Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo Hind okeani va Tinch okeani o'rtasidagi har xil tropik mamlakatlarning guruhi bo'lib, ikkalasi ham ta'sir qilgan madaniyatlarga ega Hindiston va Xitoy va xorijdagi xitoyliklarning katta jamoalarini qabul qilish. Mintaqa dunyodagi eng aholi musulmon mamlakati bo'lgan Indoneziyani, shuningdek, taniqli buddaviy davlatlarni va juda muhim xristian, hind va animist jamoalarini o'z ichiga oladi. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo qadimdan sayohatchilar uchun sayohatchilar uchun dunyoning eng sevimli burchagi bo'lib kelgan, u mukammal plyajlari, mazali taomlari, arzon narxlari va yaxshi parvoz aloqalari bilan mashhur.
Mamlakatlar
| Bruney Kichik, neftga boy sultonlik Borneo, ozgina tashrif buyurilgan, ammo tinch turadigan masjidlar va madaniy joylarga to'la, hali ommaviy turizm mavjud emas |
| Kambodja Qadimgi shaharning uyi Angkor va bir paytlar qudratli bo'lgan Khmer imperiyasining boshqa qoldiqlari o'nlab yillik urushlardan xalos bo'lmoqda |
| Sharqiy Timor Dunyoning eng yangi davlatlaridan biri, Timor orolining sharqiy qismida joylashgan sobiq Portugaliyaning mustamlakasi bu mintaqada ajoyib sho'ng'in va noyob madaniyatga ega. |
| Indoneziya 16000 dan ortiq orollari va dunyodagi aksariyat musulmonlar yashaydigan, ammo dunyoviy va hindu va buddaviylar madaniyati ta'sirida bo'lgan dunyodagi eng yirik arxipelag davlati. |
| Laos Mintaqadagi dengizga chiqish imkoniyati bo'lmagan yagona mamlakat va aholisi eng kam bo'lgan, asosan buddistlar Laosining ajoyib tabiati va maftunkor tinch shaharlari bor. |
| Malayziya Ko'p madaniyatli mamlakat (shu jumladan, musulmon malaylar, asosan buddaviy xitoylar, asosan hindu hindulari va ko'plab Orang Asli mahalliy aholisi, ayniqsa Borneoda) osmono'par binolardan tortib. Kuala Lumpur o'rmonlarda yashovchi qabilalarga Borneo |
| Myanma (Birma) Tarixi tub imperiyani va Britaniya imperiyasining tarkibiga kirgan, hayratlanarli etnik xilma-xillikka ega qadimiy mamlakat. |
| Filippinlar Ispaniyaning g'oyalari bilan to'qnashmaslik va oqsoqollarni hurmat qilish bo'yicha Osiyo an'analarining noyob birlashishi maxismo, mintaqadagi eng katta nasroniy xalqi, ishqiylik va nafosat (zamonaviy zamonaviy amerika) va 7,641 orolga ega bo'lgan ikkinchi yirik arxipelag - aksariyati go'zal tropik plyajlari, iliqligi va do'stona tabassumlari bilan |
| Singapur Obod, toza va tartibli orol-shahar, aksariyat xitoyliklar, ammo kuchli malay va hind jamoalari bilan, mintaqaning asosiy biznes va moliyaviy markazi |
| Tailand Mintaqadagi g'arbiy mustamlakachilikdan qochgan yagona mamlakat, ashaddiy shaharlar, muzlatilgan plyajlar va buddistlik podsholiklarining qoldiqlari bilan boy madaniyati va oshxonasi bilan mashhur bo'lib, bu erni mehmonlar qayta-qayta qaytib kelishlari bilan juda mashhur joyga aylantirmoqdalar. |
| Vetnam Dunyoning eng tez rivojlanayotgan iqtisodiyotlaridan biri sifatida kapitalizmga qadam qo'ygan Vetnam Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo va Xitoy qadriyatlari va madaniyati aralashmasiga, tabiiy va madaniy diqqatga sazovor joylarning juda xilma-xilligiga ega. |
Mintaqadagi bahsli hududlar:
- Parasel orollari - Xitoy tomonidan boshqariladi, lekin Vetnam tomonidan ham talab qilinadi, chet ellik sayyohlar tashrif buyurmaydi
- Spratli orollari - hududiy nizolarning bosh aylantirib yuboradigan bir qator asosan odam yashamaydigan orollar va riflar to'plami, ammo diqqatga sazovor joy - bu sho'ng'in kurorti Layang Layang.
Sharqiy Timordan tashqari, yuqorida sanab o'tilgan yana o'nta davlat ASEAN, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo xalqlari assotsiatsiyasi.
Xaynan (qismi Xitoy) va Tayvan janubi-sharqiy Osiyo bilan o'xshash tabiat va madaniy merosga ega.
Shaharlar
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi eng taniqli to'qqiz shaharga quyidagilar kiradi:
- 1 Bangkok - Tailandning tungi hayoti va ishtiyoqi bilan gavjum, kosmopolit poytaxti
- 2 Xoshimin shahri (avvalgi Saygon) - Vetnamning eng yirik shahri va asosiy iqtisodiy markaziga aylangan gavjum metropol
- 3 Jakarta - janubi-sharqiy Osiyodagi eng yirik metropolitan shahar va kechqurun go'zal hayot
- 4 Kuala Lumpur - Xitoyning qalay qazib oladigan kichik uyqusidan gavjum metropolga qadar o'sgan
- 5 Luang Prabang - a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi shahri o'zining ko'plab ibodatxonalari, mustamlakachilik davri me'morchiligi va tungi bozori bilan mashhur
- 6 Manila - o'ziga xos madaniyat va lazzatlar aralashmasi bilan tanilgan, ko'rish va tajriba qilish uchun ko'plab joylarga ega bo'lgan olomon, tarixiy, shovqinli shahar
- 7 Pnompen - 1970 yilgacha ma'lum bo'lgan "Osiyo marvaridi" nomini qaytarib olishga intilayotgan shahar
- 8 Singapur - xitoy, hind va malay ta'sirlari aralashgan zamonaviy, boy shahar
- 9 Yangon (avval Rangun) - Myanmaning tijorat poytaxti, pagodalari va mustamlakachilik me'morchiligi bilan tanilgan
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
Yirik shaharlardan tashqarida eng foydali yo'nalishlar mavjud:
- 1 Angkor arxeologik parki - Khmer imperiyasining bir necha poytaxtlarining ajoyib qoldiqlari
- 2 Bali - "xudolar orolida" noyob hind madaniyati, plyajlari va tog'lari.
- 3 Borobudur - dunyodagi eng yirik buddist ibodatxonalaridan biri
- 4 Gunung Mulu milliy bog'i - hayoliy ohaktosh g'orlari va karst shakllanishi
- 5 Xa Long Bay - so'zma-so'z tarjima qilingan "Ajablanadigan ajdaho ko'rfazida", o'zining tabiiy tosh shakllari bilan mashhur
- 6 Komodo milliy bog'i - komodoning yagona uyi, dunyodagi eng katta sudralib yuruvchi
- 7 Krabi viloyati - plyaj va suv sporti makkalari, shu jumladan Ao Nang, Ray Leh, Ko Phi Phi va Ko Lanta
- 8 Palavan - Filippinning g'arbiy chekkasida ekologik jihatdan xilma-xil va nisbatan tiqilib qolmagan orol, dunyodagi eng foydali sho'ng'in va suzish joylari mavjud.
- 9 Preah Vihear - Angkor Wat bilan uchrashishdan oldin jarlik tepasidagi ma'bad
Tushuning
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo dunyodagi eng mashhur sayyohlik yo'nalishlaridan biri hisoblanadi va buning sababi ham bor. Bu erdagi ba'zi mamlakatlarda barchasi mavjud: a tropik iqlim, butun yil davomida issiq (yoki issiq!), boy madaniyat, ajoyib sohillar, ajoyib ovqat va oxirgi, lekin eng muhimi, arzon narxlar. Uning tarixi va zamonaviy siyosati murakkab bo'lsa-da, aksariyati xavfsiz va sayohat qilish oson.
Mintaqa, shuningdek, juda mashhur joy chet elda nafaqaga chiqishva mintaqadagi bir nechta hukumatlar taklif qilmoqda maxsus uzoq muddatli vizalar maxsus nafaqaxo'rlar uchun.
Tarix
Tarixdan oldingi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda asosan aholi kam edi. Hindistondan Bengal ko'rfazi bo'ylab immigratsiya jarayoni "jarayoni" deb nomlanadi Hindlashtirish. Bu aynan qanday va qachon sodir bo'lganligi haqida bahs yuritiladi; ammo, materik mintaqa aholisi asosan immigratsiya orqali sodir bo'lgan Hindiston. Hozirgi zamon taylandlari, laos, burma va kxmerlar uchun hanuzgacha asos bo'lgan sanskrit yozuvlari shu jarayondan kelib chiqqan. Boshqa tomondan, Sharqiy Timor, Indoneziya va Filippin arxipelaglari hamda materikdagi Malayziya aholisi immigratsiya orqali kelib chiqqan deb o'ylashadi. Tayvan va janubiy Xitoy.
Evropaliklar kelguniga qadar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda bir nechta qudratli shohliklar joylashgan edi. Ba'zi e'tiborga sazovor bo'lganlar - Funan va Hindiston yarim orolidagi Kxmer imperiyasi, shuningdek Malay arxipelagidagi Srivijaya, Majapaxit qirolligi va Melaka sultonligi.
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo tarixi juda xilma-xil va ko'pincha shov-shuvli bo'lib, muhim darajada shakllangan Evropa mustamlakachiligi. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo degan atama 1940 yilga kelib Amerikaning dengiz-dengiz strateglari tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushigacha Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga ularning mustamlaka kuchlari nuqtai nazaridan murojaat qilingan; uzoqroq Hindiston uchun Birma va Tailand, Hindistonning asosiy Britaniya mustamlakasiga murojaat qilgan holda, garchi Tailandning o'zi hech qachon rasmiy ravishda mustamlakaga aylanmagan bo'lsa ham; Hindiston ning frantsuz mustamlakalariga murojaat qilgan Kambodja, Vetnam va Laos, esa Indoneziya va dengiz sharqiy Osiyoning ba'zi qismlari Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston. Malayziya yarim oroli va Singapur sifatida tanilgan Britaniya Malaya, esa Sabah sifatida tanilgan Britaniyaning Shimoliy Borneo. SaravakBoshqa tomondan, edi Saravak qirolligisifatida tanilgan ingliz oilasi tomonidan boshqarilgan Oq Rajaxlar. Bruney shuningdek, Britaniya protektoratiga aylantirilib, uning mudofaasi va tashqi ishlarini inglizlar o'z zimmasiga oldi. The Filippinlar nomi berilgan Ispaniyaning Sharqiy Hindistoni Ispaniya mustamlakachiligining dastlabki davrida va keyinchalik Ispaniya qiroli Filipp II sharafiga hozirgi nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi, bu nom orollar Ispaniyadan Amerika mustamlakachiligiga o'tkazilgandan keyin ham saqlanib qoldi. Sharqiy Timor 273 yil davomida Portugaliya tomonidan mustamlaka qilingan, keyin 21 yil davomida mustaqillikka erishgan birinchi davlat bo'lishidan oldin 27 yil davomida Indoneziya tomonidan bosib olingan. Ushbu ulkan mustamlaka harakatlari daromad keltiradiganlar tomonidan ta'minlandi ziravorlar savdosiBu o'z navbatida muskat yong'og'i, kauchuk va choy kabi plantatsiya ekinlarini yig'ish va sotishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishchilarning og'ir immigratsiyasini rag'batlantirdi.
Ikkinchi jahon urushi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo uchun halokatli bo'lgan (qarang Tinch okeani urushi batafsil qo'llanma uchun), shuningdek, Evropa mustamlakachiligi tugashining boshlanishini ko'rdi, chunki Evropa kuchlari sharmandalik bilan Yaponiyaga birin-ketin taslim bo'ldilar. 1942 yil oxiriga kelib, yaponlar deyarli butun Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoni zabt etdilar, faqat Tailand mag'lubiyatsiz qoldi, chunki tailandliklar yaponlar bilan do'stlik shartnomasini imzoladilar, bu esa yaponlarga Tailandda harbiy bazalar yaratishga va yapon qo'shinlarini ozod qilishga imkon berdi. Tailand orqali o'tish. Yaponlar istilosi ko'plab mahalliy aholi uchun katta mashaqqatlarni boshdan kechirdi, chunki yaponlar barcha resurslarni o'zlari uchun oldilar va ekspluatatsiya qildilar va ko'p hollarda o'zlarining manfaatlari uchun mahalliy aholini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qul qilib oldilar. Ular, asosan, g'arb mustamlakachilaridan ko'ra, ishg'ol ostidagi odamlarga, ayniqsa etnik xitoylarga nisbatan shafqatsizroq edilar. Biroq, yapon istilosi ko'plab mahalliy aholini Evropa qudratlari mag'lub bo'lmasligiga ishontirdi va shu bilan yordam berishga yordam berdi. mustaqillik harakatlari urush tugaganidan keyin tezlikni oshirish.
Urushdan keyin dekolonizatsiya jarayon Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda boshlandi, amerikaliklar 1946 yilda Filippinlarga mustaqillik berishdi, inglizlar 1948 yilda Birmani mustaqillik bilan ta'minladilar, undan keyin 1957 yilda Malaya va keyinchalik Malayziyani shakllantirish uchun Malaya bilan federatsiya qilgan Singapur, Saravak va Shimoliy Borneo 1963 yilda. . Ba'zi mafkuraviy to'qnashuvlardan so'ng, Singapur 1965 yilda Malayziyadan chiqarib yuborilib, suveren davlatga aylandi. Inglizlar va amerikaliklarning nisbatan tinch yo'l bilan olib chiqib ketilishidan farqli o'laroq, gollandlar va frantsuzlar o'z mustamlakalarini ushlab qolish maqsadida qonli urushlar olib borishdi va sharmandali mag'lubiyatlarga erishdilar. 1949 yilda Indoneziya Gollandiyadan mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritdi va Hindiston Xitoyni tark etishga majbur qildi va 1954 yilda Laos, Kambodja va Vetnamga ajralib chiqdi; qarang Hind xitoy urushi. Biroq, Vetnam ikkiga bo'linib ketar edi, Xoshimin shimolda Sovet Ittifoqi ko'magi bilan kommunistik rejim o'rnatgan bo'lsa, janubda AQShning ko'magi bilan Ngo Dinx Diyem kapitalistik rejimni o'rnatgan. Ushbu mafkuraviy mojaro 1955 yilda Vetnam urushini boshlashi mumkin edi va u faqat 1975 yilda Shimoliy Vetnam tanki Saygondagi Janubiy Vetnam prezident saroyiga bostirib kirganda va mamlakatni kommunistik boshqaruv ostida birlashtirganda tugadi.
Evropa mustamlakachiligi Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyoda 1984 yilda, Bruneyga inglizlar tomonidan to'liq mustaqillik berilganida tugadi. Indoneziya 1975 yilda Portugaliyadagi to'ntarishdan keyin Portugaliyadan mustaqilligini e'lon qilganidan keyin Sharqiy Timorni egallab oldi va faqat 1999 yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining referendumidan so'ng tark etdi. O'shanda Sharqiy Timor Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining tinchlikparvar kuchlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan va 2002 yilda mustaqil bo'lgan. 2004 yilgi Hind okeanidagi tsunami Indoneziyaning Sumatra orolining ba'zi qismlariga (ayniqsa, katta zarar etkazgan). Aceh, bu 100000 dan ortiq odamni shov-shuvli suvlardan yo'qotgan), Tailand, Myanma va Malayziya.
1990-yillardan boshlab Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda iqtisodiy o'sish sur'atlari nisbatan yuqori bo'lgan Malayziya, Indoneziya, Filippinlar, Tailand va Vetnam ko'pincha "Tiger Cub Economies" deb nomlangan (Sharqiy Osiyo yo'lbarslarining asl nusxasiga nisbatan Singapur, Gonkong, Tayvan va Janubiy Koreya). Shunga qaramay, dunyodagi eng serhosil va resurslarga boy mintaqalardan biri bo'lishiga qaramay, keng tarqalgan korruptsiya shuni anglatadiki, qashshoqlik hali ham ko'plab mamlakatlarda dolzarb bo'lib turibdi, boylikning katta qismi elita ozchiliklar qo'lida to'plangan.
Madaniyat
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Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo madaniyati asosan hindular va xitoylar hamda uning mustamlakachilari hamda Malay arxipelagining tub aholisi ta'sirida. Kamida 2000 yil davomida (va hozirgi kungacha) Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo Hindiston va Xitoy o'rtasidagi savdo-sotiq uchun kanal bo'lib xizmat qildi. Ammo keng ko'lamli immigratsiya faqat mustamlakachilik davri kelishi bilan boshlandi. Singapurda xitoyliklar aholining aksariyat qismini tashkil qiladi, ammo mintaqaning barcha mamlakatlarida turli darajada assimilyatsiya qilingan xitoy, hind va boshqa ozchiliklar mavjud.
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi ko'plab yirik korxonalar etnik xitoylarga tegishli bo'lib, ular aholisiga nisbatan nomutanosib ravishda katta iqtisodiy ta'sirga ega. Ular uzoq vaqtdan beri aholining boshqa qatlamlari tomonidan g'azablanib kelgan va ko'pincha kamsituvchi qonunlar va o'ta og'ir holatlarda, hatto etnik zo'ravonliklarning nishoniga aylanishadi. Biroq, taraqqiyotga erishilmoqda, Indoneziya, Tailand va Vetnam kabi ba'zi mamlakatlar ushbu diskriminatsion qonunlarning ko'pini bekor qilishgan.
Tailand, Birma, Kambodja va Laos madaniyati e'tiqod, folklor, til va yozuv kabi sohalarda hind va xitoy ta'sirida. Malayziya, Indoneziya va Bruney, shuningdek, hindular, malaylar va xitoylar ta'sirida arab madaniyatiga tegishlidir, chunki musulmon aholisi ko'p. Vetnam xitoyliklarning ta'siriga eng ko'p uchraydi. Sharqiy Timor madaniyatiga ayniqsa portugallar va malaylar ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Singapur va Filippin madaniyati eng xilma-xil: Singapur Malay, Hindiston, Peranakan, Buyuk Britaniya, Amerika va Xitoy madaniyatlarining aralashmasidir, Filippinlar esa Amerika, Ispaniya, Malay, Xitoy, Yaponiya va Portugaliyaning ta'sirida, Hindistondan kamroq kelib chiqadi. , Meksika va Evropaning Iberian bo'lmagan qismlari, bu mintaqadagi eng g'arbiy davlatga aylanishi mumkin.
Ilgari mintaqada hinduizm hukmron bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, bugungi kunda janubi-sharqiy osiyoliklarning aksariyati islom, nasroniylik yoki buddizmga rioya qilishmoqda. Biroq, hinduizmning qoldiqlari, dinidan qat'i nazar, ko'plab janubi-sharqiy osiyoliklarning xalq ertaklari va madaniy amaliyotlarida saqlanib kelinmoqda va ba'zi noma'lum musulmon yava xalqlari sinkretik dinni taniydilar Kejaven bu musulmon, hindu va animistik aqidalarni birlashtirgan.
Din
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Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo diniy jihatdan xilma-xil. Malayziya, Indoneziya va Bruney asosan Sunniy musulmon, esa Sharqiy Timor va Filippinlar asosan Rim katolik. Buddizm ichida hukmron din Tailand, Myanma, Laos, Kambodja va Vetnam, Vetnamda Mahayana buddizmi va boshqa mamlakatlarda Theravada buddizmi hukmron shakl bo'lgan. Singapur aksariyat dinlarga ega emas, garchi Mahayana buddizmi ko'plikni tashkil qiladi.
Biroq, diniy ozchiliklar har bir mamlakatda mavjud. Turli mamlakatlardagi etnik xitoylik ozchiliklar turli xil dinlarni, shu jumladan daoizm va maxayana buddizmini amal qilishadi. Hinduizm hali ham Indoneziyaning ayrim qismlarida kuzatilmoqda, eng muhimi Bali, shuningdek, Vetnamdagi Cham jamoatchiligi va Malayziya, Singapur, Tailand va Myanmadagi etnik hind jamoalarining katta qismi. Tailandning janubiy qismlari va Sulu Filippin janubidagi arxipelagda asosan islom diniga etiqod qiluvchi malaylar va Filippin oroli yashaydi Mindanao shuningdek, katta miqdordagi musulmonlar jamoatining uyidir. Xristian ozchiliklar Indoneziyada ham bor, eng muhimi Papua, Sharqiy Nusa Tenggara va Shimoliy Sulavesi, shuningdek Sharqiy Malayziya, va Tailand va Myanmaning chegara hududida. Animistik qabila dinlari, ayniqsa, uzoq o'rmonlarda yoki tog'li hududlarda yashovchi ba'zi odamlar tomonidan amal qilinadi.
Iqlim
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo tropik: ob-havo yil davomida 30 ° C atrofida o'zgarib turadi, namlik yuqori va tez-tez yomg'ir yog'adi.
Malayziya, Bruney, Indoneziya, Singapur va Filippin kabi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning ekvatorial qismlarida atigi ikki fasl bor, ho'l va quruq, quruq mavsum biroz issiqroq (35 ° C gacha) va nam mavsum biroz sovuqroq (25 ° S gacha). Nam mavsum odatda qishda, issiq mavsum esa yozda ro'y beradi, ammo mahalliy farqlar mavjud.
Hindistonda (shimoliy / Tailandning markaziy qismi, Laos, Kambodja, Vetnam, Myanma), fasllarni ajratish mumkin issiq, ho'l va quruq, noyabrdan fevralgacha bo'lgan nisbatan salqin quruq mavsum bilan yoki sayyohlar orasida eng mashhur hisoblanadi. Keyingi jazirama issiq mavsumda aprelda havo harorati 40 ° C dan yuqori ko'tarilib, iyul oyi boshida yomg'ir yog'ishi bilan soviydi. Biroq, hatto "ho'l" mavsumda ham odatdagi kun quyoshli tonglar bo'lib, kun bo'yi qisqa muddatli (ammo kuchli) yomg'ir yog'adi, kun bo'yi yomg'ir yog'maydi, shu sababli bu sizni sayohatdan xalos qilmasligi kerak.
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyoda ham ko'plab tog'lar vatani bo'lib, tog'li hududlarda sharoit odatda salqinroq. Ekvatorial Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda balandlikdagi harorat odatda taxminan 15-25 ° S gacha. Indoneziya, Vetnam va Myanmadagi ba'zi eng baland tog'lar shu qadar balandki, har yili qor yog'adi, Indoneziya va Myanmada hatto doimiy muzliklar joylashgan.
In Malayziya, Bruney, Singapurva qismlari Indoneziya (xususan Sumatra va Borneo) va Filippinlar (xususan Palavan), tuman dan o'rmon yong'inlari (odatda erni qishloq xo'jaligi uchun tozalash uchun qasddan belgilanadi) - bu quruq mavsumda maydan oktyabrgacha tez-tez uchraydigan hodisa. Tuman shamol bilan tez kelishi va ketishi mumkin.
Gapir
Ingliz tili sayohatchilar uchun eng foydali tildir, ammo Singapurdan tashqari deyarli barcha Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda uzoq vaqt qolish uchun mahalliy tillardan kamida bir nechtasini olish foydali va shaharlardan tashqarida ham muhim bo'lishi mumkin.
Asosiy til guruhlari:
- Austroasiatic - Vetnam va Kxmer tilida so'zlashadi Vetnam va Kambodja navbati bilan.
- Avstronesiyalik - Malaycha, Indoneziyalik, Tagalogcha, Sebuano, Ilocano, Tetum va o'sha tillar orol xalqlari bo'ylab gaplashadi Malayziya, Indoneziya, Filippinlar, Sharqiy Timor va Bruney, va sezilarli ozchilik tomonidan Singapur. Malay va indonez tillari bir-biriga juda o'xshash va har qanday tilda so'zlashuvchilar umuman boshqasini tushunishlari mumkin.
- Tai-Kadai - Tailandcha va Laos tilida so'zlashadi Tailand va Laos navbati bilan. Ikkala til ham ma'lum darajada o'zaro tushunarli.
- Xitoy-Tibet - Birma Tibet tili bilan chambarchas bog'liq va xitoy tillari oilasi bilan uzoqroq bog'liqdir. mandarin Singapurning rasmiy tili bo'lib, Malayziyadagi etnik xitoyliklar tomonidan keng tarqalgan. Mintaqadagi yirik xitoy jamoalari tomonidan turli xitoy lahjalarida gaplashiladi.
The Xitoy tillari bilan katta ta'sirga ega mandarin singari singari rasmiy til va janubiy variantlarda Kanton, Xokkien, Teochew, Xakka, Fuzhou va Haynan butun mintaqadagi etnik xitoy jamoalarida gaplashish. Bundan tashqari, asrlar davomida Xitoy madaniy ustunligi tufayli Vetnam so'z boyligining aksariyati xitoy tilidan olingan so'zlardan iborat. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo Xitoyning sayyohlik sanoatining yuksalishi uchun asosiy yo'nalish hisoblanadi va Mandarin unga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun tobora ommalashib bormoqda.
Malayziya, Singapur va Myanmaning sobiq Britaniyadagi mustamlakalarida joylashgan hind diasporalarining ko'pchiligi turli hind tillarida gaplashadilar, ular orasida eng keng tarqalganlari Tamilcha, bu Singapurdagi rasmiy tillardan biri. Mintaqadagi hindlarning uzoq yillik ta'siri tufayli ko'plab Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari, shu jumladan malay, indonez, tailand, laos, birma va kxmer tillarida ko'plab qarz so'zlari mavjud. Sanskritcha.
Portugal ning rasmiy tili bo'lib qolmoqda Sharqiy Timor, va ba'zi bir Malayziya jamoalarida hanuzgacha Portugaliyada joylashgan kreol haqida gapirishmoqda.
Ingliz tili Singapurda biznes va boshqaruvning asosiy tili, Filippin, Malayziya va Bruneyda keng tarqalgan ikkinchi til. Kabi mintaqadagi sayyohlar orasida mashhur bo'lgan joylarda Bali, Puket va Luang Prabang, Turizm sohasida ishlaydigan odamlar ingliz tilida keng tarqalgan, garchi turli darajadagi malaka darajalariga ega. Xalqaro mijozlar bilan ish olib boradigan ishbilarmonlar odatda ingliz tilini yaxshi bilishadi.
Yagona Singapurdagi ko'plab odamlar ingliz tilida "Singlish" nomi bilan tanilgan, boshqa ko'plab mintaqaviy tillardan juda ko'p qarz oladigan va grammatikasi va intonatsiyasiga ega bo'lgan turli xil tillarda gaplasha oladilar. Dastlab ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi uchun bu aloqasi bo'lmagan tilga o'xshab qolishi mumkin, ammo vaqt bering va sizga aniqroq bo'ladi! Ya'ni, eng yaxshi ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan odamlarning aksariyati chet elliklar bilan suhbatlashganda standart ingliz tiliga o'tishadi. |
Frantsuz hali ham Vetnam, Laos va Kambodjada gapirishadi va o'qitadilar, garchi uning holati mamlakatga qarab farq qilsa ham. Vetnamda uni ko'plab ma'lumotli vetnamliklar, ayniqsa 1975 yildan oldin tahsil olganlar bilishadi, ammo bugungi kunda ingliz tili yoshlar orasida ko'proq tanlangan ikkinchi til hisoblanadi. Laosda frantsuz tili ma'lumotli aholi orasida keng qo'llaniladi va aksariyat jamoat belgilarida. Kambodjada frantsuz tili asosan shahar va qariyalar elitasi va ozgina universitet ma'lumotli talabalari bilan cheklangan.
Sobiq mustamlaka mamlakatlarining boshqa tillari odatda umuman keng tarqalmagan yoki umuman yo'q. Siz inglizcha so'zlarni ko'rishingiz mumkin Malaycha, Golland so'zlar indonez tilida va Ispaniya so'zlar Tagalog tilida (Filippinlar).
Chiqinglar
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning eng ko'p tashrif buyurgan mamlakatlari, Malayziya, Filippinlar, Singapur, Tailandva Indoneziya, ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilarning kelishidan oldin olingan vizalarni talab qilmaydi. Kambodja, Laosva Sharqiy Timor kirish vizalarini ko'p kirish joylarida taqdim eting. Vetnam va Myanma ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun oldindan hujjatlarni talab qilish.
ASEAN davlatlariga sayohatchilar (ushbu maqolada Sharqiy Timordan tashqari barcha davlatlar) ta'sirini bilishlari kerak bo'lishi mumkin vizalar. ASEAN fuqarolari ASEANning boshqa mamlakatlariga vizasiz sayyohlik sayohat qilish huquqiga ega va yaqin davlatlar bilan shartnomalar tuzilgan. Xitoy har ikki yo'nalishda ham vizalarga ta'sir qiladi. Vizasiz sayohat viza bilan sayohat qilishdan ko'ra qisqa muddat bo'lishi mumkin, 14 kunga qadar cheklangan. Ga o'xshash umumiy ASEAN sayohat zonasi Shengen shartnomasi Evropa uchun rejalashtirilgan, ammo hali amalga oshirilmagan. ASEAN hududidan tashqarida bo'lgan mehmonlar hali ham tashrif buyuradigan mamlakatlar uchun aniq viza talablari bilan maslahatlashishlari kerak. Ishbilarmon sayyohlar tariflarni pasaytirish va davlatlar o'rtasidagi boshqa iqtisodiy choralardan foydalanishni xohlashlari mumkin. Ammo tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun sigaretalar, alkogol ichimliklar, atir-upa va shunga o'xshash narsalarga boj olinmaydigan oddiy cheklovlar, ular orasida sayohat qilishda amal qiladi.
Samolyotda
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Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi asosiy xalqaro eshiklar Bangkok (BKK IATA), Singapur (Gunoh IATA), Kuala Lumpur (KUL IATA) va Jakarta (CGK IATA). Mintaqadan tashqarida yaxshi aloqalarga ega bo'lgan boshqa aeroportlar kiradi Manila (MNL IATA), Denpasar (DPS IATA), Puket (HKT IATA), Xoshimin shahri (SGN IATA) va Xanoy (XAN IATA). Gonkong shuningdek, ko'pchilik bilan mintaqaga yaxshi tramplin qiladi arzon narxlardagi tashuvchilar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo yo'nalishlariga uchib.
Singapur havo yo'llari, Malaysia Airlines va Thai Airways barchasi ajoyib xizmat va xavfsizlik ko'rsatkichlari bilan mashhur. Filippin aviakompaniyasi dunyoning ushbu qismidagi eng qadimgi aviakompaniya bo'lib, hali ham asl nomi bilan parvoz qilmoqda Vietnam Airlines va Garuda Indoneziya o'zlarining qit'alararo tarmoqlarini asta-sekin o'sib bormoqda. Tez kengaymoqda AirAsia undan uchib chiqadi Kuala Lumpur Sharqiy Osiyo va Janubiy Osiyoning ko'plab yirik shaharlariga uzatish markazi, shuningdek uzoq masofali yo'llar Sidney, Melburn, Pert va Oklend, Kuala-Lumpur markazi orqali boshqa Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo shaharlari uchun mavjud bo'lgan ulanishlar bilan. AirAsia shuningdek Jakarta, Bangkok va Manilada bir nechta ikkilamchi markazlarni, shuningdek Singapurga zich tarmoqni ishlaydi. AirAsia-dan tashqari, uzoq muddatli byudjet reyslarini bron qilish mumkin Jetstar va Skuter Singapurdagi markaz yoki Sebu Tinch okeani Maniladagi markaz.
ASEAN davlatlariga sayohatchilar foyda keltira boshladilar ASEAN yagona aviatsiya bozori siyosat, asta-sekin, lekin ishonch bilan harakatlanadigan bozorlarni ochishning bosqichma-bosqich jarayoni.
Poyezdda
Janubi-sharqiy Osiyoga olib boradigan yagona temir yo'l liniyasi bu oraliqda Vetnam va Xitoy, va ustiga Rossiya va hatto Evropa. Vetnam va boshqa Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlari o'rtasida hali hech qanday aloqalar mavjud emas, ammo ikkalasi orqali ham bog'lanish rejalari mavjud Kambodja va Myanma mavjudga qarab Tailand-Malayziya tarmoq. Bunday rejalar mustamlakachilik davridan beri mavjud bo'lgan, ammo Xitoyning "Bir kamar, bitta yo'l" tashabbusi ularga yangi kuch va kapital qo'shdi.
Qayiqda
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo - dunyo bo'ylab sayohatlar uchun eng mashhur joy, va ularning ko'plari Sharqiy Osiyoda bir necha marotaba to'xtab, qirg'oqqa sayohat qilish imkoniyatiga ega. Ommabop qo'ng'iroq portlariga quyidagilar kiradi Singapur, Langkavi, Penang, Tioman, Redang, Puket, Nha Trang, Xa Long Bay, Xoshimin shahri va Ko Samui. Qo'shimcha, Yulduzli kruizlar shuningdek, kruizlar bilan ishlaydi Gonkong va Tayvan Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi turli yo'nalishlarga.
Atrofga boring
Bundan mustasno Singapur, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi jamoat transporti tarmoqlari kam rivojlangan. Biroq, avtoulovning beparvolik odatlari tufayli haydash odatda zaiflar uchun ham bo'lmaydi. Ko'pincha samolyot, avtobus yoki temir yo'l qatnovi sayohat qilishning eng yaxshi usuli bo'ladi.
Mototsikl, yuk mashinasi, van yoki hatto velosipedni yo'lovchilarni tashish uchun konvertatsiya qilishga asoslangan mahalliy transport vositalari mavjud. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi jiplar, UV Express va tovoqlar Filippinda, ashullar va tuk-tuklar Tailandda va boshqa shunga o'xshash transport vositalari. O'zgartirilmagan mototsikllar, shuningdek, turli joylarda taksi xizmatlarini ko'rsatadilar. Ushbu transport turlari odatda arzon va rang-barang, ammo biroz noqulay va ehtimol xavfli.
Turli xil narsalardan xabardor bo'ling firibgarliklar milliy chegaralarni kesib o'tishda. Agar kimdir sizga kelgusi mamlakat uchun viza olishda yordam berishni taklif qilsa yoki sizni "sog'liqni tekshirish" ga yo'naltirmoqchi bo'lsa, u odam sizni aldashga urinayotganiga amin bo'lishingiz mumkin. In Tailand, Vetnam, Myanma, Kambodja va Laos, immigratsiya idoralari xodimlari so'rashlari odatiy hol emas pora sizni yoki mamlakatdan tashqarida muhr bosish; aeroportlarda bu muammo emas, lekin quruqlik chegaralarida odam boshiga 1-3 AQSh dollari miqdorida pora talab qilinadi.
Samolyotda
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning aksariyat qismi hozirda arzon narxlardagi yuk tashuvchilarning zich tarmog'i bilan qoplanmoqda, eng yiriklari Malayziya aviatashuvchilari AirAsia va uning Tailand, Indoneziya va Filippin filiallari, bu tez va arzon narxlarda aylanish usulini yaratmoqda. Bangkok, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur va Singapur mintaqadagi byudjetli aviakompaniyalar uchun asosiy markaz hisoblanadi. Byudjet tashuvchilarining mashhurligi tufayli to'liq xizmat ko'rsatuvchi avtoulovlarda parvozlar avvalgidek keng tarqalmagan, chunki hozirgi kunda ko'plab yo'nalishlarga faqat byudjet tashuvchilari xizmat ko'rsatmoqda. Shunga qaramay, tegishli milliy aviakompaniyalar hali ham mintaqaning yirik shaharlari o'rtasida variantlarni taklif qilmoqdalar, Singapur havo yo'llari esa mintaqaviy filial Silk Air Singapur markazidan nisbatan keng tarmoqqa ega bo'lishda davom etmoqda. Ko'p millatli byudjetli aviakompaniyalar va aksariyat milliy aviakompaniyalar hurmatga sazovor, ammo ba'zi bir kichik aviakompaniyalar, ayniqsa, eski samolyotlardan foydalangan holda mahalliy parvozlarda xavfsizlik bo'yicha shubhali yozuvlarga ega. Xarid qilishdan oldin bir oz tadqiqot o'tkazing.
Asosiy yo'nalish bo'yicha xizmatlar Jakarta-Singapur-Kuala Lumpur-Bangkok biznes koridor juda tez-tez bo'lib turadi, chastotalari deyarli kunduzi avtobus qatnovi kabi, ya'ni oldindan buyurtma bersangiz, raqobat qattiq va narxlar past.
Poyezdda
Mintaqaning aksariyat qismida avtohalokatlarning yuqori darajasi tufayli, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi poezdlar odatda avtobuslarga qaraganda xavfsizroq variant deb hisoblanadi, ayniqsa tunda, garchi bir necha hollarda poezdda sayohat avtobusga qaraganda ko'proq vaqt talab etadi.
Tailand nisbatan keng va tejamkor (ko'p avtobuslarga nisbatan sust bo'lsa ham) va umuman ishonchli xizmatlarga ega bo'lgan eng keng tarmoqqa ega. Bangkokdan asosiy yo'nalishlar shimolga Chiang May; shimoli-sharq orqali Naxon Ratchasima (Xorat) ga Nong Xay va shuningdek sharqdan to Ubon Ratchatani; sharq orqali Chachoengsao ga Aranyaprathet va shuningdek janubi-sharqda Pattaya ga Sattaxip; va janubiy orqali Surati Tani (viloyat) ga Ko Samui, Ko Pha Ngan, Ko Tao va Xat Yay, orqali Malayziya orqali Buttervort, Kuala Lumpurva Johor Bahru, ga Singapur.
Vetnamda mamlakatni shimoldan janubga bog'laydigan chiziq bor, lekin yana tezligi juda past.
Tarmoqlar Indoneziya va Myanma cheklangan va eskirgan va ehtimol nostaljik qiymati bilan eng yaxshi tajribaga ega. The Filippinlar cheklangan temir yo'l tarmog'iga ega Luzon qarovsiz qolgan, ammo chet el yordami bilan asta-sekin tiklanib kengaytirilayotgan orol. KambodjaFuqarolar urushi temir yo'llariga katta zarar etkazdi va shu paytdan beri pastga qarab yurib kelmoqda. Qolgan yagona yo'lovchi xizmati poytaxtni bog'laydi Pnompen dengiz bo'yidagi kurort shahri bilan Sianukvillva kelish uchun oqilona belgilangan velosipedchiga qaraganda ko'proq vaqt ketadi. Endi Kambodja orqali Tailandga temir yo'l orqali borishning iloji yo'q.
Yo'q tezyurar temir yo'l Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi chiziqlar. Mintaqadagi eng tezyurar poyezd - bu elektrlashtirilgan poyezd (ETS) Malayziya o'rtasida Buttervort va Gemas, o'tib Kuala Lumpurtezligi 140 km / soatgacha etadi. Tezligi 160 km / soatgacha bo'lgan "yarim tezyurar temir yo'l" qurilmoqda Vientiane va Xitoy shahri Kunming, shimoli-g'arbiy qismini kesib o'tish Laosva yana bir tezyurar temir yo'lning bog'lanishi kutilmoqda Vientiane ga Bangkok, yilda Tailand, garchi loyiha ko'p yillardan beri davom etmoqda.
Avtobusda
Avtobuslar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda arzon va ommabop transport turi hisoblanadi. Ular poezddan tezroq harakat qilishadi va mavjud bo'lmagan temir yo'l tarmoqlari bilan cheklangan mamlakatlarning ko'proq shaharlariga xizmat qilishadi, ammo mahalliy haydash odatlari va yo'l sharoitlari xavfsizroq.
Avtobuslarning sinflari va uslublari mamlakatlariga qarab farq qiladi, ammo aksariyat Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlari yirik shaharlar orasidagi uzoq yo'nalishlarda hashamatli yoki birinchi toifali avtobuslarga ega. Konditsionersiz mikroavtobuslar yoki avtobuslar kambag'al hududlarda keng tarqalgan. Mahalliy avtobuslar faqat katta shaharlarda ishlaydi. Chegaradan avtobus qatnovlari ham mavjud.
Qayiqda
Xalqaro parom yo'nalishlari ajablanarli darajada cheklangan, ammo undan o'tish mumkin Malayziya ga Sumatra (Indoneziya) va Singapur uchun Riau orollari (Indoneziya) va Johor (Malayziya). Yulduzli kruizlar shuningdek, Singapur, Malayziya va Tailand o'rtasida kruizlar parkini boshqaradi, vaqti-vaqti bilan Kambodja, Vetnam va hatto Gonkonggacha jo'nab ketadi.
Mahalliy yo'lovchi paromlari Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi turli orollarni, xususan Indoneziya va Filippinlar, lekin xavfsizlik qoidalariga ko'pincha e'tibor berilmaydi, qayiqlarga haddan tashqari yuk tushishi va cho'kib ketishi odatiy hol emas. Yugurishga rozilik berishdan oldin qayiqni tekshirib ko'ring va haddan tashqari odamga o'xshab ko'rinadigan yoki haddan tashqari yiqilib tushadigan qayiqlardan qoching.
Mashinada
Materik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoni aylanib chiqish, shuningdek, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning turli orollarida orol ichidagi sayohatlarni avtoulovlar bilan o'tkazish mumkin, ammo, albatta, zaiflar uchun emas. O'zingizni haydashingiz mumkin Singapur, Malayziya, Tailand va Bruney yo'lning nisbatan odob-axloqsizligiga odatlanib qolish uchun ozgina vaqt bergandan so'ng, hech qanday katta muammolarsiz, boshqa joylarda transport sharoitlari yomondan tortib to tartibsizlikka qadar. Shunday qilib, haydovchi bilan mashina ijaraga olish tavsiya etiladi va o'zingizni aylanib o'tishga urinmang.
Yo'l harakati chap tomonda Indoneziya, Malayziya, Tailand, Bruney, Sharqiy Timor va Singapurva o'ng tomonda boshqa joyda harakatlanadi.
Qarang
Landshaftlar va tabiat
- Shuningdek qarang: Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi yovvoyi tabiat
Faol vulqonlardan tortib to ajoyib qirg'oq chizig'iga, toza tropik o'rmonlardan ekvatorial muzliklarga va ta'sirli guruch terrasalaridan buyuk daryo tizimlariga qadar. Janubi-sharqiy Osiyoda hamma narsa bor. O'n to'rtta tabiiy mavjud YuNESKOning Jahon merosi mintaqadagi saytlar, taxminiy ro'yxatdagi o'nlab narsalar va yuzlab milliy bog'lar va boshqa muhofaza qilinadigan tabiat zonalari.
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi aksariyat davlatlar ta'sirchan tog 'tizmalari. Mintaqaning eng baland tog'lari (5000 m dan ortiq) ning sharqiy qismida joylashgan Himoloy yilda Shimoliy Myanma, lekin tog'lari deyarli teng balandlikda Lorents milliy bog'i ekvatorial muzliklari bilan mashhur bo'lgan Indoneziyaning Papua viloyatidan. Yana bir baland tog '(deyarli 4100 m), unga erishish osonroq va shuning uchun toqqa chiqishda mashhurdir Kinabalu tog'i Bornoning Malayziya qismida. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo bo'lgani kabi Olov halqasi Tinch okeanida juda ko'p (faol) vulqonlar, asosan Indoneziya va Filippinda. Filippinning eng baland vulqoni Apo tog'i. Indoneziya arxipelagida 100 dan ortiq faol vulqonlar mavjud bo'lib, ularning eng faollari mavjud Merapi tog'i (shu jumladan, 2020 yildagi otilishlar) va eng mashhur turistik joy Bromo tog'i.
Tropik tropik o'rmonlar materikdagi musson o'rmonlaridan boshlab Indoneziya va Filippin orollarining ekvatorial doim yashil yomg'ir o'rmonlariga qadar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning aksariyat qismida landshaftda ustunlik qiladi. Materikdagi ba'zi muhim tropik o'rmon milliy bog'lari kiradi Khao Sok va Khao Yai Tailandda va Taman Negara Malayziyada. Yomg'ir o'rmonlari Sumatra va Borneo ning yashash muhiti sifatida tanilgan orangutan. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi ko'plab tropik o'rmonlar va boshqa landshaftlar (juda muhim) yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan hayvon turlari, masalan, Vetnamdagi bir nechta primat turlari. Cuc Phuong maydon, Javan rinoceros Indoneziyada Ujung Kulon pasttekislik o'rmonlari va Hindxitoy yo'lbarsi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo materikining bir qancha hududlarida, xususan Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonalari. The Komodo milliy bog'i Indoneziyada dunyodagi eng katta kaltakesakning uyi Komodo ajdaho.
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Kalit daryo janubi-sharqiy Osiyo, ko'pincha hayotning qoni deb nomlangan Hindiston mintaqa, Mekong, Xitoydan Janubiy Xitoy dengiziga oqib o'tadigan yo'l, Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyoning beshta mamlakatini: Myanma, Laos, Tailand, Kambodja va Vetnamni ( Mekong deltasi). Kambodjada Mekong noyob ekologik hodisani yaratadi Tonle dastani ko'l Shuningdek, Kambodjada, shaharcha atrofida Kratiy, daryo delfinlarini topish mumkin. Mintaqaning ikkinchi eng uzun daryosi bu Salvin, asosan Myanmada. Qiziqarli daryo - er osti daryosi Puerto-Princesa uzunligi 8 km bo'lgan, ehtimol dunyodagi eng uzun er osti daryosi bo'lgan Filippinda. Tonle Sapdan tashqari, boshqa yirik ko'llar mintaqada aholi zich joylashgan Inle ko'li Myanma va Indoneziya Toba ko'li, bu aslida ulkan vulqon krateridir. Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi bir necha joylarda daryolar va ko'llar ishlatiladi suzuvchi bozorlar yoki atrofdagi suzuvchi qishloqlarni o'z ichiga olgan mashhur misollar bilan qishloqlar Siem Reap (Kambodja) va Tailandning suzuvchi bozorlari, shu jumladan Damnoen Saduak and of Indonesia including Banjarmasin.
Geological formations and landscapes of interest are plenty in Southeast Asia. Prime examples include the karsts of Vang Vieng in Laos, the chocolate hills of Bohol in the Philippines, and the caves and grottos of Phong Nha-Ke Bang in Vietnam. Interesting coastal and marine landscapes include the limestone rock formations of Ao Phang Nga in Thailand, and ocean karsts at Xa Long Bay in Vietnam and Raja Ampat Indoneziyada. More information on spectacular beaches (including for surfing) and underwater life (for diving and snorkelling) can be found in the Qil quyidagi bo'lim.
In addition to natural landscapes, also many agricultural landscapes in Southeast Asia are spectacular. The key crop in most of the region is rice, with five Southeast Asian countries in the world's top 10 of rice producing countries. Some regions that are known for their stunning rice terraces include the Cordillera region of the Philippines, the region surrounding Sa Pa in Vietnam, and the Indonesian island of Bali. The cultural landscape of Bali, including the traditional subak irrigation system dating back to the 9th century, is on the World Heritage List. Other common crops in Southeast Asia include coffee, tea, rubber, sugar, tobacco, and a wide variety of tropical fruits. Famous regions with extensive tea plantations include the Kemeron tog'lari of Malaysia, and the Puncak mountain pass area of Indonesia.
Muzeylar
All of the larger cities in Southeast Asia boast a range of museums, with the capital cities standing out. The region's best-known culture and history museums include Singapore's National Museum (in Bog ') and Asian Civilisations Museum (in Daryo bo'yida). Also most of the other capital cities have a Milliy muzey focusing on the country's culture and history, including Bangkok (Rattanakosin), Jakarta (Markaziy), Pnompen, Xanoy, Manila (Ermita), and Kuala Lumpur (Brickfields). Also in Brickfields, the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia provides the largest collection of Islamic art in the region. The Vietnamese capital, Hanoi, also has several great culture and history museums, such as the Fine Arts Museum and the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology. The historical city of Malakka ning uyi Baba & Nyonya Heritage Museum, which showcases the culture of the Peranakans, the descendants of 15th-century Chinese immigrants who married the local Malays.
Throughout the region, there are museums commemorating specific events in the regional and local history. This includes for example the War Remnants Museum in Xoshimin shahri on the Vietnam War, the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Pnompen on the Cambodian genocide, the Aceh Tsunami Museum in Banda Aceh, Indonesia on the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami that killed about 250,000 people (more than half of them in Aceh), and the Resistance Museum in Dili on the East Timorese struggle for independence.
Among the key places to go for modern art collections are Singapore (for example the National Gallery in the Riverside district) and the town of Ubud in Bali, which boasts dozens of art galleries and museums.
Botanika bog'lari are plentiful throughout the region. The most extensive and well-known among them include the Botanic Gardens in Singapore's Shimoliy va g'arbiy district, the Nong Nooch Tropical Garden near Pattaya in Thailand, and the Botanical Gardens of Bogor Indoneziyada.
Archaeological sites and precolonial heritage
Southeast Asia has a huge number of archaeological sites, ranging from prehistoric remains of early humans that may be more than 1 million years old to great Hindu and Buddhist temples from the 8th to 14th centuries. Historic sights from the precolonial era are covered in this section, while colonial heritage is covered in the next section.
Uch prehistoric archaeological sites in Southeast Asia are on the World Heritage List. The so-called Sangiran Early Man Site can be found near Yakkaxon in Indonesia, with fossils of early humans (related to the 'Java Man') that are estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old, possibly older. In Malaysia's Perak state, the Lenggong Valley contains four archaeological sites with tools, weapons jewellery and other equipment from various ages, and the 'Perak Man' skeleton. The archaelogical site of Ban Chiang near Udon Tani in Thailand includes pottery that was painted red and dates to 2,000-4,000 years ago.
Nowadays, Hinduizm in Southeast Asia is mostly limited to the Indonesian island of Bali and the Indian communities of Malayziya, Myanma va Singapur, esa Buddizm is concentrated in Hindiston, Tailand va Myanma and among overseas Chinese communities throughout the region. However, from about the 4th to the 15th centuries, Hinduism, Buddhism and a combined observance of both were adhered to by the vast majority of Southeast Asians, and this led to the construction of many Hindu and Buddhist temples across the region. Two world-famous Buddhist temples, and major tourist attractions, are Borobudur in Indonesia (8th-9th centuries) and Angkor vat in Cambodia (12th century, and partly a Hindu temple complex). Major Hindu temples include My Son (4th-14th centuries) in Vietnam, Prambanan (9th century; near the Borobudur temple) in Indonesia, Preah Vihear (11th-12th centuries) in Cambodia, and QQS Fou (11th-13th century) in Laos. All of these temples are World Heritage Sites.
Other key historic sights in Southeast Asia from precolonial times include the Sukhothai Historical Park in Thailand that used to be the capital of the Sukhotai Kingdom (13th-15th centuries), the Pyu Ancient Cities in Markaziy Myanma (2nd century BCE to 11th century), the ancient town and trading port of Hoi An in Vietnam (15th to 19th century), and the ancient capital of Ayutthaya in Central Thailand (14th century). Myanmar also boasts the archaeological sities of Bagan va Mrauk U, which were once the great capitals of ancient kingdoms of the Bamar and Rakhine ethnicities respectively, and each home to literally thousands of ancient temples. Near the city of Mandalay bu Inwa, which served as one of the last capitals of the Burmese kingdom before it was conquered by the British. Two famous old citadels can be found in Vietnam: the 11th-century Xanoy Citadel and the 14th-century Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in the Markaziy qirg'oq mintaqa. The Central Coast also boasts the city of Tus, the last capital of the Nguyen Dynasty, which continued to rule in name under French suzerainty until 1945.
Mustamlaka merosi
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With the exception of Thailand, all Southeast Asian countries were under European colonial rule for varying lengths of time between the 16th and 20th centuries. As a result, there is a considerable colonial heritage in the region, including fortifications, infrastructure and buildings. Despite remaining independent, even Thailand did not escape European influence, and it too boasts several impressive European-style buildings.
One of the key historic towns of Southeast Asia is Malakka, the capital of the Malacca Sultanate that was subsequently under Portuguese, Dutch and British rule. Some of the highlights of Malacca include the Portuguese fortress A Famosa (1511) and St. Paul's Church (1521), and the Dutch Stadthuys (city hall, 1650). British colonial architecture can be found among others in Central Kuala Lumpur (such as the Government Offices built at the end of the 19th century) and in Singapore's Daryo bo'yida maydon. Arguably the greatest concentration of British colonial architecture can be found in Jorj Taun va Yangon.
From 1619 to Indonesian independence, the capital of the Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston was Bataviya (Bugungi kun Jakarta). A huge number of colonial remnants can therefore be found in the city, ranging from the Batavia City Hall (built 1707-1710, now the Jakarta History Museum) in West Jakarta to the Neo-Gothic Jakarta Cathedral (built 1891-1901) in Markaziy Jakarta. Also throughout the rest of the Indonesian archipelago, virtually every city and town has sights from the colonial time, such as the 17th-century Fort Rotterdam yilda Makassar, the 18th-century Fort Vredeburg yilda Yogyakarta, and many early 20th-century Art Deco masterpieces in Bandung. In the early 19th century, the Buyuk Post yo'li was constructed across Java, enabling quick trade and development of the entire island.
A large number of Catholic churches were built in the Spanish Philippines, with four baroque churches listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (among others the San Agustín Church in Manila's historic centre and the Miagao church in Iloilo). Tarixiy shahar Vigan is a Hispanic town well known for its cobblestone streets and unique mixed European-Oriental architecture. After the Philippines came under American rule, many Art Deco civil government buildings were constructed.
French colonial architecture can be found throughout former French Indochina. The former capital of Laos, Luang Prabang, is on the World Heritage List for its well-preserved blend of colonial and pre-colonial architecture. Similarly, the old towns of Xanoy va Hoi An in Vietnam have lots of buildings in French Colonial style, while its largest city, Xoshimin shahri, is also home to several impressive French colonial buildings such as the Saigon Central Post Office, City Hall and the Saigon Opera House.
Boshqa diqqatga sazovor joylar
There are dozens of cities with a population of more than a million in Southeast Asia, and many of these have impressive cityscapes. The main modern city of the region is Singapore, whose Marina ko'rfazi area has a particularly recognizable skyline. The other main cities also have a large number of skyscrapers and office towers, notably Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Bangkokva Xoshimin shahri. The administrative capital of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is a planned city with a surreal mix of modernity and tradition.
Bruney is the only country of Southeast Asia that is a sultanate, and the residential palace of the sultan, Istana Nurul Iman, is considered the largest palace in the world. However, it is usually not accessible to the public. Throughout history, numerous sultanates have reigned over several parts of Southeast Asia, with some of the most powerful ones being the Mataram Sultanate (of which the remaining sultanates of Yakkaxon va Yogyakarta are successors) and the Malakka sultanate. Sultan palaces and related museums can be found throughout the region, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia.
With Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia being majority Muslim countries, there are many mosques mintaqada. Prominent mosques include the Istiqlal Mosque yilda Markaziy Jakarta (the largest mosque of the region, with a capacity of 200,000), the Moviy masjid yilda Shoh Olam, va Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque yilda Bandar-Seri Begavan.
War-related sights (apart from the museums mentioned above) can be found in most of the countries in the region. In Cambodia, the Killing Fields of Choeung Ek near Pnompen offer a reminder of the Cambodian Genocide. In Vietnam, there are many sights related to the Vietnam War, such as the Harbiy bo'lmagan hudud around the former border between North and South Vietnam, and the Cu Chi tunnel system. In Indonesia, there are numerous sights related to the War of Independence, such as the Monas national monument in Markaziy Jakarta.
Visitors with an interest in military history can find many remnants from the Tinch okeani urushi va Indochina Wars.
Yo'nalishlar
Qil
Suv sporti turlari
- Akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish is a major draw for visitors to Southeast Asia, with Indoneziya, Malayziya, Filippinlar va Tailand all boasting world-class diving locations.
- Surfing is also an increasing popular sport especially in Indoneziya (with Nias va Bali the top draws) and the Filippinlar.
- Sailing is popular, especially in Janubiy Tailand
- Try wake boarding at Southeast Asia's largest wake boarding centre in Camarines Sur, Filippinlar.
- Explore one of the world's longest underground rivers in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park located in Palavan, Filippinlar.
Massaj
Southeast Asia, in particular Indoneziya va Tailand, is well-known throughout the world for its traditional massages. While the conditions of massage parlours vary, those in major hotels in touristy areas are usually clean, though you would generally pay a premium for them. Nevertheless, prices remain much lower than in most Western countries, with 1-hour massages starting from around USD5–20.
Sport
- Southeast Asian Games - Known in short as the SEA Games, it is held every two years among the 11 countries of Southeast Asia in odd-numbered years. It is structured similarly to the Olympics, albeit on a much smaller scale, and also features several sports that are only popular within Southeast Asia such as sepak takraw (essentially volleyball played with the feet instead of hands, known for its spectacular overhead kicks), and silat (a Malay martial art). The last edition was held in the Philippines in 2019, and the next edition will be held in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2022.
Sotib oling
Every Southeast Asian country has its own currency except for East Timor. The US dollar is the official currency of Sharqiy Timor, the unofficial currency of Kambodja va Laos, and (for larger payments) is widely accepted in some Southeast Asian cities. Euros are also widely accepted in the major cities, although rates are rarely as good as for dollars. Thai baht are widely accepted in Kambodja, Laos va Myanma. Sifatida Singapur is considered to be the main financial centre of Southeast Asia, Singapore dollars would generally be accepted in major tourist areas if you're in a pinch (and are legal tender in Brunei), though the conversion rate might not be very favourable. Exchange rates for Southeast Asian currencies tend to be very poor outside the region, so it's best to exchange (or use the ATM) only after arrival. Alternatively, Singapore and Gonkong have many money changers who offer competitive rates for Southeast Asian currencies, so you might plan to spend a night or two in transit for you to get your money changed.
Xarajatlar
Southeast Asia is arzon, so much so that it is among the cheapest travel destinations on the planet. USD20 is a perfectly serviceable daily backpacker budget in most countries in the region, while the savvy traveller can eat well, drink a lot and stay in luxury hotels for USD100 per day.
Some exceptions do stand out. The rich city-states of Singapur va Bruney are about twice as expensive as their neighbours, while at the other end of the spectrum, the difficulty of getting into and around underdeveloped places like Myanma, Sharqiy Timor and the backwoods of Indoneziya drives up prices there too. In Singapur in particular, the sheer scarcity of land drives accommodation rates up and you would be looking at more than USD100 per night for a four-star hotel.
Xarid qilish
Southeast Asia is a shopping haven, with both high end branded goods and dirt cheap street goods. The most popular city for shopping in Southeast Asia is Bangkok, garchi Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Xoshimin shahri va Singapur all have extensive arrays of exclusive shopping malls stocked with yuqori kutyure labels. On the other end of the spectrum, street markets remain a part of daily life (except in Singapore) and are the place to go for dirt cheap or counterfeit items. Some towns like Chiang May Tailandda va Ubud in Bali, Indonesia are well known for enormous markets selling traditional artworks, and it's often possible to buy directly from local artists or have dresses, jewellery, furniture, etc., made to order.
Clothes and accessories of international brands are usually just as expensive as in developed countries, or even more expensive. Branded products that seem considerably cheaper (such as Polo Ralph Lauren shirts in Indoneziya) are typically counterfeit, even when they are not sold in the streets but in a legit-looking shop or air-conditioned shopping mall. If you need a good compromise between low price of street sold items and the quality of branded products, look for stores of domestic brands such as Malayziya's F.O.S or Filippinlar' Bench.
For slightly higher-end gifts, Malaysia's Royal Selangor is the world's foremost manufacturer of pewter products.
Savdo-sotiq
Bargain in public markets and flea markets where prices aren't fixed. Southeast Asians actually will give you a bargain if you make them laugh and smile while naming your price; if they don't, try saying bye bye and smile and maybe the vendor might change his mind and give you a discount. When bargaining for simple things like watches, sunglasses, and shoes remember that these are often marked up hugely and, given some bargaining skill, can often be brought down to something like 20% of the asking price. If you can't seem to get them down to a reasonable price, then you're doing it wrong. Qarang Savdo-sotiq for more tips.
As a rule of thumb, if a price is not explicitly posted, you need to haggle for it. However even posted prices can often be haggled down as well.
Yemoq
- Shuningdek qarang: Tailand oshxonasi, Cuisine of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, Filipino cuisine
Southeast Asian cuisine reflects the countries' diverse history and culture. It can be roughly split into Mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos va Myanma) and Maritime Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Bruney, Indonesia, Sharqiy Timor), and even then still differs considerably from area to area. Xitoy va Hind influences have been fused with local ingredients, techniques and tastes in many parts of Southeast Asia. The Filippinlar' food culture is the most varied due to their additional influences from Ispaniya va Amerika.
Street vendors or hawkers are a culinary cornerstone of the region, offering wonderful food at a very inexpensive cost; if you're scrupulous about hygiene, go for the char-grilled, deep-fried or boiled-silly options. Tailandcha va Vetnam dishes like the ubiquitous pad tay and beef f have been widely exported around the world after the Vietnam War, followed closely by Malaysian restaurants, but a common refrain is that they simply cannot compare with a fresh bowl served by the roadside. Singapur probably serves as the easiest introduction to street food, though Bangkok va Penang have the better hawkers, with Xoshimin shahri not far behind.
Rice is the main Southeast Asian staple, with makaron of all sorts an important second option. It's common to take a rich soupy bowl of noodles or some congee (rice porridge) for breakfast. Roti canai yilda Malayziya, known as roti prata yilda Singapur, is based on the Indian paratha (flatbread) while Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos have a fondness for French baguettes courtesy of their colonial history, epitomised by banh mi (Vietnamese sandwich).
Love of the spicy chilli is also shared throughout the region, and many of its most famous dishes incorporate chilli whether as a core ingredient or as a separate garnishing, from Thai curries and tom yum soup to the Indoneziyalik mol go'shti rendang to Malaysia's assam laksa ga Kambodja"s amok. The unsuspecting diner may end up downing glass after glass of water to try and quench the burning sensation, but the local advice is to drink hot tea instead. Asking the cook to tone down the spiciness will not always work, and often your eyes will water when eating an adjusted version even as nearby locals happily slurp down their meals. Chilli is just one of the many spices used in Southeast Asian cooking, with lemongrass, tamarind and cloves popular choices to lend strong aromatic flavours to dishes.
Living next to seas and rivers, dengiz mahsulotlari is a crowd favourite. Fish and prawns feature prominently, with fermented fish sauce and shrimp paste frequently used in everyday cooking, although shellfish such as Singapur chilli crab is much more expensive and usually saved for special occasions or enjoyed by the well-off.
A variety of delicious meva is available everywhere in all shapes and sizes, and pretty much all year round thanks to the tropical weather. Mangoes are a firm favourite among travellers. The giant spiky durian, perhaps the only unifying factor between Southeast Asia's countries, is infamous for its pungent smell and has been likened to eating garlic ice cream next to an open sewer. Other distinctive Southeast Asian fruits are the purple mangosteen, the hairy rambutan and the jackfruit-like cempedak, whose exteriors hide juicy fleshy insides. Pay attention to what's in season for better taste and prices.
Yaxshi ovqatlanish is increasingly an option in the more developed countries of Southeast Asia. Bangkok is generally considered to have the best fine dining scene in Southeast Asia, with Singapur not too far behind, though there are also good options to be found elsewhere. Although fine dining is far out of the reach of the average working class Southeast Asian, with the notable exception of Singapore, prices tend to be a lot more affordable than food of a similar standard in Western countries and East Asia.
Western restaurant review websites such as Yelp are not generally reliable for South East Asian countries, as locals do not often post reviews there. Instead, there are local review websites that cover South East Asian countries, such as Eatigo, Openrice va Zamato.
Ichish
Rice-based alcoholic drinks — Thai whisky, Tuba, lao, tuak, aroq and so on — are ubiquitous and potent, if rarely tasty. In some areas, notably the Philippines, ROM is also common, made from the local sugarcane. As a rule of thumb, local booze is cheap, but most countries levy very high taxes on imported stuff.
Pivo are a must try in Southeast Asia, and are often very inexpensive. Check out San Miguel (Philippines), Singha, Chang beer (Thailand), Bir Bintang, Angker Beer (Indonesia), Tiger Beer (Singapore and Malaysia), Saigon Beer, Hanoi Beer, Huda Beer, 333 Beer, Bia hơi (Vietnam), Beerlao (Laos), Angkor and Angkor Stout (Cambodia). Lager is by far the most popular style, although stout (especially Guinness) is also popular and the larger cities have plenty of microbreweries and imported brews. Beer in SE Asia is primarily consumed by locals to simply get drunk, and not for taste. As such, by Western standards, most locally produced SE Asian beers are often of comparable quality to a low-end Western beers. Don't be surprised by the local habit of adding ice to your beer: not only does it help keep it cool, but it dilutes the often high alcohol content (6% is typical) as well.
Hampered by heavy taxation and a mostly unsuitable climate, vino is only slowly making inroads, although you can find a few wineries in central and northern Thailand, Bali, and Vietnam. Don't buy wine in a restaurant unless you're sure it's been kept properly, since a bottle left to simmer in the tropical heat will turn to vinegar within months. The exception is the former French colonies of Laos and Cambodia which have a respectable collection of vintages available in the larger cities of Vientiane va Pnompen.
Nearby Australia exports a good deal of wine to this region; it will be found mainly in high-end hotels or restaurants, though places catering to the budget/backpacker part of the tourist trade may have some as well. The cheap local restaurants generally will not have any.
Fruit juices and coconut water are widely available, especially among Muslims, and in other communities where alcohol is not customary.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Generally speaking the traveller trail in Southeast Asia is perfectly safe, but there are low-level insurgencies in the remote areas of Indoneziya, Myanma, Filippinlar, Tailandva Sharqiy Timor.
Violent crime is rare in Southeast Asia, but tourists have been attacked in beach resorts in a few isolated but well publicised cases.
Opportunistic theft is more common, so watch out for cho'ntaklar in crowded areas and keep a close eye on your bags when travelling, particularly on overnight buses and trains.
Major dangers are very poor road safety, as well as little or no oversight of physical activities such as white water rafting and bungee jumping.
In 2004 an Indian ocean tsunami killed an estimated 230,000 people, with Tailand va Indoneziya"s Aceh province being severely affected. Many foreign tourists were injured or killed in this very rare yet very dangerous event.
While plenty of giyohvand moddalar are produced, distributed and consumed around the region, most countries (especially Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines) have harsh penalties for possession of small amounts, and capital punishment for organized drug trafficking. Neither foreign citizenship nor bribes will save visitors from sentences.
Sog'lom bo'ling
Singapur va Tailand are two of the world's main medical tourism hubs. In Singapore, the healthcare system is of a high standard in both government and private hospitals, though prices are also the most expensive in Southeast Asia (but cheaper than most Western countries). Healthcare costs in Thailand are much cheaper than in Singapore and Western countries, making it a popular medical tourism destination for people on tight budgets. While private hospitals in general conform to international standards, and some private hospitals in Bangkok are widely regarded as among the best in the world, public hospitals often leave much to be desired.
Malayziya va Bruney in general have high standards in both private and public hospitals. In Filippinlar, while the standard of care is uniformly good at both public and private hospitals in Manila, conditions are often bad in rural areas and smaller cities. In Vetnam va Indoneziya, while public hospitals most certainly lag far behind the standards of the West, there are internationally accredited private hospitals in the major cities that are run to international standards. Myanma, Laos, Kambodja va Sharqiy Timor generally have poor healthcare standards, so you will almost certainly want to travel to Thailand or Singapore for any major procedures; ensure that your insurance covers this.
The Joint Commission International accredits hospitals internationally based on U.S. standards; though you will be paying a premium for these hospitals, you can ensure that the care and treatment you receive will be aligned to Western standards.
Hurmat
You may be asked to take off your shoes quite often, especially when entering temples or guesthouses. Wear shoes that can be slipped on and off easily, particularly if you're planning to visit a lot of temples, and make sure your socks aren't full of holes. At Buddhist temples, the areas where you have to go barefoot differ by country; in Myanmar, you will have to take your shoes off before entering the entire temple complex, while in Thailand, you are only required to take your shoes off before entering temple buildings.