The Tinch okeani urushi Ikkinchi Jahon urushi teatri, shu jumladan Sharqiy Osiyo, Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo va Okeaniya, dan ajratish Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi.
G'arb hisob-kitoblari odatda urushni 1941 yil dekabrdagi Perl-Harbor hujumi bilan boshlangan deb hisoblaydi. Xitoy hisob-kitoblari uni Yaponiyaning 1937 yil iyulida Markaziy Xitoyga bostirib kirishi yoki hatto ularning kengayib borishi bilan bog'laydi. Manchuriya 1931 yilda. Urush 1945 yil avgustda yaponlarning taslim bo'lishi bilan tugadi; muhim omil shundaki, urushda ishlatilgan birinchi va hozirgacha yagona atom bombalari yaqinda portlatilgan edi Xirosima va Nagasaki.
Tushuning
- Shuningdek qarang: Yaponiya mustamlakasi imperiyasi
Yaponiya 19-asrning oxirlarida kengayib, qo'shila boshladi Okinava 1879 yilda, keyin 1894-95 yillarda Xitoy-Yaponiya Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushida mag'lubiyatga uchradi Tayvan va Liaodong yarimoroliva Xitoyni vassal davlat ustidan ta'siridan voz kechishga majbur qildi Koreya. Xuddi shu davrda AQSh Tinch okeanida faollikni kuchaytirdi Filippinlar 1898 yilda Ispaniya bilan urushdan keyin va qo'shib olindi Gavayi va Guam. Evropaning turli kuchlari mintaqadagi o'zlarining ta'sir doiralarini yoki ta'sir doiralarini kengaytirdilar.
Yaponiya qarshi urushda g'alaba qozondi Rossiya imperiyasi asrlar davomida birinchi bo'lib Evropa bo'lmagan kuch Evropani mag'lub etdi. Ruslar o'z yo'llaridan ketgach, ular 1910 yilda Koreyani to'liq qo'shib olishdi. Yaponiya bu davrda ittifoqchilar tarkibiga kirgan Birinchi jahon urushiva shu tariqa 1918 yilgi urush tugaganidan so'ng mag'lub bo'lgan Markaziy kuchlardan ko'proq hududni qo'lga kiritishi mumkin edi, shu jumladan Germaniyaning sobiq kontsessiyalari Shandun, Xitoy. Yaponiyaning bunday urinishlari keyinchalik to'rtinchi may harakatiga olib keladi, bu keyingi tavsifda keltirilgan bizning XX asr boshidagi Xitoy tarixi haqidagi maqolamiz.
30-yillarning oxirlarida Yaponiya oliy qo'mondonligi o'rtasida fraksiya jangi bo'lib o'tdi; ularning barchasi imperiyani kengaytirish yaxshi g'oya ekanligiga rozi bo'lishdi, ammo qanday qilib? Agar ular "Shimolga urishsa", kengaytirilsin Mo'g'uliston va Sibir va faqat ruslarga qarshi kurash, yoki AQShga qarshi kurashni anglatadigan "Janubiy zarba" Britaniya imperiyasiva boshqa mustamlakachilar - frantsuzlar, gollandlar va portugallar? Sovet Ittifoqiga bostirib kirishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Imperial Way Fraction (皇 道 派), hatto 1936 yilda davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirdi (26-fevral voqeasi), ammo bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Shimolga zarba berishga urinishgan, ammo 1939 yilda Sovetlar Yaponiya kuchlariga puxta zarba berdi Kalxin Gol jangi Mo'g'ulistonda. Shundan so'ng, Yaponiya diqqatini janubga urishga qaratdi.
Xitoy
| “ | 最後 關頭 一 到 ， 我們 只有 到底 ， 抗戰 到底 ， 祗 有 "有 到底" 的 決心 ， 才能 博得 最後 的 勝利。若是 彷徨 不定 ， 妄自 ， 便會 陷 民族 於 萬劫不復 之 之 地。 Oxirgi pallada biz faqat hamma narsani qurbon qilib, oxirigacha qarshilik ko'rsatishimiz mumkin. Faqatgina hamma narsani qurbon qilishga qat'iy qaror qilsak, yakuniy g'alaba uchun kurashishimiz mumkin. Agar (urush) ikkilanish va noaniqlik bilan yoki o'zboshimchalik bilan bir lahzalik osonlik bilan muomala qilinsa, bu bizning xalqimizni halokatli qaytarilmas vaziyatga olib keladi. | ” |
- Chiang Kay-shek, nutq Lushan, Marko Polo ko'prigidagi voqeadan so'ng | ||
Yaponiya katta ta'sirga ega bo'ldi Manchuriya ular ruslarni mag'lub etganlarida; xususan, ular Rossiyada qurilgan foydali temir yo'lni boshqarishni o'z zimmalariga oldilar. Keyin 1931 yilda ular sahnalashtirilgan Mukden Hodisa; Yapon qo'shinlari temir yo'lning bir qismini bombardimon qildi, hujumni Xitoy kuchlari zimmasiga oldi va bu Yaponiyaga Manchukurani egallab olish uchun bahona berdi, Manchukuo deb nomlangan qo'g'irchoq davlatini yaratdi.
Yaponiya markazga bostirib kirdi Xitoy 1937 yilda Marko Polo ko'prigidagi voqeaG'oyib bo'lgan deb taxmin qilingan yapon askarini qidirish so'rovi Xitoy kuchlari tomonidan rad etilgandan so'ng, yaqin atrofdagi yapon qo'shinlari hujum qilgan. Yaponiya kuchlari tez orada sharqiy Xitoyning ko'p qismini, shu jumladan o'sha paytdagi poytaxtni egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Nankin.
Ushbu bosqin ikkala tomon uchun ham falokat bo'lib chiqdi. Xitoylar o'zlarining ittifoqchilari yuborishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday qurolni bajarish bilan qurollanib, juda yaxshi qurollangan va o'qitilgan bosqinchiga qarshi kurash olib borishgan (ularning ko'plari). Birinchi jahon urushi ortiqcha), ba'zi bir dahshatli zulmga dosh berish va juda ko'p sonli qurbonlarni olish - Sovet Ittifoqidan tashqari, boshqa millatlarga qaraganda o'n milliondan ortiq harbiy va fuqarolar o'limi. Bundan tashqari, ular birlashdilar; millatchilarning ayrim fraktsiyalari (gomintang) ba'zan Yaponiyaga qarshi kurashishdan ko'ra kommunistlarga qarshi kurashishdan ko'proq manfaatdor edilar; sobiq lashkarboshilar urushda jabbor bo'lishiga qaramay, kamroq ishonchga ega edilar va Chi Kay-shek fraktsiyasi tomonidan kamroq jihozlar olindi.
Shunga qaramay, Xitoy armiyasi (amerikalik maslahatchilar bilan millatchilar tomonidan boshqariladi) yaponlarga juda qiyin vaqtni berishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Yaponiya rejalashtiruvchilari uch oy ichida butun Xitoyni egallab olamiz, uni ushlab turish uchun ozgina kuch qoldiramiz va aksariyat qo'shinlarimizni boshqa joyga ko'chiramiz deb o'ylashgan. Aslida, ularni olish uchun uch oy kerak bo'ldi Shanxay 1937-1945 yillardagi sakkiz yillik janglarda ular hech qachon Xitoyning yarmidan ko'pini egallashga muvaffaq bo'lmadilar. Xitoy armiyasi butun urush davomida kurash olib bordi, ko'pincha orqaga chekindi, lekin har doim dushmanga qimmatga tushdi. Xitoy partizanlari va sabotajchilari - millatchi, kommunistik va mustaqil - yaponlarni hamma joyda ta'qib qilishdi. Butun Yaponiya quruqlikdagi qo'shinlarining taxminan yarmi butun urush davomida Xitoyda, shu jumladan boshqa joylarda foydalanishni rejalashtirgan qo'shinlari bilan bog'langan. Tinch okeanidagi urushda ittifoqchilarning barcha g'alabalari qisman Xitoyning qat'iyatliligi bilan bog'liq edi.
Xitoy, bostirib kirgandan keyin Yaponiyaga qarshi Amerika, Buyuk Britaniya va Gollandiyaning sanktsiyalari qo'llanildi; bular, xususan, neft importiga cheklovlar, Yaponiyaning ushbu davlatlar bilan urush boshlashiga sabab bo'lgan asosiy sabab bo'ldi. G'arb davlatlari Xitoyga etkazib berishni ham etkazib berishdi Birma yo'li. Sovet Ittifoqi va Amerika, shuningdek, Xitoyni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ixtiyoriy havo kuchlari bo'linmalarini yubordi Yunnan taniqli "uchib yuradigan yo'lbarslar" sifatida tanilgan.
Yaponiya jahon urushiga qo'shiladi
| “ | Kecha, 1941 yil 7-dekabr - shafqatsiz hayot kechiradigan sana - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari to'satdan va qasddan Yaponiya imperiyasining dengiz va havo kuchlari hujumiga uchradi. | ” |
—AQSh prezidenti Franklin D. Ruzvelt, 1941 yil 8-dekabr | ||
Ayni paytda, Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi 1939 yil sentyabrda Germaniyaning Polshaga bosqini bilan boshlandi va 1941 yil iyun oyida Germaniya Sovet Ittifoqiga bostirib kirgach, yanada murakkablashdi.
Mojaro 1941 yil dekabrida global bo'lib qoldi Yaponiya hujum qildi Pearl Harbor, AQShning Tinch okeanidagi boshqa bazalari, Filippinlarkabi ingliz mulklari Gonkong, Birma va Malaya. The Qo'shma Shtatlar va butun Britaniya imperiyasi darhol Yaponiyaga urush e'lon qildi va Germaniya AQShga qarshi urush e'lon qildi. Sovet Ittifoqi Evropada urush tugagunga qadar Yaponiyaga urush e'lon qilmadi, garchi u Rossiya imperiyasi 1904-05 rus-yapon urushida Yaponiyaga yutqazib qo'ygan hududlarni qaytarib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
Yaponiya fathlari
Shundan so'ng Yaponiya bostirib kirdi va ko'p qismini egallab oldi Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo va qismlari Okeaniya; ular hatto shaharni bombalashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Darvin yilda Avstraliya. 1943 yil o'rtalarida deyarli butun Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo Yaponiya tomonidan mustamlaka kuchlari bilan zabt etildi Birlashgan Qirollik, Frantsiya, Gollandiya, Portugaliya va Qo'shma Shtatlar hammasi yaponlardan xor bo'lgan mag'lubiyatga uchragan.
Yaponlar ba'zi hududlarni jangsiz samarali nazoratga olishdi. Frantsiyadagi Vichi hukumati, asosan, nemis qo'g'irchoq rejimi, frantsuz ma'murlariga frantsuz Hind-Xitoyida (hozirda) buyruq berdi Vetnam, Laos va Kambodja) Yaponiya bilan hamkorlik qilish uchun va ko'pchilik buni qildi. Tailand, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi G'arb davlatlari tomonidan mustamlakaga aylanmagan yagona mamlakat nominal mustaqil bo'lib qoldi, ammo Yaponiya kuyi ostida raqsga tushishga majbur bo'ldi. Yaponiya ushbu mamlakatlarda harbiy bazalarni o'rnatishga va ular orqali qo'shinlar va materiallarni bemalol ko'chirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
Yapon propagandasi G'arb imperialistlarini "Osiyo osiyoliklar" harakatiga etakchilik qilmoqda, deb da'vo qildi va bu ularga bir oz yordam berdi; kabi mamlakatlar Hindiston ham Yaponiya tarafdorlari, ham Ittifoqchilar tarafdorlari harakatlari bo'lgan. Yaponiyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi hind milliy armiyasining (INA) etakchisi Subhas Chandra Bose hanuzgacha Hindistonda milliy qahramon sifatida tan olingan. Ko'p sohalarda bu etnik yo'nalish bo'yicha ham bo'lingan; Malayada hech bo'lmaganda dastlab yaponlarni ko'plab etnik malaylar va hindular kutib olishdi, ammo aksariyat etnik xitoylar qarshi chiqishdi. Xitoyda Gomintang ham, Kommunistlar ham Yaponiyaga qarshi chiqishdi, lekin ular ba'zan bir-birlariga qarshi kurashishdan ko'proq manfaatdor edilar. Hamma joyda mahalliy siyosiy harakatlar nazoratni egallab olish uchun urushib, urushdan keyingi vaqt uchun mustaqillik va / yoki ichki siyosiy ta'sirga ega bo'lish uchun urushdan foydalanishga harakat qilishdi.
Yaponlarning bosib olingan hududlarda hukmronligi shafqatsiz edi va urush oxiriga kelib yaponlar dastlab ularni qo'llab-quvvatlagan mahalliy aholining ko'pchiligining qo'llab-quvvatlashidan mahrum bo'lishdi (masalan, Birma mustaqilligi qahramoni Aun San). Ishg'ol qilingan hududlarda yapon qo'shinlari ommaviy zo'rlash, qirg'in va talonchilik bilan shug'ullangan Nankin qirg'ini 1937-38 yillarda eng taniqli bo'lgan. Xitoy, Koreya va boshqa ishg'ol qilingan hududlardan kelgan ko'plab ayollar "tasalli ayol", yapon harbiy fohishaxonalarida jinsiy qul sifatida xizmat qilishga majbur bo'lishdi. Yaponlar, shuningdek, ishg'ol qilingan hududlardan asirga olingan mahalliy aholiga nisbatan g'ayriinsoniy tajribalarni o'tkazdilar, eng mashxurlari Manchuriyadagi 731-bo'limi (quyida keltirilgan), ammo boshqa shunga o'xshash birliklar bosib olingan hududlarda ham mavjud edi. Ular harbiy asirlarga juda yomon munosabatda bo'lishgan; ehtimol, eng mashhur voqealar "Bataan o'lim yurishi "va Kvay daryosidagi ko'prik, ammo boshqalar ko'p edi.
Xitoyda Yaponiya hukmronligiga qarshi turishda ularning roli uchun qasos sifatida, Xitoyda ham, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda ham etnik xitoyliklar eng qattiq munosabatda bo'lishgan; barcha bosib olingan hududlarda ular yaponiyaliklar tomonidan "skrining" uchun yig'ilib, yaponlarga qarshi bo'lgan deb topilgan (ko'pincha o'zboshimchalik bilan) omadsizlar uzoq joylarga olib kelingan va otib tashlangan.
To'lqin aylanadi
Yaponlar 1942 yil o'rtalarida amerikaliklar tomonidan dengiz kuchlarining ikkita muhim mag'lubiyatiga, may oyida Koral dengizidagi jangga va Yarim yo'l iyun oyida. Bular tarixdagi birinchi dengiz urushlari bo'lib, ular asosan hech qachon bir-birlarining ko'z o'ngiga kelmaydigan aviatashuvchilar tomonidan olib borilgan. Amerikaliklar yapon aloqasini to'xtatib turishdi va ko'plab yapon kodlarini buzishdi, bu ikkala jangda ham ustunlik bo'ldi. Midwayda ular samolyotlar bombardimon qilingan reydda bo'lganida, ular aviatashuvchilarni yo'q qilib, yaponlarni hayratda qoldirdilar. Jang nafaqat Yaponiya imperatori flotining muntazam aviakompaniyalarini yo'q qildi, balki Yaponiyaning bir qator elita dengiz aviatorlarini ham o'ldirdi, bu Yaponiya kuchlari uchun halokatdir.
1942 yil o'rtalaridan boshlangan va 1943 yil boshigacha davom etgan ikkita quruqlik kampaniyalari ham Yaponiya uchun yomon o'tdi. Hozirda Papua-Yangi Gvineya, asosan avstraliyalik kuch ularga quruqlikdagi birinchi mag'lubiyatini berdi Milne ko'rfazi keyin, qattiq kurash kampaniyasida, ularni orqaga qaytarib haydab Kokoda treki. Ayni paytda amerikaliklar orolni egallab olishdi Gvadalkanal uzoq davom etgan va shiddatli kurashdan so'ng, ularga Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyaga etkazib berish va aloqa liniyalarini himoya qilish hamda Yaponiyaga qarab orol-sakrash uchun oldinga baza yaratish.
Ittifoqchilarning ushbu g'alabalari Tinch okeanidagi urushning burilish nuqtasini belgilab berdi.
Shundan so'ng ANZAKlar (Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya armiyasi korpusi) Yangi Gvineya kampaniyasini davom ettirdilar va bostirib kirishdi Solomon orollari, inglizlar esa Xitoyni yordami bilan Birmani qaytarib olib, qayta ochdilar Birma yo'li Xitoy kuchlarini ta'minlash uchun. Yaponlar o'z kuchlarini Xitoyda juda nozik tarzda tarqatishgan va xitoyliklar qarshi hujumga o'tishlari va bosib olingan ba'zi hududlarni qaytarib olishlari mumkin edi. Amerikaliklar Filippinlarni qayta egallab olishdi va Tinch okeanidagi bir qator orollarni, shu jumladan ba'zi birlarini egallab olishdi Guam va Uyg'onish oroli urushning dastlabki oylarida Yaponiya ulardan tortib olgan.
Dengizda Yaponiya ba'zi bir Hamdo'stlik yordami bilan amerikaliklar tomonidan bir necha bor mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Leyte Fors ko'rfazi jangi urushning eng yirik dengiz jangi edi; bu Filippin bosqini paytida yuz bergan va ittifoqchilarning yirik g'alabasi bo'lgan. Qachon ular Mariana orollari"Buyuk Marianas Turkey Shoot" da 550 dan ortiq yapon samolyotlari yo'q qilingan, Amerika esa atigi 120 ga yaqin samolyotlarini yo'qotgan.
Urush tugashi
1945 yil boshlarida AQSh qattiq janglarda g'alaba qozondi Okinava va Ivo Jima va orollarni egallab oldi va ularni Yaponiyaning uy orollarini bombardimon qilish yoki bosib olish uchun joylashtirdi. O'sha paytgacha urushning dengiz qismini yutib, ular ham kemalari bilan Yaponiya shaharlarini bombardimon qildilar. Yaponiya yuborish kabi umidsizlik taktikasini sinab ko'rdi kamikadze (bosqinchini cho'ktirgan bir qator ikkita tayfun nomi bilan nomlangan Mo'g'ul portlovchi moddalar bilan to'la samolyotlarni Amerika kemalariga urish uchun o'z joniga qasd qilish missiyasini bajaradigan uchuvchilar, ammo bu ham katta farq qilmadi.
Bosqin hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan. Amerikaliklar haqiqiy jangda foydalanish uchun birinchi (va hozirgi kungacha) atom bombalarini tashladilar Xirosima 1945 yil 6-avgustda, undan keyin Nagasaki 1945 yil 9-avgustda; o'sha kuni Sovet Ittifoqi Manjuriyaga bostirib kirdi. Yaponiya 1945 yil 15-avgustda Ittifoqchilarga so'zsiz taslim bo'ldi va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi nihoyasiga etdi.
Natijada
Taslim bo'lganidan keyin Yaponiya amerikaliklar tomonidan ishg'ol qilindi va barcha mustamlakalaridan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi va harbiylarini bekor qildi. Imperator o'z taxtida qolganida, ko'plab siyosiy va harbiy rahbarlar ayblanmoqda Uzoq Sharq bo'yicha xalqaro harbiy tribunalva ko'plari o'limga hukm qilindi. Shuningdek, amerikaliklar Yaponiyaga yangi pasifistik konstitutsiyani o'rnatdilar, unga harbiy tuzishni taqiqladilar va uni demokratik konstitutsiyaviy monarxiyaga aylantirdilar. Ammo, qachon Sovuq urush boshlandi, amerikalik bosqinchilar keyinchalik militsiyaning milliy harbiy rezervini tashkil etishdi, u keyinchalik Yaponiyaning o'zini himoya qilish kuchlari, mamlakatning amaldagi harbiy kuchlari sifatida rivojlanib boradi.
Tayvan va Manchuriya Xitoyga qaytarildi, garchi yaponlarning taslim bo'lishidan keyin Xitoyda fuqarolar urushi qayta boshlanib, natijada materikdagi kommunistlar g'alaba qozonishdi va millatchilar Tayvanga chekinishga majbur bo'ldilar, bu esa shu kungacha alohida boshqarishda davom etmoqda. . Koreya o'z mustaqilligini tikladi, ammo kommunistik bo'linib ketadi Shimoliy Koreya va kapitalistik Janubiy Koreyaga qadar olib boriladi Koreya urushi. 1952 yilda amerikaliklar materik Yaponiyani tark etishadi, garchi amerikalik harbiylar mamlakatning turli qismlarida bir nechta bazalarini saqlab qolishmoqda. Okinava faqat 1972 yilda Yaponiyaga qaytarilgan edi, ammo Qo'shma Shtatlar u erda kuchli harbiy ishtirokini davom ettirmoqda.
G'arb mustamlakachilari ham o'zlarining mustamlakalarini qaytarib oldilar, ammo urush ko'plab millatchi harakatlarni galvanizatsiyalashga olib keldi, ular kelgusi yillarda yoshga etishi va oxir-oqibat mustamlakalarning mustaqilligiga olib kelishi kerak edi. Birinchisi Filippinlar, bu erda Amerika hukmronligi 1946 yilda tugagan; oxirgisi eng kattasi edi Britaniyalik Raj 1947 yilda zamonaviy mamlakatlarga aylangan Hindiston, Pokiston va keyinroq Bangladesh. The Hind xitoy urushi Osiyoda davom etayotgan milliy va mafkuraviy ziddiyatning shafqatsiz namunasi edi. Gonkong va Makao oxir-oqibat 1990-yillarda Xitoyga qaytarib berilishi kerak edi, ammo Xitoy va sobiq mustamlakachi davlatlar o'rtasidagi kelishuvning bir qismida "bir mamlakat ikkita tizim" tartibi ko'zda tutilgan bo'lib, ular ikkalasini ham ayrim jihatdan mustaqil mamlakatlar kabi tutishga majbur qiladi.
Turli o'rmonlarda yakkalanib qolgan bir necha yapon askarlari urush tugaganini bilmay, jang qilishdi. So'nggi ikkitasi 1974 yilda, bittasi Filippinning orolida taslim bo'lgan Lubang ikkinchisi esa Indoneziyada Morotay oroli.
Saytlar
Janglar, shafqatsizliklar yoki urush davridagi boshqa tadbirlar bo'lgan ko'plab joylarga tashrif buyurish mumkin. Ushbu urush bilan to'liq yoki qisman bog'liq bo'lgan eksponatlar bilan ko'plab muzeylar ham mavjud.
Avstraliya
- 1 Darvin harbiy muzeyi. Darvin urush paytida Avstraliya va Amerika kuchlari uchun muhim bosqich bo'lib, Yaponiyaning bombardimon qilingan reydlariga duchor bo'lgan yagona Avstraliya shahri bo'lar edi. Muzeyda Darvinni bombardimon qilish haqidagi eksponatlar mavjud.
- 2 Avstraliya urush yodgorligi. Joylashgan KanberraShuningdek, ushbu yodgorlikda har xil urushlarda, shu jumladan ikkala jahon urushlarida ham qatnashgan avstraliyalik askarlar xotirasiga bag'ishlangan harbiy muzey mavjud.
Xitoy
Qarang Xitoy inqiloblari fon uchun.
Pekin
- 3 Jiaozhuanghu tunnel urushi sayt muzeyi (焦 庄户 地道战 遗址 纪念馆) (Shunyi tumani, Pekin). Yaponiyaning Pekinni bosib olish paytida 1940-yillarda Jiaozhuanghu qishlog'i aholisi tomonidan qurilgan 23 kilometrlik er osti tunnellari tarmog'i. Tunnellar xitoylik qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi jangchilar tomonidan qo'lga olishdan qochish va Yaponiya kuchlariga hujum uyushtirish uchun ishlatilgan. Tunnellarning 830 metrli qismi jamoatchilik uchun ochiq.
- 4 Marko Polo ko'prigi / Lugou ko'prigi (卢沟桥) (Fengtai tumani, Pekin). Sifatida ishlatilgan Marko Polo ko'prigida voqea sodir bo'lgan joy casus belli Yaponlar tomonidan ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi uchun.
- 5 Yaponiya agressiyasiga qarshi kurash urushidagi taniqli generallar yodgorligi (抗战 名将 纪念馆) (Pekin, Xaydian tumani). Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi paytida yaponlarga qarshi kurashgan o'nlab taniqli xitoylik generallarga bag'ishlangan.
- 6 Yaponiya tajovuziga qarshi Xitoy xalqi qarshiligi urushi muzeyi (中国 人民 抗 today战争 纪念馆) (Fengtai tumani, Pekin). Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi haqidagi Xitoydagi eng katta muzey. Muzey, Marko Polo ko'prigi voqeasi sodir bo'lgan Lugou ko'prigi (yoki Marko Polo ko'prigi) yonidagi Ming davri qal'asi bo'lgan Wanping qal'asi ichida - 1937 yil iyul oyida Xitoy va Yaponiya kuchlari o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan jang. ikki xalq o'rtasida keng miqyosli urush boshlanishi. Jang paytida qal'a o'qqa tutilgan va bugungi kunda ham qobiq teshiklari ko'rinib turibdi.
- 7 Pingbey Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi shahidlari yodgorlik bog'i (平 北 抗 today 烈士 纪念园) (Yanqing tumani, Pekin). Pingbey mintaqasida (shimoliy Pekin va shimoliy Xebey viloyatini o'z ichiga olgan ulkan hudud) yaponlarga qarshi kurashda halok bo'lgan ko'plab xitoylik askarlarga bag'ishlangan. Parkning ichida 200 ga yaqin fotosuratlar va asarlar namoyish etiladigan Pingbei Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi muzeyi (平 北 抗 today抗 纪念馆) joylashgan.
Chontsin
Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Xitoyning "vaqtinchalik poytaxti", keyin Nankin yaponlarning qo'liga o'tgan edi. Yaponlarning buni olishga urinishlariga qaramay, Xitoyning ichki hududlaridagi qarshiliklari yaponlar kutganidan ancha qattiqroq edi va garchi u kuchli bombardimon qilingan bo'lsa-da, Chontsin urush davomida yapon istilosidan qochishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
- 8 Chiang Qay-Shining Xuang tog'idagi qarorgohi (黄山 蒋介石 官邸, 蒋介石 旧 军事 总部 Chiang-Shekining eski harbiy shtabi) (Chontsin). Choncing Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Xitoyning poytaxti bo'lganida, Tszyan Tszeshi (Chi Kay-Shek) Chonging tepasidagi tog'larda o'zining harbiy shtab-kvartirasini tashkil etdi. Natijada yapon bombardimonchilari uni hech qachon topa olmadilar va hozirda u muzey bo'lib, urush davrida bo'lgani kabi saqlanib qolgan. Chiroyli binoda ko'plab binolar mavjud va siz uning ish xonasiga "barcha amaldorlar odamlarga xizmat qilishi kerak" degan shior bilan tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin (bepul tarjimada), uning yotoq xonasi va uning yig'ilish xonasida va u turgan joyda stulida o'tirishingiz mumkin. amerikalik maslahatchilar bilan, odatda uning chap tomonida, Amerikada o'qigan rafiqasi bilan muzokaralar olib bordi. Turar joyni Chiangning boshqa rasmiy turar joylaridan ajratib ko'rsatish uchun uni odatda Chiang-Shekdagi Xuang tog'idagi (yoki Xuangshan) qarorgohi deb atashadi (uning faqat Chongingda to'rtdan kam bo'lmagan rasmiy qarorgohi bo'lgan). Ushbu turar-joy bino ichidagi boshqa binolar bilan birgalikda Chonging-Xitoy-Yaponiya urush joylari muzeyining bir qismini tashkil etadi (y thu 遗址 博物馆 博物馆).
- 9 Chongqing Flying Tigers muzeyi (重庆 飞虎队 展览馆, 重庆 友好 飞虎队 展览馆, 重庆 飞虎队 陈列馆) (Chontsin). Uchib yuradigan yo'lbarslar to'g'risida shaxsiy ish yuritadigan muzey - 1941-1942 yillarda Xitoy havo kuchlari tarkibida yaponlarga qarshi kurashgan amerikalik qiruvchi qiruvchi samolyotlar guruhi.
- 10 Chonging shahridagi sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasining sobiq sayti (八路军 驻 重庆 办事处 旧址) (Chontsin). Sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasi - 1937 yilda kommunistlar va millatchilar bir-birlariga qarshi kurashishni to'xtatib, Yaponiyaga qarshi Ikkinchi Birlashgan frontni tuzishga kelishgandan so'ng, Qizil armiyadan tashkil topgan guruh armiyasi. Bu nominal ravishda Chi Kay-Shek boshchiligidagi, ammo Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan milliy armiyaning bir qismi edi. Armiya Xitoy bo'ylab millatchilik mualliflari bilan aloqalarni rivojlantirish uchun bir nechta idoralarga ega edi, shu jumladan Chongingdagi bu idora.
- 11 Chongingdagi AQSh elchixonasining sobiq sayti (重庆 美国 大使馆 旧址) (Chontsin). Ushbu saytda 1942 yildan 1946 yilgacha AQSh elchixonasi ishlagan. 2019 yilda elchixonaning sobiq sayti muzey sifatida qayta ochilgan. AQSh va Xitoy o'rtasidagi urush davri ittifoqi to'g'risida ko'rgazmalar mavjud.
- 12 Jianchuan muzey klasteri (建 川 博物馆 聚落) (Chontsin). Bu sanoatchi Fan Tszianchuan tomonidan tashkil etilgan muzeylar guruhining Chonging filiali Chengdu. U Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davridagi bomba turar joylari ichida qurilgan sakkizta alohida muzeylardan iborat. Ba'zi muzeylar asosan urush haqida, jumladan 1-sonli zaharli moddalar fabrikasi muzeyi, xitoy-yapon urush yodgorliklari muzeyi va qurollarni rivojlantirish tarixi muzeyi.
- 13 Jozef Stiluell qarorgohi (史迪威 故居, 史迪威 将军 旧居, 重庆 史迪威 博物馆 Stillwell muzeyi) (Chontsin). Red-Rok qishlog'idan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan joyda Yaponiyaga qarshi urush paytida Xitoyda Amerika operatsiyalarini boshqargan general Jozef V. ("Sirka Djo") Stilvellning sobiq qarorgohi va idorasi joylashgan. Stiluell nafaqat etakchilik qobiliyati, balki Xitoy va Xitoy madaniyatini tushunishi uchun ham ta'sirchan inson (u xitoycha cho'tka bilan yozishi mumkin edi). Uning sobiq qarorgohi Yangtsi daryosiga qaragan ajoyib manzarali 1930-yillarning modernistik uyidir. Asosiy daraja Stilvelning davrida bo'lganidek o'rnatildi. Quyi daraja Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Xitoy frontining fotosuratlari va ikki tilli tavsiflari bilan to'ldirilgan.
- 14 Liziba bog'i (Iz 坝 公园, 公园 坝 抗战 遗址 公园 Liziba xitoy-yapon urush yodgorliklari parki) (Chontsin). Jialing daryosining qirg'og'ida, bu yangi qurilgan park bo'lib, Chongqing Xitoyning urush paytidagi poytaxti bo'lganida ko'plab asl va ko'chib o'tilgan tarixiy binolar joylashgan. Unga eski bank binolari, hukumat idoralari va mahalliy sarkardalarning turar joylari kiradi. Ba'zi harbiy pillboxlar ham bu erda saqlanadi.
- 15 Song Tsinglingning avvalgi yashash joyi (Soong Ching-lingning sobiq qarorgohi 宋庆龄 故居, 宋庆龄 旧居) (Chontsin). Bu Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Yaponiya Xitoyning katta qismini egallab olgan va Chontsin vaqtinchalik poytaxt bo'lgan Song Tsinglingning (Song Tsin-ling) qarorgohi edi. Shuningdek, u Song Mingling tomonidan mamlakatning kommunistlar nazorati ostidagi hududlarida urush harakatlari uchun mablag 'yig'ish va materiallar sotib olishga yordam berish uchun tashkil qilgan Xitoy mudofaa ligasining bosh qarorgohi bo'lib xizmat qildi.
Nankin
- 16 Nankin qirg'inlari yodgorligi (侵华 日军 南京 大 屠杀 遇难 同胞 纪念馆 纪念馆) (Nankin). 1937 yil oxirlarida va atrofida ko'plab tinch aholining o'ldirilishini eslaydi Nankin bosqinchi yapon armiyasi tomonidan.
- 17 Yaponiyaga qarshi qarshilik urushida o'ldirilgan aviatsiya shahidlariga bag'ishlangan Nankin yodgorlik zali (Zh抗ng thu thu thu, Nankin Yaponiyaga qarshi aviatsiya shahidlarining yodgorlik zali) (Nankin). Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida yaponlarga qarshi olib borilgan havo janglarida jang qilgan va halok bo'lganlarning barchasiga bag'ishlangan. Yodgorlik zali qabristonga yaqin bo'lib, u erda 3500 nafar aviatsiya shahidlari dafn etilgan, shu jumladan 870 ta Xitoy, 2197 AQSh, 237 Sovet Ittifoqi va 2 kishi Koreyadan.
- 18 Yaponiyaga qarshi qarshilik urushining Nanjing nodavlat muzeyi (南京 民间 抗 today战争 博物馆) (Nankin). Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushiga bag'ishlangan xususiy muzey.
- 19 Yaponiyaning sinto ibodatxonasining sobiq joyi (Rating 神社 旧址) (Nankin). 1939 yilda yapon imperatori armiyasi tomonidan shaharni egallab olish paytida qurilgan. Rasmiy ravishda Nanjing ibodatxonasi (南京 神社) deb nomlanuvchi bu ziyoratgoh yaponlarning Xitoy zaminida qurilgan eng yirik sinto ziyoratgohlaridan biri bo'lgan. Bu, shuningdek, urushdan keyin buzilmagan juda oz sonli kishilardan biri edi. Bugungi kunda sayt nafaqaga chiqqan Kommunistik partiya xodimlari uchun faoliyat markazi sifatida ishlatilmoqda, shuning uchun siz binoga kira olmaysiz, ammo uni tashqaridan ko'rib chiqish yaxshi bo'lishi kerak.
- 20 Jon Rabening sobiq qarorgohi (R 旧居 International 拉贝 故居, 拉贝 与 国际 安全 区 纪念馆 Jon Rabe va Xalqaro xavfsizlik zonasi yodgorlik zali) (Nankin). Jon Rabe (1882-1950) nemis ishbilarmon va fashistlar partiyasi a'zosi bo'lib, Yaponiyaning istilosi paytida tinch aholini himoya qilishga qaratilgan harakatlari uchun Xitoyda keng nishonlanadi. Bu uy 1932 yildan 1938 yilgacha uning qarorgohi bo'lgan. Hozirda Rabening hayoti va u yaratishda yordam bergan Nankin xalqaro xavfsizlik zonasi haqida hikoya qilishga bag'ishlangan muzey bo'lib, u minglab odamlarning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun xizmat qilmoqda.
- 21 Liji xiyobonidagi qulaylik stantsiyasining sayti (利 济 巷 慰 安 所 旧址) (Nankin). "Konfor stantsiyasi" atamasi Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida Yaponiya armiyasi tomonidan "farovon ayollar" deb nomlangan asirlikda saqlanadigan va yapon askarlariga jinsiy xizmat ko'rsatishga majbur bo'lgan fohishaxonani nazarda tutish uchun ishlatilgan evfemizm edi. Ushbu maxsus qulaylik stantsiyasi Osiyodagi eng yirik stansiyalardan biri edi. Hozir Nankin qatliomi yodgorlik zali tomonidan boshqariladigan muzey. Kirish faqat oldindan kelish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Tashrif buyuruvchilar tashrif buyurishidan kamida bir kun oldin tayinlanishlari shart va oyiga ikki martadan yoki yiliga 10 martadan ortiq tashrif buyurishlari mumkin emas. Ko'rgazmalar kattalar uchun mo'ljallanganligi sababli binoga bolalar kirishi taqiqlanadi.
Shanxay
- 22 Xitoyning "Ayollarga tasalli berish" tarix muzeyi (中国 “慰安妇” 历史博物馆) (Frantsiya konsessiyasi, Shanxay). Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Yaponiya armiyasi tomonidan jinsiy qullikka majbur qilingan ayollar haqida muzey.
- 23 Jinshanwei qarshilik ko'rsatish merosi parki (金山 卫 抗战 遗址 纪念园) (Jinshan tumani, Shanxay). 1937 yil 5-noyabrda Yapon qo'shinlarining qirg'oqdagi Jinshanvey shahriga tushganini eslaydi. Yaponlarning qarshiliklari kam uchradi, chunki rasmiy ravishda ushbu hududda joylashgan Xitoy armiyasi bo'linmalari boshqa joylarga joylashtirilgan edi. Yaponlarning Jinshanveyga tushishidan so'ng, Shanxaydagi xitoylik askarlar shimoldan ham, janubdan ham o'rab olingan edi, shuning uchun uch kundan so'ng, 8-noyabr kuni, Xitoy markaziy qo'mondonligi barcha kuchlarga shaharni tark etishga va orqaga chekinishga buyruq berishga qaror qildi. g'arb. Bog'da bir qator yodgorliklar, shuningdek Tszinshanvey qo'nish joylari haqidagi muzey mavjud. Muzey Tszinshanvey qal'asi ichida, Taiping isyoni paytida vayron qilingan Ming sulolasi rekonstruksiya qilingan qal'asi.
- 24 Shanxay yahudiy qochoqlari muzeyi (上海 犹太 难民 纪念馆) (Hongkou tumani, Shanxay). Muzey ilgari Ohel Moishe ibodatxonasi joylashgan joyda joylashgan. Ushbu ibodatxona 1928 yilda rus yahudiylari tomonidan qurilgan va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Shanxayda yahudiy qochqinlar uchun ibodat qilinadigan asosiy joylardan biri bo'lgan.
- 25 Shanxay Songxu yodgorlik zali Yaponiya tajovuziga qarshi qarshilik urushiga bag'ishlangan (上海 淞沪 抗战 纪念馆) (Shanxay, Baoshan tumani). Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushidagi eng yirik va qonli janglardan biri bo'lgan Shanxay jangini eslaydi.
- 26 Sihang omboridagi jang yodgorligi (上海 四行 仓库 抗战 纪念馆) (Zhabei tumani, Shanxay). Sihang ombori - Suzhou Krikining shimoliy qirg'og'idagi tarixiy ombor. U 1931 yilda to'rtta bank tomonidan qurilgan, shuning uchun omborning so'zma-so'z nomi - "To'rt bank ombori". 1937 yilda ombor Shanxay jangining so'nggi bosqichlarida yorqin nuqtaga aylandi. O'sha paytda u Milliy inqilobiy armiyaning 88-diviziyasining bosh qarorgohi sifatida ishlatilgan. Diviziya shaharning ichki qismiga chekinishga tayyorlanayotgan edi, ammo orqaga chekinish uchun vaqt sarflash hamda xalqaro hamjamiyatga xitoyliklarning yaponlarga qarshi turish qarorini namoyish etish uchun bitta batalyonni omborxonada qoldirdi. Batalyon omborni taxminan 6 kun davomida muvaffaqiyatli himoya qildi va oxir-oqibat xalqaro konsessiyaga chekindi, u erda ular tezda qurolsizlantirildi va yaponlarning bosimi ostida harakat qilgan ingliz qo'shinlari tomonidan hibsga olindi. Omborning bir qismi endi Sixang omborini himoya qilish va Shanxay jangi haqida muzeydir.
Shenyang
- 27 9.18 yodgorlik muzeyi ("九 • 一 八" 历史博物馆, 9.18 tarix muzeyi) (Shenyang). Mukden voqeasiga bag'ishlangan, odatda xitoy tilida "9.18 voqeasi" deb nomlanadi. 1931 yil 18-sentabr kuni soat 22:30 da Shenyan yaqinida Yaponiya boshqaradigan temir yo'l liniyasi yonida bomba portladi. Yaponlar aslida bombani o'zlari o'rnatgan, ammo xitoyliklar ayblanib, yaponlarga Xitoyning shimoli-sharqini bosib olish va bosib olish uchun bahona berishgan. Shenyang o'sha bosqinning epitsentri bo'lgan, shuning uchun "9.18 voqeasi" muzeyi, ma'lumki, Shenyangda portlash sodir bo'lgan joy yonida joylashgani ma'qul. Muzey, kutilganidek, voqeani Xitoy nuqtai nazaridan tasvirlaydi. Bu zaif yurak uchun emas, chunki u urushning vahshiyliklarini bemalol namoyish etadi. Faqatgina asosiy tavsiflar ingliz tilida mavjud, ammo voqealar rivojini kuzatib borish kifoya. Suratlar va eksponatlar baribir o'zlari uchun gapiradi.
- 28 Yaponiya harbiy jinoyatchilarining sud jarayoni bo'yicha Shenyan harbiy tribunalining sobiq sayti (中国 审判 ： 战犯 法庭 旧址 陈列馆) (Shenyang). Ushbu saytda 1956 yil 9 iyundan 20 iyulgacha bo'lgan davrda 36 yapon harbiy jinoyatchisi sud qilindi va sud qilindi. Hozir bu joy muzeyga aylandi.
- 29 Shenyang Ikkinchi Jahon urushi Ittifoqi mahbuslari lager sayt muzeyi (二战 盟军 战俘 集中营 旧址 陈列馆) (Shenyang). 1942 yildan 1945 yilgacha oltita turli mamlakatlardan 1500 ga yaqin askarlar Shenyan shahridagi ushbu harbiy asir lagerida yaponlar tomonidan internirlangan. Hozir sayt muzeyga aylangan. Ma'lumotlar xitoy va ingliz tillarida taqdim etiladi.
Vuxan
- 30 Zhou Enlai sobiq qarorgohi (周恩来 故居) (Wuchan, Wuchang tumani). CPP davlat arbobi Chjou Enlai bu erda 1938 yilda rafiqasi bilan Yaponiyaga qarshi urushni muvofiqlashtirishda yordam berib turdi. Qarorgoh to'liq tiklandi va jamoat uchun ochiq.
- 31 Uxan shahridagi sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasining sobiq sayti (八路军 武汉 办事处 办事处 旧址 纪念馆, Xitoydagi sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasining Uxan shahridagi yodgorlik muzeyi) (Uxan shahridagi Tszyan'an tumani). Sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasi Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Gomintang boshchiligidagi Xitoy milliy armiyasiga nominal ravishda bo'ysungan kommunistlar tomonidan boshqariladigan armiya bo'limi edi. Uxan shahridagi armiyaning sobiq idorasi hozirda urushga oid eksponatlarni o'z ichiga olgan muzeyga aylandi.
- 32 Yangi to'rtinchi armiya Hankou shtab-kvartirasining sobiq sayti (汉口 新四军 军部 旧址 纪念馆) (Uxan shahridagi Tszyan'an tumani). Yangi To'rtinchi Armiya Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida kurashgan kommunistlar tomonidan boshqariladigan ikkita yirik armiya bo'linmasining ikkinchisi edi. Yangi to'rtinchi armiyaning sobiq shtab-kvartirasi Sakkizinchi marshrut armiyasining Vuhan idorasining sobiq joyidan bir oz narida, shuning uchun ikkala saytni birgalikda eng yaxshi tashrif buyurish kerak.
- 33 Shimen Peak yodgorlik bog'i (石门 峰 纪念 公园) (Xuanshan tumani, Uxan). Bog 'bir nechta bo'limlarga bo'lingan bo'lib, ulardan biri Yaponiyaga qarshi urush qahramonlari xotirasiga bag'ishlangan Vuhan qarshilik ko'rsatish yodgorlik bog'i (武汉 抗战 纪念园) bo'lib, Buyuk Uxanni himoya qilgan havo kuchlari matritsalari qabristoni yonida joylashgan. (保卫 大 武汉 中国 空军 英烈 墓园). Parkning asosiy kirish eshigi tashqarisida joylashgan Shimen Peak Road (石门 峰 路) yo'lida Xubeydagi urush haqidagi eksponatlarni o'z ichiga olgan Xubey askarlari va fuqarolarning Yaponiyaga qarshi urush urushi (湖北 军民 抗战 博物馆) muzeyini topasiz.
- 34 Vuxan san'at muzeyi (武汉 美术馆), Tszyan'an tumani, Baohua ko'chasi, 2-uy (yu江岸n h保ng 2 xa) (Uxan shahridagi Tszyan'an tumani). Muzey sobiq Jincheng banki ichida joylashgan. Bu bino yaponlar tomonidan shaharni egallab olish paytida harbiy shtab sifatida ishlatilgan.
- 35 Yaojiashan manzarali maydoni (姚家 山 风景区, Yaojia tog'i manzarali zonasi) (Vuxan shahridagi Huangpi tumani). Manzarali tog 'qishlog'idagi sayyohlik kurorti. Qishloq Ikkinchi Jahon urushida muhim rol o'ynagan, Yangi To'rtinchi Armiyaning Beshinchi diviziyasi uchun tayanch punkti bo'lgan. Qadimgi armiya idorasi meros sifatida saqlanib qolgan va yaqin atrofda muzey mavjud.
- 36 Zhonshan bog'i (中山 公园) (Vuxan shahridagi Tszixan tumani). Sun Yat-Sen haykalining chap tomonida 1945 yilda Xubeyda joylashgan yapon kuchlari rasmiy ravishda Xitoy hukumatiga taslim bo'lgan bino joylashgan. Bino hozirda ushbu tadbirga bag'ishlangan muzeydir.
- 37 Zhonshan harbiy kemasi muzeyi (武汉 市 中山 舰 博物馆) (Vuxan shahridagi Tszansya tumani). Bu muzey, Uxanning janubi-g'arbiy chekkasidagi Yangtszening o'ng qirg'og'i yaqinida, 1938 yil oktyabrda dengizdan yuzlab chaqirim uzoqlikda sodir bo'lgan dengiz urushini yodga oladi. Yaponiya havo kuchlari tomonidan marvariddan uch yil oldin cho'kib ketgan. AQSh harbiy flotiga port hujumi - Xitoy harbiy kemasi Zhonshan 1997 yilda Yangzte tubidan ko'tarilgan, qayta tiklangan va hozirda ushbu muzeyning asosiy zalida namoyish etilgan. Yonma-yon kema tarixiga oid eksponatlar, shuningdek, uni daryo tubidan ko'tarish va tiklash jarayoni. Muzeydan kichik ko'l bo'ylab tepalikning tepasida, o'zlarining shaharlaridan uzoqda joylashgan Yangtse shahrida o'zlarining suvli qabrini topgan kema kapitanini ham o'z ichiga olgan 25 ta dengizchining yodgorligi bor. Fujianning shimoliy qirg'og'i. Ko'l atrofida 1938 yilda Uxan jangining turli qirralarini, shuningdek 1945 yilda Yaponiya taslim bo'lganidan keyin shaharning ozod bo'lishini yodga oladigan haykallar bilan o'ralgan. Harbiy va vatanparvarlik xarakteridagi boshqa turli xil eksponatlar, masalan, PLAning eski qurollaridan namuna olish. , bu erda ham ko'rish mumkin.
Sian
- 38 Eighth Route Army Xi'an Office Museum (八路军西安办事处纪念馆) (Sian). From 1937 to 1946, this site served as the Communist Eighth Route Army's official liason office for coordinating communications with the Nationalist authorities in Xi'an.
- 39 Sanqin Museum of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (三秦抗战纪念馆) (Sian). A museum about the Second World War in Shaanxi Province (Sanqin is an old name for Shaanxi).
Xi'an Incident sites
Chinese politics in the 1930s were complex. The Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek were nominally in charge, but in several areas local warlords held the real power, some ethnic minority areas were amalda independent, and the Communists held other regions (see Uzoq mart). The strength of a political group was measured not mainly by how many votes it could get, but rather by how many divisions it could put in the field.
Yang Hucheng was the warlord of Shensi, the province whose capital is Xi'an. Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xueliang) was the "Young Marshal" whose family had ruled Manchuriya. The Japanese assassinated his father (the "Old Marshal") in 1928, and took over the region in 1931; he retreated into central China, bringing an army. Both were nominally subordinate to Chiang, and he ordered them to attack the Communists. Instead they arrested him and held him until he agreed to co-operate with the Communists against the Japanese.
- 40 Huaqing Pool (华清池) (Sian). A hot spring villa in Xi'an where Chiang was held.
- 41 General Yang Hucheng's Zhiyuan Villa (杨虎城将军止园别墅) (Sian). One of two heritage properties administered by the Xi'an Incident Museum (西安事变纪念馆). the other being General Zhang Xueliang's Official Residence (listed below). The property has been restored to appears as it did in 1930s and has exhibitions about General Yang Hucheng and his role in the Xi'an Incident.
- 42 General Zhang Xueliang's Official Residence (张学良将军公馆, General Chang Hsüeh-liang's Official Residence) (Sian). The Xi'an Incident Museum's main exhibition halls are at this site.
Other cities
- 43 Burial site of laborers killed in Basuo during the Japanese occupation of Hainan (日军侵琼八所死难劳工遗址) (Dongfang, Xaynan). During their occupation of Hainan Island, the Japanese army used forced labor to complete several infrastructure projects, including the Daguang Dam, the Shilu Iron Ore Mine and the railway line connecting the mine to the ports in Basuo and Sanya. At first the Japanese mainly relied on Chinese labor but later they began importing POWs that they had captured in Southeast Asia, including POWs who originally hailed from Australia, Canada, Britain and other allied countries. Conditions for the laborers were extremely brutal. Only 6000 of the more than 30,000 laborers survived. Many of the dead are buried here at this site. In 2013, the old prison buildings from the Basuo POW Camp Site were controversially moved here from their original location about 500 meters away.
- 44 Changsha. The site of four separate battles between the Chinese and Japanese in 1939, 1941, 1942 and 1944. The first of those was the first significant victory scored by the Chinese over the Japanese during World War II. The Japanese were only able to capture Changsha on their fourth attempt in 1944. One of the battlefields has been preserved at the Yingzhushan War of Resistance Site Park (影珠山抗战遗址公园) about 70km northeast of downtown Changsha. One can also visit war memorials, graves and former military buildings at the Yuelu Mountain National Scenic Area (岳麓山国家重点风景名胜区) in the western part of the city.
- 45 Eighth Route Army Luoyang Office Museum (八路军驻洛办事处纪念馆) (Luoyang, Xenan). The museum is inside a traditional Chinese mansion built in 1831 that was originally the home of a wealthy merchant. Between 1938 and 1942, the mansion served as the Luoyang office of the Eighth Route Army, a Communist controlled group army that was created from the Red Army when the Communists and the Nationalists formed the Second United Front against Japan.
- 46 Kunming Flying Tigers Museum (昆明飞虎队纪念馆) (Kunming). This commemorates a group of volunteer American fighter pilots who fought in China. Kunming was their main base. Some of their other bases included Xuayxua, Guilin, Liuzhou va Chontsin. These cities also have their own museums dedicated to the Flying Tigers.
- 47 Liuzhou Military Museum (柳州市军事博物园) (Liuzhou, Guansi). Reportedly the largest military museum in southwestern China. The museum is noteworthy for being on the grounds of the old Liuzhou Airport. During the Second World War, the airport was an important base for the Chinese airforce as well as allied group such as the Flying Tigers the Soviet Volunteer Group. Many of the wartime buildings still survive and there are exhibitions about the war.
- 48 National Cemetery to the Fallen of World War II (国殇墓园) (Tengchong, Yunnan). War cemetery with the graves of thousands of Chinese Nationalist soldiers, as well as 19 American soldiers, who died in a 1944 battle in which the Chinese were victorious and managed to reclaim Tengchong from the occupying Japanese.
- 49 Puppet Imperial Palace of Manchukuo (伪满皇宫; Wěimǎnhuánggōng) (Changchun). Home of Pu Yi, the last emperor of China and puppet emperor of Manchukuo, and centre of the Manchukuo administration at the time. The grounds are nicely restored, since the site was repurposed as a factory during the Cultural Revolution. Scenes from the acclaimed 1987 film Oxirgi imperator were filmed here.
- 50 Unit 731 Museum (华日军第七三一部队罪证陈列馆) (Harbin). A museum in Harbin located in a former bio-chemical weapons testing facility built by the Japanese and used to perform experiments on Chinese citizens and POWs. After the war, the Americans agreed to cover up their actions and grant immunity from prosecution to the scientists involved in exchange for being granted exclusive access to the data, as they feared that the data would end up in the hands of the Soviet Union, and many of those scientists ended up having successful careers in academia.
Mo'g'uliston
- 51 Khalkhin Gol. Site of a battle in 1939 in which the Soviets demolished a large Japanese force. This turned Japanese thinking away from expansion into Mo'g'uliston va Sibir; instead they adopted a "strike south" strategy which led directly to Pearl Harbor and their attacks in Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo.
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo
- 52 Birma yo'li. This road ran from Western China into Burma (now Myanma) and connected to Assam in Eastern India as well. It was built by the Chinese in the late 1930s, upgraded by the Americans later, and used throughout the war.
- 53 Sandakan Memorial Park. This memorial in the Malaysian city of Sandakan was built at the site of a former Japanese POW prison camp with funding from the Australian government to commemorate the Allied POWs who lost their lives during the Sandakan Death Marches. Only 6 people out of several thousand survived the march, and only because those 6 managed to escape. Incidentally, all 6 survivors were Australian.
Singapur
- 54 The Battlebox, 2 Cox Terrace, Singapore 179622. A former British military bunker and command centre which served as the headquarters for the British forces in Malaya during the Malayan Campaign. It was here that Lieutenant-General Arthur E. Percival met with his senior officers and made the decision to surrender to the Japanese. It has been converted to a museum dedicated to the Malayan Campaign, and a re-enactment of how it functioned during the war.
- 55 Changi Museum. A former POW camp-turned-museum has information about the Japanese occupation of Singapur and what life was like in the POW camp. It focuses on the general history and conditions as well as containing personal accounts and artifacts donated by former prisoners. It has a replica of the Changi cherkovi that was built by Australian POWs in captivity; the original was dismantled and moved to Kanberra after the war, where it now stands in the Royal Military College, Duntroon. You can also see replicas of the Changi murals, Christian murals that were painted by British POW Stanley Warren while in capitvity; the original murals are located in a military airbase and off limits to the general public.
- 56 Civilian War Memorial. Monument commemorating the local civilians who lost their lives during the Japanese occupation. The remains of many unidentified victims are buried under the memorial.
- 57 Ford Motor Factory, 351 Upper Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 588192. A former factory of American automobile manufacturer Ford, and the first motor vehicle factory to be opened in Southeast Asia. This is also the site where the British lieutenant-general Arthur E. Percival surrendered unconditionally to Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita on 15 February 1942, thus ending the Malayan Campaign. It was also used by the Japanese to produce military vehicles during the occupation. It has now been converted to a museum dedicated to life in Singapore during the Japanese occupation. The boardroom in which the surrender took place has also been reconstructed for viewing.
- 58 Fort Siloso. One of four British forts on what was then the island of Pulau Blakang Mati, today known as Sentosa. It is the only one of the four to have been restored as a tourist attraction, and contains the remnants of some British artillery guns, as well as interactive displays and a re-enactment of the unconditional surrender of the British forces to the Japanese.
- 59 Labrador Nature Reserve. The site of numerous British artillery gun emplacements during World War II. Today, you can see the remains of those gun emplacements, numerous pillboxes, and a network of underground tunnels that were used to store ammunition and move them to the gun emplacements. ozod.
- 60 Reflections at Bukit Chandu, 31K Pepys Road, Singapore 118458, ✉[email protected]. An interpretive centre of the Battle of Pasir Panjang, one of the fiercest battles in the Malayan Campaign that pitted the Malay Regiment (today the Royal Malay Regiment, the most decorated regiment in the Malaysian Army) against the Japanese.
- 61 Syonan Jinja. A Shinto shrine built by the occupying Japanese in Singapore (which they re-named Syonan-to) in 1942, located at MacRitchie Reservoir, and destroyed after the Japanese surrender on 15th August 1945. The ruins of the shrine still exist, but are now in the middle of the jungle with no footpaths leading there, making it very hard to find.
- 62 Syonan Chureito. A memorial built by Australian POWs to honour the Japanese war dead during World War II, with a smaller memorial behind that to commemorate the Allied war dead. Both memorials were torn down following the Japanese surrender, and today, only the road and stairs leading up to the memorial, as well as two pedestals at the bottom of the stairs, survive. A television transmission tower now occupies the former memorial site.
Qo'shma Shtatlar
- 63 Pearl Harbor. Site of the bombing in Western Honolulu sabab bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlar urushga kirish.
- 64 The National WWII Museum, Yangi Orlean, ☏ 1 504 528 1944. Museum commemorating the American war effort in both theatres of World War II, with interactive displays that aim to re-create the battlefield experience for visitors.
- 65 MacArthur Memorial, 198 Bank St; Norfolk, Virginia, ☏ 1-757-441-2965, faks: 1-757-441-5389. Tu-Sa soat 10:00 dan 17:00 gacha; Su 11 AM - 5 PM. Museum dedicated to the life of Douglas MacArthur, the general who led U.S. forces to victory over the Japanese in the Philippines, and was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces. His grave is located within the museum. The last non-president to have been granted a U.S. state funeral. Ozod.
- 66 , ☏ 1 925 228-8860 ext 6520 (rezervasyonlar). Tours available Th-Sa at 12:45PM (allow 1½ hours). Not all dates and times may be available. No public access Su-We. This memorial honors 320 individuals (including 200 young African American men) who were killed in a munitions accident during World War II while loading munitions and bombs onto ships bound for the Pacific Rim. Following the explosion many of the enlisted men refused to work, resulting in the Navy's largest mutiny trial and eventually helping to push the US Armed Forces to desegregate. The memorial is located on an active military base and as a result reservations must be made at least two weeks in advance va all visitors must be US citizens or permanent residents. Reservations can be made by calling or via an online reservation form. All visitors are shuttled to the memorial from John Muir National Historic Site in nearby Martinez.
- 67 Aleutian World War II National Historic Area (Visitor Center located on the apron of the Dutch Harbor airport), ☏ 1 907 581-1276. Year round, but May-October offer the best access. This site is the remains of one of four WWII era forts constructed to defend Dutch Harbor against a potential Japanese attack. The visitor center is free, however, a Land Use Permit must be obtained to visit the historic site on Mount Ballyhoo. Ozod.
A number of sites in the US commemorate the internment of Japanese-Americans during the war.
- 68 Manzanar Internment Camp. The largest internment camp in the United States where approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals living in the United States during the war were forced to live after being ordered to leave their homes. This museum contains information about the camp, the experiences of those who were forced to live here, and life after the war.
- 69 WWII Japanese American Internment Museum. A former internment camp turned into a museum to educate people about the lives of Japanese-Americans at the Rohwer Relocation Center.
- 70 Topaz Museum. The Topaz Relocation Center (internment camp) housed over 11,000 Japanese-Americans. Because people were moved here before it was finished, internees were actually hired to build the wire fences to pen themselves in.
South Sea
- 72 Uyg'onish oroli. This US-controlled island was taken by Japan shortly after Pearl Harbor and held by them throughout the war. There are ruins of Japanese fortifications, a monument for the American defenders who put up a stiff fight despite being badly outnumbered and outgunned, and a monument for a group of 98 POWs executed by the Japanese. Today the island is a US military base, off limits for most visitors.
- 73 Henderson Airfield (HIR IATA). The Japanese began constructing an airfield in May 1942 in Xoniara on Guadalcanal. Knowing that if they completed it, they'd be able to both isolate Australia from its allies and launch potentially devastating attacks, America quickly moved to take control of the airfield. It took six months to secure the airfield, after which the Americans finished construction on it and used it to launch attacks on other islands.
Henderson Airfield was later expanded to become the international airport of the Solomon orollari, so of course it can be visited. Other sites around the airport include Bloody Ridge (where America defended against the Japanese), the Gifu (named after the city by the same name, it was a Japanese post attacked by the US), Mount Austin (used by the Japanese to get a full view of the airfield in their plan to retake it), as well as memorials for both the Americans and Japanese that fought here. - 74 Betio Island. Within a few days of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took the Gilbert Islands, then a British colony, now part of the independent nation Kiribati. America's first attack on Japanese forces occurred in Butaritari, in the Gilberts, shortly after that.
In late 1943, the Allies came to oust Japan from the islands, which by then had been heavily fortified. Betio Island in Tarawa was the site of the Battle of Tarawa, considered to be one of the bloodiest battles of the war. While war relics can be found on multiple islands throughout Kiribati, Betio Island is where the main battle took place and also where the most remains. Visitors can see tanks, bunkers, shipwrecks, guns, and memorials built by the Japanese, Americans, and Australians and New Zealanders. - 75 Kokoda treki. An important battle line in Papua-Yangi Gvineya, o'rtasida Avstraliya va Yaponiya, it is now a trekking destination, especially for Australians.
- 76 Command Ridge (Nauru). During World War II, Nauru was occupied by the Japanese from August 1942 until their surrender at the tail end of the war in the wake of three years of near-continuous Allied air raids. Today, rusting relics from this era are scattered throughout the island — disused Japanese pillboxes line the shore every couple of kilometres, and old cannons can be seen along roadsides barely hidden by forest or even in plain sight between homes.
However, for those who want a firsthand look at Nauru's WWII history, Command Ridge (Nauruan: Janor) is the place to go. As the island's highest point, rising to an elevation of 63 m above sea level, it was a natural lookout point for the occupiers. Today you'll find a bevy of old artillery emplacements (including a pair of six-barrel antiaircraft guns still pointed skyward), the ruins of a prison complex used to hold interned Nauruan natives (who were treated brutally by the Japanese) as well as five members of the Australian military captured during the invasion, and — most impressive of all — the former communications center, now open for any visitors to enter. The interior is not well lit, but bring in a lantern or torch and you'll still be able to make out faded Japanese writing on the walls. - 77 War in the Pacific National Historical Park. Yoqilgan Guam, but part of the US national park system since Guam is an American territory. The park honors all those who fought in the Pacific, not just on Guam and not just Americans. Guam was taken by the Japanese early in the war and retaken by the US in 1944.
- 78 Gizo. Located on Ghizo Island, Gizo evokes the memories of vivid fighting in WWII. It is nowadays a tourist centre and some wrecks can be found underwater, including the Toa Maru.
Filippinlar
- 79 Corregidor Island. Established as an American fort to defend Manila from naval attacks, it fell to the Japanese in 1942, and was liberated in 1945. This is where General MacArthur left and uttered his most famous line "I shall return", a promise he fulfilled in 1944.
- 80 Kapas. A largely rural municipality housing Camp O'Donnell, an American military camp turned into a POW camp where the infamous Bataan Death March in 1942 ended. Two memorial shrines dedicated to the American and Filipino prisoners of war who suffered and died under the hands of the Japanese are erected here, and two abandoned railroad stations where the prisoners were unloaded have been turned into museums and memorials. The exact number of prisoners on the march is unknown; estimates range from 6,000 to 18,000.
- 81 Koron. This town in Palavan Province has excellent wreck diving; the US Navy sank about a dozen Japanese ships in shallow water nearby in 1944.
- 82 MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park. This is where General McArthur landed on his return to the country in 1944; it is in Palo municipality on Leyte Island, yaqin Takloban.
- 83 Pangatiyalik lager. A former American military camp turned into a POW camp by the Japanese, it is the site of the raid at Cabanatuan, a major engagement of the liberation of the Philippines in 1945. The camp, now a shrine, is northeast of Kabanatuan city (then a rural area) in Nueva Ecija viloyat.
Yaponiya
- 84 Okinava tinchlik bog'i va Himeyuri yodgorligi. The site of one of the most brutal and bloody battles of the war, Okinava island has many war remnants and memorials. Outside of Japan, Okinawa is often viewed as the first battle on Japanese soil. However, like the other Pacific Islands, Okinawa was also colonized territory so the local population was not fully trusted by the Japanese and often treated as expendable. With the Americans being obvious enemies and the Japanese not being complete allies, the question on many Okinawans' minds was not "How am I going to survive?" but "How do I want to die?". The museums here show the war from a uniquely Okinawan perspective, including life for citizens, students and military. It also depicts well how they were mistreated by both the Japanese and the Americans during and after the war. The Peace Park and the Himeyuri Monument in Itoman are the best places to learn about the battle, but remnants and reminders of the war can be found throughout the island.
- 85 Iwo Jima. Another group of islands close to Japan, scene of some extremely fierce fighting. An image of victorious US Marines raising the Stars and Stripes there is quite famous. US Military Tours has exclusive rights to the island and only US citizens who are members of the Iwo Jima Association of America, WWII veterans, or WWII prisoners of war are eligible to join the tours.
- 86 Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots. As the war approached the home islands, the desperate Japanese began sending out young men to fly aircraft packed with explosives into American ships. The museum is located in Chiran over the former spot where the tokko pilots (known abroad as kamikaze pilots) were trained and flew from. The museum contains information about the pilots, artifacts and letters from them, and recovered kamikaze planes.
- 87 Hiroshima Peace Park and Memorial Museum. Xirosima was the first place in the world to be attacked with an atomic bomb. The museum shows how devastating the bomb was to the city and the effects it had on the people from the immediate aftermath to the present day.
- 88 [o'lik havola]Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum and Peace Memorial Hall. Museums that are on the site where the atomic bomb was dropped on August 9, 1945. The Nagasaki bombing led to Japanese surrender and is also noted as the last place to have an atomic bomb dropped on it.
- 89 Yasukuni Shrine (靖國神社 Yasukuni-jinja), 3-1-1 Kudan-kita, ☏ 81 3-3261-8326. A controversial shrine to Japan's war dead, housing the souls of some 2.5 million people killed in Japan's wars — including numerous Taiwanese and Koreans, and controversially, convicted war criminals executed by the Allies. Often visited by Japanese politicians, drawing sharp criticisms from neighbours China and South Korea in the process. If you choose to visit, consider keeping it a secret from your Chinese or Korean friends.
Memorials
There are also many other sites that commemorate parts of the war.
- The 90 US Marine Corps Memorial da Arlington, Virginia, depicts the famous scene of the raising of the (American) flag on Iwo Jima, whose history is told by the movie Flags of our Fathers directed by Clint Eastwood. One of the soldiers involved, Ira Hayes, is commemorated in a fine song by Johnny Cash.
- 91 US National Museum of the Pacific War. In Fredericksburg (Texas), home town of Admiral Chester Nimitz who commanded US forces in part of the Pacific, this is a large museum complex with many exhibits.
- 92 Bank Kerapu. There is a small war memorial and museum in the former Bank Kerapu building in Kota Bharu, Malayziya, which served as a secret police station during the Japanese occupation; it might not merit a special trip but is worth visiting if you are in Kota Bharu.
- Lar bor Commonwealth War Cemeteries yilda Taukkyan, Thanbyuzayat, Kranji, Taiping, Labuan, Sai Wan, Kanchanaburi, Imphal, Chennay va Yokohama as well as an American War Cemetery yilda Manila, in which many of the Allied war dead are buried.
Hurmat
While some sources claim Chinese communist forces contributed little to the Pacific War, Chinese law enacted in 2019 criminalizes the denial of officially-endorsed heroes and martyrs, in addition with defamation lawsuits.
Shuningdek qarang
- Birinchi jahon urushi
- Holokostni yod etish
- Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
- Afrikada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
- Yaponiya mustamlakasi imperiyasi
- Qo'shma Shtatlarni sanoatlashtirish for non-military US history of the 1930s and 40s
- Uzoq mart
- Yadro turizmi