Avstraliya - Australia

COVID-19 ma `lumot: Ga javoban Avstraliya o'z chegaralarini muddatsiz yopib qo'ydi Covid-19 pandemiyasi. Avstraliya fuqarolari, doimiy yashovchilar, ularning yaqin oilalari, 72 soatdan kam vaqt davomida tranzit o'tadigan yo'lovchilar, Yangi Zelandiyadan qaytib kelgan odamlar va boshqa ba'zi toifalar uchun istisnolar mavjud. Avstraliyaga qayta kirgan Avstraliya fuqarolari va doimiy yashovchilar tekshiruvdan o'tkaziladi va jo'nab ketishdan oldin ro'yxatdan o'tishlari va Avstraliyaga kelganidan keyin 14 kun davomida belgilangan mehmonxonada, ehtimol o'z mablag'ingiz hisobiga izolyatsiya qilinishi shart. Izolyatsiya choralariga rioya qilmaslik karantinda ushlab turilishi, katta miqdordagi jarimalar va / yoki jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. 2021 yil aprel oyidan boshlab faqat G'arbiy Avstraliyadan Kvinslendersgacha bo'lgan yopiq davlat chegaralari, Brisben Viktoriya svetoforida qizil zona deb e'lon qilindi. Yangi Zelandiyadan sayohat endi ma'lum shtatlarga kirishga ruxsat berilgan sayyohlar bilan qayta tiklandi. Ichki ishlar vazirligi - kirish va chiqish cheklovlari va qanday qilib ozod qilishni talab qilish to'g'risida ma'lumot Sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi Avstraliya hukumati Avstraliya turizm Agar sizga ruxsat berilsa, Avstraliya hukumati yuqumli kasalliklarga qarshi kurashda juda bema'ni yondashuvga ega va infeksiya klasterlari paydo bo'lishiga javoban butun shaharlarni yoki shtatlarni qisqa vaqt ichida qulflab qo'yishi mumkin, ya'ni siz bir necha hafta davomida bir joyda qolib ketishingiz mumkin oxiri.

(Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 9-aprelda yangilangan)

Bunga o'xshash boshqa joy yo'q Avstraliya, o'zi uchun butun qit'aga ega bo'lgan yagona mamlakat. 60 ming yildan ortiq davom etgan mahalliy madaniyat va Evropadan, Yaqin Sharqdan, Osiyo va Afrikadan haqiqatan ham global immigratsiya bilan qit'a o'zining tabiiy mo''jizalari, keng maydonlari, plyajlari, cho'llari, "buta" va " Outback"Biroq, u juda urbanizatsiyalashgan, bir qator kosmopolit shaharlar - eng katta va eng mashhur Sidney, dunyodagi eng mashhur portlardan birida joylashgan.

Mintaqalar

Avstraliya shtatlari va yirik avtomobil yo'llari

Yangi Janubiy Uels va Avstraliya poytaxti hududi(NSW) va (ACT) Avstraliyaning aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan shtati ham mavjud Sidney, eng qadimiy va eng katta shahar bo'lib, qurilgan poytaxt shahrini o'rab oladi Kanberra. Yangi Janubiy Uels qirg'og'i plyaj tomonidagi jamoalar bilan o'ralgan; biroz ichki qismida tog 'tizmalari mavjud Moviy va Qorli tog'lar; yana ichki qismida hali ham qishloq xo'jaligi tekisliklari o'zlarining tashqi tomonlariga yo'l ochib berishmoqda.

Shimoliy hudud(NT) Atrofdagi qizil cho'llardan Uluru va Elis Springs ning tropik mintaqalariga qadar Darvin va Kakadu milliy bog'i, Shimoliy Hudud juda ajoyib va ​​kirish uchun siz o'ylaganingizdan osonroq.

Kvinslend(QLD) Quyoshli iliq ob-havosi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Kvinslend havoning tebranishidan qirg'oq bo'ylab kashfiyotlarni taklif etadi Oltin sohil tropik mintaqalariga Katta to'siqli rif gavjum shaharga Brisben. Bu erda tropik tropik o'rmonlar joylashgan Deyntri milliy bog'iva Whitsundays orol kurortlari. Ichki mintaqa ichki qirlar oralig'ida, so'ngra Avstraliyaning bepoyon kengligi va go'zalligida joylashgan.

Janubiy Avstraliya(SA) Yaxshi sharoblari bilan mashhur Barossa vodiysi, ning go'zalligi Flinders oralig'i va tashqi holati va voqealari va madaniyati Cherkovlar shahri, Adelaida.

Tasmaniya(TAS) Materikdan Bass Boğazı bilan ajralib chiqqan tog'li Tasmaniya shtati g'arbda Beshik tog'ining, sharqdagi plyajlarning va janubning cho'lining qo'pol go'zalligiga ega. Xobart Avstraliyadagi ikkinchi Evropa turar joyi bo'lgan va ko'plab tarixiy joylar yaxshi saqlanib qolgan.

Viktoriya(VIC) Kichkina, jonli va hamma uchun mos bo'lgan Viktoriya janubi-g'arbiy va markaziy qirg'oq bo'ylab ajoyib sayohlarni jalb qiladigan plyajlarga, yashil dumaloq qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlariga va fotogenik milliy bog'larga ega. Avstraliya va Viktoriyaning sport, xarid qilish, moda va oziq-ovqat poytaxti Melburn.

G'arbiy Avstraliya(WA) Keng davlat. Janubi-g'arbiy qismida shtat poytaxti va yirik shahri joylashgan Pert. Sharob etishtirish va tabiiy manzillar Margaret daryosi va Albani janubiy mintaqaga qarab. Uzoq shimolda tropiklar va plyaj tomon yo'naltirilgan manzil mavjud Brom. Kichik shaharchalar, yo'l uylari, konchilar jamoalari va milliy bog'lar uzoq masofalarga tarqalib ketgan.

Orollar

Tasmaniya - bu Avstraliyaning eng muhim oroli va o'ziga xos shtat. Avstraliyada 800 dan ortiq orollar mavjud, boshqa asosiy orollarga quyidagilar kiradi:

• -31.55159.083333333331 Lord Xou oroli - Yangi Janubiy Uels shtati tarkibida boshqariladigan Sidneydan uchib uchadigan vaqt davomida tabiat uchun vitrin.
• -29.033333333333167.949722222222 Norfolk oroli - Yangi Janubiy Uels shtati tarkibida boshqariladigan tabiati va plyajlari bilan Yangi Zelandiyaga yarim yo'l.
• -10.49105.62753 Rojdestvo oroli - Qizil Qisqichbaqa migratsiyasi bilan mashhur. Perth va Kuala Lumpur.
• -12.117596.8954 Kokos orollari - aholi punktlari joylashgan, Pertdan parvozlar bilan o'tish mumkin bo'lgan mercan atolllari.
• -9.8802777777778142.590555555565 Torres bo'g'ozidagi orollar - Keyp York va Papua-Yangi Gvineya o'rtasidagi mahalliy madaniyat va tashrif buyurish uchun an'anaviy egalaridan ruxsat talab qilinadi. Reyslar Keynlar.
• -35.833333333333137.256 Kenguru oroli yovvoyi tabiat, tabiat manzaralari, vino zavodlari va plyajlarni o'z ichiga olgan Avstraliyaning uchinchi yirik orolidir.
• -32.005115.5157 Rottnest oroli - Pert yaqinida va taniqli Quokkaning uyida joylashgan 63 plyaj va 20 koylardan iborat qo'riqxona
• -39.8725143.985555555568 King Island - Tasmaniya ustidagi Bass Straight-da.
• -20.29827148.925179 Whitsunday orollari mashhur sayyohlik maskani

Inson yashaydigan orollar juda oz, shu jumladan Marjon dengizi orollari, Houtman Abrolhos, Ashmor va Kartye orollari va uzoq Antarktika hududlari Xerd oroli va Makdonald orollari va Makquari oroli.

Shaharlar

Kechasi Sidney shahar manzarasi

• -35.293055555556149.126944444441 Kanberra - Avstraliyaning nisbatan kichik, maqsadli qurilgan milliy poytaxti ko'plab muzeylarga ega
• -34.933333333333138.583333333332 Adelaida - "Cherkovlar shahri", yirik sharqiy shaharlarga qulay Janubiy Avstraliyaning alternativasi
• -27.467777777778153.027777777783 Brisben - quyoshga botgan Kvinslend poytaxti va chiroyli qumli sayohlarni jalb qilish shlyuzi
• -16.925555555556145.775277777784 Keynlar - Buyuk to'siq rifi, Port Duglas, Deyntri milliy bog'i va ko'plab go'zal plyajlar va kurortlarga kirish eshigi; odamlar qochish va dam olish uchun ajoyib joy
• -12.438055555556130.841111111115 Darvin - Shimoliy hududning yuqori qismida Avstraliyaning tropik shimoliy poytaxti
• -42.883333333333147.316666666676 Xobart - Avstraliyadagi mahkumlarning ikkinchi turar joyi bo'lgan Tasmaniyaning go'zal va sokin poytaxti
• -37.820555555556144.961388888897 Melburn - Avstraliyaning ikkinchi yirik shahri Melburn mamlakatning sport, savdo, oziq-ovqat va madaniy poytaxti bo'lib, shu bilan birga Avstraliyaning eng yevropalik shahri hisoblanadi.
• -31.952222222222115.858888888898 Pert - G'arbiy Avstraliyaning janubi-g'arbiy chekkasida, Yerdagi eng uzoq kontinental shahar
• -33.866666666667151.29 Sidney - Avstraliyaning eng qadimiy va eng yirik shahri, o'zining go'zal porti va tabiiy go'zalligi bilan mashhur

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

O'n ikki havoriy

• -33.718055555556150.3105555555610 Moviy tog'lar - Yangi Janubiy Uelsdagi tog'li mintaqa, shu jumladan "Uch opa-singil" tabiiy xususiyati
• -37.83145.3511 Dandenong tizmalari - ushbu go'zal intervallar jahon darajasidagi bog'lar va chiroyli qishloqlarni taklif etadi
• -19.266148.58712 Katta to'siqli rif - Kvinslend sohilida va Keynsdan bemalol o'tish mumkin bo'lgan ushbu tabiiy mo''jizani birinchi qo'l bilan ko'ring
• -38.733888888889143.6872222222213 Buyuk okean yo'li - Viktoriyaning ajoyib manzarali piktogrammalaridan, shu jumladan, "O'n ikki Havoriy" qoyalaridan o'tib, dengiz bo'yidagi ajoyib sayohati.
• -13.005471132.51951214 Kakadu milliy bog'i - Shimoliy hududdagi tashqi sarguzasht sayohatlari, mahalliy madaniyat va tabiat faoliyati
• -14.3122132.42315 Nitmiluk milliy bog'i - Ketrin shahriga yaqin bo'lgan ajoyib Ketrin darasini o'z ichiga oladi
• -36.5148.3316 Qorli tog'lar - milliy parklarda va tog'-chang'i kurortlari joylashgan uyda deyarli butunlay muhofaza qilinadi
• -25.322076130.98573217 Uluru-Kata Tjuta milliy bog'i - Uluru (shuningdek, ma'lum Ayers-Rok) va Kata Tjuta (Olgalar) Avstraliya cho'lining o'rtasida joylashgan "Qizil markaz" dagi ramziy tosh shakllanishidir
• -24.2517131.63218 Vatarrka milliy bog'i - Kings Canyon bilan eng mashhuri, 270 metr chuqurlikka etgan kuchli jarlik

Tushuning

"Biz birmiz, lekin biz juda ko'pmiz va Erning barcha mamlakatlaridan kelib chiqamiz. Biz bir tushni baham ko'ramiz va bir ovozdan kuylaymiz: menman, sizman, biz avstraliyalikmiz." - Izlovchilar - men avstraliyalikman

Maydoni bo'yicha dunyodagi oltinchi yirik mamlakat bo'lgan Avstraliya aholisi nisbatan kichik (ammo o'sib borayotgan) 25 millionga ega. G20 a'zosi, u yuqori turmush darajasi va hayot sifatiga ega. Bu Tinch okeani mintaqasining iqtisodiy va siyosiy sohalarida muhim rol o'ynaydi.

Geografiya

Shimoliy hududdagi qizil kengurular

Avstraliyaning quruqligi ham dunyodagi eng kichik materik, ham dunyodagi eng katta orol; ko'pini tashkil qiladi Okeaniyaer maydoni.

Avstraliya millati tarkibiga Avstraliya materik va ba'zi kichik orollar kiradi (masalan Tasmaniya). U dunyoning oltinchi yirik davlati bo'lib, uning maydoni 7682,300 km² (2,966,152 kvadrat mil). Uning kattaligi 48 ta qo'shni bilan taqqoslanadi Qo'shma Shtatlar uning aholisining o'ndan bir qismidan kamrog'iga ega bo'lsa-da, shahar va qishloqlar orasidagi masofani bemalol baholash oson. Avstraliya g'arbdan Hind okeani, janubdan Janubiy okean va sharqdan Tinch okean bilan chegaradosh. Tasman dengizi janubi-sharqda, uni ajratib turadi Yangi Zelandiya, Marjon dengizi esa shimoli-sharqda joylashgan. Papua-Yangi Gvineya, Sharqiy Timor va Indoneziya Avstraliyaning shimoliy qo'shnilari, barchasi Yangi Zelandiyadan ancha yaqin va Avstraliyadan Arafura dengizi va Timor dengizi bilan ajralib turadi.

Avstraliya aholisi katta qismi sharqiy va janubi-sharqiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab zich joylashgan bo'lib, juda shaharlashgan. Mamlakatning ichki hududlarining aksariyati yarim quruq. Aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan davlatlar Yangi Janubiy Uels, Viktoriya va Kvinslend, lekin maydoni jihatidan eng kattasi G'arbiy Avstraliya.

Avstraliyaning katta qismlarida qishloq xo'jaligiga yo'l ochish uchun o'rmonzorlar kesilgan, ammo ko'plab mahalliy o'rmon hududlari keng milliy bog'larda va boshqa rivojlanmagan joylarda yashaydi. Avstraliyada uzoq muddatli ekologik muammolar suvni boshqarish, sho'rlanish, ifloslanish, invaziv turlardan biologik xilma-xillikka tahdid va qirg'oq mintaqalarini, ayniqsa Buyuk to'siq rifini saqlab qolishdir.

Iqlim

Katta qit'a sifatida Avstraliya turli xil iqlimga ega. Mamlakatning aksariyat qismi yiliga 3000 soatdan ko'proq quyosh nurini oladi. Odatda shimol issiq va tropik, janub esa subtropik va mo''tadil. Yomg'irning ko'p qismi qirg'oq atrofida va markazning katta qismi quruq va yarim quruq. Tropik shahrida maksimal kunduzgi harorat Darvin kamdan-kam hollarda qishda ham 30 ° C (86 ° F) dan pastga tushadi, qishda esa tungi harorat odatda 15-20 ° C (59-68 ° F) atrofida ko'tariladi. Avstraliya qishlari shimoliy yarim sharda o'xshash kengliklarga qaraganda yumshoqroq bo'ladi va mamlakatning aksariyat hududlarida qor hech qachon tushmaydi. Ba'zi janubiy viloyatlarning yuqori balandliklarida harorat qishda muzlashdan pastga tushishi mumkin (va ba'zan hatto yozda) va Janubi-Sharqdagi Qorli tog'lar qishda qishda metrga tushishadi. Ning qismlari Tasmaniya shimoliyga o'xshash harorat oralig'iga ega Kaliforniya va shtatning ayrim tog'li hududlarida qor yog'ishi bejiz emas.

Avstraliya janubiy yarim sharda bo'lgani uchun qish iyun-avgust, dekabr-fevral esa yoz. Qish tropik mintaqalarda quruq mavsum, yoz esa nam. Mamlakatning janubiy qismlarida mavsumiy harorat o'zgarishi ko'proq. Yomg'ir yil davomida Sharqiy qirg'oqning janubiy qismlarida, janubning qolgan qismida esa undan tashqarida teng ravishda taqsimlanadi Katta bo'linish oralig'i, yozda quruq, yog'ingarchilikning asosiy qismi qishda bo'ladi.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Avstraliyadagi mahalliy meros, Britaniya imperiyasi, Avstraliya sudlangan joylari

Mahalliy aholi Avstraliyada kamida 65000 yildan beri yashaydi. Ular Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqdan ketma-ket to'lqinlar bilan kelishdi Osiyo. So'nggi muzlik davridan keyin dengiz sathining ko'tarilishi bilan Avstraliya asosan dunyoning qolgan qismidan ajralib qoldi va aborigen qabilalari er va tabiat bilan yaqin ma'naviy munosabatlarga va yaqin qarindoshlik aloqalariga asoslangan holda turli madaniyatlarni rivojlantirdilar. Ming yillar davomida avstraliyalik aborigenlar murakkab badiiy va madaniy hayot, shu jumladan juda boy hikoya va qo'shiq an'analari bilan birgalikda ovchilarni yig'ish madaniyatini yoki (ba'zi joylarda) yarim harakatsiz madaniyatni saqlab kelmoqdalar.

Avstraliyalik aborigenlarning zamonaviy taassurotlari asosan sayyoramizdagi ba'zi og'ir sharoitlarga (Kalaxarining tuplariga teng keladigan) moslashib ketgan, ammo boshqalari o'rmonli va obod joylarda yashagan "cho'l odamlari" tasviri atrofida qurilgan. sug'oriladigan mintaqalar. Avstraliya aborigenlarning asosiy qismi uchun Avstraliya qirg'og'idagi mo'l-ko'l flora va fauna orasida - evropaliklar kelguniga qadar qulay yashashni ta'minladi.

Garchi daromadli bo'lsa ham Xitoy chig'anoqlar bozori va bêche de mer (dengiz bodringi) indoneziyalik baliqchilarni asrlar davomida Shimoliy Avstraliyaga tashrif buyurishga undagan, bu Evropaliklar uchun 1600 yillarga qadar noma'lum edi. Golland Osiyodagi savdogarlar Shimoliy G'arbiy sohilga "zarba bera" boshladilar. Ushbu o'ta qattiq va quruq mamlakat haqidagi dastlabki gollandiyaliklarning taassurotlari noqulay bo'lgan va Avstraliya ular uchun shimolga nisbatan ancha boy (va ko'proq daromad keltiruvchi) Sharqiy Hindistonga (zamonaviy Indoneziya) ishora qiluvchi belgi bo'lib qolgan. Keyinchalik Avstraliya qirg'og'ini ataylab o'rganish frantsuzlar va inglizlar tomonidan qabul qilindi. Binobarin, qirg'oq bo'yidagi koylar, daryolar va daryolarning joy nomlari bir qator golland, frantsuz, ingliz va aborigen tillarini aks ettiradi.

1770 yilda Endeavor ekspeditsiyasi qo'mondonligi ostida Kapitan Jeyms Kuk Avstraliyaning sharqiy qirg'og'ida harakatlanib, grafika tuzdi va birinchi qo'nish joyini qildi Botanika ko'rfazi 1770 yil 29 aprelda. Kuk shimol tomon davom etdi va 1770 yil 22 avgustda York burniga yaqin Torres bo'g'ozidagi Egalik orolida qirg'oqqa chiqqunga qadar. Bu erda u Britaniya toji uchun kashf etgan sharqiy qirg'oq chizig'ini rasman Yangi Janubiy Uels deb nomladi. Kukning kashfiyotlari Avstraliyaning birinchi Evropada yashashiga olib borishini hisobga olsak, u ilgari 160 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, ko'pincha uni Evropaning kashfiyotchisi sifatida tasavvur qilishadi.

Birinchisi Port-Artur mahkumning Tasmaniyada joylashishi. Aholi punktining qoldiqlariAvstraliya sudlangan joylari'ga kirish YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.

Qidiruv davridan so'ng, Avstraliyadagi birinchi Britaniyalik aholi punkti 1788 yilda bugungi kunda tashkil etilgan Sidney, kapitan Artur Filip boshchiligida Yangi Janubiy Uels koloniyasining birinchi gubernatoriga aylandi. Mustamlaka jarayoni mahalliy avstraliyaliklar bilan ziddiyatga hamda immunitetga ega bo'lmagan kasalliklarga olib keldi. Ularning aholisi erning ko'p qismida (hammasi emas) kamaydi va ingliz ko'chmanchilari tomonidan o'z uylarini tark etishdi. Dastlab materikning sharqiy uchdan ikki qismini o'z ichiga olgan Yangi Janubiy Uels koloniyasi keyinchalik bir nechta alohida koloniyalarga bo'linib ketdi. Tasmaniya (o'sha paytda Van Diemenning mamlakati deb nomlanardi) 1825 yilda alohida mustamlakaga aylandi, uni ta'qib qildi Janubiy Avstraliya 1836 yilda, Yangi Zelandiya 1841 yilda, Viktoriya 1851 yilda va Kvinslend 1859 yilda. Qit'aning g'arbiy uchdan bir qismi evropaliklar tomonidan inglizlar dengiz bazasini yaratmaguncha joylashtirilmagan Albani, keyin 1826 yilda qirol Jorj Sound nomi bilan tanilgan. Oqqush daryosi mustamlakasi rasmiy ravishda 1829 yilda bugungi kunda tashkil etilgan Pert. Oqqush daryosi koloniyasi nomi o'zgartirildi "G'arbiy Avstraliya"1832 yilda.

Avstraliya o'zining zamonaviy tarixini Buyuk Britaniyaning jazo koloniyasi sifatida boshlagan bo'lsa, 1788 yildan keyin Avstraliyaga eng ko'p kelganlar, asosan Buyuk Britaniyadan va Irlandiyava Frantsiya va hozirgi Germaniya singari boshqa Evropa davlatlari. Mahkum etilgan aholi punktlari asosan sharqiy qirg'oq bo'ylab joylashgan bo'lib, G'arbiy Avstraliyada mahkum etilgan aholi punktlarining tarqoq cho'ntaklari bo'lgan. Janubiy Avstraliya shtati esa butunlay erkin ko'chmanchilar tomonidan joylashtirilgan. 1850-yillarda, Avstraliyaning birinchi resurslar portlashini boshlagan Gold Rush paytida, Osiyo va Sharqiy Evropaning ko'plab aholisi ham Avstraliyaga kelgan. Garchi Oq Avstraliya siyosatining ksenofobik yillarida bunday xilma-xil immigratsiya sezilarli darajada kamaygan bo'lsa-da, Urushdan keyingi davrdan boshlab Avstraliya Evropa, O'rta er dengizi va keyinchalik Osiyodan va dunyoning qolgan qismidan kelgan immigratsiyani ketma-ket kutib oldi va juda xilma-xil va ko'p madaniyatli jamiyatga aylandi. 20-asr oxiriga kelib.

1901 yilda Avstraliyaning o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan Britaniya dominionini shakllantirish uchun federatsiya qilingan alohida koloniyalar tizimi, har bir mustamlaka endi Avstraliya shtatiga aylanib, Yangi Zelandiya federatsiyadan chiqib ketdi. Yangi mamlakat o'zining tabiiy boyliklaridan foydalanib, qishloq xo'jaligi va ishlab chiqarish sanoatini jadal rivojlantirdi va Ittifoqdoshlarning urush harakatlariga katta hissa qo'shdi (oz sonli aholini hisobga olgan holda). Birinchi jahon urushi va Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi Britaniya Hamdo'stlik kuchlari tarkibida. Avstraliya to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujumga uchradi Tinch okeani urushi. Avstraliya qo'shinlari ham bunga qimmatli, ba'zan bahsli bo'lsa ham hissa qo'shdilar Koreya urushi, Vetnam urushi, va Iroq Urush. Avstraliyalik Diggers eng buyuk ijtimoiy ruh bilan bir qatorda eng qiyin jangovar qo'shinlar sifatida o'z obro'sini saqlab qoladi.

Avstraliya va Buyuk Britaniya 1986 yilda Avstraliya qonunini qabul qilib, Britaniya parlamenti Avstraliya uchun qonunlarni qabul qilishi kerak bo'lgan qolgan kuchga chek qo'ydi. Britaniya qirolichasi (Avstraliya) general-gubernatorni Avstraliyadagi vakili etib tayinlagan holda davlat rahbari bo'lib qolmoqda.

20-asrning ikkinchi yarmi davomida tub aholining madaniy merosini (xususan, tasviriy san'atda) va mustamlaka tarixining qorong'i tomonini tan olishga keng jamoatchilik tomonidan ko'proq tayyor bo'lish bilan birga tub aholining faolligi o'sdi. Erga bo'lgan huquqlar harakati natijasida mamlakatning muhim hududlari tub mulkchilikka qaytarildi. 2008 yilda o'sha paytdagi bosh vazir Kevin Radd parlamentdagi aborigenlardan oq ko'pchilik tomonidan ularga nisbatan qilingan vahshiyliklar uchun rasmiy ravishda uzr so'radi. Aborigenlar marosimi, shuningdek, 2008 yildan buyon uning tub merosiga hurmat sifatida Avstraliyaning Parlamentning davlat tomonidan ochilishi tarkibiga kiritilgan.

Iqtisodiyot

Avstraliya rivojlangan G'arb uslubidagi kapitalistik iqtisodiyotga ega, aholi jon boshiga YaIM boshqa rivojlangan iqtisodiyotlar bilan teng.

Turizm, ta'lim va moliyaviy xizmatlarni o'z ichiga olgan xizmat ko'rsatish sohalari Avstraliya yalpi ichki mahsulotining deyarli yarmidan ko'pini tashkil etadi - taxminan 60%. Xizmat ko'rsatish sohasi ichida turizm Avstraliyaning eng muhim sohalaridan biri hisoblanadi, chunki u ish bilan ta'minlaydi, har yili iqtisodiyotga 73 milliard dollar qo'shadi va umumiy eksport hajmining kamida 11 foizini tashkil qiladi.

Birlamchi sanoat - tog'-kon sanoati va qishloq xo'jaligi - 20 va 21 asrlarda Avstraliyaning eksportining katta qismini tashkil etdi. Bug'doy, mol go'shti va jun bilan bir qatorda temir javhari va ko'mir eng katta eksport hisoblanadi. Tog'-kon sanoati temir javhari uchun global talabga sezgir bo'lib, Xitoy va Hindiston iqtisodiyotidagi voqealar bevosita ta'sirga ega.

Avstraliyada keng qamrovli ijtimoiy xavfsizlik tizimi mavjud va eng kam ish haqi AQSh yoki Buyuk Britaniyadan yuqori. Ta'minotning etishmasligi tufayli Avstraliyada qo'l ishchilari va savdogarlar yaxshi maosh oladilar, ko'pincha oq tanli mutaxassislarga qaraganda ko'proq.

Siyosat

Kanberradagi parlament uyi

Avstraliyada federal hukumat tizimi mavjud bo'lib, oltita shtat va ikkita hududiy hukumatlar hamda milliy hukumat mavjud. Shuningdek, Hindiston va Tinch okeanida bir nechta chet el hududlari mavjud bo'lib, ularga katta avtonomiyalar beriladi va ko'pincha Avstraliyaning qolgan qismi bilan to'liq birlashtirilmaydi. Har bir shtatda qonunlar bir-biridan ozgina farq qiladi, lekin aksariyat qismi bir xilda.

Milliy parlament Britaniyaning Vestminster tizimiga asoslangan bo'lib, ba'zi elementlar Amerika Kongress tizimidan olingan. Federal darajada u Senat va Vakillar Palatasidan iborat. Vakillar palatasining har bir a'zosi (og'zaki ravishda parlament a'zosi (deputat) sifatida tanilgan) saylov bo'linmasini ifodalaydi, aholisi ko'p bo'lgan shtatlar ko'proq saylov bo'linmalariga va shu sababli ko'proq deputatlarga ega. Boshqa tomondan, AQSh Senatiga o'xshab, har bir Avstraliya shtatida teng miqdordagi senatorlar mavjud bo'lib, har bir shtatda 12 senator to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq tomonidan saylanadi va Shimoliy hudud va Avstraliya poytaxt hududidan 2 nafardan senator. Bosh vazir milliy hukumatning boshlig'i va Vakillar Palatasida eng ko'p a'zoga ega bo'lgan siyosiy partiyaning (yoki partiyalar koalitsiyasining) rahbaridir.

Buyuk Britaniya qirolichasi Yelizaveta II ham Avstraliya qirolichasi va davlat boshlig'i bo'lib, Avstraliyada general-gubernator tomonidan namoyish etiladi. Qirolicha va general-gubernatorning rollari asosan tantanali bo'lib, hukumatdagi eng katta vakolatlarga Bosh vazir ega. 1999 yilda Avstraliyani respublika qilib o'zgartirish bo'yicha referendum mag'lubiyatga uchradi (qirolichani siyosiy tayinlovchiga almashtirish g'oyasi aksariyat avstraliyaliklarga yoqmadi). Avstraliyadagi respublikachilik haqiqiy ustuvorliklar ro'yxatida past bo'lsa ham, doimiy suhbat nuqtasi bo'lib qolmoqda.

Avstraliya Vazirlar Mahkamasi ijro etuvchi hokimiyat vazifasini bajaradi va uni Bosh vazir boshqaradi, u o'z vazirlar mahkamasini parlamentning ikkala palatasi a'zolari orasidan tayinlaydi. Sud filiali Avstraliyaning Oliy sudi tomonidan boshqariladi, u Buyuk Britaniyaning Maxfiy Kengashini 1986 yilda eng yuqori apellyatsiya sudi sifatida almashtirdi.

Shtatlar va hududlar hukumatlari milliy hukumatga o'xshash tarzda tashkil etilib, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat vazifasini bajaruvchi shtat parlamenti, davlat hukumati rahbari sifatida bosh vazir (hududlarda bosh vazir) va o'z sud tizimi mavjud. Shuningdek, qirolichaning vakili sifatida xizmat qiladigan har bir shtat uchun asosan tantanali rolda gubernator mavjud.

Avstraliyadagi ikkita yirik siyosiy partiyalar - Avstraliya Mehnat partiyasi (ALP yoki shunchaki "Leyboristlar") va Milliy partiya ("Koalitsiya" deb nomlanadi) bilan koalitsiyada faoliyat yuritadigan Liberal partiyalar. Yashillar va mustaqillar kabi kichik partiyalar mavjud. Liberal partiya markaz-o'ng konservativ partiyadir, "liberal" atamasi bilan erkin bozor iqtisodiyoti nazarda tutilgan. Leyboristlar partiyasi markaz-chapda.

Madaniyat

Avstraliyada deyarli har qanday din va turmush tarziga amal qiladigan ko'p madaniyatli aholi bor. Avstraliyaliklarning to'rtdan bir qismidan ko'prog'i Avstraliyadan tashqarida tug'ilgan, qolgan to'rtdan birida kamida bitta chet elda tug'ilgan ota-ona bor. Avstraliyaning deyarli har bir yirik shahri va shahri Evropa, Osiyo, Yaqin Sharq va Tinch okeanidan Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin sodir bo'lgan va 1970 yillarda davom etgan immigratsiyani aks ettiradi. Urushdan keyingi yarim asrda Avstraliya aholisi 7 milliondan 20 milliondan sal ko'proq odamga o'sdi. Sidney, Melburn, Brisben va Pert shaharlari madaniy jihatdan juda xilma-xil bo'lib, dunyoning barcha burchaklaridan kelib chiqqan jamoalar yashaydi.

Barcha yirik shaharlarda siz ko'plab restoranlarda mavjud bo'lgan turli xil sifatli oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini topasiz. Melburn, ayniqsa, o'zini san'at markazi sifatida targ'ib qiladi, Brisben esa turli madaniy shahar qishloqlari orqali o'zini tanitadi. Adelaida festivallar markazi va nemis madaniyati ta'sirida, Pert esa oziq-ovqat va sharob madaniyati, marvarid, marvarid, qimmatbaho metallar va xalqaro fransa san'ati festivali bilan tanilgan. Kichik qishloq aholi punktlari odatda hali ham tuban aholisi kam bo'lgan ingliz-kelt madaniyatini aks ettiradi. Aksariyat qishloq markazlari hanuzgacha tashrif buyuruvchilarni kutib olishadi va odatda tarix va mahalliy mahsulotlar bilan bo'lishish imkoniyatiga ega.

Melburnning Xitoy shahri

Mamlakat bo'ylab shaharlarda va qishloq aholisi mahalliy aholisini tub aholisi deb ataydigan yarim million avstraliyalik bor. Garchi yangi tashrif buyuruvchi uchun aniq ko'rinmasa ham, Aborigen madaniyatini o'rganishni istagan odamlar uchun juda ko'p imkoniyatlar va madaniy tadbirlar mavjud.

Ommabop mifologiyadan farqli o'laroq, ingliz mahkumlarining asl parklaridan kelib chiqqan avlodlar ozchilikni tashkil qiladi va hatto transport paytida bepul ko'chmanchilar sudlangan muhojirlardan kamida bittadan bittaga ko'paygan. Shunga qaramay, bu mahkumdan kelib chiqqan holda "Avstraliya royalti" bo'lishi uchun faxriy nishon sifatida qaraladi, ammo bu bog'liqlik qanchalik yumshoq bo'lsa ham.

Avstraliyaliklar ba'zi Evropa madaniyatlariga qaraganda ko'proq ijtimoiy konservativ bo'lishlari mumkin, ammo diniy marosimlarda erkin bo'lishga moyil. Manzil usullari odatiy va tanish bo'lib, avstraliyaliklarning aksariyati birinchi kontaktdan boshlab sizning ismingiz bilan murojaat qilishni istashadi va ular bilan ham shunday qilishingizni kutishadi.

Bayramlar

Avstraliya kuniga bag'ishlangan Pert ustidagi salyut

Avstraliyadagi milliy bayramlar:

• 1 yanvar: Yangi yil kuni
• 26 yanvar: 1788 yilda Sidney Kovga birinchi flot tushgan yilligini nishonlaydigan Avstraliya kuni.
• Fisih dam olish kunlari ("Yaxshi juma", "Pasxa shanbasi", "Pasxa yakshanbasi" va "Pasxa dushanbasi"): mart yoki aprel oylarining to'rt kunlik dam olish kunlari G'arbiy nasroniylarning sanalariga ko'ra belgilanadi. Ko'pgina avstraliyaliklar Pasxa dam olish kunlari sayohat qilishadi, shuning uchun mehmonxonalar xonalari va aviabiletlar bir necha oy oldin sotilib ketishini kuting.
• 25 aprel: ANZAC kuni (Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya armiyasi korpusi), harbiy faxriylarni sharaflash
• Iyun oyining ikkinchi dushanbasi: Qirolichaning tug'ilgan kuni bayrami (G'arbiy Avstraliyada sentyabr oyida, WA kuzatuvi bilan nishonlanadi Jamg'arma kuni bir hafta oldin)
• 25 dekabr: Rojdestvo kuni
• 26 dekabr: Boks kuni

Ko'pgina davlatlar kuzatmoqda Mehnat kuni, lekin turli kunlarda. Ko'pgina shtatlar shtat bo'ylab bir yoki ikkita qo'shimcha ta'tilga ega Viktoriya va Janubiy Avstraliya ot poygasi uchun dam olish kuni (Melburn kubogi va Adelaida kubogi). G'arbiy Avstraliyada poydevor kuni odatda iyun oyining birinchi dushanbasida (shtat 1829 yildan beri tashkil topganligini e'tirof etadi), shuningdek, qirolichaning tug'ilgan kunini mamlakatning qolgan qismida, sentyabrning oxiri yoki oktyabr oyining boshida, boshqa kunlarda nishonlaydi. odatdagi iyun sanasi - bu Foundation Day-ga juda yaqin.

Dam olish kunlari shanba yoki yakshanba kunlariga to'g'ri kelganda, keyingi dushanba kuni (va agar kerak bo'lsa seshanba kuni) o'rniga bayramlar deb e'lon qilinadi, garchi tantanalar va chakana savdo kunlari shu kuni sodir bo'ladi. Ko'pgina sayyohlik joylari Rojdestvo kuni va Yaxshi juma kunlari yopiq. Supermarketlar va boshqa do'konlar ba'zi bir rasmiy bayramlarda va uning o'rniga bayramlarda cheklangan soatlab ochilishi mumkin, ammo deyarli har doim Rojdestvo kuni (25 dekabr), xayrli juma, Pasxa yakshanbasi va ANZAC kuni ertalab yopiq.

Rasmiy bayramlardan tashqari, milliy yoki mintaqaviy madaniy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan kunlar ham mavjud, ular quyidagi bayramlar bo'lishi mumkin:

• AFL Grand Final: Avstraliya futbol ligasining chempionat o'yini va Avstraliya sport taqvimida ko'p yillik ko'riladigan voqea. Barcha pablar o'yinni tomosha qiladigan odamlarga to'la bo'lishini kutadi, ko'pchilik odamlar o'z uylarida katta tomoshalar o'tkazadilar. Sentyabrning oxirgi shanba yoki oktyabrning birinchi shanba kunlari o'tkaziladi.
• NRL Grand Final: Milliy regbi ligasining chempionat o'yini. Ayniqsa, Kvinslend va Yangi Janubiy Uelsda mashhur. Odatda sentyabrning oxirgi yakshanbasida yoki oktyabrning birinchi yakshanbasida o'tkaziladi.

Ta'tilning eng yuqori vaqti

Avstraliyadagi aksariyat diqqatga sazovor joylar yil bo'yi ochiq bo'lib qolmoqda, ba'zilari avjiga chiqqan mavsumda qisqartirilgan chastotada yoki qisqa soatlarda ishlaydi. Rojdestvo va Yangi yil kunlari ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylar (ammo barchasi hammasi emas) yopiq.

Yozgi maktab ta'tillari Rojdestvo bayramidan oldin boshlang va butun yanvarga qadar davom eting va bu tashrif eng qizg'in va eng qimmat vaqt hisoblanadi. Plyajlardagi dam olish uylari ko'pincha bir necha oy oldin yozib qo'yiladi, shuningdek katta miqdordagi mukofotni talab qiladi. Uzoq Fisih dam olish kunlari band bo'lishlari mumkin, chunki ota-onalar qish kelguncha bolalarini so'nggi safarga olib chiqishadi.

Avstraliyalik o'spirinlar maktab tugashini noyabr oyi oxiri va dekabr oyi boshlarida 3 hafta davomida nishonlaydilar maktab o'quvchilari. O'smirlar sayohatchilarining hajmi ular tashrif buyurishni tanlagan ba'zi shahar va shaharlarning tabiatini, xususan qirg'oq bo'yidagi shaharlarni butunlay o'zgartirishi mumkin. Bayron ko'rfazi Yangi Janubiy Uelsda Oltin sohil Kvinslend va turli xil joylarda Mornington yarim oroli Viktoriyada.

Vaqt

Yorug'lik davrida Avstraliyada beshta turli vaqt zonalari bo'lishi mumkin, boshqa paytlarda to'rtta. Vaqt mintaqasi chegaralari har doim ham davlat chegaralariga amal qilmaydi. Masalan, shaharcha Buzilgan tepalik, garchi Yangi Janubiy Uelsda, Janubiy Avstraliya vaqti bilan ketsa va Norfolk orolida Yangi Janubiy Uelsning bir qismi bo'lishiga qaramay, o'z vaqt zonasi mavjud.

GMT dan Avstraliyadagi vaqt zonalari

Sharqda Tasmaniya, Yangi Janubiy Uels va Viktoriya har doim bir xil vaqtga ega. Kvinslend kunduzgi yorug'likni kuzatmaydi, shuning uchun bu davrda boshqa sharqiy shtatlardan bir soat orqada.

Markazda Broken Hill (NSW), Janubiy Avstraliya va Shimoliy hudud qish paytida yarim soatdan orqada qolmoqda, ammo Shimoliy hudud yozgi yorug'likni kuzatmaydi, Janubiy Avstraliya va Broken Hill esa. Yorug'lik paytida Janubiy Avstraliya Yangi Janubiy Uels, Viktoriya va Tasmaniyadan yarim soat orqada qolmoqda, ammo Kvinslenddan yarim soat oldinda harakat qilmoqda. Shimoliy hudud Kvinslenddan yarim soat orqada qolmoqda, ammo Yangi Janubiy Uels, Viktoriya va Tasmaniyadan bir yarim soat orqada harakat qilmoqda.

G'arbda, G'arbiy Avstraliya qishda sharqiy shtatlardan ikki soat orqada qolmoqda va shuningdek, yozgi yorug'likni saqlamaydi. Yorug'likni kuzatadigan sharqiy shtatlardan uch soat orqada harakat qiladi (Kvinslenddan ikki soat orqada).

Avstraliyaning vaqt zonalari uchun rasmiy qisqartmalar yoki nomlar mavjud emas va siz ishlatilgan bir nechta o'zgarishlarni ko'rishingiz mumkin. Ba'zan EST, CST, WST, EDT, CDT ishlatiladi. Ba'zida AEST va boshqalar, ularni "A" prefiksi bilan bir xil nomdagi Shimoliy Amerika vaqt zonalaridan ajratib turadi.

Yozgi yorug'likni kuzatadigan davlatlarda u oktyabr oyining birinchi yakshanbasida boshlanadi va aprel oyining birinchi yakshanbasida tugaydi.

Quvvat

Tarmoq manbai voltajining standarti I tipidagi vilka bilan 230 V ga teng (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tuproqli burchakli jonli / neytral pinlar). Xalqda "ikki qirq voltli rozetka" deb nomlangan. Mehmonxonalardagi hammomlarda ko'pincha "faqat qirg'ichlar uchun" deb nomlangan C va A rozetkalari bo'ladi, ular Shimoliy Amerika taraqqiyot uyasi uchun 110 V ga aylanadi. Voltaj Evropaga mos keladi va sizga supermarketlar va do'konlardan (shuningdek, aeroportdan) olinadigan konversiya vilkasi kerak bo'ladi. Shimoliy Amerika yoki boshqa 110 V kuchlanishli mamlakatlardan konversiya vilkasini ishlatishdan oldin qurilmangizdagi kuchlanish toleranslarini tekshiring.

Shuningdek qarang

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Ingliz tilidagi navlar

The Ingliz tili Avstraliyada til universal ravishda tushuniladi va tushuniladi. Avstraliyalik ingliz tilida odatda gapirish va so'z birikmasi bilan ajralib turadi. U asosan 18-asr oxiri - 19-asr boshlarida Buyuk Britaniyaning nutqidan rivojlandi.

Nevertheless, as Australia is a global melting pot, particularly in the major cities, you will encounter cultures and hear languages from all around the world, and you will often find areas and suburbs that predominately reflect the language of their respective immigrant communities. Foreign languages are taught at school, but students rarely progress past the basics.

Australian English generally follows British spelling conventions and vocabulary choices, although it is also known for its own colour and colloquialisms. People in rural areas may have a broader accent, using some of the slang words that have become outmoded in metropolitan areas, while highly educated urban dwellers sometimes use a cultivated accent similar to that of their British equivalents. Australian slang should not present a problem for tourists except possibly in some isolated outback areas. Australians understand different varieties of English, and you may look foolish in your attempts at the local slang.

There is little regional variation in Australian English, although accents tend to be broader outside of the large cities, and the pronunciation of certain words like "dance" and "chance" varies between regions. Most regional differences come down to word usage. For example, swimming clothes are known as cossies yoki swimmers in New South Wales, togs in Queensland, and bathers in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. Many indigenous communities around Australia and the Torres Strait Islands speak English as a second language.

It is rare to find signs in a second language, except in urban areas with a high population of Asian immigrants and students, where signs and restaurant menus in Vietnamese va Chinese are a common sight; and also around Cairns va Gold Coast in Queensland where some signs (but not road signs) are written in Japanese yoki Chinese, due to the large number of tourists. Some warning signs at beaches are written in several foreign languages.

Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. Some tour companies specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with language guides.

Fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages are still in daily use, spoken by as little as 42,300 people, particularly those living in rural outback communities, and those in the Torres Strait Islands. There are initiatives to revive the languages within Australia's large Aboriginal community, however given the significant differences between the languages (many can't be proven to relate to one another) that continues to prove a challenge. Learning an Aboriginal language will be useful only in specific local areas. Almost all Aboriginal people speak English as well, although residents of some remote communities may not be fluent in the language.

The standard sign language is Auslan (standing for Australian Sign Language). When a sign interpreter is present for a public event, he or she will use Auslan. Users of British and New Zealand Sign Languages will be able to understand much, though not all, of the language. Auslan and NZSL are largely derived from BSL, and all three languages use the same two-handed manual alphabet. Users of sign languages that have different origins (such as the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages) will not be able to understand Auslan.

Chiqinglar

Visa policy of Australia

Entry requirements

All visitors - apart from citizens of New Zealand - require a viza in advance of travel.

If you are visiting for a holiday of less than 90 days, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality.

• Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) subclass 601 is available on-line to nationals of Brunei, Canada, Hong Kong (SAR or BN(O)), Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Janubiy Koreya (ROK) and the United States. In addition, citizens of Taiwan are also eligible for an ETA, but must apply through an approved Taiwanese travel agent, or by e-mail through the relevant Australian diplomatic mission if living abroad. A service fee of $20 applies. This fee can sometimes be avoided if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent when booking your travel with them. Some online agents may also sell ETAs.
• eVisitor (subclass 651) for citizens of the European Union, Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (British Citizens only, other types of British nationality not eligible) and a few European microstates. These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply on-line.
• Visitor Visa (subclass 600). Passport holders of 55 countries, including all the ETA and eVisitor eligible countries and Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Kuwait, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia va UAE can make applications online. Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre.

Like the ETA and eVisitor, a Visitor 600 is by default issued for a three month stay. Unlike the other options however, a 600 visa can be issued for a longer stay of up to one year. For more than a three month stay, you will likely be asked for supporting documentation about the reason for your visit and your ties to your country of origin and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the embassy or visa processing centre may also require you to have an Australian sponsor before issuing the visa. The fee is $140. ETAs and eVisitors are valid for multiple entries within a 12-month period. If you're eligible for either, it may be easier to stay the three months you're allowed, go to Yangi Zelandiya, Singapore, Thailand or some other country reachable by a low cost airline for a few days and come back - restarting the 90-day clock. Doing this more than once, however, may cause immigration authorities to become suspicious, so proceed with caution if you pursue this route.

There is a special arrangement for parents of Australians, including Australian permanent residents. The 600 visa can be valid for 18 months, three years, or five years and allow a maximum stay of 12 months during an 18-month period, depending on the circumstances.

In most cases, ETAs and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. If further enquiries are needed you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you've been approved. Over 90% are processed the same day. In the worst-case scenario your application can be diverted for manual checks that can take months. if you have a complex national history, or any criminal record (including minor offences) you should allow plenty of time for the application.

If you are visiting Australia to work, study or for medical treatment, check to make sure you have the right kind of visa, as a tourist visa may not be sufficient. Breaching the conditions or planning to breach the conditions of your visa will result in visa cancellation, deportation, and/or a period of exclusion.

For all tourist visa classes you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal conviction, contact an Australian Embassy or visa processing centre before applying or making travel arrangements.

New Zealand citizens may travel to Australia without a pre-arranged visa. They may apply for a Special Category New Zealand Citizen visa (subclass 444) when they arrive and it will be granted on the spot if they have no criminal conviction or tuberculosis. This visa allows them to live, work and study in Australia for as long as they like. New Zealand citizens with criminal convictions or tuberculosis may be denied this visa and should seek advice from an Australian diplomatic mission before travel. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are emas eligible for this visa and should apply for a visa based on the passport they hold.

If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the European Union, Andorra, Argentina, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Iceland, Indoneziya, Japan, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, Norway, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Africa, the Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Janubiy Koreya (ROK), Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom (regardless of nationality status), the United States, Vanuatu yoki Vatican City, you do emas need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia must apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) before travel.

At selected airports, visitors who are citizens of Canada, Ireland, Yangi Zelandiya, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom va United States may make use of the SmartGate for automated immigration clearance when entering Australia. Being able to use SmartGate does not exempt you from visa requirements.

Customs and quarantine

Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and plant derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc.) You must declare all such material, even if the items are permitted. Baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined $220 on-the-spot if you accidentally fail to declare, or even prosecuted in serious cases. Declared material will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be retained, disposed of, returned to you, or treated by quarantine at your expense. (You may have to pick the item up at a later time.) Processed and sealed chocolates and other confectionery are usually permitted after being declared and examined, as are reasonable quantities of infant formula with an accompanying infant. Different rules apply depending on the origin country of foods, and the state in which you are entering Australia. Check with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources for more details.

Travellers who are 18 years old or older are allowed to bring up to 2.25 litres of alcoholic beverages and up to 25 cigarettes or 25 grams of other tobacco products (including cigars) into Australia duty-free. These items may not be imported by anybody under the age of 18, and travellers who exceed their duty free allowance are liable to tax on all goods of that category, not just the amount in excess of the limit.

Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species.

While there are no restrictions on the amount of money that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are travelling with $10,000 or more (AUD or its equivalent in foreign currency) and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. Not declaring may expose you to a fine, possible seizure of the cash, or in the worst case even arrest.

Samolyotda

Qantas landing at Sydney Airport

Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air.

Australia's major points of entry, in decreasing order of importance, are the airports in Sydney (SYD ^IATA), Melbourne (MEL ^IATA), Brisbane (BNE ^IATA) and Perth (PER ^IATA). There are also limited international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin and the Gold Coast.

Sydney is a 3-hour flight from Auckland, New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from many countries in Asia, a 14-hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14-hour flight from Johannesburg, a 13-16 hour flight from South America, and up to a 24-hour flight from western Evropa (including a stopover). On account of long journey times from some destinations, most travellers from Europe must have a stop-over, commonly in Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Doha, Bangkok yoki Kuala Lumpur. Since March 2018, Qantas operates a nonstop flight from London Heathrow to Perth taking "only" 17 hours — the first ever regular nonstop route between Europe and Australia, and plans to start a flight from Brisbane to Chicago in April 2020. Qantas also has plans to introduce more ambitious non-stop routes from Sydney to London and New York later.

If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have separate domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit: check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast all have gates in the one terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other.

Australia's national carrier is Qantas, which together with its low-cost subsidiary Jetstar operate many flights into Australia from all 6 inhabited continents of the world. Virgin Australia flies several routes from North America, south-east Asia and the Pacific islands into Australia. For those coming from Europe, Singapore Airlines and Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific make good alternatives to Qantas, British Airways or the Gulf airlines for flights into Australia. Some routes into Australia are operated by discount airlines such as AirAsia X, AirAsia Indonesia, Scoot and Jetstar Airways.

Private aviation

Private aviation companies such as Australia Jet Charter va JetCorpAustralia offer direct private flights year-round using a variety of aircraft. Popular airports for charter jets include Sydney Bankstown Airport, Gold Coast Airport, and Melbourne Essendon Airport.

Qayiqda

Cruise ships are available mostly in the November to February cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific.

You may sail to Australia in your own yacht, just make sure you submit the right paperwork to Border Force, and arrive at an approved port of entry.

There are no international ferry services operating.

By overland transport

There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from South East Asia to North Western Australia while the bus went by barge. The only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, and India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus & Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, & South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia.

For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight kilometres). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air.

Travel to Darwin by cargo ship/ barge by ANL and Swire (the only two routine cargo haulers between Dili and Darwin) is not permitted (June 2016). For determined travellers, you may be able to obtain passage from Singapore by freighter vessel, organized through a travel agent.

Atrofga boring

Australia is huge but sparsely populated over much of its area, and you can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilisation, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe.

Almost all modern Australian maps, including street directories, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) as their grid reference, which is for all purposes identical to the WGS84 used by the GPS. You can locate most things on an Australian map or street directory if you just have the "GPS coordinates".

Quarantine

There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states and even between regions of states that are involved in fruit growing. If you are driving long distances or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruits and vegetables.

Mashinada

See also: Driving in Australia

The Great Ocean Road

Part of the Stuart Highway in Central Australia

Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. All the mainland state capitals are linked to each other by sealed highways. Some parts are dual carriageway but many sections are one lane each way with occasional overtaking lanes around every 5-20 km depending on the state. Roads linking minor centres (or what can look like short-cuts on the map) can be narrow or gravel roads.

Major hazards on Australian roads are wildlife and large trucks. Be sure to take extra care when driving at dusk or in the dark, as the risk of animal collisions increases significantly. Major regional areas have sealed (paved) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While public transport is usable in the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, a car is handy, sometimes even essential, to get around anywhere else.

Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic.

Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state.

Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres.

The maximum speed limit on most rural Australian roads is 100 km/h. Sometimes this is increased to 110 km/h especially in WA, NT and NSW. Average speed is seldom above 80 km/h due to the poor road conditions and limited overtaking opportunities. On some national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60 km/h can be a challenge.

While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving sealed (paved) roads in inland Australia should take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, and carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less.

Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of national highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency.

Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill you. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; even local people die out there when their car breaks down and they are not reported missing. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call in quickly to the local police station, to avoid the embarrassment and cost of a search being started for you.

Avtomobil ijarasi

Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One-way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets.

Smaller cars you can hire can be manual (stick-shift), whereas anything larger will mostly be automatic.

If you do not hold an Australian driving licence, some rental vehicle companies will require you to take a free driver knowledge test, aimed at tourists, that covers the basic road rules, or will take you on a short drive to assess whether you are competent behind the wheel.

Campervans

A campervan is a vehicle, usually a minivan, converted into a motorhome (recreational vehicle), most often catering to the vast number of young European and American backpackers traversing the country. The East Coast from Sydney to Cairns is especially abundant with happy, hungover youths travelling around in these vehicles. Driving in Australia has more information on renting or buying a campervan.

Taksida

Larger towns and cities have taxi services. Uber, DiDi and Ola are available in major cities. There are several smartphone taxi booking applications such as myDriver, GoCatch that make finding a licensed taxi simple.

Outside of cities, towns may have a limited taxi service. Maybe one or two drivers who may be part time. Smaller or remote towns may have no service at all.

When travelling alone, it is customary for a passenger to sit in the front passenger seat, next to the driver, rather than in the back. However, if you prefer to sit in the back then it isn't really a problem.

• Uber
• Didi
• Ola Cabs
• HOP

Samolyotda

Qantas and Jetstar aircraft at Melbourne Airport

Due to the large distances involved, flying is a well-patronised form of travel in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15 minutes during the day.

The best fares are almost always available on the most competitive routes, whereas routes to remote destinations with fewer flights tend to be more expensive. Qantas actually do often offer competitive prices, so don't ignore that option just because they are the national carrier. There are only a handful of main airlines in Australia, so it won't take long to compare their prices on domestic routes:

• Qantas, the full-service national carrier, flying to major cities and some larger regional towns;
• Virgin Australia, a nationwide full-service airline, flying to major cities and a few larger regional towns;
• Jetstar, Qantas's discount arm with limited service and assigned seating.

Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect discounts on these airlines to be harder to come by, and for standard airfares to be above what you would pay for the same distance between major centres.

• Qantaslink, the regional arm of Qantas, covering the smaller cities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia;
• Regional Express, covering larger towns & cities on the eastern seaboard and in country South Australia;
• Skywest, covering regional Western Australia, Bali and Darwin;
• Airnorth, covering the Northern Territory;
• Skytrans Airlines, covering regional Queensland.
• Sharp Airlines, covering several regional towns in Victoria and South Australia.

Charters

See also: General aviation

Scheduled aviation only flies to a handful of the thousands of airports around Australia. There are numerous options to charter aircraft that may take you direct to smaller country towns or even offshore islands. The costs can be comparable to scheduled airlines if there are 3 or more people flying in a group. The Australian Private Pilots Licence permits private pilots to carry passengers and to recover the cost of the plane hire and fuel from passengers, but not to advertise for passengers or fly commercially. That said, if you check the web pages of local flying clubs, there are always private pilots willing to fly on a fine weekend if someone is willing to put in for the cost of the plane and fuel.

Poyezdda

See also: Rail travel in Australia, Across Australia by train

Map of the main inter-city rail lines in Australia

Visitors from areas with well-developed long distance rail systems such as Europe and Japan may be surprised by the lack of high-speed, inter-city rail services in Australia. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. Nevertheless, train travel between cities can be very scenic and present opportunities to see new aspects of the country, and can be a cost-effective way to get to regional towns and cities, which tend to have more expensive flights than those between the state capitals.

The long-distance rail services that do exist are mainly used to link regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. In Queensland, a tilting train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton and Brisbane to Cairns (Spirit of Queensland). Queensland also has passenger services to inland centres including Longreach (The Spirit of the Outback), Mount Isa (The Inlander), Charleville (The Westlander) and Forsayth (The Savannahlander). There are also inter-city train services operated by Great Southern Railways on the Melbourne-Adelaide (The Overland), Sydney-Adelaide-Perth (Indian Pacific) and Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin (The Ghan). However, these are not "high-speed" services and actually cost more than flying, so if you do not enjoy train travel as part of your holiday then this is probably not for you.

Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra.

Long distance train operators

Indian Pacific

• Great Southern Railways - A private train operator running luxury tourist train services, The Ghan, The Indian Pacific and The Overland between Sydney, Broken Hill, Adelaide, Alice Springs, Darwin, Perth and Melbourne.
• NSW Trainlink Regional - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional connections to most New South Wales towns, including Dubbo, Coffs Harbourva Wagga Wagga.
• V/Line - Train & coach services in Victoria, including combined Train and Coach services between Melbourne and Adelaide, Melbourne and Canberra.
• Queensland Rail - Long distance passenger train services in Queensland, including its flagship Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns.
• The Savannahlander - A privately-run train service that links Cairns with the outback town of Forsayth, using old heritage trains, and providing overnight accommodation and tours on the way.
• TransWA - State government run, operating train services to Kalgoorlie va Bunbury. TransWA also operates coach services to much of the state where former rail services operated in the past, especially the South West of the state.

Rail passes

No rail pass includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours.

• Discovery Pass. Use any NSW Trainlink services (trains and coaches). Get anywhere in NSW, and north to Brisbane and south to Melbourne.
• Queensland Rail Coastal Pass and Queensland Rail Explorer Pass.

Local public transport

A suburban train in Sydney

Melbourne is well served by an extensive tram network.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong va Newcastle have train and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Sydney, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details.

Some regional cities and towns have local bus services, but see the destination guides for service information, as frequency can be poor and weekend and evening services non-existent.

By motorail

Australia had a tradition of motorail, allowing you to carry carry your car with you on special car carriages attached to the back of the train. This service is now only available on Great Southern Railways between Adelaide, Perth, and Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations.

Avtobusda

Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved for interstate connections are daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. There are no bus services from the other capital cities to Perth.

• Firefly Express, ☏1300 730 740 (local rate), 61 3 8318 0318 (international callers), ✉[email protected]. Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. 
• Greyhound, ☏1300 473 946 (local rate), ✉[email protected]. Greyhound travels to over 1100 destinations in Australia daily every day of the year. It has a variety of ticketing options allow you to travel at your own pace, hopping on and off as many times as your ticket allows. 
• Murrays, ☏ 61 13 22 51, ✉[email protected]. Murrays has services connecting Canberra with Sydney, the NSW South Coast va snowfields. 

Qayiqda

The Spirit of Tasmania II at Port Melbourne

Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well.

However, large inter city ferry services are not common.

• The Spirit of Tasmania. The only long distance ferry route connects Tasmania to the mainland and carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily between Melbourne and Devonport.
• Sealink connects Kangaroo Island, Australia's second largest southern island to mainland South Australia with regular car ferries.
• Sea SA offers an short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Adelaide (Wallaroo) and the Lucky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula. The service has been suspended frequently, but is operating as of Dec 2018.

By thumb

It is legal to hitch hike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less commonly done than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitch hiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas.

Hitch hiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways (often called "motorways" in New South Wales and Queensland) in all states (effectively making hitch hiking illegal in many practical places, in all states).

If forced to hitch hike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Many major inter-city highways and freeways have emergency telephone units to request help.)

It is common to see a tourist hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitch hike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in.

Velosipedda

Cycling the long distances between towns in Australia is not common, and most long distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. for example, to cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2–3 weeks with around 80–100 km per day.

Intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Long distance cyclists can be encountered on the Nullarbor and other isolated highways.

In some states, former railway lines have been changed into rail trails. Rail Trail Australia website has good material of routes off the main highways, with the Murray to the Mountains Train being the best quality trail with the most to see and do along the route. In Western Australia long distance cycle trails have been developed for mountain bikers. The Munda Biddi trail is many days through bushland, with huts provided for camping along the route.

Wherever you cycle - if you leave the urban sprawl of the capital cities, careful planning is required to ensure the correct supplies are carried.

Piyoda yurish

Walking through some parts of Australia is the only way to experience some particular landscapes. In Tasmania the Central Highland Overland Track and the South Coast Track are good examples of walking/hiking holiday to do items. The Bicentennial National Trail is one of the longest trails in the world, stretching from Cooktown in Northern Queensland, to Healesville.

Qarang

Wildlife

A koala

See also: Australasian wildlife

Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island continent, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.

Wildlife parks and zoos

• Wildlife parks and zoos are in every state capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura yoki Mogo, or staying on Hamilton Island. See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney.

In the wild

A Tasmanian devil

• Kangaroos va wallabies are in national parks all around Australia. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney, but they're common on the outskirts of most urban areas.
• Wombats va echidnas are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island.
• Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are notoriously very hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Great Ocean Road, or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast.
• Emus are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture into the outback national park at Currawinya
• Platypus are found in reedy, flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala yoki Delegate in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat.

Convict sites

Much of Australia's modern history was as a penal colony for convicts from the United Kingdom, and there are many historical sites that still stand as a reminder of the days of convict transportation. Perhaps the most famous of these sites are Port Arthur yilda Tasmania and Fremantle Prison in Fremantle, located near Perth, Western Australia. There are also many other sites scattered throughout the country.

Landmarks

Sydney Opera House, one of most recognized Australian landmarks

Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. Kimdan Uluru in the red centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney.

Small Australian towns have a tradition of making big sculptures as landmarks. Qarang Big things in Australia.

Australia has thousands of heritage-registered sites, with 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Sport

Part of an AFL match between the Hawthorn and Essendon teams

Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. As a testament to this, Australia has a track record of being one of the best performing teams at the Olympics despite its relatively small population. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). Australian sports fans are generally well behaved, and it is not uncommon for fans of two opposing teams to sit together during a match, even if the teams are bitter rivals. While the cheering can get really passionate, actual crowd violence is extremely rare.

• In the winter in Victoria Australian Rules Football (Aussie Rules, or in some areas just "footy") is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Although originating from and most popular in the state of Victoria, the premier national competition, known as the Australian Football League (AFL), has teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast as well. The AFL Grand Final, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground either in late September or early October each year, is the most watched event on the Australian sporting calendar. The AFL now runs a women's league, known as AFL Women's, during the summer. While obviously not as popular as the men's game, it still enjoys a decent following. The next women's season in 2020 will feature 14 teams from all of the current men's AFL markets.
• In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch the New Year's test match at the Sydney cricket ground played for 5 days starting from the 2nd of January, or the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne. Or for a more lively entertaining form, that only takes a few hours, try a twenty-twenty match. The final form is "One Day" Cricket, international matches generally start at 13:00 and finish at 22:00 or 23:00 (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11:00 to 18:00. The Australia Day One Day International is held in Adelaide every 26 January. The Ashes is a series of five test matches played between the Australian and English national teams. It is held in Australia every three or four years, and is one of the highlights of the cricket calendar. Whenever Australia hosts the series, the five matches are held in the five largest cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
• The Australian Open, one of the tennis Grand Slams, is played annually at Melbourne Park, including the main stadium of Rod Laver Arena, near the Melbourne city centre. Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January.

Hunter Stadium in Newcastle

.

• Catch a rugby union Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Japan in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament).
• Rugby League is a winter game played mainly in New South Wales and Queensland, with the National Rugby League (NRL) competition being the premier competition. Teams include Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. The competition culminates in the NRL Grand Final, which is held every year in the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The biggest event in the rugby league calendar of Australia is the State of Origin series between teams representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, which consists of an annual series of three matches of which two are are played in Sydney and Brisbane, and the third is played in either of those cities or sometimes, Melbourne or Perth. Many fans consider the level of play in the State of Origin series to be even higher than that in the Rugby League World Cup.
• Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in the domestic Super Netball league (which replaced a previous transnational league that also included New Zealand sides). The Australian national team is arguably the strongest in the world, with England, New Zealand and Jamaica usually posing the biggest challenge to Australian dominance.
• Soccer is a growing sport that is aspiring to reach European levels. Many immigrants and second-generation Australians hail from European countries where passion for the sport is very high. The Australia national team (the Socceroos) won the Asia Cup for the first time in 2015 and have raised the sport's profile significantly. There is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community, for example a Newcastle league side Broadmeadow Magic, which was built around the cities' Macedonian population. While women's soccer is less popular as a spectator sport, it enjoys a decent following, with the national team (the Matildas) regularly participating in the World Cup. The women's counterpart to the A-League is the W-League.
• F1 Grand Prix The Melbourne Grand Prix in March takes place on a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a few kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used annually as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.
• The Superkarlar chempionati bu kuchli avtoulovlar ishtirokidagi Avstraliyaga xos avtoulov poygalarining mashhur shakli bo'lib, AQShdagi NASCAR poygalari bilan taqqoslanadi - garchi deyarli faqat oval yo'llarda harakatlanadigan NASCARdan farqli o'laroq, Supercars seriyasida yo'l kurslari va ko'cha sxemalaridan foydalaniladi. Tadbirlar butun mamlakat bo'ylab mart oyidan dekabr oyining boshigacha o'tkaziladi. Mashhur Bathurst 1000 an'anaviy ravishda oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tadi.
• Ot poygasi Avstraliyada futbol va regbi ligasi qoidalaridan keyin Avstraliyaning uchinchi eng mashhur tomoshabin sport turi hisoblanadi va poygalar Avstraliyaning barcha shtatlari poytaxtlarida muntazam ravishda o'tkazib turiladi. Avstraliyaning ot poygalari taqvimidagi eng asosiy voqea har yili bo'lib o'tadi Melburn kubogi, shuningdek, dunyodagi eng obro'li musobaqalar qatoriga kiradi.
• Tozalar poygasi, ot poygalariga qaraganda kamroq mashhur bo'lishiga qaramay, dunyodagi eng katta itlarning poyga sanoatiga ega bo'lgan Avstraliyada ham uning izdoshlari bor. Greyhound poyga treklarini Avstraliyaning barcha shtatlari poytaxtlarida, shuningdek mamlakatning ko'plab kichik shaharlarida uchratish mumkin.

Yo'nalishlar

• Gibb daryosi yo'li
• Grand Pacific Drive - NSW janubiy sohilida ajoyib okean haydash.
• Gunbarrel avtomagistrali
• Oodnadatta Track
• Styuart shosse: Avstraliyani shimoldan janubga kesib o'tish
• Avstraliyadagi harbiy muzeylar va saytlar

Qil

Avstraliya dunyodagi eng chiroyli plyajlarga ega ekanligi bilan tanilgan (Bondi plyaji rasmda)

Oltin sohilda joylashgan Surfers Paradise, dunyodagi eng buyuk sayohlarni ifoda etadigan va bir qator tematik parklar yaqinida joylashgan mamlakatdagi eng mashhur sayyohlik joylaridan biridir.

Suzish

• bemaqsadda. Avstraliyada cheksiz ko'rinadigan qumli plyajlar mavjud. Olomonni dunyoga mashhur tomon kuzatib boring Bondi plyaji Sidneyda yoki Surfers Paradise Oltin sohilida. Yoki o'zingiz uchun hamma narsani toping (lekin plyajlarda xavfli yirtiqlardan ehtiyot bo'ling, qo'riqlanadigan plyajni topish ancha xavfsizroq). Sörf Tropik shimolda kichikroq va iliqroq bo'lib, u erda rif shishani buzadi, janubda esa Janubiy okeandan to'lqinlar bilan kattaroq va sovuqroq. (Va ha, o'rtada to'g'ri).
• tinch tropik okeanlarda. Kabel sohili Brom har kuni toza suv bilan tozalanadi, mukammal qum va iliq suvga ega - qishda boring.
• termal hovuzlarda. Darvinning janubida xurmo va tropik yaproqlar bilan o'ralgan Berry Springs & Mataranka kabi ko'plab tabiiy termal hovuzlar mavjud. Dunyodagi eng qimmat dam olish maskani basseynni bunday yaxshi qilishni orzu qilolmadi.
• chuchuk suvli ko'llarda. Ichki Avstraliya quruq bo'lishga intiladi, ammo chuchuk suvli ko'llar mavjud, ular siz kutmagan darajada. Atherton Stollenddagi Keyns ichki qismini o'rganing yoki orqaga qarab harakatlaning Currawinya milliy bog'i. Timsohlardan ehtiyot bo'ling.
• daryolarda. Agar u issiq bo'lsa va suv bo'lsa, unda suzish uchun joy bo'ladi. Qaerda bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, suv havzasi va arqon bilan bemalol sevimli suzish joyini so'rang. Timsohlardan ehtiyot bo'ling.
• texnogen basseynlarda. Mahalliy suzish havzasi ko'pincha Yangi Janubiy Uels va Viktoriya shaharchalarida yozgi yakshanba kuni jamoat hayotining markazidir. Sidney va Nyukaslning ko'plab qirg'oqlari odamlari okean plyajlari yonida suzishingiz mumkin bo'lgan "hammom" deb nomlangan tosh / beton basseynlar yasagan.
• sohilda! Suv joyidan joyingizni toping va sochiqdan chiqing. Tropik shimol qishda, yozda janubdan pastga. Avstraliyada har doimgidek, o'zingizni quyoshdan saqlang.

Bushvalking

Bushvalking - bu Avstraliyaning mashhur faoliyati. Ko'pgina milliy bog'larda va yomg'ir o'rmonlarida bushwalking qilishingiz mumkin.

Sho'ng'in

Suvosti sho‘ng‘ichi Buyuk To‘siq rifidagi ulkan mollyuskaga qarab

• Snorkelling ga sayohat qiling Katta to'siqli rif Kvinslend sohilida yoki Ningalu rifi G'arbiy Avstraliya qirg'oqlari yaqinida. Yoki Julian qoyalariga sayohat qiling Bayron ko'rfazi, yoki tropik baliqlarni ko'rish uchun shunchaki plyajdan tashqariga sho'ng'ing Bundaberg.
• Akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish

Sport

• Golf
• Qoyalarga chiqish sporti
• Tog'li velosiped. Yo'llarni sinab ko'ring Qorli tog'lar yoki Kanberradagi qora tog 'yoki G'arbiy Avstraliyadagi Munda Biddi tog'li velosiped yo'li bo'ylab bir necha kun davomida aylanib chiqing.
• Ot minish. Avstraliyada birinchi evropalik ko'chmanchilar kelganidan beri ot boy an'anaga ega. Avstraliyaning uzoq masofalari va og'ir muhitida sayohat qilishda otga tayanish avstraliyaliklar va ularning otlari o'rtasida mustahkam va uzoq muddatli munosabatlarning asosi bo'lgan. Bugungi kunda Avstraliyada ot minish ko'plab stantsiyalarda mollar mollaridan millionlab dollarlik poyga sanoatiga qadar ko'plab ko'ngilochar va kasbiy faoliyatni o'z ichiga oladi. Shahar va shaharlarning chekkalarida va qishloq manzarasida siz ko'plab ot paddoklari va juda yaxshi ko'rilgan otlarni ko'rasiz, ular avstraliyalik ot egalarining otlariga va ular olib keladigan zavqga bo'lgan ehtiros va sadoqatidan dalolat beradi.

Chang'i

• Kayak. Yangi Janubiy Uels va Viktoriya yaxshi rivojlangan tosh markazlariga ega. Tasmaniya, shuningdek, ob-havoni hisobga olgan holda, yilning bir necha oyi davomida chang'i bilan shug'ullanishi mumkin.

Qarang Avstraliyada qishki sport turlari

Sörf

• Sörf. Agar siz Avstraliyani odam bilan aloqada bo'lgan har qanday izdan qochish uchun er yuzidagi eng odamsiz va eng chekka joy deb bilsangiz, shunchaki Avstraliyaning eng chekka burchagida bemalol bemaqsad toping va sizga bemaqsad qilgan kishini topish kafolatlanadi. Avstraliyaliklar bemaqsad qilishni yaxshi ko'radilar va qaerda bemaqsad bo'lsa, u erda har qanday vaqtda va har qanday sharoitda avstiyalik sörfchilar bor. Deyarli har bir qirg'oq bo'yi, Cairns-dan Karatagacha bo'lgan tepalikdan tashqari, bemaqsad va sörfçülar unga minish uchun bor.

Hayajonli tadbirlar

• Osmonga sho'ng'in, butun Avstraliya atrofida
• Issiq havo sharlari, Kanberra, Brisben yoki Qizil markaz.
• Kitesurfing va shamol sörfü Geraldton va uning atrofida, G'arbiy Avstraliya va Koronatsiya plyaji, Avstraliyaning shamol sörfü va qaytsurfing poytaxti

Gamble

Berrigan kichik Yangi Janubiy Uels shahridagi Berrigan kubogi poyga uchrashuvida ot poygasi

Aytishlaricha, agar devor bo'ylab ikkita pashsha sudralib yurgan bo'lsa, u holda kitob yuritadigan Aussiyani topish uchun atrofga qarash kerak.

• Kazinolar. Melburndagi Crown Casino - Avstraliyaning eng yirik shahri, Sautbankda joylashgan, ammo har bir poytaxtda va Keynsda tarqalgan boshqalar bor, Launceston, Elis Springs, Oltin sohil va Taunsvill.
• Poygalarda kun. Barcha poytaxt shaharlarida har hafta oxirida ot poygalari o'tkaziladi, yo'lda va tashqarida garovlar mavjud. Ular odatda oilaviy holatlardir va moda va ko'rinadiganlar bu tadbirning bir qismidir. Yangi Janubiy Uelsdagi deyarli har bir pabda yorlig'i bo'ladi, unda stulni barda qoldirmasdan pul tikishingiz mumkin. Greyhound poygasi va trotting kechqurun sodir bo'ladi, odatda kichikroq olomon, ko'proq pivo va kamroq moda. Kichik qishloq shaharlari poyga uchrashuvlarini bir necha oyda yoki hatto har yili o'tkazadilar. Bu mahalliy jamoalar uchun haqiqiy voqealar va kichik shaharlarning hayotga aylanishini ko'rish. Orqaga Birdsvill irqlar yoki agar siz ko'chalarni kimsasiz deb topsangiz, bu noyabr oyining birinchi seshanbasida uchdan o'n uch (Melburn kubogi musobaqasi).
• G'ayrioddiy. Kertenkelelar poygasi, qamish qurbaqasi poygasi, tuya poygasi, Qisqichbaqa poygasi. Ushbu musobaqalarga pul tikish umuman noqonuniy hisoblanadi va siz saroyning orqa qismida TIB (Umumiy noqonuniy garov) ni topasiz.
• Ikki yuqoriga. Agar siz Anzak kuni (25 aprel) atrofida bo'lsangiz, havoga tashlangan tangalarga pul tikish sizning qaerda bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, mahalliy RSL klubingizda amalga oshiriladi.
• Avstraliyada deyarli to'rtdan biri bor o'yin avtomatlari (mahalliy "pokies" yoki "poker mashinalari" deb nomlanuvchi) dunyoda, va ularning yarmidan ko'pi Yangi Janubiy Uelsda joylashgan bo'lib, u erda ko'pchilik pablar va klublarda o'yin xonalari mavjud (qonuniy sabablarga ko'ra "VIP zallar" deb nomlangan). "tarsaki bor" va xususiyatga o'ting.
• Agar bularning hech biri sizga yoqmasa va sizning cho'ntagingizda juda ko'p pul bo'lsa, Avstraliyaning har bir shahar va shahar atrofi TABga ega. Sportingizni tanlang, g'olibni tanlang va peshtaxtada pulingizni topshiring.

18 yoshgacha bo'lganlar uchun qimor o'yinlari noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Bu ko'pincha bolalar uchun pablar, klublar va kazinolarning ayrim qismlariga kirishni cheklashi mumkin.

Qirollik shoulari

Avstraliyaning har bir shtati va materik hududi a qirollik namoyishiqishloq xo'jaligi yarmarkalari bo'lib, ular attraksionlar va boshqa ko'ngil ochish turlarini namoyish etadi va Avstraliyaning AQShdagi davlat yarmarkalariga tengdoshi bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Ushbu namoyishlar tegishli davlat va hudud poytaxtlarida, odatda bahor yoki kuz oylarida o'tkaziladi.

Sotib oling

Sidneydagi Pitt Street Mall - Avstraliyaning eng gavjum savdo tumanlaridan biri

Pul

Avstraliya pul birligi sifatida tanilgan dollar, "belgisi bilan belgilanadi$"yoki"$ A"(ISO kodi: AUD). U 100 ga bo'lingan sent (¢). Ushbu qo'llanmada "$" belgisi, agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, Avstraliya dollarlarini bildiradi.

Tangalar 5 ¢, 10 ¢, 20 of, 12 qirrali 50 ¢, 1 dollar va mayda 2 dollar qiymatida chiqadi. 2006 yilgacha bo'lgan Yangi Zelandiyaning 5 ¢, 10 ¢ va 20 ¢ tanga pullari deyarli o'zlarining avstraliyalik hamkasblari bilan bir xil edi, faqat boshqa dumlari tomoni bundan mustasno, shuning uchun sizning avstraliyalik o'zgarishingiz orasida ularga duch kelish odatiy hol emas. Notalar $ 5, $ 10, $ 20, $ 50 va $ 100 qiymatida (barchasi o'ziga xos ranglarda). 100 dollarlik kupyuralar kamdan-kam uchraydi va vaqti-vaqti bilan do'konlarda foydalanish qiyin. Avstraliya yozuvlari qog'ozga emas, balki plastik polimerga bosilgan. Agar bitimning umumiy qiymati 5 sentdan ko'p bo'lmasa, siz naqd pul bilan to'layotgan bo'lsangiz, bu miqdor besh sentga qadar yaxlitlanadi. To'liq kartadan to'lov amalga oshirilsa, undiriladi.

Dollar boshqa valyutaga bog'lab qo'yilmagan va jahon valyuta bozorlarida, ayniqsa valyuta chayqovchilari tomonidan juda katta savdoga qo'yilgan. Uning boshqa valyutalarga bo'lgan almashinuv qiymati ancha o'zgaruvchan bo'lishi mumkin va kuniga 1-2% o'zgarishlar muntazam ravishda yuz beradi.

Valyuta ayirboshlash

Hamyonga kiritilgan Avstraliya dollarlik banknotalar

Avstraliya dollari asosiy jahon valyutasi hisoblangani sababli, bu butun dunyo bo'ylab pul almashtiruvchi va banklarda keng tarqalgan.

Avstraliyadagi valyuta ayirboshlovchilar erkin bozorda ishlaydi va bir qator komissiyalarni, foizli yig'imlarni, valyuta kursiga kiritilgan aniq bo'lmagan to'lovlarni yoki uchalasining kombinatsiyasini oladi. Siz yirik markazlardagi banklardan foydalanish va aeroportlar va sayyohlik markazlaridan chetda qolish orqali sug'urta narxlaridan qochishingiz mumkin. Biroq, eng yaxshi va eng yomon stavkalar kichik xususiy sotuvchilardan kelib chiqadi va siz, albatta, atrofida xarid qilish orqali banklar orqali pul tejashingiz mumkin. Pulni almashtirishdan oldin har doim kotirovka oling. Siz bilan odatda fotosurat identifikatori bo'lishi kerak, garchi siz ozgina miqdorni o'zgartirsangiz, ozod bo'lishingiz mumkin.

Maxsus valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalari yirik shaharlarda keng tarqalgan bo'lib, banklar ham cheklanmagan valyutalarning ko'pini almashtirishi mumkin. Ushbu ayirboshlash shoxobchalari - ayniqsa, aeroportdagi savdo shoxobchalari - atrofni xarid qilishda olinadigan eng yaxshi almashinuvdan 10% to'lashi mumkin. Avstraliya banklari odatda valyuta kursini joriy birja markazidan 2,5% atrofida taklif qilishadi. 5-8 dollar miqdorida bir tekis komissiya olinishi mumkin. Ba'zi savdo shoxobchalari odatda yomonroq almashinuv kursi bilan birga olib boriladigan komission bepul almashinuvni reklama qiladi. Har bir bank bir xil almashinuvni taklif qiladi deb o'ylamang. Oddiy hisoblash sizga almashtirishni xohlagan miqdor uchun eng yaxshi kelishuvni taklif qiladigan narsa haqida xabar beradi. Sidney aeroportidagi sayyohlik risolasida American Express-da komissiya bilan bepul almashish uchun vauchers mavjud.

Xalqaro aeroport terminallarida Avstraliya valyutasini Cirrus, Maestro, MasterCard yoki Visa kartalari bilan tarqatadigan kassalar mavjud.

Bank faoliyati

Avstraliyada yashash manzilingiz bo'lsa, Avstraliya bank hisobini ochish juda sodda. Arizangizni ko'rib chiqish uchun bankka shaxsingizni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni, masalan, pasportni taqdim etishingiz kerak. Avstraliyaning eng yirik chakana banklari Milliy Avstraliya banki (NAB), Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya bank guruhi (ANZ), Hamdo'stlik banki va Westpac.

Naqd pul tarqatadigan avtomat mashinalar (bankomatlar) deyarli har bir Avstraliyada joylashgan. Avstraliya bankomatlari tartibga solinmagan va sizning bankingiz yoki kartangiz emitenti tomonidan olinadigan to'lov uchun qo'shimcha to'lovni amalga oshirishi mumkin. To'lovlar muassasalar va joylar o'rtasida farq qilishi mumkin, lekin odatda $ 2 atrofida. Bankomat to'lovlarni aks ettiradi va sizdan to'lovni olishdan oldin operatsiyani to'xtatish imkoniyati mavjud. Avstraliyada pul olish uchun qanday qo'shimcha to'lovlar qo'llanilishini bankingiz bilan tekshiring.

Xarajatlar

Avstraliya, odatda, tashrif buyuradigan qimmat joy, ba'zi tadqiqotlar natijalariga ko'ra Avstraliyada iste'mol narxlari bo'yicha dunyodagi eng qimmat davlatlar orasida Norvegiya va Shveytsariyadan keyin uchinchi o'rinni egalladi.

Poytaxt shahridagi yotoqxonalar qariyb 30 dollarni tashkil etadi, ammo Keynsda yoki arzonroq plyus-paker markazlarida 15 dollarga tushishi mumkin. Mamlakatdagi yoki poytaxt atrofidagi asosiy motel ikki baravarga 100 dollar turadi. City Center mehmonxonasini poytaxt shaharlarida ikki baravar uchun 150 dollardan yuqoriga olish mumkin. Formula 1 / Motel 6 uslubidagi mehmonxonalar (ular keng tarqalgan emas) ikki barobar uchun 60-90 dollar atrofida bo'lishi mumkin.

Avtomobil ijarasi kuniga 65 dollarni tashkil etadi. Jamoat transporti kuni shaharga qarab kuniga 10-20 dollardan o'tadi.

Kafe ovqatining narxi 10-15 dollar atrofida, restorandagi asosiy taom esa 17 dollardan yuqoriga ko'tariladi.

Paket uchun oddiy taom - burger, chiroyli sendvich yoki bir nechta tilim pitssa 5-10 dollar, Big Mac 4,50 dollar turadi va siz odatda pirogni taxminan 3 dollarga yoki kolbasa rulosini 2,50 dollarga olishingiz mumkin. Pizza Hut'dan ikki dona ovqatni to'lashga etarlicha katta pizza 10 dollar atrofida.

O'rtacha / idish (285 ml) uy pivosi sizga 4 dollarga, past darajadagi pabda esa bir stakan uy sharobiga 6 dollarga tushadi. Olib tashlash uchun 24 quti pivoning qutisi taxminan 40 dollar yoki bir shisha sharob 8 dollar atrofida turadi.

Qo'shni sharqiy poytaxtlar o'rtasida aviachipta har tomonga 120 dollarni tashkil etadi, ammo agar siz o'z vaqtida bron qilsangiz, yoki xurmo va oldindan buyurtma berishga moslashuvchan deb hisoblab, mamlakatni kesib o'tish uchun 350 dollarni tashkil qilishi mumkin. Shtat qatnovidagi poezdlarda poezd safari odatda biroz kamroq turadi. Avtobus safari, yana bir oz kamroq. Xususiy poezdlarda poezd safari sayohat qilishning eng qimmat usuli bo'ladi.

Odatda plyajlar yoki shahar bog'lariga kirish uchun to'lov olinmaydi. Ba'zi mashhur milliy bog'lar kuniga 10 dan 20 dollargacha (har bir avtomobil uchun yoki davlatga qarab bir kishi uchun) haq oladi, shu bilan birga milliy bog'lar bepul. San'at galereyalari va ba'zi diqqatga sazovor joylar bepul. Muzeylar, odatda, har bir kirish uchun taxminan 10 dollar to'laydi. Tematik bog'lar kishi boshiga 70 dollar atrofida haq oladi.

Soliq

Avstraliyada 10% mavjud Tovarlar va xizmatlarga soliq (GST) bu qayta ishlanmagan ovqatlar, ta'lim va tibbiy xizmatlardan tashqari barcha tovar va xizmatlarga taalluqlidir. GST har doim kiritilgan har qanday iste'molchi sotib olishning ko'rsatilgan narxida. Kvitansiyalarda (soliq hisob-fakturalarida) GST summasi bo'ladi.

Turistik pulni qaytarish sxemasi

Agar siz bir vaqtning o'zida bir joyda 300 dollardan oshiq tovar sotib olsangiz, 60 kun ichida Avstraliyadan buyumlarni olib chiqib ketsangiz, siz GSTni qaytarib olishingiz mumkin. Ko'pgina boshqa mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, bu Avstraliya fuqarolariga ham, chet el fuqarolariga ham tegishli. Yetkazib beruvchidan soliq hisob-fakturasini olganingizga ishonch hosil qiling (unda tovarlarga tovar belgilanadi, GST to'lanadi va etkazib beruvchining ABN-si bo'ladi). Avtoulovdan ketayotganda immigratsiya va xavfsizlikni ta'minlaganidan so'ng, narsalarni qo'l yukiga joylashtiring va TRS-da buyumlarni va kvitansiyani taqdim eting. Agar biron bir sababga ko'ra biron bir narsa tekshirilishi kerak bo'lsa, bojxona idorasini topganingizga ishonch hosil qiling va bojxonachilar sizning yuklaringizni tekshirishdan oldin tovarlarni ko'rishiga ruxsat bering. Shuningdek, jo'nashdan kamida 30 daqiqa oldin ruxsat bering va agar iloji bo'lsa, aeroportga etib borguningizcha tafsilotlarni onlayn ravishda kiriting. Pulni qaytarish to'lovi chek, Avstraliya bank hisob raqamiga kredit yoki kredit karta orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Xizmatlar bo'yicha GST uchun to'lovni qaytarish mumkin emas. Esda tutingki, tovar endi bojsiz hisoblanadi va agar siz ularni Avstraliyaga qaytarib olib kelsangiz va ular sizning bojsiz imtiyozlaringizdan oshib ketgan bo'lsa, ularga GST to'lashingiz kerak bo'ladi.

Kredit kartalar

Kredit kartalari Avstraliyada keng tarqalgan. Supermarketlar kabi deyarli barcha yirik sotuvchilar, ko'plab kichik do'konlarda bo'lgani kabi, kartalarni ham qabul qilishadi. Viza va MasterCard eng keng tarqalgan kartalar, keyin American Express, so'ngra Diners Club boshqa kartalar bilan hech qachon yoki juda kam qabul qilinadi. American Express va Diners Club yirik supermarketlarda va universal do'konlarda qabul qilinadi. Cirrus yoki Maestro logotiplarini ko'rsatadigan har qanday kartadan ushbu logotiplar aks etgan istalgan terminalda foydalanish mumkin. Avstraliya debet kartalaridan EFTPOS deb nomlanuvchi tizim orqali ham foydalanish mumkin.

Apple Pay, Google Pay va kontaktsiz kredit kartalar deyarli barcha terminallarda qabul qilinadi. Agar sotib olish qiymati 200 dollardan oshgan bo'lsa, sizga PIN kod kiritishingiz kerak bo'ladi.

Barcha Avstraliya kredit kartalari PIN-kod bilan beriladi. Agar sizda PIN-kod bo'lmagan chet el kartangiz bo'lsa, siz hali ham xaridlar uchun imzo qo'yishingiz mumkin, ammo chet el kartalari bilan ishlashda foydalanilmaydigan do'kon egalari buni bilmasligi mumkin. Agar sizning bankingiz ruxsat bersa, kartangizda PIN-kodni saqlashga harakat qiling. Aks holda, chet el kartangiz borligini tushuntirib, do'kon egasi ruchka topguncha kutishingizga to'g'ri keladi.

Kredit kartalar uchun qo'shimcha to'lovlar barcha avtoulovlarni ijaraga berish agentliklari, sayyohlik agentliklari, aviakompaniyalar va ba'zi chegirmali chakana savdo va xizmat ko'rsatish stantsiyalarida o'rnatiladi. Qo'shimcha to'lovlar American Express va Diners Club uchun (odatda 2% -4%) Visa va MasterCard (odatda 1,5%) ga nisbatan ancha keng tarqalgan va yuqori.

UnionPay kredit kartalari, shuningdek AliPay va WeChat Pay xitoylik mehmonlar sonining ko'payishi sababli sayyohlik do'konlari va restoranlarda keng tarqalgan. Ammo ulardan boshqa korxonalarda foydalanish qiyin.

Haggling

Avstraliyalik do'konlarda savdolashish odatiy hol emas, garchi sotuvchilar odatda raqobatdosh sotuvchidan narx yoki reklama narxini kutib olishga yoki urishga tayyor. Bundan tashqari, qimmatbaho tovarlar yoki bir nechta narsalarni o'z ichiga olgan xaridlar uchun "eng yaxshi narx" so'rash kerak. Masalan, narxlari pasaytirilmagan zargarlik buyumlaridan 10 foizini olish g'alati bo'lmaydi. Siz bilan muomala qilayotgan shaxs belgilangan narxdan boshqa har qanday narsaga buyumlarni sotish huquqiga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Sababsiz tortishishga urinish, ehtimol Avstraliyada qo'pollik sifatida qabul qilinadi va muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ladi.

Tips

Tips bu emas Avstraliyada odatiy holdir, garchi maslahat berishni xohlasangiz, maslahatlar qabul qilinadi.

Restoranlardan xizmat narxlari va soliqlar joylashtirilgan narxlarga qo'shilishi shart. Biroq, xizmat namunali bo'lsa, siz kichik maslahat qoldirishni tanlashingiz mumkin. Kredit karta orqali to'lashda ba'zi bir yuqori darajadagi restoranlarda sizning to'lovingizga maslahat qo'shish imkoniyati beriladi, garchi bu butunlay ixtiyoriy bo'lsa ham. Boshqa joylarda kassir tomonidan "Maslahatlar" deb nomlangan tanga kavanozi beriladi, lekin ko'pincha ovqatni iste'molchilar uni tashlamaydilar. Barmenlar kamdan-kam hollarda maslahat berishadi.

Boshqa turdagi xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar, shu jumladan mehmonxona xodimlari, yuk tashuvchilar, ekskursiya yo'riqchilari, oziq-ovqat etkazib berish haydovchilari va sartaroshlar maslahat olishlarini kutishmaydi.

Taksida taksilar ham kutilmaydi va haydovchilar sizning narxingizni eng yaqin dollargacha aylantirishingiz kerakligini bildirmasangiz, odatda sizning o'zgarishingizni oxirgi 5 sentga qaytarishadi. Yo'lovchilar haydovchiga keyingi butun dollarni yig'ib olishni buyurishlari odatiy hol emas.

Avstraliyadagi kazinolar, odatda, o'yin xodimlarining pulini pora sifatida qabul qilishni taqiqlaydi. Xuddi shunday, hukumat amaldorlariga maslahat berish ham pora sifatida talqin qilinadi va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishi mumkin.

Savdo soatlari

Do'konning ochiqligini ko'rsatuvchi belgi

Pertdagi savdo markazi

Avstraliya asosiy savdo soatlari dushanbadan jumagacha, 09: 00-17: 00. Do'konlar odatda tunda bir kecha savdo qilishadi, aksariyat shaharlarda juma kunlari soat 21:00 gacha va Brisben, Melburn va Sidneyda payshanba kunlari. Yakshanba kuni savdo qilish asosiy shaharlarda keng tarqalgan, ammo hamma qishloq joylarda mavjud emas. Ushbu asosiy soatlardan tashqari ish soatlari do'kon turiga, joylashgan joyiga va davlatga qarab farq qiladi. Qo'shimcha mahalliy ma'lumot uchun bizning mahalliy qo'llanmalarimizga qarang.

Asosiy markazlardagi yirik supermarket tarmoqlari odatda kamida ish kunlari soat 21:00 gacha (va ko'pincha yarim tungacha) ishlaydi, lekin odatda dam olish kunlari qisqartiriladi. 7/11 kabi xizmat ko'rsatish do'konlari yirik markazlarda 24 soat davomida ishlaydi.

Fast tamaddi qilishga mo'ljallangan restoran tarmoqlari odatda 24 soat yoki hech bo'lmaganda juda kech ishlaydi. Shahar markazlaridagi ko'plab oziq-ovqat sudlari odatda soat 16:00 ga yaqin yopiladi va hafta oxiri ofis ishchilarini nishonga oladigan bo'lsa, butunlay yopiladi, ammo savdo markazlaridagi boshqa oziq-ovqat sudlari ko'proq vaqtga ega.

Yoqilg'i quyish / xizmat ko'rsatish shoxobchalari yirik markazlarda 24 soat davomida ishlaydi, lekin ko'pincha soat 18.00 va yakshanba kunlari qishloq shaharchalarida yopiladi.

Avstraliya dam olish kunlari har haftaning shanba va yakshanba kunlari. Chakana savdo endi katta shaharlarda dam olish kunlari deyarli universal bo'lib, soatlari biroz qisqartirilgan. Shunga qaramay, G'arbiy Avstraliya yakshanba kunlari ochiladigan yirik do'konlarga cheklovlar bilan istisno hisoblanadi. Kichikroq qishloqlarda do'konlar yakshanba va ko'pincha shanba kuni tushdan keyin yopiq.

Sayyohlik yo'naltirilgan shaharchalar va do'konlar uzoq vaqt ochiq turishi mumkin. Kabi shaharlar ichidagi sayyohlik zonalari Darling Makoni Sidneyda har kecha ko'proq savdo soatlari bor.

Avstraliya banklari faqat dushanba-juma kunlari 09: 00-16: 00 gacha ishlaydi, ko'pincha juma kunlari soat 17:00 da yopiladi. Naqd pulni avtomatlashtirilgan avtomatlar (ATM) orqali 24 soat davomida olish mumkin, valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalari esa uzaytirilgan soatlarga ega va dam olish kunlari ishlaydi.

Yemoq

Avstraliya oshxonasi, asosan, 1960-70 yillarga qadar Britaniyaning mustamlakachilik merosi ta'sirida bo'lgan, ammo Evropaning Germaniya, Italiya, Gretsiya va Polsha singari boshqa qismlaridan immigratsiya tarixiga ega bo'lganligi sababli, ushbu madaniyatlarning ta'siri avstraliyalik oshxonada uning taomlaridan ko'ra ko'proq namoyon bo'ldi. Britaniya boshlanishi. Osiyolik muhojirlarning katta oqimi Avstraliya oshxonasida ham o'z izini qoldirdi, ko'plab avstraliyalik oshpazlar Osiyo ta'sirini nominal ravishda G'arb taomlariga kiritdilar.

Turli Aborigen qabilalari o'ziga xos oshxonalariga ega, garchi ular ekzotik ingredientlardan keng foydalanganliklari sababli, ular aksariyat avstraliyalik oshxonalarning bir qismiga aylanmagan.

Umuman olganda, Avstraliyadagi stol odob-axloq qoidalariga mos keladi Evropa normalar.

Ovqatlanish joylari

Shahar va qishloqlarda tashqarida ovqatlanish uchun joylar etishmasligi yo'q. Dunyo bo'ylab taomlarni taklif qiladigan yaxshi restoranlardan tashqari, quyidagilar ham mavjud:

• Publar, peshtaxta peshin pabida barda xizmat qilgan tushlikning nomi. An'anaga ko'ra nafaqat dam olish vaqtida dam olish xonasida. Bugungi kunda ko'pchilik pablar tushlik va kechki ovqatni taqdim etishadi, ko'pchilikda esa alohida bistro yoki restoran mavjud. Biftek, tovuq parmigiana va naxos keng tarqalgan.
• Klublar, klublar, masalan, bouling klublari, ligalar klublari, RSLlar ko'plab shahar va shaharlarda joylashgan. Ular ko'pincha Kvinslend va Yangi Janubiy Uels shtatlarida uchraydi. Ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilarga ruxsat beradi va ba'zida yaxshi ovqatlanishni taklif qiladi. A'zolik badali ko'pincha talab qilinadi.
• Kafelar, aksariyat shaharlar va shahar atroflarida kafe yoki kofe do'koni mavjud bo'lib, kun bo'yi nonushta va engil taomlar va pirojniylar xizmat qiladi. Soat 15.00 dan keyin yopilishi ular uchun g'alati emas.
• Nonvoyxonalar, odatda non pishiriqlarini, pirogni yoki kolbasa rulosini sotib olish uchun yaxshi joy.
• Fastfud restoranlari, McDonald's (yoki Makkaning), Metro va KFC keng tarqalgan. Burger King bu erda "Hungry Jack" deb nomlangan. Red Rooster - bu barbekyu qilingan tovuq go'shti va boshqa asosan tovuq go'shti mahsulotlarini taklif qiluvchi Avstraliya zanjiri.
• Olib ketish, sut barlari, sushi do'konlari va boshqa do'konlarda odatda sushi, pirog, barbekyu (rotisserie) tovuq go'shti, gamburger, baliq va chiplar, giros va kabob sotiladi.
• Oziq-ovqat sudlari, aksariyat savdo markazlarida, hattoki qishloq shaharlarda ham oziq-ovqat korti mavjud.
• Piknik, Avstraliya iqlimi odatda har qanday ovqatni olish va eng yaqin bog'ga, daryo, ko'l yoki plyajga borishga imkon beradi. Barbekyu uchun elektr jihozlari ko'pincha mavjud.
• Barbekyu, bu mashhur avstraliyalik o'yin-kulgidir va Avstraliyadagi ko'plab bog'larda jamoat foydalanishi uchun bepul barbekyu mavjud. Stereotipdan farqli o'laroq, avstraliyaliklar kamdan-kam hollarda "qisqichbaqani barbiga uloqtirishadi" (shuningdek, Avstraliyada qisqichbaqalar ko'proq qisqichbaqalar deb nomlanadi). Bifteklar, pirzola, kolbasa, tovuq filesi, baliq va kebaplar mashhur tarzda barbekyu qilinadi.
• Sharob zavodlari, Avstraliyaning ko'plab sharob zavodlarida o'zlarining uzumzorlarini e'tiborsiz qoldiradigan zamonaviy avstraliyalik oshxonalarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan restoranlarga ega bo'lib, u erda ularning sharoblarini ovqat bilan birga sotib olish mumkin. Odatda faqat tushlikda ishlaydi, ammo istisno Adelaida shahridagi Penfolds 'Magill Estate restoranidir, u faqat kechki ovqat uchun ochiladi.

G'arbiy Avstraliya, Vudlend, Jekadder Leykdagi ochiq barbekyu. Shunga o'xshash inshootlarni Avstraliya bo'ylab ko'plab bog'larda uchratish mumkin.

Melburnning CBD-dagi markaziy joy kafelar bilan o'ralgan

Mahalliy ovqatlar

Sidneydagi restoranda kenguru filesi

Avstraliyalik restoranlarda mahalliy ovqatlar aslida mavjud emasligi va avstraliyaliklar o'zlari tomonidan iste'mol qilinmasligi xafa bo'lishi mumkin. U supermarketlarda va mamlakatning ayrim chekka hududlarida mavjud. An'anaviy aborigenli parhezlar yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin, ularning iste'moli aniq jamoalar bilan cheklangan va siz uchun mavjud bo'lmasligi ehtimoldan yiroq.

• Kenguru, agar siz ba'zi narsalarni hayratda qoldirsangiz, bu ko'plab supermarketlar va qassoblar do'konlarida mavjud. Barbekyu o'rtacha kamdan-kam uchraydi, lekin uni pishirib yubormaslik kerak, chunki u juda ko'p bo'lishi mumkin qattiq. Uning ta'mi mol go'shtiga o'xshaydi. Vaqti-vaqti bilan restoranlarda, asosan sayyohlik zonalarida menyuga kiradi. Kengurular mo'l-ko'l, tuyoqli hayvonlarga qaraganda sezgir Avstraliya muhitiga juda kam zarar etkazadi va uglerod chiqindilarini ham kamroq hosil qiladi. Kanguru - barbekyu qilish paytida ajoyib ekologik bayonot.
• Timsoh, Shimoliy hudud va Kvinslenddagi fermer xo'jaliklarining go'shti yuqori qismida, ba'zan esa boshqa joylarda keng tarqalgan. Avstraliyaning mol go'shti poytaxti Rokhamptonda siz fermada qadimgi sudraluvchini krok burger bilan mashg'ul bo'lganingizda ko'rishingiz mumkin.
• Emu, ha, siz Avstraliya Gerbining qolgan yarmini ham yeyishingiz mumkin. Emu oz miqdordagi yog'ga ega va maxsus qassoblarda mavjud. Gerbni pirogda sinab ko'ring Maleni yoki ichida pitssa Toshlar.
• Bush tucker, ko'plab sayohatlar sizga Avstraliyada tug'ilgan butadan olinadigan tuplar, rezavorlar, yong'oqlar, ildizlar, chumolilar va grublarni sinash imkoniyatini berishi mumkin. Makadamiya yong'oqlari tijorat maqsadida oziqlanadigan Avstraliyada o'sadigan yagona mahalliy o'simlik. Boshqa buta ovqatlaridan ba'zilari o'ziga xos ta'mga ega bo'lishi mumkin, ammo mahalliy ziravorlar, albatta, sinab ko'rishga arziydi va tobora avstraliyalik nozik ovqatlanish restoranlarida namoyish etilmoqda. Bush tucker muzqaymoqini ba'zan dehqon bozorlarida va tashqi festivallarda topish mumkin.

Oshxonadan tashqari

Krem va malina bilan bezatilgan pavlova

Avstraliyada inglizlar tomonidan ilhomlangan, xalqaro miqyosda yaxshi ma'lum bo'lmagan juda yaxshi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari mavjud. Albatta, sinab ko'rishga arziydi.

Vegemit, sho'r xamirturush asosida yoyilgan, eng yaxshi tushdi nonga yoyilgan. Agar siz bankani sotib olishga tayyor bo'lmasangiz, har qanday qahvaxona nonushta paytida tushdi nonga vegemit bilan xizmat qiladi. Hatto menyuda ham bo'lmasligi mumkin, ammo vegemit marmelad yonidagi bankada orqada bo'ladi. Agar siz bankani sotib olgan bo'lsangiz, uni juda nozik qilib yoyish siridir va sariyog'ni ham unutmang. Uning ta'mi Buyuk Britaniyadagi Marmite yoki Shveytsariyadagi Cenovisga o'xshaydi. Avstraliyaliklar ta'mga odatlanib qolishgan va Vegemitni juda qalin tarqatishi mumkin; ammo bu birinchi marta tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun tavsiya etilmaydi.

The Tim-Tam bu shokoladga botirilgan, ikkita shokoladli pechene shokoladli fud bilan to'ldirilgan sendvich. Paketni (yoki ikkitasini) istalgan supermarketdan yoki do'konlardan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Tim-Tamsdan ijro etish talab etiladi Tim-Tam Slam manevr. Buning uchun Tim-Tamning ikkala uchini tishlashni, so'ngra uni eng sevimli issiq ichimlikni, odatda kofeni ichish uchun somon sifatida ishlatishni talab qiladi. Issiq ichimlik fudge markazini eritadi va ta'riflash qiyin bo'lgan tajribani yaratadi. To'liq to'yingan va erigan o'rtasida mikrosaniyalarda butun pecheneni og'zingizga so'rib olish uchun noziklik kerak. Tim-Tams 11 donadan iborat paketda sotiladi, shuning uchun paketni sotib olishdan oldin, sherikingiz bilan o'rtoqlashish bo'yicha kelishuvlarni kelishib oling, aks holda sayohat tartiblari buzilishi mumkin. Yozda Tim-Tams ko'pincha muzlatgichda saqlanadi va muzdek sovuqda iste'mol qilinadi.

The lamington - bu shokoladli muz bilan yopilgan va quritilgan kokos yong'og'iga botgan shimgichli keki kubidir. 1896 yildan 1901 yilgacha Kvinslend gubernatori bo'lib ishlagan Lord Lamington nomi bilan atalgan. Uyda pishirilgan shaklni mahalliy shanba kuni ertalab bozorda topish mumkin yoki umidsiz bo'lsangiz, uni nonvoyxonadan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Supermarketlarda sotiladigan plastik o'ralgan navlardan har qanday narxda saqlaning.

The Pavlova odatda yangi uzilgan mevalar bilan bezatilgan qaymoq tepasi bilan bezatilgan pirojnoe. Maxsus holatlarda yoki tushlikdagi barbekyudan keyin xizmat qiladi. Ko'pincha bilan nizoning manbai Yangi Zelandiya retseptning asl manbasi ustida.

ANZAC pechenelari kokos yong'og'i, jo'xori, un, shakar va oltin sirop aralashmasi. Ular xotinlari va parvarish tashkilotlari tomonidan birinchi jahon urushidagi askarlarga g'amxo'rlik paketlarida jo'natilgan, ammo bu voqea, ehtimol apokrifaldir. Ular novvoyxonalar, kafe va supermarketlarda mavjud va ANZAC kunigacha (25 aprel) mashhur.

Damper haydovchilar va stokchilar tomonidan pishirilgan an'anaviy sodali non. Uning tarkibida asosiy tarkibiy qismlar (un, suv va ehtimol tuz) mavjud bo'lib, odatda olov olovida pishiriladi. Bu nonvoyxonalarda muntazam ravishda mavjud emas va faqat odatda sayyohlarga uyushtirilgan ekskursiyalarda xizmat qiladi. Eng yaxshi quruq va yumshoq bo'lgani uchun sariyog 'va murabbo yoki oltin sirop bilan iste'mol qilinadi.

A Chiko rulosi bu tuxum rulosidan yoki bahor rulosidan ilhomlanib pishgan qovurilgan gazak. Nomiga qaramay, unda tovuq yo'q. To'ldirilishi suyakli qo'y, sabzavot, guruch, arpa va ziravorlardan iborat. Uning qobig'i tuxum rulosidan qalinroq bo'lib, futbol o'yinlarida ishlashda omon qolish uchun mo'ljallangan. Baliq va chiplarni har qanday joyda xarid qilishingiz mumkin.

The Avstraliyalik go'shtli pirog ko'pchilik tomonidan milliy taom sifatida qabul qilinadi. Variatsiya - bu pirog suzuvchi Adelaidadan, bu qalin shilimshiq no'xat oshiga solingan pirog.

Boshqa oshxonalar

Avstraliyada keng tarqalgan, ko'pincha tegishli madaniyat vakillari tomonidan tayyorlanadigan taomlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Inglizlar, Avstraliyaning mustamlakachilik merosi, ehtimol, hamma joyda yaxshi ifodalanadi qovurilgan kartoshka bilan baliqva deyarli har bir mahalla va qirg'oq bo'yidagi kichik shaharlarda mahalliy baliq va chiplar do'koni bo'ladi. Avstraliyada tez-tez ishlatiladigan baliq turlariga po'stloq (har xil mayda akula), yassi bosh, barramundi va qirol Jorjning oqi kiradi. Buyuk Britaniyadan farqli o'laroq, baliq va chiplar Avstraliyada odatda ketchup va tartar sousi bilan xizmat qiladi. Britaniyalik va irlandcha pablar Avstraliyaning aholi punktlarida keng tarqalgan, garchi ularda tovuq parmasi, shnitsel va makaron kabi avstraliyaliklar bor.
• Xitoy, synonymous with the term "takeaway" in the past generations. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianised Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents, that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Cantonese Dim Sum is available in dedicated restaurants in most large shopping malls.
• Thai restaurants have exploded in number over the past decade. Sydney in particular is known as one of the best destinations for Thai food in the world.
• Italian, the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Head to Lygon street in Melbourne or Leichhardt in Sydney if you're a fan.
• Greek is not quite as widespread as Italian above, but good options in every city and town.
• Lebanese and other Middle Eastern, especially in Sydney. A Manoosh is a tasty pizza variation that is somewhat more healthy as well.
  • A fusion dish that's becoming increasingly popular nationwide is the halal snack pack (also known by many alternate names). It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (originating from Turkey) and chips, covered by any of a wide variety of sauces and often cheese. Typically served in styrofoam containers as a takeaway dish.
• Indian is available in most cities, and often represent a good mid-range restaurant option.
• Japanese, including bento takeaway shops, udon restaurants and sushi trains. They are often operated by Koreans, whose own cuisine is also well represented in the major cities.
• Vietnamese, Pho and Cha Gio (spring rolls) are easy to find in the major cities.
• German, South Australia and Queensland in particular have had a long history of German settlement, and German restaurants can be found in major cities and in country towns that were historically settled by Germans. The schnitzel is a German dish that has been Australianised and is widely available in pubs and cafes throughout the country, though unlike German schnitzels, which are usually made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. A good selection of German or German-inspired sausages is also available at many butchers.
• Asian fusion refers generally to Asian-inspired dishes.

Modern Australian

Modern Australian is a recently developed cuisine that is often seen in fine dining establishments, analogous to Modern American cuisine in the United States. This cuisine mixes cooking styles and flavours from different parts of Europe and Asia, paying homage to the diverse origins of Australia's population, and often incorporates native Australian flavours from the bush as well.

Vegetarian

Eating vegetarian is available in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities and in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast, you will find vegetarian and vegan restaurants. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Bayron ko'rfazi are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas especially in the Northern Territory, North Western Australia and north Queensland vegetarians are often poorly catered-for, but most towns will have a Chinese or Thai restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a lot of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets.

Quick vegetarian options include:

• 'Smashed Avo' is a mix of avocado and feta cheese, served on toast and with an egg. A popular breakfast option and (unfairly) associated with free spending millennials.
• Sushi rolls and tofu pockets, available at sushi shops everywhere
• Vietnamese spring rolls (Bahn Mi) are also readily available with vegetarian fillings
• Korean restaurants offer rice bowls (such as Bibimbap) with no meat
• Pie shops of spinach rolls (filled with spinach and ricotta cheese)
• Most food halls have a dedicated salad counter

More remote outback areas may have very few vegetarian options (lots of processed meat pies and little else), so it is worth packing some vegetarian supplies before you go.

Religious diets

People observing kosher or halal will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Fast food chains often offer Halal certified meals in areas with high Muslim populations in Western Sydney and Melbourne.

Allergies

Australian restaurants generally provide options for people with common allergies such as nuts and seafood. Ask the waitstaff if in doubt.

The gluten free diet fad has spread to Australia, and there is no shortage of gluten free products in supermarkets, bakeries and restaurants, albeit often at higher price than the regular versions of those products.

Markets

All of the capital cities and many regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene standards in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their boot (trunk). The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season. In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details.

Ichish

Beer

Drinking beer is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians in Australia, and is almost impossible to find. Beers are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX (pronounced "fourex") in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. There are also local microbrew choices, which can be harder to find, but are often worth seeking out. A range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub.

The XXXX Brewery in Brisbane

Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Low calorie beer is sold as low carb.

Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a schooner is 425mL everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285mL, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy yoki pot, except in Darwin where it's a handle, but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570mL full pint, and a pint means what a schooner does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides.

Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 ml stubby and the 750mL long neck, or tallie. Cans of beer are known as tinnies and 24 of them make up a slab, box, carton, or a case.

Vino

Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $10 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from.

The areas of the Barossa vodiysi (near Adelaide), Hunter Valley (near Sydney), Yarra Valley (near Melbourne) and Margaret daryosi (near Perth) are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia.

Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town.

If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia.

Shuningdek qarang Avstraliyada uzum boqish.

Spirits

Bundaberg Rum (Bundy) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass-produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere.

For many years one had to search to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough and more are popping up all the time–Adelaide gin distilleries 75° and the Adelaide Gin Company have grown in esteem over the past few years. The tiny Sullivan's Cove distillery in Tasmania made waves in 2014 when one of their whiskies was named the World's Best Single Malt, kicking off a mini-boom in Australian whisky, and they repeated the feat in 2018 and 2019. If $8,000 for a bottle of their 2014 French Oak is a bit steep, drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Xobart waterfront precinct, book a gin blending experience at Archie Rose in Sydney, pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum.

Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. A basic spirit and mixer (vodka and orange juice for example) will cost you about $7 at a bar or nightclub, but can vary ~$5–12.

Legal aspects

The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 years. It is illegal either to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age or to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age is an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25. It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18.

Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play.

In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems.

Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues: pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops, which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some states you can buy alcohol in supermarkets. In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, 08:00-23:00, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; unless you're in the middle of Sydney or Melbourne, so if you're planning on a party at home; it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 00:30 with no opportunity to buy more. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia.

Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but you would only likely ever be picked up by the police if you were causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged.

Driving while affected by alcohol is stigmatized, policed by random breath-testing police patrols in Australia, and inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of licence. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% in most states and 0.01% in New South Wales, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. Refusing any of these tests is a criminal offence. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath-testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after.

A shout

The Birdsville Hotel in far western Queensland

Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. Similarly this will likely be done to you when someone else joins the group. This is called a shout, and incurs an obligation that you will generally return the favour in a following round, and that also you will generally maintain the same drinking pace as your associates in the round throughout the evening. If someone in the same round as you has an empty glass, who is ahead of you in drinks bought, you should declare that it is your shout, and make your way to the bar. If someone offers to buy you a drink, but does not offer to buy for the person who already has bought you a drink, you should say you are already in a shout, and decline. If they buy you and the people in your round a drink, they have joined the shout. Its generally not polite to switch between shouts during an evening. It you are in a large shout, and you decline a drink, you still have to buy a drink for the round when it comes to your turn. You are well advised if you wish to skip a round, to do so on your shout. It is generally poorly received to buy a round, and then to refuse a drink when one is purchased for you. Often the drink will just be bought for you without even asking. Don't be surprised if someone who bought you a drink earlier in the night, later says that it is your shout. Not joining a shout can be awkward in some groups. The best way is to say you are driving, and you will buy your own drinks. This is also an acceptable way to drop out after one round, when the score is even.

Non-alcoholic

Milo is a malt and chocolate drink now made by Nestlé that was invented in Australia, and has since become immensely popular in parts of Southeast Asia. It can be found in any Australian supermarket.

Australia has a strong coffee culture, especially Melbourne, a city with extensive Italian immigration. The joke is that Italians visiting Melbourne think the coffee is worse than their home city's, but better than every other city in Italy. Even service stations and fast food places will sell decent coffee. However, because of the strong preference for local coffee shops, many of the major chains in other countries don't exist -- Starbucks has a tiny handful of stores in Melbourne and Sydney, and none elsewhere in the country. Don't be taken aback by the lack of chains; try the local flavour instead!

O'rganing

Asosiy maqola: Studying abroad#Australia

Australia is a popular destination for University students, especially from East Asia, Southeast Asia va Hindiston. Australia offers world class universities in an English speaking environment, along with potential opportunities to actually gain resident and work visas on a path to citizenship. If you are intending to study in Australia, you will need to be on a visa class that allows this. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For very short term or part-time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy.

Australia also happens to be a great place to get Barista certification, with graduates being maybe able to command higher wages in coffee shops back in their home countries. Such courses can usually be conducted on a standard tourist visa.

Uyqu

Camping by the Yarrangobilly River, NSW

Accommodation is readily available in most Australian cities and tourist destinations. As with everything else in Australia it tends to be on the expensive side by international standards.

Mehmonxonalar

All state capitals have a number of 4 or 5 star standard hotels, often with upmarket restaurants, bars, room-service, and other premium hospitality services. Other 2 or 3 star hotels are scattered around the inner-cities and inner suburbs. Best to check local guides and reviews to know what you are in for. Most hotels offer internet connectivity, occasionally for an inflated fee. Most hotels (distinct from the country pubs known as hotels) have private bathroom facilities. It isn't unknown for all options to run out during major events in cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

Pubs

Bendigo's Shamrock Hotel

Most pubs in Australia offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer pubs. The rooms are often on the second floor directly above the bar area and can be noisy, particularly on Fri/Sat nights.

Outside of the major centres, the pub is called a Hotel. A motel won't have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached is called a Hotel/Motel.

In very small towns local pubs offer the only accommodation available to travellers. Accommodation in these pubs tends to be budget-style with shared bathrooms but private rooms.

Pub accommodation is even available in the centre of Sidney, making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour.

If you travel as a single, and want a private room, pubs usually have single rooms at a discount over a double room. Most motels will charge the same price for one or two people sharing a room.

Motels

Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room.

Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $80. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts.

Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room and kettles are widely provided.

Hostels and backpackers

Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20–30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions.

There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain.

Holiday parks

Holiday parks are an Australian holiday institution and a great way to stay if you have your own wheels. These are basically an upgraded version of caravan parks, but as the new marketing indicates, they now cater to regular travellers as well. A typical holiday park offers the following types of accommodation:

• Cabins fully equipped with bedding, kitchens, TV, wifi and more, for travellers without their own home on wheels. Most can house 4 or more people with rates starting from around $100/night.
• Powered sites for parking your caravan/campervan/motorhome/RV. Some parks offer ensuite sites featuring a little bathroom with shower & toilet.
• Unpowered sites are for those intending to pitch their own tent, starting from around $20/night.

Regardless of where you stay, the price includes access to communal facilities including BBQs, showers, kitchens, self-service laundries, pools, tennis courts and jumping pillows. The largest park chains covering the country are Top Parks/Discovery Parks va Big 4, but there are also plenty of independent options.

There are a couple of caveats to holiday parks:

• They're typically located on the outskirts of towns, so they're not very practical unless you have your vehicle.
• Most cater to families, which is great if you have kids, but not so much if you're looking for peace and quiet.
• During school holidays, parks tend to jack up their rates and require multiple-night minimum stays, and the best ones sell out anyway.
• If you change your mind, too bad, since reservations are typically nonrefundable.

Lager

Camping is a popular pastime. In addition to camping at holiday parks, national parks often provide cheap or free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Paid camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hour's drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5–10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (e.g.: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc.), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres.

Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year.

You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilisation or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities.

Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed.

Farm stay

Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin.

Holiday home

Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes located in prime positions, but also sometimes in the residential sections of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom.

Bed and Breakfasts

The Henty Central Hotel in the New South Wales town of Henty provides bed and breakfast accommodation. Many country towns have similar hotels.

Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focused on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommodation they do in part of the United Kingdom, and the local motel will usually be cheaper.

Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts.

Resorts

There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard.

Serviced apartments

Serviced apartments are a very popular form of accommodation in Australia, with all capital and most regional cities having multiple such hotels. These often include hotels located in prime positions in the centre of town.

Guests are typically able to stay for as little as one night, and discounts are often available for bookings of a week and over. Rooms tend to be larger than in standard hotels, and amenities typically include a kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms. Apartment hotels generally don't offer breakfast or have a restaurant, but there are usually cafes located nearby (often next door) which cater to guests.

Houseboats

Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural rivers, and provide an excellent opportunity to spend time in the wilderness. These usually have kitchens in them so you can bring your own food to cook.

Station wagons and vans

In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 L water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, although overnight parking restrictions are rare. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100 fine is not uncommon.

All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric barbecues as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel.

Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you.

Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense.

Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly.

Ish

Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. It is illegal for foreigners to undertake paid work in Australia on a tourist visa. Be aware that any form of compensation for services performed, monetary or otherwise (e.g. room and board), counts as payment in Australia, meaning that such work would be illegal on a tourist visa. Volunteer work is allowed provided it is incidental to the trip (i.e. not the main purpose for the trip). Foreigners in Australia on a student visa are allowed to work for up to 20 hours a week during term time, and full-time during the school holidays. Working illegally in Australia runs a very real risk of arrest, imprisonment, deportation and being permanently banned from re-entering Australia. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements.

Payment and taxes

Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts and therefore you should open a bank account as soon as possible. Some banks allow you to open account from abroad, for example Commonwealth Bank and HSBC.

You should also apply for a Tax File Number (TFN) as soon as possible. You can apply on-line for free at the Australian Tax Office website, though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. You can start working without one, but you are advised to get one as soon as possible as your employer would have to withhold tax from your salary at the highest rate should you not provide one. Register your TFN with your bank as soon as possible, otherwise any interest you accrue will be taxed at the highest rate. The Australian financial year runs from 1st July to 30th June, and tax returns for each financial year are due on 30th October, four months after the accounting period ends. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return.

Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Visitors on temporary working visas who are not citizens of Australia or New Zealand should claim this money when they leave Australia. This payment is known as a Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP) and you can apply online. New Zealand citizens can transfer their superannuation money to their New Zealand KiwiSaver account; contact your provider to arrange this.

Working holidaymaker scheme

Vineyards in South Australia

Australia has a working holidaymaker program for citizens of certain countries between 18 and 30 years of age. It allows you to stay in Australia for 12 months from the time you first enter. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12-month visa.

You can apply online for a working holiday visa, but you must emas be in Australia at the time. It takes just a few hours to process usually and it costs about $440 (as of March 2017). On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer.

It's recommended to arrive in Australia with sufficient funds which is a minimum of $5000 if you are on a working holiday visa. The cost of living in Australia is quite high and it may take a few days or weeks to get a job.

Work visas

Work visas in Australia change frequently and sometimes without any notice, so always check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the Immigration Department's website.

The most straightforward way to get a work visa (subclass 457, 186 & 187) is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia. Locally advertised jobs are usually explicit in requiring a valid work visa before your application can be considered. Getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process and you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). An employer with a good background and efficient immigration lawyers could get your 457 approved within a week. Your work visa will only be valid for the employer who sponsored you and you will have to leave within 30 days of your employment ending.

Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa (subclass 187) is the easiest employer nominated visa to acquire, although you will have to live and work in a designated 'regional' area. These areas are mostly rural and far removed from the larger cities, although Adelaida does count in this scheme.

Skilled independent visas (subclass 189, 190, 489) may be pursued if you have a valuable specialised skill and don't want to be tied to a specific employer.

There is also a temporary graduate visa (subclass 485) which allows graduates of Australian universities to stay on and work in Australia, and is usually valid anywhere from 18 months to 4 years depending on your level of education, and your major. Your major must be from a list of skilled occupations for which there is a labour shortage in Australia. This list is updated every year, and whether or not you qualify for this visa is dependent on the list at the time of your graduation, emas at the time you begin your studies.

Immigration

You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. If you have a lot of money, there are several investor's visas available which allow you to live in Australia with a view of obtaining permanent residency. After four years of legal residency which must include one year as a permanent resident, you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship.

Volunteering

There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, & education programs such as Australian Volunteers, World Wildlife Fund, Gap 360, Go Discover Abroadva Xtreme Gap Year.

Hurmat

Unless you are actively trying to insult someone, a traveller is unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance.

Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to people many years your senior. Many Australians are fond of using and giving nicknames - even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and as such it would be rare they are being condescending.

It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire are okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for women and men, although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women.

Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather.

Using Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile.

Australians are often self-deprecating; however, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well.

Social classes do not feature as prominently in Australia as they do in many other countries, and you will notice that tradespeople and manual labourers are very well paid and accorded a lot more respect in Australia than elsewhere. Be careful not to imply that you are looking down on people whose jobs may be considered menial by the standards of other countries. Service workers, including hotel staff, waiters, cleaners, taxi drivers and shop employees, expect that customers will treat them as equals.

Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "excuse me", is asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly helps.

Indigenous Australians

Uluru

Aboriginal Australians likely arrived in the Australian landmass 60,000 years ago and number over half a million people today. They have faced significant discrimination over the years since European settlement took their traditional lands, and sensitivity should be given at all times. Aboriginal people actually come from many different 'nations' with distinctive cultures and identities that spoke up to 250 different languages before European settlement.

Many areas of Aboriginal land are free to enter. Some areas carry a request from the Aboriginal people not to enter, and you may choose yourself whether or not to honour or respect that request. Uluru holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu people, who live in the area; while climbing it used to be a popular tourist activity, it has been banned since 2019. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened many times during the climb), so please keep off.

Some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online.

If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too, though these terms only refer to people indigenous to mainland Australia or Tasmania. Avoid using Aborigine yoki Aboriginal as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in these words. The contraction "Abo" is deeply offensive and should never be used. The word Native is also offensive. People indigenous to the Torres bo'g'ozidagi orollar do not identify as "Aboriginal"; just stick to the term Torres Strait Islander instead.

Other areas to consider when interacting with Indigenous Australians are:

• Australia Day is considered a day of invasion by many Aboriginal people
• Tug'ilgan avstraliyalikka vafot etgan kishining ismini aytmaslik yaxshiroqdir. Aborigenlarning urf-odatlari turlicha bo'lishiga qaramay, huquqbuzarliklardan saqlanish yaxshiroqdir.
• Aborigen odamni suratga olish uchun har doim ruxsat so'ralishi kerak, lekin ayniqsa Arnhem Land, Shimoliy Hudud kabi uzoqroq joylarda.
• Uluru yoki Uch opa-singilga chiqish kabi muqaddas aborigen joylarni hurmatsizlikdan saqlaning.

Din

Zamonaviy Avstraliya jamiyati dunyoviy va faqat oz sonli avstraliyaliklar doimiy ravishda cherkovga borishadi. Aksariyat avstraliyaliklar barcha dinlarga mansub kishilarga nisbatan bag'rikengdirlar va hijob, kippa yoki xochga mixlangan kiyinish kabi diniy kiyim kiygan odamlar umuman ta'qibga uchramaydilar, ammo Islomofobiya mavjud. Yaqinda dinni qabul qilishga urinish yoki boshqalarga noqulaylik tug'dirish, aksariyat hollarda salbiy javobni keltirib chiqarmaydi.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Favqulodda vaziyatlar

Raqam 000 ("uch nol" yoki "uch karra oh" deb nomlanadi) Avstraliyaning istalgan telefonidan bepul terilishi mumkin. Ushbu raqam favqulodda vaziyatlar operatoriga sizga qaysi xizmat kerakligini aytganingizdan so'ng sizni politsiya, o't o'chiruvchilar, sohil qo'riqchisi yoki tez yordam xizmati bilan bog'laydi.

Agar siz ushbu xizmatlarga murojaat qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, lekin vaziyat favqulodda vaziyat emas, 000 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qilmang: politsiya yordam liniyasiga qo'ng'iroq qilishingiz mumkin 131 444. Bunga shovqin bo'yicha shikoyatlar uchun qo'ng'iroq qilishni talab qilish kiradi. Ilonlar, o'rgimchak va hasharotlar chaqishi haqida ham maslahat beradigan zaharli moddalar to'g'risida ma'lumot mavjud 131 126. Yaqin atrofdagi tibbiy xizmatlarni aniqlash bo'yicha ma'lumotlarni qo'ng'iroq qilish orqali olish mumkin 1800 022 222 (Tasmaniya bundan mustasno).

Agar toshqin, bo'ron, tsiklon, tsunami, zilzila yoki boshqa tabiiy ofat paytida sizga yordam kerak bo'lsa, har bir shtatdagi (Shimoliy hududdan tashqari) Favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmati bilan bog'lanishingiz mumkin. 132 500. Siz o'zingizning mahalliy bo'limingiz bilan bog'lanasiz va yordamni u erdan tashkil qilish mumkin. Agar favqulodda vaziyat hayot uchun xavfli bo'lsa, uning o'rniga 000 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling.

Siz barcha mobil telefonlardan 000 raqamini terishingiz mumkin. Avstraliyada sotiladigan mobil telefonlar uni favqulodda raqam deb biladi va qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun mavjud bo'lgan har qanday tarmoqdan foydalanadi. Ammo, agar sizda universal favqulodda vaziyat raqamidan foydalangan holda Avstraliyadan tashqarida olingan telefoningiz bo'lsa 112 yaxshiroq fikr. 112-dan foydalanish mavjud bo'lgan har qanday tarmoqdan foydalanadi, telefoningiz roumingda bo'lmagan taqdirda ham ishlaydi va telefonda SIM-karta bo'lmasa ham ishlaydi. Avstraliyaliklar sotib olgan telefonlardan 112 ta asar ham ishlaydi.

TTY uskunasiga ega eshitish yoki nutqida nuqsoni bo'lganlar terish imkoniyatiga ega 106. Internetga ulanishi mumkin bo'lganlar Internet-Relay xizmati, veb-sayt orqali.

Favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmatining sizga etib borishiga yordam berish uchun statsionar (shahar) telefonlardan qo'ng'iroqlar kuzatilishi mumkin. Favqulodda xizmatlarning mobil telefonlardan, ayniqsa shahar joylaridan tashqarida bo'lgan shoshilinch qo'ng'iroqlarning kelib chiqishini aniqlash imkoniyati cheklangan, shuning uchun tinch va aniq joylashuvingiz haqidagi ma'lumotlarni taqdim eting. Favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun raqamlar ketma-ketligi tufayli shoshilinch raqamlarga 60% qo'ng'iroqlar xato qilingan.

Agar siz operatorga yordamga muhtoj ekanligingizni samarali etkaza olmasangiz, hech kim sizning qo'ng'irog'ingizga javob bermasligi mumkin. Agar sizga yordam kerak bo'lsa, lekin gapira olmasangiz, siz IVR-ga yuborilasiz va bosishingizni so'rashadi 55 yordamga muhtojligingizni va tasodifan qo'ng'iroq qilmaganingizni tasdiqlash uchun. Keyin sizning qo'ng'irog'ingiz politsiyaga ulanadi.

Boshqa mamlakatlardagi mobil telefonlardan tashqari, favqulodda raqamlar (masalan, '911', '17' yoki '100') ishlamang Avstraliyada.

Haydash

Perspektivni his qiling. Avstraliya yo'llarida sayyohlar piyoda, haydovchi yoki yo'lovchi sifatida o'lish yoki jarohat olish ehtimoli o'lim va shikastlanishning boshqa barcha sabablariga qaraganda ancha yuqori.

Spirtli ichimliklar yoki giyohvand moddalar ta'sirida transport vositasini boshqarish taqiqlanadi. Ko'pgina shtatlar haydash jinoyat ekanligini aniqlash uchun qonda belgilangan spirtli ichimliklar standartidan foydalanadilar. Belgilangan (ruxsat berilgan) tarkib noldan 0,05 gacha. Qon va spirtli ichimliklarni tasodifiy nafas olish testi o'tkaziladi.

Avstraliya - bu ulkan mamlakat va shahar va qishloqlar o'rtasida harakatlanish kutganingizdan ko'proq vaqt talab qilishi mumkin, ayniqsa siz Evropa yoki Shimoliy Amerikada avtoulov yoki avtomagistralda harakatlanishga odatlangan bo'lsangiz. Garchi yirik magistral yo'llarni chet eldagi yo'llar bilan taqqoslash mumkin bo'lsa, qishloq joylaridagi ikkinchi darajali avtomobil yo'llarini biroz ehtiyotkorlik bilan davolash kerak. Tezlik chegaralari joylashuvga, yo'lga va davlatga qarab farq qiladi. Bir kun ichida uzoqdan haydashni rejalashtirmaslik bilan charchoq stresslaridan saqlaning. Rasmiylar har ikki soatda tanaffus qilishni (ba'zilari mashinadan tashqarida yurish bilan) qat'iyan tavsiya qiladilar.

Shahar va shaharlar o'rtasida haydash yovvoyi hayotdan saqlanish uchun suzish tufayli urish yoki qulash xavfi mavjud. Kengurularning mashinalari buzilib ketib, keyin beparvolik bilan ularning oldida sakrash odatiga ega. Yo'lga yaqin o'simlik o'simliklari bo'lgan hududlardan o'tayotganda va yovvoyi tabiat eng faol bo'lgan tong va shom paytida harakatlanishda ehtiyot bo'ling. Yirtqich tabiat odatda yirik shahar joylarida muammo emas (Kanberra bundan mustasno, bu erda bir qator bog'lar keng yo'llarni kesib o'tuvchi kengurular uchun etarli yashash muhitini yaratadi).

Shaharlik avstraliyaliklar piyoda yurishadi, mashinalardan qochishadi va chiroqlar ketma-ketligini taxmin qilishadi. Garchi ko'pchilik haydovchilar qizil chiroqqa to'xtashsa-da, sarg'ish chiroqni yoqish odatiy holdir, shuning uchun yo'l chekkasidan chiqmasdan oldin tirbandlikni to'xtatish har doim ham yaxshi fikr. O'ng tomonda harakatlanadigan mamlakatlardan kelgan odamlar bir oz vaqt o'tgach, o'tishda to'g'ri yo'lni ko'rishga odatlanib qolishadi.

Sohillar

Sidneydagi Bondi plyajidagi qutqaruvchi

Avstraliyada har yili 10-20 atrofida sayohatchilar cho'kib ketishadi. Cho'kishlarning aksariyati okean sohillarida sodir bo'ladi, bu erda statistika mehmonlarni mahalliy aholiga nisbatan ancha yuqori xavf ostiga qo'yadi. Ni tekshiring Plyaj xavfsizligi veb-sayti.

Plyajga boradiganlar kerak qizil va sariq bayroqlar orasida suzish patrul qilingan hududlarni belgilaydigan. Plyajlar kuniga 24 soat yoki hatto butun kun davomida patrul qilinmaydi. Ko'pgina hollarda, mahalliy ko'ngilli bemaqsad qutqaruvchilar yoki professional qutqaruvchilar faqat ma'lum soatlarda, ba'zi plyajlarda esa faqat dam olish kunlari va ko'pincha faqat yozda foydalanishlari mumkin. Agar bayroqlar yuqoriga ko'tarilmagan bo'lsa, unda hech kim patrul qilmaydi. Qishloq joylardagi ko'plab plyajlar umuman patrul qilinmaydi. Agar siz suzishni tanlasangiz, xavf-xatarlardan xabardor bo'ling, sharoitlarni tekshiring, chuqurligingizda bo'ling va yolg'iz suzmang.

Avstraliyadagi ko'plab plyajlar to'satdan tushib ketishadi, bu suzuvchilarni hayratda qoldirishi mumkin. Agar shubhangiz bo'lsa, mahalliy aholidan so'rang.

Qattiq sörf taxtalari va boshqa suv kemalari, masalan, sörf chang'isi, baydarkalar va boshqalar emas qizil va sariq bayroqlar orasida ruxsat berilgan. Ushbu hunarmandchilik faqat "suzib yurish uchun ruxsat berilgan" ko'k bayroqlardan tashqarida ishlatilishi kerak.

Avstraliya okean plyajlari ba'zida kuchli suzuvchilar ham suzishga qodir bo'lmagan kuchli yirtiqlarga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Ripslar plyajdan oqib o'tadigan deyarli ko'rinmaydigan suv kanallari. Ko'pgina mahalliy aholi yirtiqlarni aniqlay olishadi, agar shubhangiz bo'lsa, so'rang. Ushbu kanallar kirib keladigan bemaqsad to'lqinlari qirg'oqqa olib keladigan suvni chiqarib tashlaydi. Sohilga chiquvchilar bu kanallardan yoki joylardan adashib foydalanishlari mumkin, chunki ular tinch suv bo'lib ko'rinishi mumkin va suzish osonroq joy bo'lib ko'rinadi. Suzuvchilar chiqib ketayotgan oqimga qarshi qirg'oqqa suzishga yoki tezda charchab, cho'kib ketishga harakat qilganda muammolar paydo bo'ladi. Riplarni ushbu belgilarning biri yoki bir nechtasi tanib olishi mumkin: atrofdagi suv ancha tinch bo'lsa, to'lqinli ko'rinish; tanaffus zonasidan tashqariga chiqadigan ko'pik; jigarrang, qumli rangli suv; yirtiqning har ikki tomonida ham to'lqinlar chiqib ketmoqda.

Agar siz qo'riqlanadigan plyajda yirtiqqa tushib qolsangiz, kuchingizni tejang, suzib yuring yoki suvni bosib o'ting va bir qo'lingizni ko'taring. Sizga bemaqsad qutqaruvchilar keladi. Endi charchaganingizcha suzishga qodir bo'lmaguningizcha kutmang. Ehtimol siz mahalliy suzuvchilar yoki sörfchilar ham tezda yordamga kelishini payqadingiz. Odatda bayroqlar tirqish bo'lmagan joyda o'rnatiladi, ammo bu har doim ham shunday emas, chunki tirqish harakatlanishi mumkin.

Agar siz qo'riqlanmagan plyajdagi yirtiqqa tushib qolsangiz, energiyani tejash va suzish uchun xotirjam bo'ling parallel plyajga (oqimning tortilishiga qarshi emas). Ko'pgina yirtqichlarning kengligi atigi bir necha metrni tashkil qiladi va pastki qavatdan tozalangandan so'ng, siz qirg'oqqa qaytish uchun suzishingiz yoki to'lqin tutishingiz mumkin bo'ladi. Hech qachon yolg'iz suzmang. To'g'ri texnika sizni har qanday vaziyatdan xalos qiladi deb o'ylamang. Sohilning orqa tomonidagi bemaqsadda suvni bosib o'tish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin, chunki to'lqinlar sizni bir necha soniyada uradi. Agar siz buni ko'rmagan bo'lsangiz, yirtiq sizni dengizga 50 m masofaga va to'lqinlarning katta tanaffuslariga qanchalik tez olib borishini anglash qiyin. Agar siz nazoratsiz plyajda bo'lsangiz, juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qiling va hech qachon chuqurligingizdan chiqmang.

Plyaj belgilarida ko'pincha raqam yoki alfanumerik kod mavjud. Agar kerak bo'lsa, ushbu kod favqulodda xizmatlarga berilishi mumkin, shunda ular sizni tezda qidirib topishadi.

Timsohlar va Meduza qutisi tropik plyajlarda, yil va hududga qarab topilgan. Akulalar Avstraliyaning ko'plab plyajlarida uchraydi. Quyidagi xavfli mavjudotlar haqidagi bo'limga qarang. Patrollangan plyajlar okeanni har qanday akula faoliyatini kuzatib boradi. Agar siz plyajda uzluksiz sirenaning o'chishini eshitsangiz va minoradan tashqarida qizil va qizil va oq rangli to'rtburchak bayroq ko'tarilsa yoki ushlab turilsa, bu akulaning ko'rinishini bildiradi, shuning uchun qirg'oqqa boring. Aniq bo'lgandan so'ng, sirenaning qisqa portlashi eshitiladi, bu odatda suvga qaytish xavfsizligini anglatadi.

Tabiiy ofatlar

Katta davlat sifatida Avstraliya turli xil tabiiy ofatlarga ta'sir qiladi.

Siklonlar

Tropik siklonlar (bo'ronlar) Avstraliyaning tropik qismida (shimoliy qismida) noyabr va aprel oylari oralig'ida sodir bo'ladi va siz tropik tsiklon tropik nam mavsumda sizga qanday ta'sir qilishi mumkinligini tushunishingiz kerak. Tsiklonlarning ta'siri ularning intensivligi va ularga yaqinligingiz bilan farq qiladi. Zaif tsiklonlar sizning mehmonxonangizda uyda bo'lganingizda yomg'ir va shamol uchun ta'tilingizning bir yoki ikki kunini sarf qilishi mumkin, va tsiklon markazidan bir soatlik yo'l hali ham yaxshi ob-havoga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Keyinchalik jiddiy tropik tsiklonlar tayyor bo'lmaganlar uchun o'lik bo'lishi mumkin, sizni evakuatsiya qilishga majbur qilishi va sayohat rejangizni jiddiy ravishda buzishi mumkin. Hatto uzoqroq hududlardagi past intensiv tsiklonlar yoki tropik depressiyalar ham yo'llarni bir necha haftadan haftagacha yopib qo'yishi mumkin.

O'rtacha tropikadagi shahar har 30 yilda yoki undan ko'proq vaqt ichida tropik siklonni boshdan kechiradi. Avstraliyaning shimoliy va shimoli-g'arbiy qismida (tsiklonlar eng ko'p tarqalgan) aholining siyrakligi shundan iboratki, ko'plab tsiklonlar shaharlardan ozgina ta'sir o'tkazib, qirg'oqdan o'tadi.

Agar siz tsiklon mavsumida tropikaga sayohat qilishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, buni tushunishingiz va ko'rib chiqishingiz kerak Meteorologiya byurosining ma'lumot sahifasi yo'lga chiqishdan oldin va rivojlanish paytida yuzaga keladigan har qanday muammolar to'g'risida ogohlantirish uchun sayohat paytida sahifani umumiy kuzatib boring.

To'fonlar

Tropik shimolda Nam fasl dekabr, yanvar va fevral oylarining yoz oylarida sodir bo'lib, ushbu hududlarga kuchli yomg'ir va tez-tez toshqinlarni olib keladi. Ba'zi qirg'oq mintaqalari suvi pasayganda bir-ikki kunga uzilishi odatiy hol emas. Hali ham aholi zich joylashgan, sayyohlarga yo'naltirilgan ba'zi joylarga tashrif buyurish uchun yaxshi vaqt bo'lishi mumkin va odatdagidan kuchli suv toshqini bundan mustasno, siz bu erda juda qiziqarli sharsharalar va boshqa diqqatga sazovor joylarni ko'rishingiz mumkin, bu tashrif buyurish uchun qiziqarli vaqt bo'lishi mumkin.

Tashqi va ichki Avstraliyadagi toshqinlar kamdan-kam uchraydi, bir-biridan o'nlab yillar davomida yuz beradi, shuning uchun ularga duch kelish nasib qilmasa kerak. Ammo, agar siz ichki yoki tashqi tomonga borishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz va hudud suv ostida qolsa, unda qayta ko'rib chiqishingiz kerak. Er tekis, shuning uchun suv bir necha hafta davom etishi va quruqlikni qoldirishi mumkin. Hasharotlar va chivinlar butun toza suv atrofida birlashganda aqldan ozishadi va bu narsalar hasharotlarga qarshi vositani nonushta paytida iste'mol qiladi va hali ham och. Yo'llar yopiladi, ko'pincha haydash vaqtiga ko'p soat qo'shiladi. Ko'pgina diqqatga sazovor joylar ko'pincha magistral magistral yo'llardan qisqa yo'lda yotadi va bu qismlar, hatto asosiy yo'l ochiq qolsa ham, o'tib bo'lmaydi. Bir necha hafta ichida qaytib kelishni rejalashtiring, va er hali ham yashil bo'lib qoladi, ko'llar va daryolar oqadi va qushlar hayoti hali ham atrofida bo'ladi.

Mamlakatning janubi uchun eng nam davr odatda iyun, iyul va avgust oylarining qish oylariga to'g'ri keladi. Bir vaqtning o'zida toshqinni keltirib chiqaradigan kamdan-kam yog'ingarchilik bor. Poytaxt shaharlari toshqinlardan kamdan-kam hollarda, hatto sezilarli darajada ta'sirlanishadi.

Toshqin toshqinlar

Yorqin toshqin ko'plab sharqiy shaharlarda yiliga kamida bir marta, odatda yozda yuz beradi va bu noqulaylik tug'diradi. Biroq, ichkarida qoling va SES va ABC mahalliy radiosining tavsiyalariga amal qiling. Hech qachon toshqin suvlarida harakatlanishga urinmang, har yili o'nlab avtomobillar "u qadar chuqur emas" degan fikr bilan yo'q qilinadi. Siz politsiya sizni qutqarishini kutib turgan ko'prik ostida suzib yuradigan odam bo'lishni xohlamaysiz.

Chaqnoq toshqini ko'pincha katta do'lni keltirib chiqaradi, bu esa mashinalarga zarar etkazishi mumkin. Yashirin (er osti emas) avtoturargohga murojaat qiling.

Odatda bu taxmin qilish mumkin. Siz odatda mahalliy aholidan keladigan bo'ron haqida shikoyatlarni eshitasiz va bom.gov.au ob-havoning jiddiy ogohlantirishini sanab o'tadi.

Suv ta'minoti

Avstraliya juda quruq mamlakat bo'lib, uning maydoni katta cho'l, shuningdek juda qizib ketishi mumkin.

Uzoq hududlarda sayohat qilayotganda, boshqa transport vositasini ko'rmasdan bir haftagacha qolishi mumkin bo'lgan yopiq yo'llardan uzoqda, siz o'zingizning suv ta'minotingizni olib borishingiz juda muhimdir (kuniga bir kishi uchun 4 gal yoki 7 L ). "Quduq" yoki "buloq" yoki "tank" kabi xaritalardagi yozuvlar (yoki suv havzasi borligini bildiruvchi har qanday yozuv) bilan adashtirmang. Hammasi deyarli qurigan, aksariyat ichki ko'llar quruq tuzlangan idishlardir.

Ko'pgina shahar va qishloqlarda suv cheklovlari mavjud bo'lib, ular avtomobillarni yuvish, bog'larni sug'orish yoki jamoat dushlari kabi tadbirlarda suvdan foydalanishni cheklaydi. Turar joylarda mehmonlardan dush vaqtini cheklashni so'ragan yozuvlarni ko'rish odatiy holdir.

Ko'pgina viloyat shaharlari jamoat hammomlari uchun ichimlik suvi etkazib berish odatiy holdir. "Ichmang" yoki "Ichishga yaroqsiz" yorliqli krandan ichmang, chunki bu odatda tozalanmagan er osti suvlari.

Zilzilalar

Avstraliya biron bir plastinka chegarasida joylashgan bo'lmasa-da, zilzilalar vaqti-vaqti bilan sodir bo'ladi. Ular odatda kichikdir va juda kamdan-kam hollarda katta zarar yoki o'limga olib keladi.

Bush yong'inlari

Bush yong'inlari Avstraliyaning ko'plab mintaqalarida mavsumiy xavf tug'diradi - agar siz dashtga yoki qishloq joylariga chiqsangiz, u birinchi navbatda yong'in xavfi va har qanday o't o'chirish holatini tekshirishi kerak. Garchi ko'pchilik yong'inlar tezda nazorat qilinsa-da, juda xavfli yong'in kunlarida, o't o'chirilishi hayot uchun xavfli bo'lishi mumkin - ayniqsa piyoda bo'lsa yoki katta bino muhofazasiga ega bo'lmasa.

Agar siz yong'inda qolib ketsangiz, ko'pgina yong'inlar tezda o'tib ketadi. Sizni tutun va nurli issiqdan himoya qiladigan boshpana topishingiz kerak. Uy eng yaxshisi, keyin mashina, keyin bo'shliq, g'or yoki plyajda eng yaxshi joy. Qo'lingizdan kelgan hamma narsani namlang. Past turing va og'zingizni yoping. Yonuvchan bo'lmagan (jun) kiyim yoki adyol bilan o'zingizni yoping va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri issiqqa ta'sir qiladigan terini kamaytiring. Agar kranga kirish imkoni bo'lsa, suvni erta yig'ib oling; yong'in old tomoni yaqinlashganda suv bosimiga ishonmang.

Yong'in xavfi reytingi (o'ngdagi rasm) yong'in boshlanganda qanchalik xavfli bo'lishini aytadi. Yong'in sodir bo'lishi ehtimolini taxmin qiladigan narsa emas.

Yong'in xavfli belgilar butun Avstraliya bo'ylab joylashgan

• Og'ir: issiq, quruq va shamolli sharoitlar. Bunday sharoitda boshlangan yong'in nazoratsiz bo'lishi mumkin. Xavfsizlikni himoya qiladigan yaxshi tayyorlangan binolargina xavfsizlikni ta'minlashi mumkin. Yong'inning birinchi belgisida qoldiring.
• Haddan tashqari: issiq quruq va shamolli sharoit. Boshlanadigan va ushlab turiladigan har qanday yong'inlar boshqarib bo'lmaydigan, oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan va tez harakatlanadigan bo'ladi. Xavfsizlikni faqat yaxshi tayyorlangan va faol himoya qilingan o'tli o'tlarga bardosh berish uchun qurilgan uylar va binolargina ta'minlashi mumkin. O'rmonli joylardan, qalin tupdan yoki uzun, quruq o'tlardan saqlaning, sizni o't o'rmoniga tushib qolmaslik uchun shunday joylarni tark etish tavsiya etiladi.
• Katastrofik / qizil kod: Bu buta yoki o'tning yong'inlari uchun eng yomon sharoitlar. O'rmonli joylardan, qalin buta yoki uzun, quruq o'tlardan saqlaning. O'rmonli va butazor joylarni tark etish juda maqsadga muvofiqdir.

Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, ko'plab mahalliy aholi yiliga bir necha kun davomida "Katastrofik" deb belgilangan kunlarda katta shaharlardan boshpana izlash uchun o'z uylarini tark etishadi.

Milliy bog'lar va davlat o'rmonlari

Agar yong'in xavfi o'ta yuqori yoki yuqori bo'lsa, milliy bog'lar yopiq bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa, mamlakatning boshqa joylari, shuning uchun siz yozda lager yoki parklarda sayr qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, muqobil rejangiz bo'lishi kerak. Agar parkda yong'in bo'lsa, u odatda butunlay yopiladi.

Agar siz yong'in xavfi yuqori bo'lgan davrda parkda yoki o'rmonda qolsangiz, eng xavfsiz variant - kecha yoki kunning boshida ketishdir. Agar siz olov haqida bilsangiz yoki tutunni ko'rsangiz, tezda choralar ko'ring.

Faol yong'in paytida yoki yong'in mavsumida sayohat qilish

Yong'in paytida shahar tashqarisida haydab chiqsangiz, sozlang mahalliy ABC radiosi. Yong'in paytida yoki boshqa har qanday favqulodda vaziyatda har o'ttiz daqiqada ogohlantiruvchi sirena eshitiladi, so'ngra ushbu hududdagi o't o'chirish holati yangilanadi. Siz telefoningizda evakuatsiya to'g'risida ogohlantirish olishingiz mumkin.

Avstraliyada favqulodda vaziyatlar va o't o'chiruvchilarni boshqarish davlat zimmasiga yuklatilgan, shuning uchun veb-sayt yoki ilovani o'zingiz joylashgan davlatga mos ravishda toping. Kabi veb-saytlar Favqulodda WA va VicE Emergency o'z davlatlarida sodir bo'lgan barcha favqulodda vaziyatlarni sanab o'ting va ko'pincha favqulodda vaziyat to'g'risida ma'lumot olishning eng zamonaviy usuli hisoblanadi.

Ehtimol, o'zingizni tark etish uchun kech bo'lib qoladigan vaziyatga tushishingiz mumkin.

Yong'in paytida, ikkita qochish marshrutidan iborat reja tuzing va kerakli narsalarni tezda yig'ib oling.

O'rnatilgan shaharlarning xarid qilish markazlari yoki asosiy ko'chalari, agar siz radio orqali boshqacha so'zlarni eshitmasangiz, ekstremal yoki kodli qizil kunlarda xavfsiz joylardir.

Butun qishloq shaharlari, ba'zan ularga tahdid solayotgan yong'in bo'lganda, ularni ko'chirish mumkin. Evakuatsiya paytida ko'pincha yong'in belgilari bo'lmasligi mumkin, ammo siz erta chiqib ketishingiz kerak, chunki o't o'chirish punkti orqali evakuatsiya qilish xavfli. Eng yaxshi maslahat shunchaki davom eting va tomosha qilish uchun yoningizda qolmang.

Olovni yoqish

Siz yoqadigan har qanday yong'in qonuniy ekanligiga va nazorat ostida ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Yong'in xizmati a yong'inni to'liq taqiqlash yong'in xavfli bo'lgan davrda tizim. Yong'inni to'liq taqiqlaganda, tashqi yong'inlarning barcha turlari taqiqlanadi. Parklarning aksariyati taqiq haqida e'lon berishadi va mahalliy yong'in xavfi darajasini tekshirish sizning zimmangizda. Siz olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan mol-mulk, yovvoyi tabiat va shaxsga etkazilgan zarar uchun javobgar bo'lishingiz mumkin bo'lgan tuyg'ularni hisobga olmaganda, nazoratdan chiqib ketadigan olovni yoqish uchun jarimalar yoki hatto qamoq shartlari qo'llaniladi.

Zaharli va xavfli mavjudotlar

Shuningdek qarang: Zararkunandalar

Avstraliyada sayyoradagi eng xavfli hasharotlar, sudralib yuruvchilar va dengiz hayotining ko'plab turlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, sayohatchilar shahar sharoitida bularning hech biriga duch kelmasligi ehtimoldan yiroq, va hatto bu jonzotlar odamlardan qochishga harakat qilishadi . Avstraliyada tishlash va chaqishdan o'limlarning aksariyati arilar va arilarga allergik reaktsiyalar tufayli kelib chiqadi.

Avstraliyaning xavfli yovvoyi hayoti haqida tarqalgan ba'zi ma'lumotlar mutanosib ravishda uchib ketmoqda, ko'pincha avstraliyaliklarning o'zlari hazil qilishadi. Biroq, siz tropikada meduza va timsohlar haqidagi ogohlantirishlarga jiddiy e'tibor berishingiz, milliy bog'larda va butazorlarda ilonlardan uzoqlashishingiz kerak.

Qishloq joylarga sayohat qilsangiz, birinchi tibbiy yordam vositalarini, shu jumladan siqish bintlarini olib yurish va ilon yoki o'rgimchak tishlaganidan keyin nima qilish kerakligini bilib olish yaxshi bo'lar edi.

Ilonlar

Avstraliyada shaharlashgan hududlarda ilonlarga duch kelish odatiy hol emas, lekin ular yaylovlarda, milliy bog'larda va boshqa butazorlarda keng tarqalgan. Odatda ilonlar o'zlari bilan sizning orangizga iloji boricha uzoqroq masofani bosib o'tishga harakat qilishadi, shuning uchun yurishda ilonni ko'rsangiz, shunchaki uni aylanib o'ting yoki boshqa yo'l bilan yuring. Ko'r-ko'rona zich buta va o'tloqli joylarda yurish maqsadga muvofiq emas, chunki u erda ilonlar yashirinishi mumkin. Ko'pincha, ilonlar odamlardan qo'rqishadi va ularni ko'rish imkoniga ega bo'lishingizdan oldin yo'q bo'lib ketadi.

Hech qachon har qanday ilonni olishga harakat qiling, hatto u zaharli emas deb hisoblasangiz ham. Ilon chaqqan odamlarning aksariyati ilonni olib ketmoqchi yoki jonzotni o'ldirmoqchi bo'lgan, yoki yurish paytida beixtiyor birining ustiga bosishgan.

Avstraliyada o'limga olib keladigan ba'zi ilonlar mavjud. Shunday qilib, barcha ilonlarga hurmat bilan munosabatda bo'ling va ilon chaqishi uchun shoshilinch tibbiy yordamga murojaat qiling. Agar siz kaltaklangan yo'ldan ketayotgan bo'lsangiz, ilon chaqishi uchun yaroqli tibbiy yordam vositasini oling. Agar chaqqan bo'lsa, jarohatni immobilizatsiya qilib, zararlangan joyni kiyim yoki bintlar bilan mahkam bog'lab, darhol tibbiy yordamga murojaat qiling. Yarani tozalamang, chunki zaharning qoldiqlari ishlatilishi kerak bo'lgan zaharli moddalarni aniqlash uchun sinovdan o'tkazilishi mumkin. Agar siz ajratilgan joyda bo'lsangiz, boshqa birovni yordamga yuboring. Ba'zi ilonlarning zahari (xususan, taypan) o'n besh daqiqa ichida kuchga kirishi mumkin, ammo agar yara darhol immobilizatsiya qilinsa va siz dam olsangiz, zaharning tarqalishini bir necha soatga kechiktirish mumkin. Polivalent zaharlar, ko'plab xavfli avstraliyalik ilonlar uchun zaharli moddalarni o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab kasalxonalarda mavjud.

O'rgimchaklar

Sidney huni-veb-o'rgimchak ogohlantirish holatida

Araxnidlar bilan mashhur bo'lsa-da, Avstraliyada o'rgimchaklardan o'lim juda kam uchraydi. Avstraliyada o'rgimchaklarni ko'rish odatiy holdir, aksariyati sizga zarar qilmaydi. Bog'dorchilik paytida yoki barglar axlatiga ishlov berishda qo'lqop kiying. Kiyishdan oldin tashqarida qoldirilgan kiyim-kechak, poyabzal va boshqalarni tekshiring yoki silkitib oling. Barmoqlaringizni o'rgimchak bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan toshlar ostiga yoki daraxt teshiklariga qo'ymang. Ba'zi o'rgimchaklar odatda binolar va uylar ichida, shu jumladan katta va tukli Huntsman o'rgimchaklari, umuman zararsiz bo'lib, hamamböceği kabi hasharotlar zararkunandalarini kamaytiradi. Bog 'yoki o'rgimchak to'quv o'rgimchaklari egallagan daraxtlar orasiga qo'yilgan katta o'rgimchak to'ri xavfdan ko'ra ko'proq bezovta qiladi.

Biroq, ba'zi o'rgimchaklar ham juda xavflidir. Dunyodagi eng zaharli o'rgimchak bu Sidney huni-veb-o'rgimchak, Sidney va sharqiy Yangi Janubiy Uelsda va atrofida topilgan - odatda toshlar va barglar axlatlari ostida. O'rgimchak 5 sm gacha bo'lgan joyda va odatda qora rangga ega. Agar siz huni-veb-o'rgimchaklari borligi bilan mashhur bo'lgan hududda bo'lsangiz va sizni huni-veb deb o'ylagan o'rgimchak chaqqan bo'lsa, kasalxonaga iloji boricha tezroq etib borish muhimdir. Huni-veb ko'p vaqtini er ostida o'tkazadi (u odatda nam teshikdan tashqarida atigi 30 daqiqa yashashi mumkin) va shuning uchun siz aylanib yurgan odamga duch kelishingiz ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Oxirgi tasdiqlangan o'lim 1979 yilda sodir bo'lgan.

The Qizil orqa o'rgimchak (odatda qorin qismida qizil belgi bilan osonlikcha aniqlanadi) tez-tez uchraydi va tishlangandan so'ng, huni-Internet kabi shoshilinch bo'lmasa-da, tibbiy yordamga murojaat qilish kerak. Qizil orqalar odatda qorong'i joylarda va burchaklarda yashirinadi. Uyda ularni ko'rish juda g'ayrioddiy; ammo, ular shiyponlarda, ochiq stol va stullar atrofida va toshlar ostida yoki erga o'tirgan boshqa narsalar yashirinishi mumkin.

O'rgimchak chaqishi uchun birinchi yordamni davolash Avstraliyada dunyoning boshqa mintaqalariga nisbatan farq qilishi mumkin. Tishlash paydo bo'lganidan keyin har doim tibbiy yordamga murojaat qiling. Agar iloji bo'lsa, sizni tishlagan jonzotni aniqlashga urinib ko'rishingiz kerak. Tegishli zaharli moddalarni tezda boshqarish uchun fotosurat oling yoki uni tuzoqqa tushiring. Ammo yana tishlab qolish xavfini tug'dirmang.

Meduza

Shimoliy sayohatchilar Kvinslend, Shimoliy hududyoki shimoliy G'arbiy Avstraliya dan o'limga olib keladigan chaqish xavfini bilishi kerak Meduza qutisi agar oktyabr va may oylari orasida okeanda suzish bo'lsa. Ularni aniqlash juda qiyin va ularni juda sayoz suvda topish mumkin. Ushbu meduzadan olingan chuqurchalar «azobli» va ko'pincha o'limga olib keladi. Tentaklarga yopishtirilgan zudlik bilan sirka AOK qilingan zahar miqdorini kamaytiradi, ammo tez tibbiy yordam zarur bo'ladi. Xavfli mavsum joylashuvga qarab farq qiladi. Umuman olganda, meduzalar qirg'oqqa yaqin joyda joylashgan, chunki ular daryolar ko'paydi. Ular odatda Buyuk to'siq rifida topilmaydi va ko'p odamlar hech qanday choralar ko'rmasdan rifda suzishadi. Ishonchli mahalliy ma'lumotlarni qidirib toping. Plyajdagi ba'zi mahalliy aholi xavf-xatarlarga javobgar bo'lishi mumkin.

Irukandji Shimoliy Avstraliya va atrofidagi Hind-Tinch okeanining orollarida yashaydigan mayda (tirnoq kattaligi) meduzalarning yana bir turi. Ularni ko'rish juda qiyin va xavfli bo'lishi mumkin, garchi chaqishi kam bo'lsa ham. Meduza qutisidan farqli o'laroq, ular rifda topilgan. Dastlabki chaqish sezilmasligi mumkin. Ular o'limga olib kelishi mumkinmi yoki yo'qmi, degan munozaralar mavjud, ammo ular jabrlanuvchini kasalxonaga yotqizishi va uzoq davom etadigan kunlarda qattiq og'riq keltirishi mumkin. Suvdan chiqqandan ko'p o'tmay ko'ngil aynish yoki otish og'rig'i bo'lsa, tibbiy yordamga murojaat qiling.

Meduza chaqishiga chidamli "stinger-suit" ning narxi 100 dollar atrofida yoki haftasiga 20 dollar atrofida ijaraga olinishi mumkin.

Moviy halqa ahtapot

Avstraliya qirg'oqlari atrofidagi tosh hovuzlarda topilgan mitti Moviy halqa Ahtapot. Odatda zerikarli qumli-bej rang, agar jonzot tahdid qilinsa, uning terisida yorqin ko'k doiralar mavjud. Moviy halqali sakkizoyoq kamdan-kam uchraydi va uyatchan. Qo'lingizni toshlar ostiga yoki toshli hovuzlardagi yoriqlar ichiga yoki qirg'oq yaqiniga qo'yishdan saqlaning, chunki ular bu erda yashirinishga moyil. Aksariyat mahalliy aholi ham shunday qilishadi. U sun'iy nafas olish ta'minlanmasa, o'limga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan kuchli falajlovchi toksinga ega. Avstraliya tarixida Blue Ring Ahtapot tomonidan o'lim tasdiqlangan atigi ikki bor.

Timsohlar

Tuzli suv timsoh

Shimoliy Kvinslend, Shimoliy Hudud yoki Shimoliy G'arbiy Avstraliyada sayohatchilar o'lim hujumlari xavfini bilishlari kerak timsohlar sho'r shimoliy suvlarida va unga qo'shni (okean, daryo va toza suv joylari) G'arbiy Avstraliyaning King-Sound va Kvinslendning Rokhampton shaharlari o'rtasida. Ushbu joylardagi sho'r suv timsohlari uzunligi 25 metrga etishi va ogohlantirishsiz suvga hujum qilishi mumkin. Ularning nomi shama qilishiga qaramay, ularni sho'r suvda ham, toza suvda ham topish mumkin. Quruqlikda timsohlar odatda harakatsiz yotishadi, ammo ular qisqa portlashlarda favqulodda tezlik bilan harakatlanish qobiliyatiga ega. Shikastlanishni keltirib chiqaradigan hujumlar nisbatan kam - aksariyat hujumlar o'limga olib keladi. Xavfli suzish joylarida odatda taniqli ogohlantirish belgilari bo'ladi. Ushbu mintaqalarda faqat ichki suvda suzish, agar siz ularga xavfsiz ekanligingizni maslahat bergan bo'lsangiz. 1970 yildan beri har yili odamga timsoh hujumi sodir bo'ldi.

Kichikroq timsoh chuchuk suv , sho'r suvdan farqli o'laroq, uyatchan va iloji bo'lsa odamlardan qochadi. Chuchuk suv o'zini yoki tuxumlarini himoya qilish uchun yoki hayratga tushganda hujum qilishi mumkin. Ular yomon tishlamoqlari mumkin, ammo kichik jag'lari va tishlari tufayli bu kamdan-kam odamlarda o'limga olib keladi.

Xavfli flora

Gimpi tupi (Dendroknid moroidlari), shuningdek, qoqintiruvchi daraxt deb ham ataladigan, bu barglar va novdalardagi mikroskopik qichitqi tuklari bir necha haftagacha qattiq og'riq keltirishi mumkin bo'lgan qichitadigan o'simlik. Ular asosan shimoliy-sharqiy Kvinslendda, ayniqsa yomg'ir o'rmonlarini tozalash joylarida joylashgan. Biroq, Gimpi tupi va boshqa bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan turlari (taxminan beshta) janubi-sharqda Kvinslendda, janubi esa sharqiy Avstraliyada joylashgan. Bunday joylarda buta bilan yuradigan odamlarga o'simlikka biron sababga tegmaslik tavsiya etiladi.

Jinoyat

Jinoyat Avstraliyadagi stavkalar boshqa birinchi dunyo mamlakatlari bilan taqqoslanmoqda: sayyohlarning oz qismi jinoyatchilik qurboniga aylanadi. Siz sumkani tortib olish, cho'ntakni tanlash va shunga o'xshash narsalarga qarshi odatiy choralarni ko'rishingiz kerak. Ba'zi shaharlarda va shaharlarda tunda xavfli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan joylar mavjud, ammo bu odatda sayyohlik yo'lidan tashqarida va tasodifan adashishingiz mumkin emas.

Avstraliya politsiyasi yaqin va ishonchli odamlardir, va siz zo'ravonlik, o'g'irlik yoki boshqa jinoyatlar haqida tezroq politsiyaga xabar berishingiz kerak.

Avstraliyada politsiyaning ikki turi mavjud; shtat / hududiy politsiya va Avstraliya Federal Politsiyasi (AFP). Odatda siz faqat shtat politsiyasi bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lasiz, AFP asosan hukumat bilan bog'liq juda aniq rollarga bag'ishlangan, bundan mustasno AFP asosiy politsiya kuchi bo'lgan Avstraliya poytaxti hududi (ACT).

Hech qanday holatda siz avstraliyalik politsiya xodimiga (yoki bojxona xodimi kabi boshqa biron bir davlat xizmatchisiga) pora yoki xayr-ehson taklif qilmang, chunki bu jinoyat va ular unga qarshi qonunlarni bajaradilar.

Avtoulovingizni yolg'iz tashlab ketayotganda, uning qulflanganligini, oynalari o'ralganligini va transport vositasida o'g'irlik uchun aniq maqsadlar bo'lmasligini tekshiring, chunki o'g'rilar tez-tez ko'rinadigan telefon, GPS yoki sumkaga kirish uchun derazalarni sindirishadi. mashinada.

Irqchilik

Avstraliya tashqi tomondan ko'p madaniyatli va irqiy bag'rikeng jamiyatdir va nafrat so'zlarini va irqiga qarab kamsitishning boshqa turlarini taqiqlovchi kuchli qonunlar mavjud. Shunga qaramay, irqchilik hali ham mustamlaka istilosi tarixi bilan to'la yarashmagan millat uchun hali ham nozik mavzudir. Rasmiy kamsitishlar, davlat tomonidan tasdiqlangan irqchilik va hattoki aborigen bolalarni (o'g'irlangan avlodlar deb nomlanuvchi) o'z oilalaridan majburan ajratish bilan birga tuban erlarni majburiy ravishda o'zlashtirish 20-asrga to'g'ri keldi. O'tgan asr davomida bosqichma-bosqich o'zgarish natijasida faqat oq tanli immigratsiya siyosatidan voz kechish, tub aholining fuqaroligi va Osiyo, Yaqin Sharq va Afrikadan kelib chiqqan yirik jamoalar tashkil etildi.

Avstraliyaga tashrif buyuruvchilar, baxtiga ko'ra, irqiy zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq tasodifiy hodisalarni uchratishmaydi. Agar shunday bo'lsa, bu haqda politsiyaga xabar berishingiz va choralar ko'rishingizni kutishingiz mumkin. Zo'ravonlik hodisalari yanada kam uchraydi.

Irqiy kelib chiqadigan so'zlar turli xil etnik guruhlarning do'stlari o'rtasida ishlatilishi mumkin, ammo bu shunday ularni o'zingiz sinab ko'rmaslikni qat'iy tavsiya qildi. Pom (ingliz), Yank (amerikalik), Paki (hind sub-qit'asi) va Wog (janubiy Evropa yoki o'rta-sharqdan) ishlatilishini yaxshi eshitishingiz mumkin. Xususan, britaniyaliklar ushbu atamalarning ayrimlarini, ayniqsa, irqchi deb hisoblashadi, ammo ular Avstraliyada bemalol ishlatiladi. Hech qachon aborigenlarni "Abos" deb atamang - chunki bu irqchi atama.

Avstraliya jamiyatida immigratsiyaga qarshi va multikulturalizmga qarshi guruhlar mavjud, aksariyat qismi musulmon va Afrika mamlakatlaridan kelganlarning immigratsiyasiga qarshi tashviqot olib boradi. Mehmon sifatida siz ular bilan aloqada bo'lishingiz ehtimoldan yiroq emas, garchi kechqurun pabda bo'lsa va siz odamlarni irqiy qarashlari bilan qiziqishni boshlasangiz, unda barcha garovlar yopiq - har narsaga tayyor bo'ling. Melburnda yaqinda afrikadan kelib chiqqan yoshlar bilan bog'liq ba'zi zo'ravonlik jinoyati sodir bo'ldi, bu esa o'z navbatida mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalarining aksariyati va ko'plab siyosatchilar tomonidan bo'rttirilib, irqchilik tuyg'ularini kuchaytirmoqda.

Bu foydalanish haqoratli emas Aussi (Ozzie) avstraliyaliklarni tavsiflash uchun, ammo bu avstraliyaliklar odatda o'zlarini aniqlash uchun ishlatadigan atama emas. Ular buni o'zlariga emas, balki narsalarga (Aussi qoidalari va boshqalar) nisbatan ko'proq qo'llashadi. Aussie, Aussie, Aussie - Oi Oi Oy qo'shiqlari xalqaro sport musobaqalarida ko'tarilsa, ba'zi avstraliyaliklar g'ijimlaydilar, boshqalari esa qo'shilishadi. Bu ko'pincha ularning o'zlarining ijtimoiy holatiga, yoki ichkilikbozlik holatiga yoki ikkalasiga bog'liq. .

Firibgarlar

Bunga urinishlar qalloblik Avstraliyada sayyohlar keng tarqalmagan; boradigan joyingiz haqida bir oz ma'lumot topish kabi odatiy choralarni ko'ring. There have been rare instances of criminals tampering with ATMs so that cash is trapped inside them, or so that they record card details for thieves. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN.

ATM Skimming is rare and easily avoided by using ATMs from trusted banks (ANZ, Commonwealth, Westpac, Nab), or ATMs located inside a bank "gallery" which are generally open 24/7 but are more secure than an outdoor ATM.

Illegal drugs

Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana and hashish among other drugs are all illegal to possess and to sell in all states of Australia. Trafficking offences carry a long jail term, and in serious cases can even lead to life imprisonment. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty.

Penalties for possession or sale of small amounts of marijuana are typically lower than for other drugs, and vary between states. In South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory jail terms do not apply to first time marijuana offences. Some states can issue on-the-spot fines for small amounts of marijuana whereas others always require a court appearance. Foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Driving while under the influence of drugs is a serious offence, and doing so will invariably lead to arrest and prosecution, and in serious cases even a jail sentence.

Do not under any circumstances attempt to bring illicit drugs into Australia, including marijuana; this is strictly illegal and punishable with long jail terms of up to life in prison, and customs officers often employ dogs to sniff drugs out of arriving passengers' luggage. Dogs can even tell that you smoked marijuana from the day before you flew to Australia, so you may be held back for some long questioning.

Australia's proximity to Osiyo means that heroin is a far more commonly used illicit drug than cocaine or crack cocaine. In some areas of large cities you will need to be careful of discarded needles: however these will generally be found in back streets rather than in popular tourist spots.

Firearms

Firearm ownership is rare in Australia, with strict licensing requirements resulting in gun ownership being typically limited to hunters and farmers in rural areas, as well as sport shooters. Criminal gangs do carry illegal firearms in urban areas, although it is unlikely that travellers will run into them.

It is very difficult to bring firearms into Australia, with a Police permit required for each federal state to be visited before arrival.

Gay and lesbian travellers

Australia has an equal age of consent set at 16 for all states except Tasmania and South Australia where the age is 17. Same sex marriage is legal in Australia, having been passed into law in December 2017 after the nation strongly voted for it (with 61% choosing change) in a national postal survey.

Attitudes to homosexuality are similar to those found in most western countries. Although inner Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, caution is still advisable in conservative rural areas, including rural parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australia has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and legal recourse may be available should you experience discrimination. Police assistance may be difficult to obtain in remote and rural areas for discrimination.

Sydney is Australia's gay capital, and hosts one of the world's most famous gay pride festivals - the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras - annually during February and March. The festival culminates in a huge parade through central Sydney which attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators. Elis Springs celebrates the "Alice Is Wonderland Festival", a gay and lesbian pride festival in late April/early May. Melburn has a "Pride March" every year on the first Sunday of February.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Skin

"Sunbaker" from 1937 is one of the most widely recognised of all Australian photographs.

Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in sunburn, and Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day, even in shaded outdoor areas. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 30 ), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun.

Re-apply sunscreen every 2–3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology online.

Spray On Sunscreen from an aerosol bottle have increased in popularity because of their ease of use, however the effectiveness is far more limited than cream and people have experienced severe sunburns after using.

If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You generally can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed.

Food preparation

Australia has high hygiene standards, with restaurants required to observe strict food preparation standards. Food poisoning rates are comparable to other first world nations.

Water

The tap water in urban Australia is almost always safe to drink, and it will be marked on the tap if this is not the case. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Some cities such as Adelaide rely on ground water supplies that have an unpleasant taste, but are by no means unsafe. Many households use water purifier jugs. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. Remoter areas in the outback may not have treated drinking water on tap. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. If driving long distances on infrequently trafficked roads it is essential to carry drinking water. This is absolutely necessary in hotter areas and on dirt roads or tracks. It is rare that someone does not die of thirst in outback Australia in any year. It is recommended that in event of a breakdown you stay with the car for shade and to increase your chances of being found. Before long distance touring seek specific advice on calculating how much water to carry for the proposed journey and allowing for breakdowns.

Vaccinations

Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of yellow fever vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia.

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever. Malaria is not present in Australia.

Medical care

Royal Flying Doctor Service aircraft

As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend.

Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses.

Australia's population density is low; parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Many of these areas are served by the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Small towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment. Larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In some cases you may need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for specialist treatment.

Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent.

• Poisons Information Hotline, ☏13 11 26 (in country only). Give free advice if any medication or poisons are taken inadvertently. They will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. However, if you think you are in any immediate danger, call '000' for an ambulance. 

Medical costs and travel insurance

Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in Australia can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Foreigners working or studying in Australia and without a reciprocal agreement are generally required to take up private health insurance as part of their visa conditions. Foreigners on a short visit will want to make sure their travel insurance is in order, as medical costs can be expensive for those not entitled to Medicare benefits. Medicare does not cover private hospitals or dental care, so you will need to obtain private health insurance to pay for these.

Travellers from Belgium, Finland, Irlandiya, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Yangi Zelandiya, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden va United Kingdom are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement with your country. For example, Irish people and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programmes cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met by yourself or with travel insurance.

If you are not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal agreement country then travel insurance is highly recommended.You can expect to pay around $80 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so. You can pay up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and possibly several thousand dollars if you are. Rescue and Royal Flying Doctor Services are provided for free, but evacuation or ambulance services can cost many thousands of dollars from a country town to a capital city, or from an island to the mainland.

Even if you are an Australian citizen, ambulance and evacuation services are not provided free of charge. If an air-ambulance is required this can still cost thousands of dollars. Most health-insurance companies sell ambulance only cover valid Australia-wide. Ambulance membership programs may only cover you in your own state - check before travelling interstate. Domestic travel insurance does not usually cover medical or ambulance expenses. Medicare cover does not include ambulance costs (at least several hundred dollars) in the event of an emergency; only private insurance with ambulance cover will pay for this.

Snake and spider bite anti-venom is very expensive. The cost can be well over $10,000 even if you don't need a stay in hospital.

Ulanmoq

Internet

Australia offers many Internet access options for travellers:

Internet cafés are available in most tourist areas and normally cost $4–5 per hour. However, many internet cafés have 12-20 computers sharing a single broadband connection, sometimes making the internet painfully slow. If possible, ask if you can check the speed of a café's connection before forking out $4–5 for an hour.

Public libraries usually offer some form of Internet access to travellers, either free or for a small fee. Some prohibit access to email, promoting research use of their facilities. Others offer Wi-Fi and terminals, with Wi-Fi usually being free of restrictions.

Major hotels offer Internet access, usually for an exorbitant fee. Most youth hostels and backpacker accommodation have at least an Internet terminal at reception. Some other accommodation providers offer Wi-Fi to their guests, almost always with a charge. It is still common to find motels and other smaller hotels without any Internet offering to customers.

• Many coffee shops offer Wi-Fi free to their customers.
• McDonald's has free Wi-Fi in just about all their stores.
• Internode has free Wi-Fi hotspots, including much of Adelaide city centre.
• Telstra has partnered with Fon to create an extensive network of WiFi hotspots around Australia that utilise Telstra telephone boxes and Telstra broadband customers to create hotspots that go by the name Telstra Air with the slogan 'Australia's largest WiFi Network'. Look for a distinctive white WiFi logo on solid pink and the words 'Telstra Air' to indicate major hotspots. The networks appear in WiFi lists as 'Telstra Air' or 'Fon WiFi'. Expect good coverage in city centre areas although it may require some searching to locate a hot spot outside of CBD areas. Hot spot maps are available on the Telstra and Fon websites.

• Access can be purchased for $6.60 for 1 hour, $10 for 1 day or $23 for 5 days.

In major urban centres, you'll find free Wi-Fi in shopping malls and other large shops and increasingly on public transport: Sydney's ferries offer free Wi-Fi as do Adelaide's trams.

3G/4G wireless

There are three mobile networks in Australia. All of them provide 3G/UMTS and 4G/LTE mobile data services.

As the data is carried over the mobile network, the advice about frequencies, obtaining SIMs and using a foreign device in the Mobile Cellular Phones section applies.

If you intend to use your phone with your home carrier, check with them for data roaming fees (likely quite expensive). If your handset isn't locked, it may be much cheaper to buy a local SIM.

Several carriers offer prepaid mobile data access with no contract from around $20-30 per month with various bundles and inclusions. For around $50 you can get a USB modem or Wi-Fi dongle. There are thousands of plans available through hundreds of resellers. Using an internet comparison site will direct you to the best deals.

Radio and television

Australia has 2 national public broadcasters, the ABC va SBS. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (or ABC) broadcasts Local Radio, Triple J (Youth/Indie music) and ABC Classic on AM/FM Radio as well as 4 TV channels. The Special Broadcasting Service (or SBS) broadcasts more ethnic, bilingual and cultural content on 2 TV channels and 2 analogue radio stations. Both broadcasters are available in most populous areas but the ABC has a greater radio coverage.

There are 3 free-to-air commercial TV networks, namely Seven, Nine va Ten; all or most are available in a majority of areas. In regional areas, affiliates such as WIN, Imparja, Prime will carry feeds from major networks along with some local programming.

You should expect to receive and watch all these channels in almost all accommodation in towns and cities across Australia.

On Pay TV operator is also available called Foxtel - transmitted by Cable, Satellite, and Internet. Some hotels will advertise free Foxtel, which means you should also be able to view the main international news channels and lots of light entertainment reruns. They may also subscribe to a range of sports and movies, but you should check first.

The bigger the city, the more radio stations you'll find. Country towns will often just have one commercial radio station and the ABC. If you're driving the distances between country towns, you can often lose all radio coverage. Download some music or podcasts for the trip before you leave. It's advisable to stay tuned to the ABC if travelling during emergencies or high bushfire risk periods.

DAB Digital Radio is available in capital cities, but receivers aren't installed in cars or most accommodation. If you have a digital radio, you'll get a handful of extra music channels.

Newspapers

The main national broadsheet newspaper is The Australian, with The Australian Financial Review focussing on financial and business news. There are also other newspapers that are published locally within their respective states, the most notable ones being The Sydney Morning Herald va The Daily Telegraph, both based in Sydney, and The Age va Herald Sun, both based in Melbourne.

Telephone

A typical Telstra payphone booth

Calling overseas from Australia

The main international access code or prefix is 0011. (When using a mobile phone the plus symbol " " can be used instead of the 0011 prefix.)

Dialling codes

The country code for international calls to Australia is 61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code.

For example, the local number for the Buzilgan tepalik tourist information is 8080-3300. The area code is 08 as Broken Hill is in the Central & West area code region. To dial the number from Adelaida or anywhere else inside the same area code region you can optionally omit the area code, and just dial 8080-3300. To dial the number from Sidney or anywhere in Australia outside the area code region, you will need to dial 08 8080-3300. If you don't know your area code region, you can still dial the area code, and it will still work. To dial the number from overseas you will need to dial your local international access code (00 for most of Evropa or 011 in the USA va Canada) and then dial 61 8 8080-3300, that is drop the leading '0' from the area code.

Australian area code list:

• 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria)
• 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania)
• 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply).
• 07 = North East (Queensland)
• 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far Western New South Wales)

Local calls are about $0.25 on most fixed lines and $0.50 on all Telstra Pay Phones.

• If calling an Australian number from a mobile phone outside Australia it is best to use the format 61880803300 with no spaces and no (0) prefixes included.
• If making an international call from your mobile phone from within Australia use the ' ' followed by the country code, followed by destination area code, followed by the local number at the destination. Omit all leading '0' prefixes and do not include any spaces.
• If dialling from a mobile telephone in Australia it is not necessary to use an international dialling prefix (such as 0011). The ' ' symbol followed by the destination country code is all that is needed to access the international telephone system from your handset.

Special numbers

• Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example, 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling these numbers internationally can be problematic.
• Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed phone, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers.
• Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with very hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling).
• Numbers commencing with 12 are carrier services, and are dependent on what network you are connected to. For example, 12 456 is a general information number for Telstra. Vodafone offer a similar services on 123. These numbers can be premium services as well.

Calling special numbers internationally can often work - just try dialling the number prefixed with the 61 country code. Many locations will give an alternative direct number for use in international dialling.

Making reverse charge (collect) calls is very expensive and can be problematic. You can use 12550 from a Telstra public phone, or 1800 NO CASH from any phone. But you have to be calling a number that will accept the charges (usually a landline or mobile on a mainstream telco).

Mobile cellular phones

Australia has cellular networks operated by Telstra, Optus va Vodafone, and each of the networks have several resellers with different price plans. All three operate UMTS/HSPA (3G) and LTE (4G) networks.

There are no restrictions on overseas residents obtaining Australian prepaid SIM cards, although you may require some form of photo ID such as your passport for identification.

2G-only and CDMA phones (phones without a SIM card) will not work in Australia. All 2G networks in Australia have been shut down.

Telstra and Vodafone have 3G HSPA services on 850/2100 MHz, and Optus on 900/2100 MHz. These are still the greatest geographical range of service. 4G LTE is widely available most centres on all carriers. Support for 4G band 28 (700 MHz) on newer phones is necessary to get good 4G coverage outside of major centres and better coverage in them.

With foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's 3G (UMTS/W-CDMA) and 4G networks, depending on agreements between operators. Check with your home operator before you leave.

All major cities and their suburbs have decent coverage on all three networks, as do most significant country towns and inter-capital links. Telstra's 850 MHz 3G network provides the best rural coverage (though it is also the most expensive), but unpopulated or sparsely populated areas away from major roads are unlikely to have service at all. If you are heading way out into the bush then a satellite phone may be your only option. Remember all mobile phones can be used for emergency calls on all networks, even if they don't have a local SIM or aren't roaming. This applies to satellite phones too.

A cheap prepaid mobile phone with a SIM retails for around $40 in most Australian retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices; a SIM alone for an existing phone is around $2–3. Prepaid credit is added using recharge cards available at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets.

You can buy a seemly infinite variety of packages, SIM cards, and phone bundles, with varied combinations of data, SMS and call time. Some carriers make calculating included calls difficult, by giving you a dollar "value" that is included in your package, and you then need to find the call, sms and data rates to calculate what is included. These rates can differ from plan to plan. Make sure the plan you choose includes what you need, because using data or making calls outside of the package allowance is often orders of magnitude more expensive.

Satellite phones

If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, can be hired for around $80 per week.

These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish.

Satellite phones can be used to make emergency calls without a SIM card or subscription plan. The cheapest cost around $300, or just a little more than a PLB.

Public phones

Most towns and suburbs have at least one public phone. Most railway stations will have a public phone. Text messages can be sent from many public phones, using the keypad in much the same way as an old-style mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display.

Post

Express (yellow) and normal (red) Australia Post street posting boxes

Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter costs $1 within Australia (up to 250g), $1.85 for Asia/Pacific (up to 20g) and $2.75 for the rest of the world (up to 20g). 'Domestic' and 'international' stamps are different, as international is tax free, therefore, so make sure you use the right stamp. Parcels, express post and other services are also available.

Addresses in Australia are generally formatted in the following way, which is similar to addresses in the United States and Canada

Name of recipient
(If needed) Unit number or building name
House number and street name
City or town, two or three-letter state abbreviation, postcode

You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. Mail should be addressed to your full name c/o Post Restante, and you simply call into the post office with ID to receive your mail.