uchraydi Berlin, Myunxen, Drezdenva Gamburg. Faqat bir nechtasi qishloqda. Ba'zan sobiq sayohatchilar tomonidan boshqariladigan yotoqxonalar qat'iy qoidalardan voz kechishadi. Ayniqsa, kichkintoylar ko'pincha o'zingizni uyingizda his qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan joylardir. Ko'pchilik jonli, ziyofat muhiti bilan tanilgan va boshqa sayohatchilar bilan tanishishning ajoyib usuli bo'lishi mumkin. U erda uxlash uchun biron bir tashkilotga a'zo bo'lishning hojati yo'q. Yotoqxonalarning taxminan yarmi o'zlarini a "Backpacker Network Germany", ularning a'zolari yotoqxonalari ro'yxatini taqdim etadi. Germaniyadagi deyarli barcha mustaqil yotoqxonalar ro'yxati berilgan veb-sayt Gomio. Albatta, Hostelsclub, Hostelworld & Hostelbookers kabi xalqaro xona bron agentliklari ham yaxshi manbalar bo'lib, sayohatchilarga sharhlar qoldirish imkoniyatini beradi. A & O yotoqxonalari / mehmonxonalar Germaniyada bir qator sifatli markaziy shahar manzillari, odatda, yosh kattalar va oilalar uchun ovqatlanish uchun mo'ljallangan yotoqxonalar va mehmonxonalar turar joylarining qiziqarli uyg'unligini ta'minlaydi.
Lager
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Germaniyada son-sanoqsiz lagerlar mavjud. Ular infratuzilma va standart jihatidan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. ADAC, Germaniya avtoulov klubi, ko'pgina nemis lager guruhlari uchun ajoyib qo'llanmani taqdim etadi. Agar siz o'zingizning milliy avtoulov klubingizga a'zo bo'lsangiz va ko'rsatmalar bepul yoki arzonlashtirilgan narxlarda bepul.
Ba'zi sayohatchilar o'zlarining chodirlarini qishloqning biron bir joyiga qo'yishgan. Germaniyada, agar siz er egasining ruxsati bo'lmasa, bu noqonuniy hisoblanadi (Meklenburg-Vorpommerndan tashqari). Amalda, ammo siz hech kim ehtiyotkor bo'lmasangiz, faqat bir kecha turing va axlatingizni olib keting. Ov joylari va harbiy amaliyot maydonchalari to'g'risida xabardor bo'ling, aks holda sizga o'q otish xavfi tug'ilishi mumkin.
O'rganing
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Germaniya universitetlari dunyoning eng yaxshilari bilan raqobatdosh. Umuman olganda, nemislar bir nemis universitetining boshqa universitet bilan taqqoslaganda sifati haqida ko'p o'ylamaydilar, lekin odatda davlatga qarashli bo'lganlar xususiy universitetlarga qaraganda, katta yoshdagilarga qaraganda kattaroq obro'li hisoblanadi. Federal hukumat tomonidan eng nufuzli universitetlarni qadrlash va ularga qo'shimcha mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha "Excellence tashabbusi" mavjud edi, ammo mablag' qat'iy ravishda ularning asosida berildi tadqiqot ularning emas o'qitish va ko'pincha bir nechta tanlangan bo'limlar bilan chegaralanadi. Germaniyadagi ingliz tilida so'zlashadiganlar orasida eng taniqli universitetlardan biri Geydelberg universiteti (Ruprext-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), bu Germaniyaning eng qadimgi universiteti.
Universitetlarning aksariyati davlatga tegishli bo'lganligi sababli, Germaniyada o'qish odatda juda arzon (50-700 evro / semestr), ammo Germaniyaning aksariyat qismida yashash narxi ancha yuqori ekanligini unutmang (masalan, Tubingen: bir xonali kvartiraning yashash xarajatlari uchun oyiga 350-400 evro atrofida ijara haqi) ijara asosiy omil bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Shu sababli, aksariyat talabalar kvartirada yashaydilar yoki yotoqxonada yashaydilar. Yotoqxonalar ham ko'pincha murojaat qiluvchilarning moliyaviy ahvolini ko'rib chiqadi va shunga qarab qaror qiladi.
Germaniya universitetlariga kirish Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bo'lsa-da, Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan mamlakatlarning bo'lajak talabalari byurokratik to'siqlarga duch kelishlari mumkin, masalan, ular o'zlarining xarajatlarini qoplashlari mumkinligi haqida dalil talab qilishlari kerak. Germaniya hukumati yosh malakali ishchilarga bo'lgan talab tufayli AQSh va Hindiston kabi chet ellik talabalarni rag'batlantiradi va ko'proq universitetlar ingliz tilida dars beradi. Chet elliklar uchun osonlikcha taqdim etiladigan stipendiyalar juda kam, "klassik" talaba kreditlari atipik va "duale Studiengänge" (bir vaqtning o'zida ishlash va o'qish professional va ilmiy darajaga ega) ish bilan taqqoslanadigan kirish darajasidan kam ish haqi to'laydi, ayniqsa jalb qilingan ish hajmi. Ko'plab universitetlar bir necha asrlar ilgari tashkil topgan va dastlab ular uchun qurilgan binolardan uzoq vaqtdan beri eskirib ketgan va shuning uchun izchil talabalar shaharchasiga ega bo'lish qoidalar o'rniga istisno hisoblanadi. Shunga qaramay, ko'plab universitetlar hech bo'lmaganda bir-biriga yaqin bo'lgan sohalarni bir-biriga yaqin tutishga harakat qilmoqdalar, ammo agar siz shaharning turli joylarida yoki hatto turli shaharlarda o'qitiladigan fanlarning kombinatsiyasini o'rgansangiz, siz biroz harakat qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi qatnov. Ba'zi universitetlar birlashish natijasidir va shuning uchun turli shaharlarda joylashgan joylar mavjud. Talabalar maslahatxonalari yoki universitet ma'muriyati ish soatlari g'alati bo'lishi mumkin yoki hatto semestrdan tashqari butunlay yopilishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, ular sizga boshqa biron bir idoraga borishingiz kerakligi haqida g'azab bilan aytishlari bejiz emas - ular sizga hech qanday zarar etkazmasliklarini anglatadi, ular haddan tashqari ko'p ishlaydilar va o'zlariga tegishli bo'lmagan narsalar bilan shug'ullanishni istamaydilar.
Agar ilgari Germaniya universitetlari tizimida ko'plab o'ziga xos qiziqishlar bo'lgan bo'lsa, "Bolonya jarayoni" jarayonida aksariyat fanlar Evropa Ittifoqi miqyosidagi "bakalavr / magistr" tizimida taklif etiladi, bu avvalgi tizimga qaraganda maktabga o'xshashdir. va soddalashtirilgan. Shunga qaramay, Germaniya universitetlarida ko'plab boshqa joylarga qaraganda ko'proq tashabbuskorlik kutilmoqda. Muammolarga yordam "avtomatik" emas va yangi kelganlar boshida o'zini biroz yolg'iz his qilishlari mumkin. "Fachhochschulen" (ko'pincha o'zlarini ingliz tilida "Amaliy fanlarning universitetlari" deb atashadi) asosan "amaliy" yoki "amaliy" sohalarga e'tibor berishadi va hatto maktabga o'xshashdir. Ilgari "FH" (nemischa qisqa shakli) universitetning "past" bahosi sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsa-da, ko'plab sohalarda bu tamg'a pasayib bormoqda.
- Germaniya akademik almashinuv xizmati
- Gyote instituti nemis tili kurslarini taklif etadi
Ish
Germaniyadagi rasmiy ishsizlik darajasi 2019 yil oktyabr oyiga kelib 4.8% atrofida va u erda bor to'g'ri malakaga yoki aloqaga ega bo'lganlar uchun ish joylari. Germaniyada ishlashni istagan Evropa Ittifoqi bo'lmagan chet elliklar tegishli ruxsatnomalarni olishlariga ishonch hosil qilishlari kerak. Ushbu ruxsatnomalarni olish aniq Germaniya byurokratiyasi bilan, ayniqsa, Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan fuqarolar bilan uzaytirilgan munosabatlarni anglatishi mumkin va shuning uchun sayohat byudjetiga yordam berishning amaliy usuli bo'lmasligi mumkin.
Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan talabalarga yashash uchun ruxsatnoma asosida ishlashga ruxsat beriladi, ammo maxsus ruxsatisiz yiliga 120 to'liq (to'rt soatdan ortiq ishlagan) kun yoki 240 yarim kun (4 soatgacha ishlagan) kunlik cheklov mavjud. O'z universiteti orqali ishlash uchun maxsus ruxsatnoma talab qilinmaydi.
Evropa Ittifoqiga kirmagan ayrim mamlakatlarning fuqarolari (Avstraliya, Kanada, Yaponiya, Isroil, Yangi Zelandiya, Janubiy Koreya va AQSh) Germaniyada 90 kunlik vizasiz qolish vaqtida ishlash uchun ruxsatnoma bilan rezident maqomini olishlari mumkin; ammo, ular vizasiz / avtorizasiz ishlashlari mumkin. Boshqa fuqarolar mamlakatga kirishdan oldin ishchi vizasini talab qiladilar, ular kirgandan keyin yashash guvohnomasiga almashtirishlari kerak. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun yuqoridagi "Kirish" bo'limining "Kirish talablari" kichik bo'limiga qarang. Noma'lum ish Germaniya mehmondo'stligi va turizm sanoatida keng tarqalgan (Germaniya yalpi ichki mahsulotining 4,1%) va deyarli nemis tilidan qochishning yagona usuli rasmiyatchilik. Ammo qo'lga tushish qamoqdagi vaqtni anglatishi mumkin va siz ish beruvchingiz oldida deyarli qonuniy ishlaganingiz kabi javobgarsiz.
Agar siz Germaniyada uzoq vaqt qolishni istasangiz, lekin nemis tilini bilmasangiz, sizning eng yaxshi garovlaringiz bank, turizm yoki yuqori texnologiyalar sohasidagi yirik transmilliy kompaniyalardir. Frankfurt, Shtutgart, Myunxen va albatta Gamburg va Berlin ehtimol qidirishni boshlash uchun eng yaxshi joylardir. Odatda nemis tilini yaxshi bilish kutiladi, lekin har doim ham bu shart emas. O'z mamlakatlarida sertifikatlangan o'qituvchilar bo'lgan ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar Amerika yoki Buyuk Britaniyaning xalqaro maktablarida ishlashni ta'minlashlari mumkin. Ushbu malakasiz ingliz tilini o'qitish Germaniyada foydali emas. Agar siz boshqa tillarni yaxshi bilsangiz (tarjixon ispan yoki frantsuz tillarida) xususiy asosda o'qitish (qo'shimcha) daromad manbai bo'lishi mumkin.
Qushqo'nmas mavsumida (apreldan iyungacha) fermerlar odatda vaqtinchalik ishchilarni qidirmoqdalar, ammo bu haqiqatan ham mashaqqatli mehnat va baxtsiz ish haqini anglatadi. Ushbu ish joylarining asosiy afzalligi shundaki, nemis tilini bilish shart emas.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Germaniya juda xavfsiz mamlakat. Jinoyatchilik darajasi past va qonun ustuvorligi qat'iy ijro etiladi.
Zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq jinoyatlar (qotillik, talonchilik, zo'rlash, tajovuz) aksariyat mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslaganda juda kam uchraydi. Masalan, 2010 yilda qotillik darajasi 100000 kishiga 0,86 ta holatni tashkil etdi - bu Buyuk Britaniya (1,17), Avstraliya (1,20), Frantsiya (1,31), Kanada (1,81) va AQSh (5,0) bilan taqqoslaganda ancha past - va ular kamayishda davom etmoqda. Cho'ntaklar ba'zan katta shaharlarda yoki olomon ko'p bo'lgan tadbirlarda muammo bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi yirik shaharlarda tilanchilik qilish odatiy hol emas, lekin boshqa ko'pgina yirik shaharlardagidan kattaroqdir va siz kamdan-kam hollarda tajovuzkor tilanchilarga duch kelasiz.
Agar siz Berlin yoki Gamburg (Schanzenviertel) ning ba'zi joylarida 1 may atrofida yashasangiz (Tag der Arbeit) politsiya va namoyishchilarning ozchilik qismi o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvlarga tez-tez nasib bo'ladigan namoyishni kutish.
Oddiy ehtiyot choralarini ko'ring, ehtimol siz Germaniyada bo'lganingizda hech qanday jinoyatga duch kelmaysiz.
Favqulodda vaziyatlar
Politsiya, yong'in va qutqaruv xizmatlari uchun mamlakat bo'ylab favqulodda vaziyat raqamlari 112 (barcha Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlaridagi kabi) yoki 110 faqat politsiya uchun. Ushbu raqamlarni istalgan telefondan, shu jumladan telefon kabinalari va mobil telefonlardan bepul terish mumkin (SIM-karta talab qilinadi). Agar siz favqulodda vaziyat haqida xabar bersangiz, odatdagi ko'rsatmalar amal qiladi: xotirjam bo'ling va o'zingizning aniq manzilingizni, favqulodda vaziyat turi va ishtirok etganlar sonini aniqlang. Operator barcha kerakli ma'lumotlarni olmaguncha va qo'ng'iroqni tugatmaguncha telefoningizni o'chirmang.
Asosiy magistral yo'llar bo'ylab to'q sariq rangli shoshilinch telefonlar mavjud. Siz eng yaqin SOS-telefonni yo'l chetidagi aks ettirish ustunlaridagi o'qlar orqali topishingiz mumkin.
Tez yordam mashinalari (Rettungswagen) milliy bepul favqulodda raqam orqali chaqirilishi mumkin 112 va sug'urta masalalaridan qat'i nazar, sizga yordam beradi. Eng kichkina xususiy shifoxonalardan tashqari barcha shifoxonalarda (Krankenhäuser) har xil tibbiy muammolarni engishga qodir 24 soatlik favqulodda yordam xonalari mavjud.
Irqchilik
Chet ellik mehmonlarning aksariyati Germaniyada ochiq irqiy kamsitish yoki irqchilik masalalari bilan hech qachon shug'ullanmaydi. Germaniyaning yirik shaharlari juda kosmopolit va ko'p millatli bo'lib, barcha qit'alar va dinlarga mansub odamlarning katta jamoalari mavjud. Nemislar fashistlar davridagi tarixiy yukni juda yaxshi bilishadi va uyaladilar va odatda chet elliklar bilan aloqada ochiq fikrli va bag'rikengdirlar. Oq tanli bo'lmagan mehmonlar vaqti-vaqti bilan ehtiyotkorlik bilan qarashlari mumkin, ammo aksariyat aholisi oq tanli boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda.
Ushbu umumiy holat Sharqiy Germaniyaning asosan qishloq joylarida (ishsizlik darajasi yuqori bo'lgan va "Plattenbau" mahallalari yuqori bo'lgan ba'zi shaharlarning chekkalarini ham o'z ichiga olgan) turli xil bo'lishi mumkin. Irqchilik xatti-harakatlari bir necha zo'ravonlik hodisalari bilan sodir bo'lishi mumkin. Ularning aksariyati tunda mast bo'lgan "neo-natsistlar" guruhi yoki ba'zi migrant guruhlar shahar markazida yoki jamoat transporti yaqinida muammolarni (va yolg'iz qurbonlarni) qidirishi mumkin bo'lgan paytda sodir bo'ladi. Bu, shuningdek, chet ellik mehmonlar, uysizlar, g'arbiy germaniyaliklar va panks, gotlar va boshqalar kabi muqobil ko'rinishga ega odamlarga ta'sir qilishi mumkin.
Ochiq antisemitizmni ommaviy namoyish qilish juda ko'p qo'llaniladigan qonunlar tomonidan qat'iyan man etiladi. The Hitler salute and the Nazi Swastika (but not religious Swastikas) are banned, as is the public denial of the Holocaust. Violations of these laws against racism are not taken lightly by the authorities, even when made in jest. You should also avoid displaying a Swastika even for religious reasons.
Politsiya
Nemis Politsiya (German: Polizei) officers are always helpful, professional and trustworthy, but tend to be rather strict in enforcing the law, which means that one should not expect that exceptions are made for tourists. When dealing with police you should remain calm, courteous and avoid getting into confrontations. Most police officers should understand at least basic English or have colleagues who do.
Police uniforms and cars are green or blue. Green used to be the standard, but most states and the federal police have transitioned to blue uniforms and cars to comply with the EU standard.
Police officers are employed by the states except in airports, train stations, border crossings etc. which are controlled by the federal police (Bundespolizei). In mid-sized towns and big cities, local police (called Stadtpolizei, kommunale Polizeibehörde or Ordnungsamt) have some limited law enforcement rights and are in general responsible for traffic issues. States have a pretty big leeway when it comes to police and their tactics and as most police are state police, there is a marked difference between left wing city states like Berlin and conservative Southern states like Bavaria. As a broad generalization, police in the North tend to be more hands-off and tolerant of minor misbehavior while police in the South show more presence and are stricter about the rules, but you may get fined for jaywalking in Berlin just as well. The only major cases of police using violence on citizens (or vice versa) happen during demonstrations and soccer games, but you will notice that by the riot gear and mounted police patrolling in seemingly vastly excessive numbers. It's not advisable to talk to police during political demonstrations or soccer matches as they might construct a case of "Landfriedensbruch" (disturbing the peace) during such events on pretty flimsy grounds, sometimes misrepresenting what you said. Police are armed but will hardly ever use their weapons and never on unarmed people. As firearms are hard to get and a permit to carry one in public is virtually unheard of, police usually do not think anybody is armed unless the suspect brandishes a weapon and are thus unlikely to shoot somebody reaching in their pocket or the likes.
If you get arrested, you have the right to have an attorney. Foreign nationals also have the right to contact their respective embassy for assistance. You are never obliged to make a statement that would incriminate yourself (or someone related to you by blood or marriage) and you have the right to remain silent. Wait until your attorney arrives and talk to your attorney first. If you do not have a lawyer then you can call your embassy or else the local justice official will appoint an attorney for you (if the alleged crime is serious enough).
If you are a victim of a crime (for example robbery, assault or theft in public) and wave an oncoming patrol car or officer, it is not uncommon that the officers will (sometimes very harshly: "Einsteigen") command you to enter the back seat of the police cruiser. This is an action to start an instant manhunt to identify and arrest the suspect. In this case remember that you are not under arrest but to help the officers to enforce the law and maybe get back your property.
German police do have ranks but are not that keen about them; many Germans won't know the proper terms. Do not try to determine seniority by counting the stars on the officers shoulders in order to choose the officer you will address, since such behaviour can be considered disrespectful. Talk to any officer and they will answer your questions or redirect you to the officer in charge.
Prostitution
Prostitution is legal and regulated in Germany.
All larger cities have a red light district with licensed bars, go-gos and escort services. Tabloids are full of ads and the internet is the main contact base. Brothels are not necessarily easily spotted from the streets (outside of redlight districts) to avoid legal action by neighbours. Places best known for their redlight activities are Gamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt va Kyoln.
Recreational vehicles parked by the roadside in forests along Bundesstraßen (German for "federal highway"), with a red light in the front window and perhaps a lightly dressed woman on the passenger's seat, are most likely prostitutes soliciting customers.
Due to Germany's proximity to Eastern Europe, several cases of human trafficking and illegal immigration have taken place. Police regularly raid brothels to keep this business within its legal boundaries, and check the identity documents of workers and patrons alike.
Drugs
Alcohol may be purchased by persons 16 years and older. However, distilled beverages and mixed drinks with those (including the popular 'Alcopops') are available only at 18. It is not technically illegal for younger people to drink, but it is illegal to allow them to drink on premises. Youth 14 years and older are allowed to drink fermented beverages in the presence and with the allowance of their legal guardian. If the police notices underage drinking, they may pick the person up, confiscate the drinks and send the person home in the presence of an officer.
Smoking in public is allowed starting at age 18. Vending machines for cigarettes require a valid "proof of age", which in practice means that you need a German bank card or a (European) driving license to use them.
The situation on marijuana can be confusing. The Constitutional Court ruled that possession for "personal use", though still illegal, should not be prosecuted. Germany is a federal state; therefore the interpretation of this ruling is up to the state authorities. In fact charges are sometimes pressed even for tiny amounts, which will cause you a lot of trouble regardless of the outcome. As a general rule the northern states tend to be more liberal while in the south (especially Bavaria), even negligible amounts are considered illegal. The customs officials are also aware of the fact that you can legally buy marijuana in the Netherlands and therefore set up regular border controls (also inside trains), as importation of marijuana is strictly prohibited.
Even if you get off the charges, the authorities may cause different problems, like revoking your drivers license and if you have more than a few grams, you will be prosecuted in any case. Drugs will be confiscated in all cases.
All other recreational drugs (like ecstasy) are illegal and possession will lead to prosecution and at least a police record.
Crimes with date-rape drugs have been committed, so as anywhere else in the world be careful with open drinks.
Weapons
Some types of pichoqlar are illegal in Germany: this concerns mostly some types of spring knives, "butterfly" knives, knuckle knives and the like — possessing such knives is an offense. Knives that are intended as weapons are restricted to persons over 18. Furthermore, nunchakus, even soft-nunchakus, are illegal in Germany.
It is illegal to carry any type of "dangerous knife" on your person in public unless you have a valid reason to do so. For example, if you are out fishing you are still entitled to carry a fishing knife. "Dangerous" knives are generally those with a blade length exceeding 12 cm and locking "one-handed" folding knives.
Carrying any knife beyond a pocket knife (typically Swiss army knives) without any professional reasons (carpenter, etc.) is seen as very rude and unacceptable in Germany. Germans consider any non-professional used knives as signs of aggression and do not accept this behaviour. Flashing a knife (even folded) may cause bystanders to call the police, who will be very serious in handling the upcoming situation.
Firearms are strictly controlled. It is practically impossible to legally carry a gun in public unless you are a law enforcement officer. "Fake" firearms may not be carried in public if they resemble real guns. CO2 and air guns are relatively easy to acquire. If the police find any kind of weapon or firearm on you, you will appear highly suspicious.
Bow and arrow do not legally count as weapons while crossbows do, but you're certain to get stopped by police openly carrying either. Hunting is only legal with firearms or employing birds of prey and requires a license with rather strict requirements for environmental and animal welfare reasons.
Fireworks
Avoid bringing any fireworks into Germany, especially from outside the EU. Even bringing those can be an offence. Fireworks are traditionally used on New Year's Eve. Most "proper" fireworks (marked as "Klasse II") will be available at only the end of the year; they may be used by persons only over 18 on December 31 and January 1. Really small items (marked as "Klasse I") may be used around the year by anyone.
Baliq ovlash
Baliq ovlash laws differ a lot from state to state. Obtaining a fishing license for Germans and foreigners has become a highly bureaucratic process due to animal protection laws.
Gay and lesbian travellers
Germany is in general very tolerant of homosexuality. Nevertheless, like in every country some individuals still may disapprove and some areas are more accepting than others, so use common sense and be geared to the behaviour of the locals around you. In small towns and in the countryside, open displays of homosexuality should be limited.
The attitude towards gays and lesbians is rather tolerant, with openly gay politicians and celebrities being considered increasingly normal. While some, especially the elderly, Germans inwardly still don't approve of homosexuality or bisexuality, they usually suppress open utterances of homophobia. Therefore, in most cases, display of homosexuality (holding hands or kissing) will at most provoke stares or sometimes comments by children or elderly people.
Sog'lom bo'ling
Sanitary and medical facilities in Germany are excellent. The phone book lists telephone numbers for various medical services, many hotlines and services exist that are open during "off hours". See the section Medical Emergencies above if you are in an emergency
Health care
If you have an non-urgent medical problem, you may choose from any local doctor. The German health system allows specialists to run their own surgery so you will usually be able to find every discipline from Dentistry to Neurology on duty within reasonable reach. In remote regions finding a doctor might require a ride to the next town but the German infrastructure allows fast connections. GPs/family doctors will usually describe themselves as "Allgemeinmediziner" – meaning "general medical doctor".
Pharmacies are called "Apotheke" and are marked by a big, red "A" symbol. At least one pharmacy in the area will be open at all times (usually a different one every day), and all pharmacies will post the name and address of the pharmacy-on-duty in the window. Some medication that is sometimes freely available in other countries (e.g. antibiotics) needs a prescription in Germany, so you may want to check before your journey. The staff of an Apotheke is well-trained, and it is mandatory to have at least one person with a university degree in pharmaceutics available in every Apotheke during opening hours. A German pharmacist is able to offer advice on medications. The apotheke is also where you go to get common over-the-counter medications such as aspirin, antacids, and cough syrup. Don't be misled by the appearance of "drug" in the name of a drogeriekonzern, such as the large dm-drogerie markt chain: "drug stores" in Germany sell everything except drugs.
In Germany pharmaceuticals tend to be expensive, so it might be wise to ask the pharmacist for "Generika" (generic drugs): A "Generikum" is virtually the same substance and dose, often even produced by the same pharmaceutical trust, just lacking the well-known brand name and being considerably cheaper. As the brand names for even common substances can vary a lot between countries as well as brands try to know the scientific name of the substance you need as they will be printed on the package and trained pharmaceutical professionals will know them.
Health insurance
EU citizens that are members of any public health insurance can get a European Health Insurance Card. The card is issued by your insurance provider and lets you use the public health care system in any EU country, including Germany.
If you're from outside the EU, or if you have a private health insurance, check if your insurance is valid in Germany. If not, get a travel health insurance for the trip – German health care is expensive.
Foreign insurance, even if it covers travel abroad, may not be accepted by local hospitals.
In any somewhat urgent case you will be treated first and asked for insurance or presented a bill later.
Drinking water
Müslüm suvi (Leitungswasser) is of excellent quality, and can be consumed with little concern. Exceptions are labeled ("Kein Trinkwasser", no drinking water) and can for example be found on fountains and in trains. In restaurants and cafes you will often have to specifically request 'Leitungswasser' since it is not generally assumed.
Many Germans tend to avoid drinking tap water and prefer bottled water (still or sparkling), in the erroneous belief that tap water is somehow of inferior quality. Atama Leitungswasser actually means 'plumbing water' which also doesn't actually sound too enticing. As a matter of fact, tap water is sometimes of even better quality than bottled water and unlike in e.g. the US there is no chlorine taste to it whatsoever. However, on some areas there is a taste difference for particularly sensitive palate due to the different mineral composition. Be aware however that some regions tap water have nitrate content above WHO levels and should not be drunk by women in early stages of pregnancy for any prolonged period.
Many Germans prefer sparkling (carbonated) water. Sparkling water is sold in any store that sells beverages and prices range from inexpensive 19-cent bottles (1.5 L) of "no-name" brands to several euros for fancy "premium" brands.
Most people buy bottled water in crates of 12 glass bottles or packs of 6 plastic bottles. Both the bottles and crates include a returnable deposit (Pfand). While the deposits for reusable plastic (15 cents) or glass bottles (8 cents) are relatively low, the deposit for disposable plastic bottles (marked by a special symbol on the side of the bottle) is relatively high at 25 cents and may be higher than the price of the water itself. Bottled water is usually sold carbonated (sparkling), although regular water (stilles Wasser) is also widely available and slowly gaining popularity among Germans. Sparkling water is usually sold in supermarkets in two degrees of sparkling: one with more CO2 (usually called spritzig or classic) and one with less CO2 (usually called medium).
Most springs and many public restrooms (e.g. on planes or trains) use non-potable water that has to be clearly marked by the words "kein Trinkwasser" or a symbol showing a glass of water with a diagonal line through it. If there is no such sign and the surroundings don't indicate otherwise it is safe to assume that the water is safe for human consumption.
Suzish
Many lakes and rivers, as well as both the North Sea and Baltic Sea are generally safe for swimming. Nevertheless, while there may be no life-threatening pollutants in most bodies of water, you would do very well to inform yourself about local regulations. If you intend to swim in a large river, at best do so only on official bathing locations. Keep away from structures (power plants might cause streams you don't see from the surface) in the river or reaching from the shore into the river, also keep out of the path of ships. Both structures and ships, even if they look harmless or far away, may create major sucks underwater. Take particular care of children.
If you intend to swim in the North Sea you should inform yourselves about the tide schedules and weather conditions – getting caught in a tide can be fatal, getting lost in the mist, too. Piyoda yurish Wattenmeer without a local guide is extremely dangerous. In the Baltic Sea, on the other hand, there are virtually no tides.
Diseases
You should be aware of rabies (Tollwut) which has been a problem in some areas in the past, even though the authorities take it very seriously. If you go hiking or camping then be careful around wild animals such as foxes and bats.
The biggest risks hikers and campers face are two diseases transmitted by ticks. In some parts of Germany there is a (low) risk of contracting tick-borne encephalitis; vaccination is advised if you plan out-door activities in high-risk areas. The risk of Lyme disease is higher and vaccination is not available. Therefore, you should try to prevent tick-bites by wearing long trousers and appropriate shoes. Chemical repellents can also be effective. You should also check for ticks afterwards since the risk of transmission is lower if the tick is removed early. The safest way to remove a tick is by using a credit card sized device called a "Zeckenkarte" (tick card), which you can get at most pharmacies. Other methods (fingers, using glue, etc.) might lead to the tick injecting even more infectious material into the wound. If in any doubt consult a doctor.
Natural dangers
Today, wild animals, although they abound, are mostly very shy, so you might not get to see many. When a few wolves in Saxony and Pomerania and a bear in Bavaria have been sighted, their immigration from Eastern Europe caused quite a stir. In the course of events, "Bruno" (the bear) was shot, and while the wolves are under heavy protection, local hunters have been suspected of killing them illegally. The most dangerous animal in Germany's forests is by far the wild boar; in particular, sows leading young are nothing to joke about. Wild boar are used to humans, since they often plunder trash cans in villages and suburbs, and their teeth can rip big wounds. If you see one, slowly walk into the opposite direction while still facing the animal. Also the poisonous crossed viper can pose a threat (in the Alpine region and natural reserves), though they are rare - don't provoke them.
Toilets
It can be surprisingly hard to locate a public toilet when needed. They are usually indicated by the letters WC, pictograms or the letter "H" (Herren; gentlemen) or "D" (Damen, ladies). Public toilets are rarely free. Sometimes you have to be a customer at the place they're attached to, sometimes there's an attendant and a "tip plate" to guilt trip you into paying money that may or may not be handed on to cleaning personnel. But one of the more common ways they charge you is the Sanifair system whereby you pay an amount of money and get a voucher for a lower amount of money (75 cents pay, 50 cents value) that you are able to cash in for goods at the adjacent (and other) stores, often subject to a bunch of conditions. Thankfully toilets in trains air-planes and buses are still free, but patrons often leave them in a disgusting state and sadly there isn't always someone around who can clean them. Fast food outlets and hotel receptions are usually a good option, fuel stations will usually provide facilities on request of a key. Shopping centres (Globus, Kaufland, Real, MediaMarkt etc) or hardware stores (Bauhaus,, Hagebau, Hela, Hornbach, Obi etc.) also have customer toilets, which can mostly be used free of charge. Aldi, Lidl or Netto mostly have no customer toilets.
Smoking and vaping
Individual Bundeslender started banning smoking in public places and other areas in early 2007, however the laws vary from state to state. Smoking is generally banned in all restaurants and cafes. Some places may provide separate smoking areas but it is best to enquire when booking. Smokers should be prepared to step outside if they want to light up. The only three states with a strict non-smoking law without exceptions are Bavariya, Saarland va Shimoliy Reyn-Vestfaliya. Smoking is banned on all forms of public transport including on railway platforms (except in designated smoking areas, which are clearly marked with the word Raucherbereich [smoking area]). The laws are strictly enforced.
In restaurants it is widely accepted for customers to leave their table without paying the bill to go for a smoke and return later. If you are alone, tell the staff that you are going outside to smoke, and if you have a bag or coat, leave it there.
Supermarkets sell cigarettes, but they are usually encased in a special section adjacent to the cashier, where you must ask if you want to get one. Vending machines can also be found near bus stops, but you must insert a German ID card before using it. One pack of 20 cigarettes would usually cost €5-€7,50. Cheaper alternatives are roll-your-own tobacco, yet these cannot be bought in vending machines.
Vaping is also upcoming in Germany, more in the urban areas than the country sides. In nearly every city you can find a Dampfershop [vaping store] where you can get hardware or liquid, with or without Nicotine, €3-6 per 10ml. If you stay longer buy base and aroma separate and mix by yourself, it is much cheaper. Bringing large liquid bottles with Nicotine into Germany, in particular with more than 20 mg/ml and from outside the EU, can be illegal. To be safe carry only your needs for few days. The law say vaping is not smoking and so it is not affected by the non-smoking law, but most people do not know this. So if you like to be kind and safe do it like smoking and accept the common no-smoking rules too. Deutsche Bahn and other state-level public transport companies do not allow vaping on stations (except in the smoking areas), nor on their public transport.
Hurmat
Madaniyat
The Germans have earned themselves a reputation for being stiff and strict with rules but also hard working and efficient. If you are caught breaking the rules, this will be readily pointed out to you by someone. The main exception in Germany seems to be speed limits. A quintessentially German action is waiting at a red traffic light at 2 AM with all streets empty.
More importantly, the German sense of "politeness" differs significantly from the Anglo-American concept of courteous remarks, small talk and political correctness. Germans highly value honesty, straight talking, being able to cope with criticism and generally not wasting other people's time. For instance, while the answer to "How is your day?" is a standard pleasantry like "It's going very well." in the Anglosphere, Germans will feel obliged to answer the question honestly when asked. Consequently, business meetings tend to lack the introductory chit-chat.
Titles (such as Dr., Prof. etc.) tend to be more used in the south than in the north. One would not blame you to leave them away. Some colleagues that have worked together for many years still call each by their surname. When a German introduces himself to you, he/she will often simply state their surname, prompting you to call them "Mr/Mrs...". Germans would not expect you to use the German words "Herr" (man) and "Frau" (woman) when speaking in English. The title "Fräulein" for an unmarried woman is considered nowadays to be dated or even sexist, so just stick to "Frau".
Using first names immediately is most likely seen as derogatory, depending on the situation. Of course, there are differences between the young and older people. You should consider the use of the surname and the formal Sie as a sign of friendly respect. If you have a drink together, you may be offered the non-formal Du and to call your colleague by their first name, you can also offer it. However it might be seen as a faux-pas to do so if you are clearly younger or "lower-ranking". Start-up culture usually values informality and will address every employee with Du and there are a few organizations in which members have been addressing each other with Du since the 19th century, including leftist parties like the SPD, railroaders or the Scouting movement. Still, being too formal by using "Sie" is virtually always the "safer" option and saying "Du" to a police officer on duty can even get you fined.
The German word Freund actually means close friend, or "boyfriend". Someone you may have known for a few years may still not refer to you as a Freund but rather Bekannter (an acquaintance).
There is also a strong desire to achieve mutual agreement and compromise. As for the infamous efficiency: Germans are the world's leading recreationists (at an average of 30 days of paid leave per year, not counting public holidays), while maintaining one of the highest productivity rates on earth. A late-running train is considered a sign of the degradation of society.
Despite popular belief, the Germans do have a sense of humour although it is often expressed differently than it is in English-speaking countries. If you are around people, you get to know well that sarcasm and irony are very common kinds of humour. Puns are popular too, just like in anglophone countries. However, humor is not the default approach to the world (unlike in - say - England) and therefore a quip in the wrong situation may draw blank stares or disapproval or simply not be understood as a joke.
Punctuality
In official contexts (when conducting business) punctuality is seen not as a courtesy but as a precondition for future relations. As in most countries, you are expected to arrive on time at a business meeting unless you can give a good reason in your defense (i.e. being stuck in unforeseeable heavy traffic). It is seen as a courtesy to call the other participants if you seem to be running late, even if there is still a chance that you will arrive on time. Regular delays are seen as disrespect for the other participants. Biroq, such German punctuality doesn't apply on German railway.
For personal relations, importance attached to punctuality may differ from individual to individual. It is still always safer to be punctual than late, but the subject may be a negotiable matter: if unsure just ask 'is punctuality important to you?'. Punctuality also depends on the milieu, in a collegiate environment, for example, it is taken much less seriously. For private invitations to a home, it may even be considered more polite to be 5–15 minutes late as to not embarrass the host in case not everything has been prepared.
Behaving in public
Germany, especially urban Germany, is rather tolerant and your common sense should be sufficient to keep you out of trouble.
Drinking alcohol in public is not forbidden and is even a common sight in the far west (Cologne and the Rhine-Ruhr Area). In some larger cities (such as Cologne), there are local laws that in theory make drinking alcohol in public a misdemeanour punishable with a fine of tens of euros; these laws are rarely enforced against tourists, except in cases when drinking leads to rowdy behaviour. Such laws have also been successfully challenged in court in several places. Behaving aggressively or disturbing the peace will earn you a conversation with German police officers and possibly a fine or an order to leave, regardless of whether you're drunk or stone-cold sober.
Be particularly careful to behave respectfully in places of worship and places that carry the dignity of the state, such as the numerous war and holocaust memorials, parliaments and other historical sites. Some such sites will post Hausordnung (house rules) that prohibit disrespectful or disruptive behaviors. These rules may range from common-sense prohibitions against taking pictures during religious ceremonies to things that may seem strange to you, like prohibiting men from keeping their hands in their pockets. You should keep an eye out for these signs and obey the posted rules. Another very common sight is a sign that says Eltern haften für ihre Kinder (parents are liable for their children). This is a reminder that German people believe both that children should be children, and also that parents should supervise them, so that no one gets hurt and nothing gets broken. If your child is being rowdy and accidentally spills or breaks something in a store, you can generally expect to pay for it.
Insulting other people is prohibited by German law and, if prosecuted, can result in jail time and a heavy fine. It is unusual that charges are brought, but exercise common sense in all cases. Insulting a police officer will always lead to charges though.
On German beaches, it's generally all right for women to bathe topless. Full nudity is tolerated on most beaches, although not a frequent sight outside of the numerous nudist areas (labeled "FKK" or "Freikörperkultur", literally free body culture). These are especially common at the East German Baltic Sea coastline, due to the high popularity of nudism in the former GDR. It's also possible to spot nudists in Berlin's public parks and in Munich's "English Garden". In most saunas, nudity is compulsory and mixed sessions are common practice. One day of the week is usually only for women.
Being a guest
In general, Germans will only invite you to their home if they expect you to take them up on the offer. The "Yeah let's hang out sometime" that Americans sometimes use as a piece of meaningless conversation fluff will not be understood by Germans. While Germans value hospitality ("Gastfreundschaft", literally "guest friendliness") they themselves see their culture of hospitality as weaker than that of - say - the Arab world. When invited it is certainly courteous to bring a small gift. Consumable gifts are usually prepared as many Germans dislike filling their home with trinkets they don't know what to do with. If the invitation is one where the consumption of alcohol can be expected, bringing a bottle of wine or spirit can be a good gift and if you are invited by younger people for a party you can also bring a crate of beer - though preferably of a smaller independent and more upmarket brand. If you can gift something connected to your place of origin, all the better - a treat from abroad will virtually always arise the curiosity of your hosts. Germans like to keep their home neat and tidy and will likely "apologise for the mess" even if there isn't any. This entails that you usually should leave your shoes at the entrance - when in doubt, just ask. Most hosts will provide you with Hausschuhe (literally "house shoes") to be worn inside. When you are invited to a German's home, you can expect to have some sort of food or drink. Should you have any allergies, religious dietary restriction or be a vegan or vegetarian, you should make that clear ahead of time, to avoid the mutual embarrassment of a menu being cooked for you which you can't or won't eat. "Kaffee und Kuchen" ("coffee and cake") is the quintessential German afternoon food and it is likely that any invitation during the afternoon for an informal gathering will entail that. If you don't drink coffee, it is usually possible to replace the coffee with cacao, though it may be seen as a bit odd if you are an adult.
Odamlar
Owing in part to the long era of numerous German petty states being de jure yoki amalda sovereign, Germany has strong regional identities and local patriotism that may refer to a city, a federal state or a region within a federal state or crossing state lines. While some state boundaries are drawn pretty arbitrarily, states are politically powerful and many have their own unique character. The rule of thumb is that wealth rises towards the south and west: While Baden-Vyurtemberg va Bavariya compete with Switzerland and Austria for quality of life, the economy of the eastern states is still lagging behind. A more liberal atmosphere is dominant as the traveller goes northward: Gamburg va Berlin have had homosexual mayors, bars and clubs are open all night and the density of young artists in Berlin Friedrichshain easily surpasses that of London, Paris or Manhattan. Northern Germany is in the same cultural sphere as the Netherlands and Scandinavia with even the food and architecture more pragmatic, simple and unrefined than in the south, where Catholicism has been predominant. Contrary to the general trend, Hamburg is the richest city in Germany (and one of the ten richest regions in Europe) even outpacing trendy Munich.
The Nazi era
In the late 19th Century, Germany was arguably one of the most enlightened societies in the world. As a mental exercise, try to think of five famous physicists, philosophers, composers or poets without mentioning a German name. This dignity and prestige faced a severe setback during the period of National Socialist rule under Hitler (1933-1945). Since then, the Third Reich has been a permanent scar on the German national identity, and is considered a blot on Germany's national honour and will remain so for a very long time. Every German pupil has to deal with it at about 5 times during his or her schooling, and is very likely to visit a concentration camp at least once (most such sites have been transformed into memorials). Not a single day passes without educational programmes on television and radio dealing with this period of time.
Growing up in Germany, whether in the GDR or West Germany, meant and still means growing up with this bitter heritage, and every German has developed her or his own way of dealing with the public guilt. For the traveller, this can mean confusion. You might come across people (especially young ones) eager to talk to you about Germany's troubled history, feeling the urge to convince you Germany has come a long way since then. Choose adequate places to talk about the issue and be polite about it. If you are visiting friends, you might find it hard to keep them from dragging you into a memorial.
Humour, even made innocently, is mutlaqo the wrong way of approaching the matter and is insulting. All Nazi-era slogans, symbols, and gestures are forbidden (except for educational purposes, and even these are regulated). Displaying them in public or spreading propaganda material is illegal. Foreigners are not exempt from these laws. Do not even think about jokingly giving a stiff arm Nazi (roman) salute! This is a punishable act according to the German Penal Code, §86a: displaying the symbols of anticonstitutional organisations. Usually you will face 'only' a fine, of like €500. If the authorities suspect you of having propagandistic intentions, they can put you in jail for up to three years! (Religious Swastikas are exempted from this rule, though you are still advised to avoid displaying the symbol so you do not cause any unintentional offence.)
The German national anthem is the third stanza of a traditional song from the 19th century, Lied der Deutschen, written to the melody of Joseph Haydn's Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser by one August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben on the island of Heligoland while the latter was under English control. The first stanza starts with Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles (Germany, Germany above everything). While this stanza is not forbidden, and even was officially a part of the national anthem during the Weimar Republic, do not quote or sing this stanza. Many people associate it with hyper-nationalism, and it will disgust them the same way as a Nazi slogan. Similarly, symbols of the 1871-1918 Kaiserreich like the Black-White-Red flag are not officially forbidden yet, but are these days virtually only used by the far right and will draw juda negative reactions. In 2020 there was a renewed debate about officially outlawing symbols of the Kaiserreich which however has not produced any concrete results as of October 2020.
Probably the best way to deal with the issue is to stay relaxed about it. If the people around you like to talk about German history then use the opportunity for a sincere, maybe even very personal conversation. If you want to steer clear of awkward moments, don't bring up the matter.
German Democratic Republic era
Compared to the Nazi era, Germans have a more open attitude to the postwar division of Germany into East and West. Communist symbols, GDR songs and other East-German related regalia are circulated freely (though uncommon in the western parts) and many are somewhat nostalgic about the country, hence the artistic and commercial movement "Ostalgie" (nostalgia for the East). Be careful when discussing the East German secret police (Stasi) since many people in the East were negatively affected by the control of all aspects of life by this organisation, that maintained an extensive network of informants throughout the country during the communist era. While the division is some time in the past now, there are still cultural remnants often referred to as the "mental wall" (Mauer in den Köpfen) and the last couple of years seem to have reinforced stereotypes between East and West if anything. More and more positive aspects of East German policies are openly discussed these days - be they the more extensive use of rail as a mode of transportation or the comparatively high gender equality of the East, but attitudes vary from person to person and generally follow the political spectrum - right wingers will be less inclined to see anything positive about the GDR.
Regional rivalries
Many Germans are fiercely attached to their region or even town and it is nothing out of the ordinary to hear people making disparaging remarks about a town a few miles over or even a different neighbourhood in large cities like Berlin. While the purported reasons for such rivalries vary, they're almost never as serious as they may appear. Some of those rivalries overlap with sports rivalries (mostly soccer), but even then they only get heated when a game is on or someone is wearing the uniform of a team involved. While saying positive things about the town or region you're in is always appreciated, you should tread more lightly with bashing other places, even if locals seem to be doing it constantly.
Traditionally, regional rivalries also extended to religion, with the north and east being predominantly Lutheran, and the south and west being predominantly Roman Catholic, however cuius regio eius religio and early modern splintering of territories ensured heavily Catholic areas could lie right next to heavily Lutheran or reformed areas. However, this has diminished significantly in modern times as Germany has transformed into a largely secular society, with regular churchgoers now being in the minority. Work migration and the influx of (post-) World War II refugees has also made erstwhile confessionally homogenous villages much more mixed. In general, people from formerly communist East Germany tend to be less religious than people from the West, due to the fact that religion was discouraged by the officially-atheist communist regime.
Ulanmoq
Telephone
The international calling code for Germany is 49, and the prefix for international calls is 00; the area code prefix is 0. Some number blocks are reserved for special use: Number starting with 010xx let you choose a different phone provider, 0800 and 00800 are toll-free numbers, 0180 are service numbers (which may or may not be more expensive than a local call). Avoid 0900 prefix numbers. These are for commercial services and usually incredibly expensive.
Landlines
German phone numbers are of the form 49 351 125-3456 where "49" is the country code for Germany, the next digits are the area code and the remaining digits are the "local" part of the subscriber number that can be called from within that particular area code using abbreviated dialing. Since there are no standard lengths for either geographic area codes or subscribers' numbers, the last part may be as short as two digits! The 5000-odd German area codes vary in length from 2 thru 5 digits. You need to dial "0" in front of the geographic area code from outside that particular area code (but when still within Germany).
Since the liberalisation of Germany's phone market, there are a multitude of phone providers on the market. If you're calling from a private landline phone, you can usually choose from the different providers (and thus from different pricing schemes) by using special prefix numbers (starting with 010xx) with prices of €0.01 or €0.02, sometimes below €0.01 even for international calls. There's a calculator on the net bu erda siz turli yo'nalishlar uchun narxlarni taqqoslashingiz mumkin. Odatda mehmonxonalar ma'lum bir telefon provayderi bilan shartnomalar tuzadi va boshqasidan foydalanishga ruxsat bermaydi. Mehmonxonalar tomonidan qabul qilinadigan telefon stavkalari hayratlanarli bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa, hashamatli mehmonxonalarda, bu erda restoranlarni bron qilish uchun besh daqiqali qo'ng'iroq 50 evroga teng bo'lishi mumkin. Hatto telefonni olishdan oldin tarif kartasini tekshirganingizga amin bo'ling.
Mobil
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropa Ittifoqi # Connect
Germaniyadagi mobil raqamlar har doim qaerdan chaqirilishidan qat'i nazar, barcha raqamlar bilan terilishi kerak (10-12 ta raqam, shu jumladan Germaniyada "1nn" qo'shimchasi qo'shilgan "0"). The 1nn "prefiks" emas, balki "mintaqa kodi", chunki bu kabi va ikkinchi va uchinchi raqamlar (the nn qismi), masalan, raqamlar ko'chirilishi hisobga olinmasdan oldin tayinlangan asl uyali aloqa tarmog'ini bildiradi 49 151-123-456.
Mobil telefon qamrovi uchta tarmoqda (Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone va O2) butun mamlakat bo'ylab juda yaxshi. UMTS (3G ma'lumotlar va HSDPA), LTE (4G) va EDGE ham mavjud. LTE hanuzgacha shahar hududlari bilan cheklangan. Barcha uyali aloqa operatorlari GSM texnologiyasidan foydalanadilar 900 va 1800 MGts chastota diapazonlari. Bu Qo'shma Shtatlarda qo'llaniladigan GSM 1900 standartidan farq qiladi, ammo zamonaviy "ko'p tarmoqli" telefonlar odatda barcha GSM tarmoqlarida ishlaydi. Germaniyada GSM bo'lmagan telefonlardan foydalanish mumkin emas. Agar sizda AQShdan GSM mobil telefoningiz bo'lsa, sayohatingizdan oldin AQShdagi provayderingizga qo'ng'iroq qilib, telefoningizni nemis SIM-kartasi bilan ishlatishingiz uchun ularni "qulfini ochib qo'ying". Nemis mobil telefon raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun to'lovni qo'ng'iroq qiluvchi to'laydi.
Agar siz uzoqroq vaqt tursangiz, uyali aloqa kompaniyalaridan biridan oldindan to'langan telefon kartasini sotib olishni o'ylab ko'ring; Deutsche Telekom (a da sotib olingan) ni topishda muammo bo'lmaydi Telekom do'koni), Vodafone yoki O2 har qanday yirik xarid qilish zonasida saqlang.
Mobil telefoniya hali ham mavjud nisbatan qimmat Germaniyada. Shartnomangizga qarab, Germaniyaning mobil va shahar telefonlariga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun sizdan daqiqasiga 0,10-0,39 evro miqdorida haq olinishi mumkin. Nemis mobil telefoningizdan nemis bo'lmagan telefon raqamlariga qo'ng'iroqlar (Germaniyada jismonan mavjud bo'lgan nemis bo'lmagan uyali telefonlarni ham o'z ichiga olgan holda), ko'rib chiqilayotgan mamlakatga va sizning rejangizga qarab daqiqada 1 dan 2 evrogacha turadi. Odatda, mobil telefonlar uchun T-Mobile va Vodafone yuqori sifatli xizmatni istaganlar uchun, ayniqsa shaharlar tashqarisida afzal qilingan tanlovdir. O2/ E-Plus narxlari pastroq. Agar siz mijozlarga ingliz tilida yordam berishni xohlasangiz, Vodafone sizning eng yaxshi variantlaringizdan biri bo'lishi mumkin.
Ko'pgina supermarketlar tarmoqlarida (masalan, Aldi, Lidl, Penny, Netto, Tchibo, Rewe, toom) siz sotib olishingiz mumkin oldindan to'lanadigan SIM-kartalar o'zlarining virtual provayderlaridan, garchi ularning tarmog'ini hali ham yirik 3 nemis aloqa operatorlari boshqaradi. Odatda ularni sotib olish ancha arzon (5–15 daqiqali efir vaqti bilan 10–20 evro) va milliy qo'ng'iroqlar uchun (0,09-0,19 evro / minut), lekin xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun (taxminan 1-2 € / min) qimmat, ammo kiruvchi qo'ng'iroqlar har doim bepul va SMS narxi 0,09-0,19 evro atrofida. Nemis SIM-kartasidan foydalangan holda xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar qimmatga tushishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, yaxshi tariflar bilan oldindan to'lanadigan ba'zi takliflar mavjud.
Lyca Mobile, Lebara va boshqalar kabi kompaniyalar asosan diaspora va immigratsion guruhlarga yo'naltirilgan xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar narxlarini (ba'zan Voice over IP xizmatlaridan arzonroq) etkazib berishga ixtisoslashgan.
Ammo, afsuski, jinoyatchilik yoki terrorizmda ishlatilayotgan mobil telefonlar bilan bog'liq paranoya shunchaki telefon yoki oldindan to'langan SIM-kartani sotib olib, qo'ng'iroq qilishni boshlashni tobora qiyinlashtirmoqda. Provayderga qarab siz kredit karta raqamini ko'rsatishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin, Post ID yoki video ID orqali o'zingizni aniqlang. Amalga oshiriladigan bo'lsa ham, ular har doim ham yashash huquqiga ega bo'lmagan chet elliklar uchun oson bo'ladigan tarzda ishlab chiqilmagan, ammo nazariy jihatdan haqiqiy identifikatsiyaga ega bo'lgan har bir kishi ushbu kartalarni sotib olishi mumkin va berilgan nemis manzili tizimda yozilishi shart emas. . Ya'ni, SIM-kartani ro'yxatdan o'tkazish xizmatlarini taqdim etadigan do'kondan SIM-kartani sotib olish va o'zingizning shaxsiy identifikatsiya kartangizni olib kelishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Shu bilan bir qatorda, agar sizda boshqa Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlarida joylashgan provayderning faol mobil telefon to'plami bo'lsa, odatda siz odatdagi ma'lumotlaringizdan (har oy Evropa Ittifoqi tomonidan tayinlangan ma'lumotlar chegarasi hisobga olingan holda), SMS va ichki qo'ng'iroqlar uchun to'lovlardan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Germaniyani ro'yxatdan o'tkazmasdan yoki qo'shimcha to'lovlarni talab qilmasdan (garchi nemis telefon raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qilish qo'shimcha xarajatlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lsa: provayderingiz bilan maslahatlashing).
Muqobil usullar
Nemislarning aksariyati mobil telefonlarga egalik qiladi (nemischada "Handys" deb nomlanadi, "hendy" deb talaffuz qilinadi); Buning zarari shundaki, bir marta keng tarqalgan telefon kabinalari temir yo'l stantsiyalari kabi "strategik" joylardan tashqari yo'q bo'lib keta boshladi. Ular, odatda, pushti ustki qismi va old tomoniga telefon biriktirilgan kumush ustundan iborat. Ba'zi joylarda hali sariq eshikli eshikdan va ichkaridan telefondan iborat eski versiyalar mavjud.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, siz ham sotib olishingiz mumkin oldindan to'langan telefon kartalari bepul raqamga qo'ng'iroq qilish orqali foydalanishingiz mumkin; Agar siz xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlarni amalga oshirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, bu juda yaxshi shartnoma. Kartalarning sifati va narxi juda farq qiladi, shuning uchun yaxshi maslahat berib bo'lmaydi.
In telefon do'konlari, yirik shaharlarda topishingiz mumkin bo'lgan xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlarni arzon narxlarda amalga oshirishingiz mumkin. Ushbu qo'ng'iroq do'konlari asosan shaharlarda ko'plab immigrantlar joylashgan bo'lib, xalqaro miqyosda qo'ng'iroq qilishning eng yaxshi variantidir. Chet elda qo'ng'iroqlarni taklif qilishdan tashqari, ular Germaniyaning istalgan telefonidan foydalanish uchun xalqaro qo'ng'iroq kartalarini sotadilar. Siz odatda ushbu do'konlarni derazalarini bezab turgan ko'plab bayroqlar orqali ko'rishingiz mumkin.
Internet
Wi-fi
Wi-Fi orqali Internetga kirish (shuningdek, odatda shunday deyiladi) WLAN) Germaniyada keng tarqalgan. Internet-kafelar do'konlar, restoranlar yoki kafelar tomonidan bepul Wi-Fi-ning keng tarqalgan takliflari tufayli kamroq tarqalgan bo'lib boshlandi. Ba'zan bu minimal iste'molni talab qiladi, lekin odatda bino ichida bepul. Telefon do'konlari ham tez-tez Internetga kirish imkoniyatini taqdim etadi. Quyidagi do'konlar Wi-Fi-ga bepul ulanish imkoniyatini beradi: Galeria Kaufhof, real (supermarket), REWE, IKEA, H&M, dm-Drogerie, Metro, McDonald's, Starbucks va Burger King.
Ko'pchilik mehmonxonalar mehmonlar uchun Internetga kirishni taklif eting, ammo tezligi cheklangan va multimediyaga boy sahifalarni / dasturlarni tezda ko'rish va ulardan foydalanish uchun etarli bo'lmasligi mumkin. Premium yuqori tezlikdagi Internet mavjud bo'lishi mumkin - ko'pincha yuqori narxlarda, shuning uchun foydalanishdan oldin mehmonxonangizga kirish va narxlarni tasdiqlang. Kichkina xususiy mehmonxonalar va arzonroq tarmoq mehmonxonalari tez-tez Wi-Fi-ni bepul taklif qilishadi (masalan, Motel One), nonushta bilan birga to'plam sifatida buyurtma berganingizda, katta tarmoqlar odatda juda katta narxlarni talab qiladi. Ularning tarkibiga a'zo bo'lish tavsiya etiladi sadoqat dasturi, chunki bu odatda sizga bepul Internetga kirish imkoniyatini beradi.
Bir nechta shaharlarda loyihalarni ta'minlash uchun mavjud bepul "jamoatchilik" faol nuqtalari simsiz tarmoq uchun. Masalan, "Freifunk" faol nuqtalari mahalliy jamoalar tomonidan bepul taqdim etiladi va ro'yxatdan o'tishni talab qilmaydi. freifunk-karte.de ushbu qaynoq nuqtalarning xaritasini ko'rsating.
Ba'zilarida yo'lovchilar uchun dam olish xonalari aeroportlar va markaziy temir yo'l stantsiyalari ham o'z mijozlariga Internetga ulanishni ta'minlaydi.
Ommaviy kutubxonalar tez-tez Internetga kirishni taklif qiladi, garchi bu odatda bepul emas. Kutubxonalar jamoatchilik uchun bepul. Kitobni uyga olib borish, arzon narxda mijoz kartasini olishni talab qilishi mumkin. Leypsig, Maynning Frankfurt va Berlindagi Milliy kutubxonaning filiallari bepul emas.
Germaniyaning aksariyat universitetlari qatnashadi eduram. Agar siz ishtirok etayotgan universitetning talabasi yoki xodimi bo'lsangiz, ushbu xizmat sizning simsiz tarmoqlariga mehmonlarga kirish huquqini taqdim etishi mumkin. Safaringizdan oldin tafsilotlar uchun o'zingizning universitetingiz bilan bog'laning.
Yoqilgan transport, mahalliy poezdlarning oz sonli (lekin o'sib borayotgan) sonida Wi-Fi mavjud (asosan, temir yo'l va davlat o'rtasida WiFi xizmatini subsidiyalashtirish smartfonlar davridan oldin tuzilgan shartnomalar tufayli har doim ham katta ustuvor vazifa sifatida qaralmagan). Shaharlararo poezdlarda har qanday WiFi mavjud emas, lekin deyarli barcha ICE poezdlarida ikkinchi va birinchi sinflarda bepul WiFi mavjud. Shaharlararo avtobuslar odatda WiFi bilan jihozlangan, lekin tarmoqli kengligi ko'pincha cheklangan va avtobuslarda oldindan e'lon qilinmasdan WiFi etishmasligi mumkin. Mahalliy avtobuslar tobora ko'proq WiFi bilan ta'minlanmoqda. WiFi tarmog'iga ulanish sizni biron bir ma'lumot yoki elektron pochta manzilini kiritishingiz yoki shartlarni qabul qilganingizni tasdiqlashingiz kerak bo'lgan ochilish sahifasiga qo'shib qo'yadiganlarning hammasi umumiydir. Oddiy mobil Internet tarmog'i orqali taqdim etilayotgan ushbu mobil nuqtalar tufayli, ular qishloq joylarida barqaror bo'lishga moyil emaslar yoki bir vaqtning o'zida ko'p odamlar ulardan foydalanayotgan bo'lsa, agar sizda ma'lumotlar rejasi mavjud bo'lsa, o'zingizning telefoningiz tezroq bo'lishi mumkin. transport usuli bilan ta'minlangan WiFi. Samolyotlarda WiFi, hatto ichki reyslarda ham juda kam uchraydi. Flixbus o'zlarining murabbiylik xizmatlarida bepul Wi-Fi (va odatda elektr rozetkalarini) taqdim etadi.
Mobil ma'lumotlar rejalari
Oldindan to'langan bir nechta SIM-kartalar Internetga bir oylik haq evaziga kirish imkoniyatini beradi, masalan Tchibo qahvaxonalarida (o2 tarmog'i, oyiga 10 evro 500 MB bilan cheklangan, 5 GB uchun oyiga 20 evro) yoki Aldi (E-Plus tarmog'i) ). Qo'ng'iroqlar va matnli xabarlar uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan oddiy O2 SIM-karta 15 evroni tashkil qiladi va yana 15 evro 1 oy davomida amal qiladigan 1 Gb ma'lumotlarni sotib oladi. Vodafone 25 evro evaziga oldindan to'langan SIM-kartani taqdim etadi, unga 22,5 evro kredit kiradi, shundan siz 2 kun davomida 15 evro evaziga 300 MB ma'lumot olishingiz va 7,5 evro kredit bilan qolishingiz mumkin.
Mualliflik huquqiga oid muammolar
Germaniyada mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan tarkibni fayllarni almashish va translyatsiya qilish taqiqlangan. Ixtisoslashgan yuridik firmalar buzg'unchilarni doimiy ravishda o'zlarining IP-raqamlari bo'yicha kuzatib boradilar va katta miqdordagi jarimalarni (bir necha ming evrogacha) undirmoqdalar, shuningdek, qonunbuzarga yana shunday qilishdan voz kechishi to'g'risida qonuniy hujjatlarni imzolashni so'rashmoqda. Agar siz mamlakatdan chiqib ketgan bo'lsangiz ham, siz foydalangan Internet-ulanishning ro'yxatdan o'tgan egasi jiddiy muammolarga duch kelishi mumkin. Bu, xususan, shaxsiy aloqalarga (do'stlar, oila va boshqalar) tegishli. O'zingiz va sizning xostlaringiz uchun Germaniyada bo'lganingizda qurilmalaringizdagi barcha fayllarni almashish dasturlari harakatsiz ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling, shuningdek, shubhasiz qonuniy bo'lmagan saytlardan kontentni uzatishni rad eting yoki VPN xizmatidan foydalaning.
Pochta xizmati
Deutsche Post, Germaniya qisman xususiylashtirilgan pochta xizmatini, shu jumladan bir qancha xalqaro kompaniyalarni boshqaradi DHL va boshqalar. 2020 yil avgust oyidan boshlab standart pochta kartasi Germaniya bo'ylab yuborish uchun 0,60 evro va boshqa hamma joylarga 0,95 evro turadi. Og'irligi 20 grammdan oshmaydigan standart xat Germaniyaga yuborish uchun 0,80 evro va boshqa hamma joylarga 1,10 evro turadi. 50 grammgacha bo'lgan xatlarning narxi 0,95 evro (Germaniya) yoki 1,70 evro (xalqaro).
Pochta markalari pochta bo'limlarida, ba'zan esa gazeta do'konlarida yoki postcartalarni sotadigan do'konlarda mavjud, garchi siz u erda sotib olgan postkartalarni hamrohlik qilish uchun faqat pochta markalarini sotadigan do'konlarni topishingiz mumkin. Pochta markali avtomatlar ko'p joylarda topiladi. Siz barcha nominaldagi markalarni 0,01 evrodan 36,75 evrogacha marka sotish avtomatlaridan zerikarli birlashtirilgan dizaynda sotib olishingiz mumkin, aksariyat boshqa savdo avtomatlaridan farqli o'laroq ular har bir tangani 1 sentdan 2 evrogacha qabul qilishadi, lekin o'zgartirish faqat markalarda berilgan. Ushbu "shtamplar" g'alati qiymatlarni ko'rsatishi mumkinligi sababli, sizda etarlicha kichik tanga borligiga ishonch hosil qiling.
Germaniyadagi xatlar asosan 1 kun ichida etkazib beriladi, bu Evropa uchun biroz ko'proq vaqtni beradi. Shimoliy Amerikaga pochta orqali xabar yuborish bir haftagacha davom etishi mumkin.
Xususiylashtirish jarayonida xizmat qisqartirildi. O'g'irlik darajasi oshgani sababli (ayniqsa, tashqi pochta orqali etkazib beruvchilar va pudratchilar tomonidan) har qanday xalqaro etkazib berish, ayniqsa, kelib tushadigan, agar ular qimmat bo'lsa, sug'urta qilinishi kerak. Oddiy qiymatdagi shaxsiy sovg'alar odatda yaxshi bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa-da, Germaniya Bojxona xizmati Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan veb-saytlardan, xususan Xitoydan uzoq vaqtdan buyon buyurtma qilingan narsalarni ushlab turishi, ba'zan esa mahsulotni qaroqchilikda gumon qilingan narsalarda olib qo'yishi ma'lum.
Havo pochtasi (Luftpost) alternativa kabi arzon bo'lishi mumkin, Landweg. Agar yubormoqchi bo'lsangiz paketlar, uchta variant mavjud (eng arzonidan eng qimmatiga): Maxibrief (2 kg gacha bo'lgan katta harf va L W H = 900 mm), Pekxen (2 kg gacha bo'lgan kichik paket, xalqaro pochta uchun sug'urtalanmagan) va DHL Paket. Agarda kitoblar yuboriladi, arzonlashtirilgan tariflar qo'llaniladi (Byuxersendung), lekin pochta ochilishini va qarashini kuting, chunki ularda faqat kitoblarga ruxsat beriladi. Uchun stavkalar Buxersendungen hajmi va vazniga qarab 1,00 dan 1,65 evrogacha o'zgaradi. Germaniya pochta xizmati narsalarni pochta bo'limiga va o'z tizimiga yuborishga imkon beradi Packstationen ko'pincha oziq-ovqat do'konlari yoki yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalari to'xtash joylarida uchraydi. Amazon shkaflari tobora keng tarqalgan, ammo mos kelmaydigan tizim - bir xil saqlash shkafi faqat a bo'lishi mumkin Paket stantsiyasi yoki Amazon shkafi.
FedEx va UPS stantsiyalariga xat va posilkalarni tashlab yuborish mumkin. Navbat kutish.
Keyingisi
Germaniya G'arbiy Evropaning qolgan qismini o'rganish uchun ajoyib boshlang'ich nuqtadir Frankfurt aeroporti dunyoning ko'plab yirik aeroportlari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqalarga ega. Frankfurtdan bir qancha to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tezyurar temir yo'l aloqalari sizni bir necha soat ichida Evropaning yirik poytaxtlariga olib boradi.
- Sharqdan unga erishish oson Praga ichida Chex Respublikasi va Varshava yilda Polsha
- Janubdan g'arbdan Frantsuz shaharlari Reyms va Parij shuningdek, mamlakat va shaharcha Lyuksemburg birinchi gollarni yaxshi bajaradi.
- Parijga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri TGV / ICE to'xtaydi Strasburg, Frantsiya va Germaniya ta'sirida bo'lgan chegarada joylashgan yoqimli shahar
- Belgiya va Gollandiya g'arbdan Leuven va Maastrixt birinchi to'xtash joylari tavsiya etilishi; va Daniya shimoliy g'arbda
- Janubdan va janubdan g'arbdan to tog'larga Avstriya va Shveytsariya bilan Zaltsburg va Lozanna joylarni "tashrif buyurish" kerak.
- Shimoliy sharqda dengiz orqali harakat qiling Boltiq dengizi bo'ylab sayohat ga kirish uchun Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari va Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar.