Nasroniylik 2.4 milliarddan ziyod izdoshlari va har bir qit'adagi cherkovlar, soborlar va cherkovlar bilan dunyodagi eng samarali din. Antarktida. Ularning aksariyati YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.
Ba'zi mamlakatlarda dindorlarning aksariyati - masalan, aksariyati kabi Evropa, Amerika, Okeaniya va Filippinlar - hech bo'lmaganda nominal xristian, aksariyat nasroniylik ozchilik dinidir Sharqiy Osiyo va Yaqin Sharq, esa Afrika musulmonlar va nasroniylar o'rtasida deyarli teng taqsimlangan. Xristianlik ilgari mavjud bo'lgan mahalliy madaniyatlar, urf-odatlar va dinlar tomonidan hukmronlik qilgan yoki hukmron bo'lgan mamlakatlar madaniyatiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi va ko'plab muhim binolar bugungi va o'tgan davrlarning nasroniylik e'tiqodidan dalolat beradi.
Tushuning
| “ | Xudo dunyoni shunchalik sevdiki, U O'zining yagona O'g'lini berdi, Unga ishongan har bir kishi halok bo'lmaydi, balki abadiy hayotga ega bo'ladi. | ” |
- Yuhanno Injili, 3:16 | ||
Xristianlik a yakkaxudolik din, bitta xudoga ishonish. Bu Ibrohim dinidir, u miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikda yashagan va oilasi bilan ko'chib kelgan deb hisoblangan Ibrohim dinidan kelib chiqqan deb da'vo qiladi. Xaldeylar urasi hozirgi Iroq hududida Isroilning "Va'da qilingan eriga". Boshqa Ibrohim dinlari Yahudiylik, Islom, Bahoiy e'tiqodi (uning Masihi 19-asrda kelgan) va hozirda juda kichik manda tariqati (ular Iso emas, balki Yahyo payg'ambarning Masih ekanligiga ishonishadi).
Xristianlar bunga ishonishadi Nosiralik Iso yahudiy xalqiga turli bashoratlar orqali va'da qilingan "Masih" edi. Uni tez-tez chaqirishadi Iso Masih, yunoncha Rriστός (Xristos) "moylangan" degan ma'noni anglatadi.
Masihiylar Iso Maryamni bokira qiz sifatida tasavvur qilishgan, Xudoning O'g'li sifatida u o'zini o'zi gunohdan xoli deb hisoblashi mumkin bo'lgan yagona odam va uning xochga mixlanishi insoniyatni gunohlaridan tozalash uchun zarur bo'lgan qurbonlik deb hisoblashadi. Muqaddas Kitobda yozilishicha, Iso xochda va keyin dafn etilganida vafot etganidan keyin tirilgan va shogirdlari oldida paydo bo'lgan. Keyin Iso osmonga ko'tarildi, u erda dunyoning gunoh va azob-uqubatlarga duchor bo'lishini kutmoqda, shundan keyin u Yerga qaytib, insoniyat to'g'risida so'nggi hukmni chiqaradi. Xristianlarning aksariyati bugungi kunda ham ba'zi shakllarga ishonishadi Uchbirlikbu Iso, Xudo (Ota) va Muqaddas Ruh uchta Shaxsda bitta Xudo ekanligiga ishonishdir.
Qarang # Muqaddas yer quyida u yashagan va dars bergan joylarga tashrif buyurish haqida ma'lumot olish uchun.
Ta'limotning turli nuqtalari, cherkov ma'muriyati va undagi hokimiyat va cherkovning siyosiy tangliklari haqidagi kelishmovchiliklar bugungi kunda mavjud bo'lgan bir qancha qarama-qarshiliklarni, vayronkor urushlarni va ko'plab nasroniy mazhablarini keltirib chiqardi. Eng e'tiborga loyiq mazhablar Pravoslav cherkovlar, Rim katolik cherkov va turli xil Protestant cherkovlar.
Xristianlikning asosiy diniy matni Injil, turli xil nashrlarda mavjud. Protestant, katolik va pravoslav Injillarida turli xil sonli kitoblar mavjud bo'lib, qadimgi zamonaviy tillarga tarjimalari ko'pincha farq qiladi.
Boshqa dinlarda bo'lgani kabi, Muqaddas Bitikni sharhlash ham turli xil nasroniy mazhablari o'rtasida sezilarli farq qilishi mumkin. Masalan, katolik, pravoslav va anglikan cherkovlari Injil matnini ko'proq obrazli talqin qilishni afzal ko'rishadi va umuman olganda evolyutsiya nazariyasi va Injil ma'lumotlariga mos kelmaydigan boshqa ilmiy nazariyalarga yo'l qo'yishadi. Aksincha Evangelist cherkovlarning aksariyati, jumladan Pentekostal va Baptist cherkovlari Muqaddas Kitobni so'zma-so'z talqin qilishadi va shu tariqa evolyutsiya va boshqa ilmiy nazariyalarga yo'l qo'ymaydilar.
Dastlabki tarix
Xristianlik Masihiylik mazhabi sifatida boshlangan YahudiylikIlk masihiylar o'zlarining ibodatxonalarini ibodatxonalar deb atashdi va Iso singari yahudiy qonunlariga rioya qilishda davom etishdi. Xristianlikni qabul qiladigan yahudiy bo'lmaganlarning to'siqlari kosher ovqatlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar va sunnat. Ko'p munozaralardan so'ng Cherkov ushbu yahudiy qonunlariga rioya qilishni istamagan jamoatlarga majbur bo'lmagan siyosatni qabul qildi, chunki Iso Masihdagi abadiy hayotning "Yangi Ahd" i Xudoning ibroniylar bilan tuzgan "Eski Ahdini" bekor qildi. Sinay tog'i (Injil kitobida batafsil bayon etilganidek Chiqish).
Shoulning kontseptsiyasi muhim voqea bo'ldi Tarsus. Bu g'ayratli xristianlarga qarshi yahudiy yo'lida edi Damashqu erda Iso haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lganida, u mahalliy nasroniylarni tor-mor qilishni va bid'at deb bilgan narsalarini yo'q qilishni rejalashtirgan. Keyin u Pavlus ismini oldi va o'zini nasroniylikning yo'q qilinishiga emas, balki tarqalishiga bag'ishladi. Pol harakatning etakchilaridan biriga aylandi va ko'p vaqtni xat yozishga bag'ishladi Maktublar Yangi Ahdda) turli xil xristian ibodatxonalarini ilhomlantirish va birlikni saqlash. U o'z maktublarini yuborgan jamoalar Rim, Korinf, Galatiya, Efes, Filippi, Kolossa va Saloniki.
Havoriylar agressiv ravishda xushxabar berishdi va keng sayohat qilishdi. Ba'zilarining uyidan uzoqroqda qabrlari bor; ularning ustiga cherkovlar qurilgan va ziyoratgohlarga aylangan.
- Avliyo Pyotr (Rim). Ushbu cherkov ichida Vatikan shahri va Papa ko'pincha u erda yoki unga qo'shni bo'lgan Aziz Pyotr maydonida marosimlarni boshqaradi.
- Aziz Pol (Avliyo Pol devorlari tashqarisida) (Rim). Ushbu cherkov Vatikandan tashqarida.
- Seynt Jeyms (Ispaniya). Haj ziyoratiga oid maqolaga qarang Avliyo Jeyms yo'li.
- Avliyo Tomas (San-Tome cherkovi) (Hindiston). Ushbu qabr va cherkov ilgari Madras nomi bilan tanilgan Chennayda joylashgan. Uning muzeyi bor. Tomas Sankt-Tomas tog'ining yonida shahid bo'ldi.
Hindistonda hali ham guruhlar mavjud, asosan Kerala, o'zlarini avliyo Tomas nasroniylari deb ataydigan va ularning ildizlari Tomasga borib taqalishini da'vo qilganlar. Ularda juda qadimgi qiziqarli cherkovlar mavjud. Ularning afsonalariga ko'ra, Tomas ham suzib ketgan Dengiz ipak yo'li Indoneziya va Xitoyga yo'nalishlar.
The Rim imperiyasi dastlab nasroniylikni ko'plab yahudiy mazhablaridan yana biri deb hisoblagan va Yahudiylik (kabi Religio licita yoki ruxsat etilgan din) imperatorga sig'inish talabidan ozod qilingan. Rimliklar yangi din bundan ham ko'proq ekanligini anglaganlaridan so'ng (qisman yahudiy bo'lmaganlarga targ'ibot qilganliklari sababli) ular uni bostirish uchun qattiq va ko'pincha shafqatsizlarcha harakat qildilar; dastlabki nasroniy missionerlarining ko'pi, shu jumladan Sankt-Petr ko'pincha xristian rasmlarida va boshqa san'at asarlarida tasvirlangan dahshatli yo'llar bilan shahid bo'ldilar. Ushbu ta'qiblar bilan bog'liq eng mashhur sayt bu Kolizey afsonaga ko'ra, ko'plab masihiylar sherlarga tashlangan yoki boshqa olomonga yoqadigan yo'llar bilan o'ldirilgan.
Nihoyat, milodiy 313 yilda imperator Konstantin I nasroniylikka toqat qilinishini e'lon qildi va o'zi nasroniylikni qabul qildi. Uning o'rnini egallagan imperator Teodosius I davrida nasroniylik Rimning rasmiy davlat diniga aylandi va barcha Rim sub'ektlari uchun majburiy bo'lib qoldi. Xristianlar ilgari zulm qilinganidek, butparastlar ham shafqatsizlarcha ezilgan.
Rim rasman nasroniy bo'lganidan so'ng, dinning orqasida katta vaqt kuchi turgan edi va bu, ehtimol, dinning Piter va Poldan keyingi tarixidagi eng muhim voqea bo'lgan.
Qarang #Nominatsiyalar quyida keltirilgan ba'zi keyingi tarixlar, xususan Rim davridagi yagona cherkovdan bugungi kungacha bo'lgan cherkovga qadar bo'lgan nizolar uchun.
Bayramlar
Xristianlar tomonidan nishonlanadigan ko'plab bayramlar mavjud, ba'zilari hatto ba'zi mazhablarga xosdir. Biroq, quyida sanab o'tilgan ikkita bayram eng muhim deb hisoblanadi va shuning uchun barcha masihiylar tomonidan nishonlanadi, aksariyat nazoratsiz masihiylar cherkovga faqat shu ikki holatda qatnashadilar. Aytish kerakki, ba'zi cherkovlar Julian taqvimiga, boshqalari Gregorian taqvimiga rioya qilganligi sababli, bayramlar har xil kunlarda turli xil konfessiyalar tomonidan nishonlanishi mumkin.
- Pasxa - Mart yoki aprel oylarining yakshanba kuni nishonlangan Iso Masihning xochda o'limidan keyin tirilishini nishonlaydi. Pasxa yakshanbasidan oldin darhol juma kuni ma'lum Xayrli jumava an'anaviy ravishda Iso xochga mixlangan va vafot etgan kun deb aytishadi.
- Rojdestvo - An'anaga ko'ra Isoning tug'ilgan kuni (tarixiy tug'ilgan kuni noma'lum), G'arbiy nasroniylarning an'analarida 25 dekabrda va ko'plab Sharqiy nasroniylarda yanvar oyining boshlarida (xuddi shu sana, ammo Julian taqvimi bo'yicha) nishonlangan. urf-odatlar. Shu bilan bog'liq tadbirlar, ba'zi an'analarda, asosiy bayram kunlari sifatida nishonlanadi. 26 dekabr kuni bog'liq bo'lmagan Avliyo Stefanus bayrami (birinchi nasroniy shahid) ko'pincha mahalliy urf-odatlar bo'yicha Rojdestvo bayramlariga qo'shiladi.
Ba'zi urf-odatlar nishonlanadi Kelish, Rojdestvo arafasida bir necha hafta, the Rojdestvo kunining o'n ikki kuni va / yoki Ro'za, Pasxadan 40 kun oldin.
Ayniqsa katolik mamlakatlarida Carnivale Ro'za tejamkorligi boshlanishidan oldin bayram sifatida nishonlanadi. Bizda bitta misol uchun qo'llanma mavjud, ammo boshqalar ko'p:
- Mardi Gras (Yog'li seshanba). Karnavalda nishonlanganidek Yangi Orlean, ulkan sayyohlik durang.
Missionerlar
Xristianlar har doim ko'plab prozelitizmlarni o'z ichiga olganlar, ularning ba'zilari hayotlarini Havoriylardan to hozirgi kungacha Xushxabarni tarqatishga bag'ishladilar. Rim davridan boshlab ular butun Evropani nasroniylashtirishga intilishdi va o'rta asrlarda ular asosan muvaffaqiyat qozonishdi; oxirgi saqlash Norvegiya xalqi bo'lgan Skandinaviya, XII asrgacha to'liq nasroniy bo'lmaganlar. Ayni paytda nestorian nasroniylar VII asrga kelib Koreyaga etib borgan Osiyoning katta qismini xushxabarni tarqatishmoqda.
Davomida Kashfiyot yoshi, evropalik kashfiyotchilar va mustamlakachilar mahalliy xalqlarni konvertatsiya qilish va aksariyat musulmonlar, hindu va sikxlar uchun tejash maqsadida missionerlarni uzoqqa jo'natishdi. Rim imperiyasining nasroniylikni qabul qilishi bilan bir qatorda, kashfiyot davri nasroniylikning portlovchi o'sishiga olib kelgan eng muhim davrlardan biri bo'lib, oxir-oqibat u dunyodagi eng serhosil din bo'lib, bugungi kunda ham shu pozitsiyani saqlab kelmoqda.
Prozelitizm paytida katolik cherkovi zamonaviy kuzatuvchilar uchun ajablanarli tuyulishi mumkin bo'lgan sabzi va tayoq kombinatsiyalaridan foydalangan. Ispaniya imperiyasi Amerikaning tub aholisi konvertatsiya qilinishi uchun harbiy kuch yordamida kerakli rag'batni bergan bo'lsa-da, missionerlar tez-tez mahalliy tillarni o'rganib, xususan Nahuatl va Guaranini tarqatib, ba'zi urf-odatlar va bayramlarni mahalliy odob-axloq qoidalariga moslashtirdilar. Biron bir avliyo yoki boshqa birovni ulug'lashni maqsad qilgan ba'zi festivallarga qaraganda, ularning xristiangacha bo'lgan xudolarning "konvertatsiya qilingan" festivali bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida tasavvur qilishning hojati yo'q. Missionerlar, shuningdek, mahalliy madaniyatlarning diniy bo'lmagan jihatlariga nisbatan turli xil yondashuvlarga ega edilar, ularni qadrlashdan tortib, ular Rimdagi cherkov tomonidan tanqidga uchragani kabi, Xitoydagi ba'zi jezuitlar bilan sodir bo'lganidek, ularni siqib chiqarish va yoqish uchun. Maya madaniyati, afsuski, ularning diniy bo'lmagan matnlarini ham, diniy g'ayratga uch kodikdan boshqa barcha narsani yo'qotgan. Bugungi kungacha missionerlar ko'pincha ijtimoiy ishlar bilan shug'ullanadilar va kam ta'minlangan jamoalarga qisman ularni konvertatsiya qilishda yordam berishadi, shuningdek qisman yaxshi ishlar uchun yaxshi ishlar qilishadi. Ya'ni, kam taktikali missionerlar boshqa buzilmagan jamoalarda zarar etkazishda davom etmoqdalar va shuning uchun ularni qabul qiluvchi hukumatlar katta shubha bilan qarashadi yoki hatto kirishga taqiq qo'yishadi. 19-asr Evropada va Shimoliy Amerikada kapitalizmning tez sur'atlar bilan kengayib borishi va uning natijasida keng tarqalgan pauperizm "ichki missiya" va katolik ijtimoiy ta'limotini vujudga keltirdi, bu proletarlarni "xudosiz" kommunizmdan uzoqlashtirishga urinishlar hamda ularga ergashish uchun astoydil harakat qilgan. Isoning ta'limoti: "Siz eng past birodarlarim bilan nima qilgan bo'lsangiz, menga ham qilgansiz". Bugungi kunga kelib, turli xil xristian tashkilotlari birinchi dunyodagi kambag'al jamoalarda faol ravishda prozelitizmsiz yordam va ijtimoiy ish bilan ta'minlanishda davom etmoqda. Biroq, zamonaviy davrda Afrikaning aksariyat Sahroi Afrikada, Lotin Amerikasida va Karib dengizida amerikalik evangelist cho'ponlarning missionerlik faoliyati haddan tashqari gomofobiyaning avj olishiga olib keldi.
Binolar
Xristian binolari va saytlarining ayrim asosiy turlari:
- Abbey. Rohiblar va / yoki rohibalar jamoasining etakchisi bo'lgan abbat / abbatlik boshchiligidagi cherkov
- Bazilika. Rim jamoat binolarida ishlatiladigan bazilikalar (Masihdan bir necha asr oldin boshlangan) ishlatiladigan to'rtburchaklar qavat rejasi asosida qurilgan cherkov yoki Papa tomonidan bazilika sifatida belgilangan cherkov.
- ibodathona. Taniqli cherkov, o'rindiq (sobor) episkopning
- Cherkov. Diniy xizmatlarga bag'ishlangan bino (shunday nomlangan massa katoliklikda, xizmat protestantizmda va ilohiy liturgiya pravoslav nasroniylikda), ibodat va marosim.
- Chapel. Ibodat qilish uchun ajratilgan kichik bino yoki binoning bir qismi. Ko'p ibodatxonalar cherkovning bir qismidir, ular shaxsiy ibodat uchun yoki ba'zi muqaddas yodgorliklar uchun uy sifatida ajratilgan. Ko'pchilik qal'alar ibodatxonani o'z ichiga oladi.
- Monastir. Rohiblar yashaydigan va umumiy ibodat qiladigan joy
- Monastir. Rohibalar yashaydigan va umumiy ibodat qiladigan joy
- Qabriston: Xristian jamoatiga bog'langan yoki ko'p dinli bo'lishi mumkin
Ularning aksariyati asosiy turistik diqqatga sazovor joylardir. Ba'zi monastirlar va cherkovlar manfaatdor odamlar uchun chekinishni taklif qiladi, ba'zilari o'z dinlariga qattiq urg'u berishadi, boshqalari esa diniy bo'lmagan sukunat va tafakkurni ta'kidlaydilar. Har xil maqsadli maqolalarni va # Belgilanishlar batafsil ma'lumot uchun quyidagi bo'lim.
Bir necha nasroniy mazhablari o'zlarining ibodat joylari uchun boshqa nomlardan foydalanadilar; Yahova Shohidlarida Yig'ilish Zali, kvakerlar yoki unitarlar, yig'ilish uyi, mormonlar ibodatxonasi va boshqalar mavjud.
Denominatsiyalar
Xristianlikning dastlabki yillarida imonning ba'zi muhim jihatlari haqida ehtirosli bahslar bo'lgan:
- Isoning tabiati qanday? U ilohiymi, insonmi, bularning ba'zilari yoki ikkalasidan ham ustunroqmi? Qanday bo'lmasin, uning ilohiy va insoniy tabiatlari qanday bog'liq?
- Ota va O'g'ilning qarindoshlari qanday? O'g'il Yaratilgan mavjudotmi yoki Otaga o'xshash abadiymi? Agar u yaratilsa, u qandaydir tarzda Otaga bo'ysunadimi?
- Qaysi matnlarni muqaddas deb hisoblash kerak? Xususan, keyinchalik mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab Xushxabarlardan qaysi biri qabul qilinishi kerak?
Shuningdek, cherkov tuzilishi, xususan ayollarning cherkovdagi o'rni va boshqa har xil ta'limot va marosimlar masalalari bo'yicha munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.
Oxir oqibat, Rim imperiyasining cherkovi asosan Yangi Ahdni tuzish orqali matnlar masalasini hal qildi, faqat to'rtta xushxabar - Matto, Mark, Luqo va Yuhanno - bu kanonning bir qismiga aylandi, qolgan barcha xushxabarlar esa bid'at deb e'lon qilindi. ularga egalik qilganlarga o'lim jazosi qo'llaniladi.
Boshqa savollar asosan Nikeya kengashi 325 yilda.
Kelgusi yillarda bir necha qarama-qarshiliklar cherkovni bo'linishi kerak edi, ularning ta'siri bugungi kunda ham nasroniylikning turli xil mazhablari ko'rinishida sezilishi mumkin.
Gnostiklar
Gnostiklar (yunoncha Tiγνωστ, bilimga ega) milodiy 100 yillardan boshlab yahudiylar va nasroniylar orasida ta'sirli tendentsiya edi; ular Muqaddas Kitob va cherkov ta'limotlari bo'yicha meditatsiya va ibodat orqali olingan shaxsiy bilimlarni ta'kidladilar. Ular Rim imperiyasi tomonidan qattiq ta'qib qilinishgan va bu harakat asosan bir necha asrlar ichida yo'q bo'lib ketgan. Biroq, ular Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovlariga, ayniqsa Kopt cherkoviga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdilar.
Gnostiklar ko'plab hujjatlarga, shu jumladan bir necha Injilga ega edilar, ularni muqaddas deb hisoblashgan, ammo cherkov Muqaddas Kitobga kiritishni rad etishgan. Ularning ba'zi hikoyalari, Bibliya kanoniga kiritilmagan bo'lsa-da, muqaddas kitob bo'lgan Qur'onda mavjud Musulmonlar.
- Kopt muzeyi, Qohira, Misr. Uylar Nag Hammadi kutubxonasi, Gnostik Xushxabarlarning eng katta to'plami. Ular Nag-Xammadi shahrida (yaqinida) topilgan Luksor) 1945 yilda.
Gnostiklarga, Magdalalik Maryam juda muhim edi va mavjud Maryamning xushxabari Gnostik hujjatlar orasida. U ba'zida tavba qilgan fohisha sifatida tasvirlanadi, ammo bu bema'nilikdir (bu tushunchani VI asrdagi Rim Papasi uni boshqa Maryam bilan aralashtirib yuborish paytida topish mumkin). Zamonaviy olimlar uning Magdaladan (Galiley dengizidagi port) yaqinidagi beva ayol bo'lganiga ishonishadi Tiberialar) Isoning xizmatining ko'p qismini kim moliyalashtirgan. Gnostiklar uchun u Isoning eng muhim shogirdlaridan biri bo'lgan. Ba'zi Gnostik hujjatlarda u Isoning rafiqasi va / yoki uning ta'limotini to'liq tushunadigan yagona shogird sifatida tasvirlangan.
Uchlikka kirmaydiganlar
Ta'limoti Uchbirlik - Iso (O'g'il), Xudo (Ota) va Muqaddas Ruh uchta Shaxsda bitta Xudo ekanligiga ishonish - bu Muqaddas Kitobning biron bir joyida aniq aytilmagan, garchi ba'zi dinshunoslar ikkala Ahdda ham uchastkalarning uchlik talqiniga ega. Aslida bu ta'limot milodning III asrigacha to'liq rivojlangan shaklda bayon qilinmagan va 4-asrning boshlariga qadar pravoslav ta'limoti deb aniq belgilanmagan.
Birinchi Kengashi Nikeya milodiy 325 yilda taniqli trinitar bo'lmagan Ariusni haydab chiqarib, uning ta'limotini bid'at deb e'lon qildi va muhim hujjatni kelishib oldi.
- Nicene Creed. Xristian deb hisoblash uchun har kim qabul qilishi kerak bo'lgan umumiy e'tiqodlarning bayonoti, shu jumladan Isoning ilohiyligi, Uchbirlik, bokira qiz tug'ilishi, tirilish va Uning oxir-oqibat qaytishi insoniyatni hukm qilish uchun. Ushbu aqida deyarli barcha yepiskoplar qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lgan pravoslavlikni e'lon qildi va yuqorida aytib o'tilgan muammolarni hal qildi.
Bugungi kunda barcha asosiy nasroniy konfessiyalari - pravoslav, katolik yoki protestant - Nitseniy aqidasini o'zlarining ta'limotining asosiy qismi sifatida qabul qiladilar va ko'pchilik buni o'zlarining liturgiyalarining bir qismi sifatida o'qiydilar yoki kuylaydilar.
Bugungi kunda uchlik bo'lmagan nasroniylar kam: asosan Mormonlar, Yahova Shohidlari, Unitarianlar va Iglesia ni Kristo.
- Unitarchilar. Ushbu guruh XVI asrda Evropada boshlangan va bugungi kunda Shimoliy Amerika va Evropaning ayrim qismlarida, boshqa joylarda bir nechta jamoatlar bilan keng tarqalgan. Ziyorat qilish uchun buyuk Unitar soborlari yo'q, lekin ularning ko'pgina yig'ilish uylari yoqimli va bir nechta zamonaviy arxitektura namunalari.
- Iglesia ni Cristo (Masihning cherkovi). Ushbu cherkov yilda tashkil etilgan Filippinlar 1914 yilda va bugungi kunda bir necha ming jamoat va bir necha million a'zo bor, deyarli barchasi shu mamlakatda. Ular Masih o'rgatganidek, asl cherkovni qayta tiklamoqdalar va trinitarizmga ega emaslar. Bir necha kattaroq ibodatxonalar bundan mustasno, ularning cherkovlari bir xil ko'rinishga ega.
Islom Isoni payg'ambar sifatida ulug'laydi va Eski Ahdning ko'plab payg'ambarlarini ham hurmat qiladi. Biroq, ular Isoni ilohiy deb hisoblamaydilar. Ular uchun yagona Xudo bor, bo'linmas va Isoga yoki Uchbirlikka sig'inish g'oyalari umuman qabul qilinishi mumkin emas.
Nestoriyaliklar
.jpg/200px-2014_Prowincja_Kotajk,_Klasztor_Geghard_(02).jpg)
Nestorius arxiyepiskop edi Konstantinopol boshqa yepiskoplar uning ba'zi ta'limotlarini 431 yilda Efes Kengashida bid'at deb qoralaguncha va uni o'z lavozimidan olib tashlamaguncha. U Masihning insoniy va ilohiy jihatlari birlashmagan, ikkita aniq tabiat ekanligini o'rgatdi.
Bugun Efes yirik arxeologik yodgorlik va Turkiyaning eng yirik sayyohlik joylaridan biridir.
U Antioxiya yaqinidagi uy monastiriga nafaqaga chiqqan va keyinchalik Misrga surgun qilingan. O'sha paytda Antioxiya Suriyaning asosiy shaharlaridan biri edi; bugun shunday Antakya Turkiyada. Uning nasroniylik talqini yashagan Sharq cherkovi G'arbiy yepiskoplar tomonidan uning hukmini hech qachon qabul qilmagan. Ushbu cherkov Forsda joylashgan va uni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Fors imperiyasi, ehtimol asosan siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra; forslar Vizantiya yoki Rim bilan ham mustahkam aloqada bo'lgan cherkov o'z hududlarida juda ta'sirli bo'lishini xohlamadilar.
Sharq cherkovi missionerlarni sharq tomonga yubordi Ipak yo'li, boshqa nasroniylardan yuzlab yillar oldin Xitoy va Koreyaga etib boradi. Sian, Xitoyda nestorian bor stele (tosh yodgorlik) VII asrdan, shahar tashqarisida esa Daqin pagoda, 635 yilda qurilgan va nestoriyaliklar mahalliy vafotidan keyin Buddist monastiri va ziyoratgohiga aylantirilgan nestorian cherkovi. Marko Polo nestorian nasroniylar jamoasini eslatib o'tadi Qashqar.
Bugungi kunda cherkov, endi nomi bilan tanilgan Ossuriya Sharq cherkovi, hali ham mavjud, ammo u asrlar davomida hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan va hozirgi paytda uning gullab-yashnagan davridan ancha kichik.
Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovlari
- Shuningdek qarang: Efiopiyadagi cherkovlar
Dastlabki xristian cherkovlarining ba'zilari tarkibiga kirgan Suriyalik cherkov, markazida Antioxiyahozirda Turkiyada joylashgan; Kopt cherkovi Misr va Efiopiya, va Arman Pravoslav cherkovi. Kengashidan keyin Kalsedon 451 yilda bu cherkovlar kengash bilan rozi bo'lmadilar va ajralib chiqdilar. Cherkov Gruziya ularga qisqacha qo'shildi, ammo keyinchalik asosiy pravoslav katlamiga qaytdi.
Efiopiya, Armaniston va Gruziyada ajoyib qadimiy cherkovlar va monastirlar mavjud, ularning ba'zilari hanuzgacha faoliyat ko'rsatmoqda.
Buyuk shism
The Buyuk shism ajratilgan Rim-katolik cherkovi dan Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovlaridastlab rus, yunon, gruzin, serb, bolgar va rumin cherkovlarini o'z ichiga olgan. 2018 yilda Ukraina cherkovi rus cherkovining bir qismi emas, balki o'z-o'zidan a'zosi sifatida tan olindi va rus cherkovi norozilik sifatida chiqib ketdi.
Bu bo'linish qisman Rim imperiyasining poytaxti Rimda bo'lgan G'arbiy Rim imperiyasiga va Sharqiy Rim imperiyasining (Vizantiya imperiyasi) poytaxti Konstantinopolda bo'linishi natijasida yuz berdi; har bir imperiya har xil cherkovni qo'llab-quvvatlagan (va forslar nestorianlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan).
Bo'linish asta-sekinlik bilan IV asrdagi tortishuvlarga bog'liq edi; 1050 yilda har ikki tomon boshqa episkoplarni chiqarib yuborganida yakuniy bo'ldi. Bu juda tartibsiz bo'lib qoldi Salib yurishlari ko'p sonli og'ir qurollangan Rim katoliklari pravoslav hududiga kirganda. Ba'zida ikkala guruh musulmonlarga hujum qilish uchun hamkorlik qilgan, ammo ular ham o'zaro urushgan. Ba'zi tarixchilarning ta'kidlashicha, salibchilar pravoslav va kopt nasroniylarini musulmonlarga qaraganda ko'proq o'ldirgan.
Asosiy doktrinaviy nizo Papa roliga tegishli edi. Rim katoliklari uchun u pontifex maximus (eng buyuk ruhoniy) va cherkovning so'zsiz rahbari. Pravoslav nasroniylar uchun u shunchaki Rim yepiskopi va uning qarorgohidan tashqarida vakolati yo'q; xususan u boshqa episkoplar ustidan hukmronlik qilmaydi va ko'pi bilan primus inter pares (tenglar orasida birinchi). Bugungi kunda Rim Papasi sifatida ham tanilgan Rim arxiyepiskopi Rim-katolik cherkovining etakchisi bo'lib qolmoqda, Ekumenik Patriarxi sifatida ham tanilgan Konstantinopol (hozirgi Istanbul) arxiyepiskopi esa Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovlarining ramziy rahbari bo'lib qolmoqda.
Geografik bo'linish asrlar davomida bo'lgani kabi taxminan bir xil bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo bu juda chiroyli emas, chunki katolik bo'lgan juda qadimgi Sharqiy marosimlar jamoatlari ham bor, chunki ular Papani o'zlarining etakchilari deb bilishadi va yaqinda, lekin bir necha yuz yillik tarixga ega bo'lgan ba'zi holatlar, Evropaning ba'zi asosan Rim-katolik hududlarida ham Sharqiy pravoslav jamoatlari mavjud edi. Masalan, juda yaxshi rus pravoslav cherkovi mavjud Drezden piktogramma va Moskva uslubidagi cherkov shpillari bilan to'ldirilgan; 19-asrda qurilgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi sovet askarlarini bu davrda vatanni juda sog'inib yuborgan bo'lishi kerak Sovuq urush.
Katolik buyruqlari
Rim-katolik cherkovida bir qator diniy buyruqlar, muqaddas hayot jamiyatining bir qismi bo'lgan va ko'pincha missionerlik ishlari va xayriya ishlari bilan shug'ullanadigan odamlar guruhlari mavjud. Pravoslav va anglikan cherkovlari shunga o'xshash buyruqlarga ega va ba'zi protestant mazhablarida odamlar o'z hayotlarini xushxabar va boshqa yaxshi ishlarni tarqatishga bag'ishlaydigan missionerlik jamiyatlari mavjud.
Ushbu buyurtmalarning aksariyati sayyohlar tashrif buyurishni istashlari mumkin bo'lgan ta'sirchan cherkovlar, monastirlar va ibodatxonalarga ega. Ushbu guruhlarning ba'zilari dunyo bo'ylab turli xil maktablar va universitetlarga asos solganlar, ularning ba'zilari hali ham obro'li va yuqori sifatli ta'lim berish bilan mashhur. Ushbu maktablar va universitetlar ko'pincha o'z shaharchalarida ta'sirchan tarixiy binolarga ega bo'lib, ularni ba'zan sayyohlar tashrif buyurishi mumkin, ammo buning uchun sizga ekskursiya qilish uchun sayohatga qo'shilish talab qilinishi mumkin.
- Avgustinliklar (Aziz Avgustin ordeni). 1244 yilda Avliyo Avgustin qoidasiga rioya qilgan holda bir necha zohidlar guruhini birlashtirish orqali tashkil etilgan Toskana viloyati Italiya. Ushbu qoidalar 5-asrda Gippo avliyo Avgustin tomonidan yozilgan bo'lib, iffat, qashshoqlik, itoatkorlik, xayriya va dunyodan ajralish va boshqalarni ta'kidlagan. Avgustinliklar o'tgan yillar davomida ta'limni targ'ib qilishda juda faol bo'lib, dunyo bo'ylab ko'plab maktablarga asos solishgan. Ular, ehtimol, rohib Gregor Mendel bilan eng mashhur bo'lgan Sent-Tomas abbatligi yilda Brno, Chex Respublikasiva no'xat bo'yicha tajribalari zamonaviy genetikaning asosini tashkil etdi. Ularning ona cherkovi Aziz Avgustin bazilikasi yilda Rim, Italiya.
- Benediktinlar (Aziz Benedikt ordeni). Sankt-Benedikt Nursia tomonidan tashkil etilgan monastir buyrug'i Sankt-Scholastica ibodatxonasi yilda SubiakoMilodiy 529 yilda Italiya. Qora kiyinish amaliyoti tufayli ularni ko'pincha "qora rohiblar" deb atashadi va qat'iy jamoat jadvaliga rioya qilishlari kutilmoqda. Ular, shuningdek, taraqqiyot va targ'ibotda muhim rol o'ynaganligi bilan mashhur kurortlar. Ularning ona cherkovi Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino yilda Rim, Italiya.
- Dominikaliklar (Voizlarning tartibi). Kaleruega avliyo Dominik tomonidan 1216 yilda, dastlab rohibalar buyrug'i sifatida tashkil etilgan Not-Dame-de-Prouil monastiri Prouille shahrida (tashqarida Tuluza), Frantsiya Katarlarga qarshi harakat sifatida (quyida qarama-qarshiliklar haqida aytib o'tilgan). Dominikaliklar tejamkor turmush tarzida yashaydilar va ta'lim va xayriya ishlariga katta ahamiyat berishadi. Ularning ona cherkovi Aziz Sabina bazilikasi Rimda, Italiyada.
- Frantsiskanlar (Kichik friarlarning buyrug'i). 1209 yilda Assisi avliyo Frensis tomonidan tejamkorlik bilan yashashga urg'u berib asos solingan. Uning ona cherkovi Porziuncola yilda Assisi, Italiya, uning asoschisi juda ta'sirli San-Franchesko d'Assisi bazilikasi o'sha shaharda. Bunga tegishli buyruq - bu Sankt-Klar ordeni, shuningdek, "Kambag'al Klar" deb nomlanuvchi, Aziz Frensisning izdoshlaridan biri bo'lgan Assisi shahridagi Klar tomonidan tashkil etilgan rohibalar buyrug'i. Sankt-Klar Santa Chiara bazilikasi Assisida.
- Ieronimitlar (Sankt-Jerom ordeni). Yilda tashkil etilgan bir tartibli buyurtma Toledo, Ispaniya 14-asrning oxirida 5-asrning Injil olimi Avliyo Jeromning hayotini taqlid qilish maqsadida. Uning bosh qarorgohi bugun Santa-Mariya del Parral monastiri yilda Segoviya, Ispaniya. Yana bir mashhur Hieronymite monastiri bu Jeronimos monastiri yilda Lissabon, Portugaliya, unda pastel de nata (Portugaliyalik kraxmalli tort) uning rohiblari tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va bu qandolat mahsulotlarini sotadigan eng mashhur nonvoyxona bu yaqin atrofdagi Pastéis de Belém.
- Iezuitlar (Isoning jamiyati). Loyolalik Avliyo Ignatius va yana oltita hamrohi, shu jumladan mashhurlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan xayriya ishlari bilan mashhur buyruq Avliyo Frensis Xaver, ning shifrida Sen-Pyer-de-Montmartr yilda Parij, Frantsiya 1540 yilda. Iezuitlar o'zlarining xayriya ishlarining bir qismi sifatida dunyo bo'ylab ko'plab maktablarga asos solishgan va ko'pgina tarixlarida kambag'allarga ta'lim berishda katta rol o'ynaganlar. Bugungi kunda ularning ona cherkovi Geso cherkovi yilda Rim, Italiya, unda Sankt-Ignatius o'rnatilgan. Yana bir muhim cherkov bu Bom Iso bazilikasi yilda Goa, Hindiston, unda Sankt-Frensis Xavier o'rnatilgan.
Katarlar
XII asrdan boshlab "Albigensiya bid'ati" nomi bilan ham tanilgan katarlar ko'plab tarafdorlarni topdilar, ayniqsa. Languedoc hozir Frantsiyaning janubida joylashgan; kafedrasi Aude o'zini bugun "Katar mamlakati" deb ataydi. Shimoliy Italiyada ham ba'zi katarlar bo'lgan. Katolik cherkovi katarlarni tahdid deb hisoblagan va Frantsiya qiroli cherkovni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, ehtimol bu asosan Ledgedokni o'z sohasiga qo'shish uchun bahona bo'lgan. Ular buyurdilar Albigens salib yurishi katarlarga qarshi va o'n minglab odamlarni o'ldirdi.
- Albi. Ushbu kichik shahar Tarnning poytaxti hisoblanadi. Salib yurishi uning nomi bilan atalgan, ehtimol bu Katar episkopining o'rni edi.
- Bézierlar. Ushbu shahar 1209 yilda, salib yurishining boshida olingan va aholining ko'p qismi qirg'in qilingan. Ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, mas'ul Papa Legeytdan katarlarni (o'ldirilishi kerak) katoliklardan qanday ajratish kerakligini so'rashganda (u bo'lmasligi kerak) u "Hammasini o'ldiring; Xudo O'zini biladi" deb javob bergan.
- Karkasson. Bu shahar Bézierdan ko'p o'tmay taslim bo'ldi; ko'pgina katarlarni shahardan haydashgan, ba'zi bir akkauntlar yalang'och, boshqalari esa "o'z smenalarida va oyoq kiyimlarida". Keyinchalik Katarlar shaharni qaytarib olishdi va salibchilar uni qayta egallashdi.
O'rta asrlar shaharining aksariyati, shu jumladan shahar devori hamon saqlanib kelmoqda va bugungi kunda u mashhur sayyohlik maskani hisoblanadi. - Tuluza. Ushbu shahar mintaqaning poytaxti va Katarisim markazi edi. Salib yurishi paytida u bir necha marta qo'llarini almashtirgan.
Bugungi kunda Tuluza - Frantsiyaning to'rtinchi yirik shahri va asosiy sayyohlik maskani. - Katarizm muzeyi. Ushbu muzey Mazametda joylashgan bo'lib, u erda ba'zi katarlar kafedrada tog'larda joylashgan Tarn.
Cherkov katarlarni yo'q qilishga yordam berish uchun dastlab Tuluzada yana ikkita muassasani yaratdi.
The Dominikan ordeni Xushxabarni tarqatish va bid'atchilikka qarshi kurashish uchun yuborilgan voizlar. Katarlar singari - va Katarlar haqoratlagan buzuq cherkovlardan farqli o'laroq, ular oddiygina yashar edilar va ko'pincha kambag'allarga va'z qilardilar.
- 1 Not-Dame-de-Prouil monastiri. Sankt-Dominikka Tuluza yaqinidagi Prouil qishlog'idan yer berildi. Birinchi bino, orqaga qaytgan Katar ayollari uchun turar joy edi; tez orada Dominikan rohibalari uchun monastirga aylandi. Keyinchalik rohiblar uchun monastir ham bo'lgan. Frantsuz inqilobi paytida ikkalasi ham vayron qilingan, ammo ular qayta qurilgan va ikkalasi ham bugungi kunda ishlatilmoqda.
The Inkvizitsiya bid'atni yo'q qilish uchun yaratilgan, xususan qolgan Katarlar. Qolgan katarlarni yo'q qilish uchun taxminan 100 yil vaqt ketdi. 1492 yildagi Murlardan Ispaniyaning Rekonkistasidan keyin yahudiylar va musulmonlarga qarshi, jodugarlar va keyinchalik protestantlarga qarshi tergovlar - XIX asrga qadar davom etdi.
Protestantlar
G'arbiy nasroniylik davrida juda buzilgan edi Protestant islohoti Rim-katolik cherkovidan bir necha guruh ajralib chiqqanida. Katarlarda bo'lgani kabi, katolik cherkovidagi korruptsiya ham asosiy muammo edi. Bugungi kunda o'nlab protestant mazhablari mavjud bo'lib, ularning aksariyati o'zlarining ta'limotlarini XVI asrning buyuk islohotchilaridan biri yoki ikkalasi, nemis Martin Lyuter va frantsuz Jon Kalvin bilan bog'lashlari mumkin.
Katolik yoki pravoslav cherkovlari bilan ko'plab protestant cherkovlari o'rtasidagi muhim farq shundaki, pravoslav nasroniylar va katoliklar Iso, Bibi Maryam va avliyolarning ikonalarini hurmat qilishganda, ko'plab protestant cherkovlari ikonoklastik (ikonalardan foydalanishni rad etish va ba'zi hollarda o'tmishda, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri) Masihning jasadini ko'rsatadigan xochga emas, balki naqshinkor bo'lmagan va oddiygina ramziy xochga ega oddiy cherkovlar bilan. Belgilarni ma'lum darajada ishlatadigan va ba'zan me'moriy bezaklarni bezovta qiladigan protestant cherkovlariga anglikan va lyuteran cherkovlari kiradi, ammo anglikan cherkovi ikonoklastik davrni boshdan kechirgan, bu davrda ular ingliz katolik haykallari va rasmlarining aksariyatini yo'q qilishgan.
Gussitlar
Rim-katolik Evropasida birinchi muvaffaqiyatli bo'linish ilohiyotchi boshchiligidagi nizo edi Jan Xus (1369–1415), rector of University of Praga. The reasons for the split were complicated but Hus is generally described as motivated by a desire to reform and renew the Catholic Church. He was burnt at the stake in Konstanz for alleged heresy (the location is now marked with a monument), triggering a rebellion in Bohemia that succeeded in repulsing five Roman Catholic Crusades. The Hussite Church still exists, although the present-day population of the Czech Republic is majority Roman Catholic (though largely secular). A Hussite rebellion against their Catholic Habsburg overlords was also one of the things that led to a war breaking out in 1618 that involved most of Europe and lasted until 1648 — a very destructive conflict known as the Thirty Years' War.
Today the Moravian Church is the main religious movement claiming Hussite ancestry and Moravian churches can be found throughout the Caribbean with their lamb imagery and the words "our lamb has conquered; let us follow him" (Latin: Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur) very recognizable in places like Bluefields, Nikaragua. The German name of the Moravian church is Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine (sic!) after their center in the Saxon town of Herrnhut.
Lutherans
Martin Luther (1483–1546) was the first of the great leaders of the Protestant Reformation. As with the Cathars and Hussites, a major issue was corruption in the Catholic Church; in particular Luther objected to the sale of indulgences, putting a price on forgiveness of sin.
There were also disagreements regarding the interpretation of scripture, such as whether only faith in Jesus Christ is needed for a place in Heaven after death (Luther) or good works are also required (Catholicism) and whether it is necessary to obey the Pope and Catholic Church hierarchy or more important for each Christian to read and understand the Bible individually. Luther translated the Bible into German to let more people read it, and his translation is still used.
Luther's followers were known as the Lutherans, and many modern Protestant denominations can trace their roots to this movement. Luther was a well-known and beloved lutenist and composer who appreciated artistic beauty and decoration, and Lutheranism is not an iconoclastic sect, so while Lutheran churches may not be as ornately adorned as Catholic ones, there are often decorations on and in the buildings.
Calvinists
Subsequently, John Calvin (1509–1564) led a truly iconoclastic and severe branch of the Reformation that inspired the Dutch Reformed Church, the French Protestants (Huguenots), English Puritans, the Congregationalists, and the Presbyterians. Calvinist churches are generally quite plain, emphasizing symmetry and clarity of form and eschewing all but the simplest ornaments.
While the French Huguenots began as a powerful group, they were defeated after decades of on-and-off wars, and many of them were faced with an ultimatum: Convert, die or emigrate. Many chose the latter and many German princes, especially the House of Hohenzollern that ruled Brandenburg and parts of Franconia accepted the refugees and even built entire neighborhoods for them, which is still very evident in cities like Erlangen. Others found refuge throughout Protestant-majority parts of Europe and some even went as far as the Americas (for example, a neighborhood of Staten Island, New York is named Huguenot) and Franschhoek ("French Corner") in South Africa. Some went to Brazil to found a "France Antarctique" colony in Rio-de-Janeyro, Some were able to stay in France and represent a significant minority in parts of Provence Bugun. The French state has since apologized and officially extended an invitation towards all descendants of Huguenot refugees to return to France, similar to what Spain and Portugal did for the descendants of expelled Sephardic Jews.
Many of the early colonies in what is now the United States, especially in Yangi Angliya, were founded by Puritans (English Calvinists) fleeing persecution in Britain. Qarang Early_United_States_history#Timeline for some of the details.
Evangelical Christianity
Evangelical Christianity is a fundamentalist Protestant movement, most prominent in the United States, that emphasizes strict Biblical literalism, aggressive proselytizing and the centrality of the "born-again" religious conversion experience. It is hugely influential in American politics, with right-wing politicians often citing the Bible in order to justify their policy positions. Since the advent of television in the mid 20th century, televangelism has become a big money industry in the United States with numerous celebrity pastors, and a large number of Evangelical television channels and radio stations to serve its large Christian population.
Depending on which church you go to, some theological concepts you may encounter in an Evangelical church include the prosperity gospel, which teaches that financial wealth is God's reward for one's devotion and financial contributions to the church, and faith healing, in which medical interventions are eschewed in favor of prayer. Many Evangelical churches also practice speaking in tongues during their services, which often sounds like gibberish to outside observers, but is said by believers to be a secret language that only God can understand. Many Evangelical churches also belong to the charismatic movement, with congregation sizes numbering in the thousands, and services that resemble rock and pop concerts, thus leading a popular resurgence of Christianity among many youths.
Evangelical Christians also believe that it is their sacred duty to bring about the apocalypse by fulfilling the prophecies in the book of Revelation, and since an ingathering of Jewish exiles into the Land of Israel and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem are among the central prophecies, many Evangelicals are among the world's staunchest Zionists.
This form of Christianity has been very successfully exported to much of Lotin Amerika, Karib dengizi and sub-Saharan Afrika, as well as numerous parts of Asia such as Janubiy Koreya, Gonkong va Singapur, and is also quite influential in other English-speaking countries like the Birlashgan Qirollik, Kanada va Avstraliya, particularly among immigrant communities. The influence of American-inspired Evangelical megachurches is particularly evident in historically Buddhist South Korea, which boasts 11 of the world's 12 largest Christian congregations, and sends more Evangelical Christian missionaries abroad than any other country except the United States.
The main non-Anglophone European Evangelical Lutheran churches are very different from these movements.
Church of England
The Anglican Church (known in the U.S. as the Episcopal Church to avoid references to the British monarchy) was formed when the Church of England split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, due to King Henry VIII wanting to get a divorce, which is not allowed under Roman Catholic doctrine.
Although considered by many to be a Protestant denomination, it does not share the same Lutheran or Calvinist origins as other Protestant churches, and is in many ways closer to the Catholic and Orthodox churches than to other Protestant churches in doctrine and structure. It is therefore considered by some people to be a completely separate branch from Protestantism. The Anglican Church, like the Catholic, Orthodox and to some extent Lutheran churches, uses icons, and many of its rites continue to be similar to Catholic and Orthodox rites.
There is a large range of variation between Anglican congregations; some are "high church", quite close to Catholic in style, while others are "low church", almost Calvinist. This variation is tolerated, sometimes even encouraged, by the church hierarchy.
The head of this Church is nominally the British monarch, but the Archbishop of Canterbury is the leading churchman.
New American churches
The United States is mostly Protestant, including many Evangelicals, with substantial contingents of Roman Catholics and Episcopalians (known as Anglicans elsewhere), and some Orthodox Christians.
It has also been a breeding ground for new Christian movements whose teachings deviate significantly from mainstream Christianity. Some, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh Day Adventists and Mormons, remain popular to this day. Others, such as the Shakers, have virtually died out and some, such as the Christian Scientists, have been greatly reduced in size. Some of these churches add a third testament — a post-New Testament holy book — and are therefore sometimes considered post-Christian or non-Christian by others.
- Mormons (LDS Church). The Mormons or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that Jesus incarnated in North America and preached to the Indians after he was done in Palestine. They have a third testament, the Book of Mormon, and are non-trinitarian. You can often see a statue of a person blowing a trumpet on top of the highest spire of Mormon temples, which is meant to represent the angel Moroni, who is said to have guarded the golden plates that were the source material for the Book of Mormon before presenting it to their founder, Joseph Smith. They are forbidden from consuming alcohol, coffee or tea.
- Seventh-day Adventists. This group believe the Apocalypse, and the Advent or Second Coming of Jesus, will come soon. Much of their doctrine is similar to that of the Evangelicals or other Protestants. However, unlike most Christians, their sabbath is Saturday (the 7th day, the same day as the Jewish Sabbath) and they follow a version of the Jewish kashrut dietary laws. They are also strongly pacifist, and forbidden from carrying weapons.
- Jehovah's Witnesses. This is a non-trinitarian sect who believe the apocalypse is coming soon. They evangelize a lot, often handing out literature on the street or going door-to-door. They do not accept blood transfusions, as they consider this to be in violation of the Biblical prohibition against drinking blood. They also do not vote, work for the government, sing national anthems or salute national flags, as they believe that their allegiance should lie with God and God alone.
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Possibly the strangest offshoot of Christianity was the Taiping movement in 19th-century China. Their founder Hong Xiuquan claimed to be Jesus' younger brother and to regularly visit Heaven for chats with the family.
Their rebellion against the Tsing sulolasi was the bloodiest civil war in history, killing far more than the American Civil War which was fought at about the same time with better weapons. They controlled about a third of China for over a decade. There is a good museum in Nanjing, which was their capital. The rebellion was eventually crushed by the Qing Dynasty, which then proceeded to assist the Cantonese people in a genocide of the Hakka people in the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars, due to the fact that Hong Xiuquan was a Hakka. This would in turn lead to a mass emigration of Hakka people overseas, in particular to Hindiston va Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo.
Belgilangan joylar
- Shuningdek qarang: Christmas and New Year travel, Easter travel, Churches in Ethiopia
Holy Land
The Holy Land today is divided between Isroil, Iordaniya va Palestinian territories.
- 1 Jerusalem, Israel. Site of Jesus' crucifixion and also a holy city for Yahudiylik va Islom.
- 2 Bethlehem, West Bank. The birthplace of Jesus according to the New Testament
- 3 Nosira, Israel. The hometown of Jesus' family, and believed by many historians to be his actual historical birthplace. Today one of the centers of the Arab Christian minority in Israel, that - unlike many other Christian minorities in the Middle East - continues to grow and thrive.
- 4 Al-Maghtas, Iordaniya. The site where Jesus was said to have been baptised by John the Baptist.
Wikivoyage has links to some of the most important places of Jesus' life at Christian Holy Land and an itinerary for visiting many of them at The Jesus Trail.
Headquarters
Some places are of interest because they are the main centers of various Christian groups:
- 5 Vatikan shahri. An independent state within Rome, center of the Catholic Church and home to St Peter's Basilica va Sistine Chapel; Rim outside the Vatican is also full of churches, including San Giovanni in Laterano, the Pope's cathedral in his role as Bishop of Rome.
- 6 Avignon A series of Popes ruled here 1309–1376, and 1378–1417 there were two men claiming to be Pope, one in Rome and another in Avignon. All of the Avignon Popes were Frenchmen and under the influence of the French kings.
- Today Avignon is a popular tourist destination with many medieval buildings. The imposing Palais des Papes and the nearby cathedral are among the main sights. Lardan biri wines of the Rhone Valley (the region around Avignon) is Chateau Neuf du Pape, which translates to "the Pope's new house". This is definitely worth trying if you like wine and are in the area.
- 7 Istanbul, Turkey. Formerly Constantinople and home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, with his church being the Church of St George ichida Fener tuman.
- 8 Moskva, Russia. The Danilov Monastery, on the right bank of the Moskva River, is the spiritual and administrative center of the Russian Orthodox church.
- 9 Qohira, Egypt. Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Abbassia is the current seat of the Coptic Pope, the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, and the symbolic spiritual leader of the Oriental Orthodox communion. The Church and Monastery of St. George ichida Coptic Cairo neighbourhood is the current seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.
- 10 Iskandariya, Egypt. Home to Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, the historical seat of the Coptic Pope.
- 11 Erbil, Iraq. Uyga Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, the seat of the Catholicos-Patriarch, the leader of the Assyrian Church of the East.
- 12 Canterbury, United Kingdom. Uyga Canterbury Cathedral, the church of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is the spiritual leader of the Anglican Church.
- 13 Solt Leyk-Siti, Yuta, United States. Center of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) movement. Mormons are Nontrinitarians (do not believe in The Holy Trinity) and have added Book of Mormon as an additional Testament. Notable Mormon sites include the Salt Lake City temple at Temple Square, as well as the Salt Lake City Tabernacle, the home of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Non-Mormons are not permitted to enter the temples, and even Mormons may have to prove that they are members in good standing before entering. However, travellers are welcome to look around the outside.
- 14 Kumush buloq, Merilend, United States. Home to the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, the headquarters of the Seventh-day Adventist church.
Pilgrimages
There are various places of pilgrimage around the world that Christians traditionally visit. The age-old way to perform a pilgrimage was on foot or on the back of a horse or donkey. Among the traditional pilgrimages, the following are probably the most famous to do in the traditional way:
- The pilgrimage on foot to 15 Fátima, Portugal, yilda Portugaliya, ending at the Chapel of the Apparitions. This commemorates the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary reported by three little shepherds – Lúcia, Francisco and Jacinta – in 1917.
- The Way of Saint James, ending at the splendid Cathedral of Santyago de Kompostela, has been an important Catholic pilgrimage route since the Middle Ages.
- 16 Lourdes, France. The world's best-known center of Marian pilgrimage
- The walk along the Via Dolorosa, the street in Jerusalem on which Jesus is said to have carried his cross, ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
- Saint Olaf's Way to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, where St. Olaf is buried
- The Jesus Trail is a 65-km (40 mile) walk through Galilee that visits many places where Jesus also walked.
However, there are many other places of pilgrimage, and most of them are usually no longer approached by taking a long trek. For example, most long-distance travellers to The Vatican arrive by plane to Rome's Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport.
Several lesser known places also venerate the apparition of Mary or the supposed remains of some saint, especially in Orthodox and Catholic countries. As Melanchton, a 16th century ally of Martin Luther famously quipped "Fourteen of our twelve apostles are buried in Germany". Oftentimes those religious sites and objects have been a major draw for travelers for centuries and thus (former) "tourism infrastructure" may be an attraction all by itself.
Other sites
- 17 Antakya, 18 Tarsus, 19 Ephesus va 20 Alexandria Troas (close to Geyikli-Dalyan) in Turkey, 21 Afina, 22 Korinf, 23 Thessaloniki va 24 Samothrace yilda Gretsiya, 25 Caesarea in Israel, where St. Paul is supposed to have preached
- Seven Churches of Asia, Turkey, are seven major early Christian communities mentioned in the New Testament.
- 26 Cappadocia, Turkey. A refuge for the early Christians where they escaped persecution in numerous underground cities and colorful churches dug into the volcanic rocks of the area.
- 27 İznik, Turkey. As ancient Nicaea, the town was the site of the First and the Second Councils of Nicaea (or the First and the Seventh Ecumenical Councils), convened in 325 and 787 respectively, inside the former basilica of Hagia Sophia that still stands at the town square, converted into a mosque.
- 28 Mount Athos, Greece. A peninsula with many Orthodox monasteries, where women are not allowed at all
- 29 Aparecida, Brazil. Home to the sanctuary of Braziliya's patroness, the Holy Virgin Mary of Aparecida
- Several places in Germany are important in the history of Lutheranism: The Wartburg, yaqin Eisenach, where Luther translated the bible into German (one of the first and most notable modern vernacular versions of the bible), Lutherstadt Wittenberg where the 95 Theses were written and where Luther began to preach against the Pope and other, smaller places, mostly in Turingiya.
- Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.), 7 religious buildings in Italy built during the Early Middle Ages and listed by UNESCO as a world heritage site.
- Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region — 16 log churches in Poland and Ukraine, listed by UNESCO as a world heritage site.
Talk
Churches tend to use the language of the country they are located in, though this is by no means true in all cases. There are also many expatriate churches in many places using the language of a community's homeland. The most common English-language Bible is the King James Version that was translated from the original Greek and Hebrew by contemporaries of Shakespeare. However, many Evangelical megachurches use newer translations of the Bible that are written in modern vernacular to make their Bibles more accessible to youths, and many Lutheran churches in addition base the translation on the latest research.
The Roman Catholic church used to employ the Latin language widely, although this has changed since the 1960s so that services are typically given in the language of the community. The Vatican is a place where Latin may still be observed in active use. Latin Masses are still offered in many other places around the world as well, and some people find the experience to be superior to a mass in the vernacular. The Roman Catholic church in the diaspora (in places outside the historical Catholic sphere) may also offer masses in the languages of Catholic migrants.
There is no unifying language among the Eastern Orthodox churches, though the Greek Orthodox Church, the head church of the Eastern Orthodox churches, uses Koine Greek as its main liturgical language. The Slavic-speaking Eastern Orthodox churches, such as the Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian Orthodox churches use Church Slavonic as their liturgical language. In Egypt, Coptic, a language descended from the ancient Egyptian language, is commonly used in the Coptic Orthodox Church within the Oriental Orthodox communion. Egyptian Christians have also attempted to revive the Coptic language as a spoken language outside religious uses with varying degrees of success.
The original languages of the Old Testament are the Jewish holy languages of Biblical Hebrew va Aramaic, while the original language of the New Testament was Koine Greek. Jesus is widely believed by historians to have been a native speaker of Aramaic. The earliest Christians, especially the educated among them, were usually fluent in Greek and the Septuagint, a Greek version of the Old Testament, was more commonly known among early Christians than the Hebrew Torah, which explains some readings of prophecies that make little sense with the Hebrew text in mind, like making a word that in Hebrew means "young woman" into the Greek word for "virgin" in a prophecy interpreted by most Christians to refer to the birth of the messiah.
Some theological disputes are better understood with the intricacies of languages like Ancient Greek or Latin in mind. For example, the phrase "not one iota less" is in part based on a debate whether God-father and Jesus were "homoousios" (of one nature) or "homoiousios" (of a similar nature). As can be seen by this when Greek proficiency in the West and Latin proficiency in the East declined, the churches naturally started drifting apart and ultimately split over disagreements that they may have been able to resolve had the language barrier not stood between them.
Differences
Different Christian groups use different names for activities and events. Masalan, so'z mass is commonly used in Catholicism, Anglicanism and some Protestant churches but practically never used in Evangelical or Orthodox churches, which use the term service va divine liturgy respectively instead. Also, while the term saint in Catholicism, Anglicanism and Orthodoxy refers to only a select group of individuals, in most Protestant churches the term saint refers to any born-again Christian. Also, Evangelical churches do not use the term saint in front of names, so when the Catholic church would say "Saint John" for the apostle, Evangelicals would just say "John".
Qarang
Cherkovlar
Many Christian houses of worship, particularly many Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican ones, are spectacular buildings. On their exteriors, many churches have stone carving, for example in their tympana and niches. In their interiors, many have priceless works of art, in the form of frescoes, framed paintings, sculptures, stained glass windows, mosaics, and woodworking. They may also have relics - the remains of body parts or objects associated with saints or other figures holy to Christians - that inspired the original construction of a cathedral, or famous icons of the Virgin Mary, which are primarily responsible for making the building a place of pilgrimage.
In addition, cathedrals and other large churches may have lovely bell towers or baptisteries with separate entrances that are well worth visiting, and particularly old churches may have a crypt that includes artifacts from previous houses of worship the current building was built on top of, and associated museums that house works of art formerly displayed in the church.
Protestant churches that are largely unadorned for doctrinal reasons can have a kind of serene, simple beauty all their own. In some old churches, what little was left from the Medieval – Roman Catholic – period has been restored.
In some places former mosques have been turned into churches (or vice versa) and more than one church has changed denomination due to the once common principle cuius regio eius religio (Latin that roughly translates as: Who owns the land decides the faith). This sometimes shows in architecture as well as adornments or the lack thereof.
Christian art
Aside from the art you can see in churches, there is much sacred Christian art, especially framed paintings and sculptures, in art museums around the world, and there are also many beautifully decorated books of sacred Christian writing, including complete Bibles, separate Old and New Testaments, sets of Gospel readings for a year of masses, books of prayers with music notation for chanting or polyphonic singing (in which several different vocal lines intertwine in different ways) and books of devotional poetry.
In the Renaissance, Biblical art was the highest of genres in European art. At least up to the Thirty Years War, the Catholic Church was by far the most generous sponsor of artists.
One particularly notable style is that of the illuminated manuscript, in which a book is handwritten in calligraphy along with decorative and informative illustrations. Illuminated manuscripts are generally found in libraries — either public libraries, university libraries or indeed church libraries.
Qil
Visiting a church
In many Christian churches, a man should remove his hat, and in some, a woman is expected to cover her head. Depending on the church and what is going on at the time, voices should be kept down, and mobile phones and similar devices should be set to silent.
In addition to their architectural, historic and cultural values, churches are places for:
- Personal meditation, contemplation and prayer between masses/services
- Worship services, which vary widely in style between different churches
- Confession of sins or/and counseling
- Religious education and spiritual direction
- Various sacraments, such as baptism, confirmation, weddings, and funerals
- Communal activities, such as shared meals or snacks
- Charitable giving and receiving
Many churches run concert series or other performances, some of which are world-famous. Some churches are known for having a great organist, chorus, or solo singers and instrumentalists. Qarang Christian music quyida
Churches generally have pamphlets in plain sight of visitors, describing their spiritual mission, schedule of services, communal and charitable activities, what charitable and maintenance/restoration work needs contributions, who to contact to find out more information about all of the above, and often the history of the building and its artworks.
While most churches belong to a single congregation, which is responsible for all activities, some are shared, perhaps also with worldly authorities involved. In these cases information in one schedule or at one website may not be complete, but activities may be more varied.
The main services are usually held Sunday morning and on special occasions, but there may be morning or evening prayers and services of other kinds. If the church has services in more than one language, perhaps because of immigrant communities, some of these may be later in the day or at other times. There may also be Bible study, communal activities, concerts etc. Some of these activities may be in a community center instead of in the church.
If you are visiting the church to look at the architecture and art, it is better to choose a time when there is no service or other special activity. People may still sit meditating or praying, lighting a candle or otherwise use the church as church. Avoid disturbing them.
Some events may be more or less private even if doors are unlocked. If you want to attend a service – to worship or out of curiosity – going to one that is announced to the public should generally be safe. In touristic places there is sometimes an information desk where you could ask, otherwise you might find a church official with some spare time.
Most churches welcome non-Christians to join their services and ceremonies. When attending, it is appropriate to dress conservatively and show respect; details vary by place. It is a very good idea to learn a bit about the local rules before visiting a place of worship. There is a vast difference between any expected behavior during a service; in some there is a serene atmosphere, where even off-topic whispers are avoided, not to mention taking photographs, eating or checking a mobile phone. The Roman Catholics have an eucharistic fast, not eating for an hour before the communion. On the other hand many churches are more like a modern concert in style, where eating, chatting etc. are welcome. Some even have the eating and drinking as the basis of the service sitting around in a 'Café Style'. Similarly, while some styles of worship involve the congregation quietly listening to a professional choir sing hymns, in others most pieces are sung by all the congregation, and at many churches of people of African heritage in the Americas, the congregation is expected not only to join the choir in singing, but also to clap, even dance. You should avoid leaving the church while the service is in progress unless necessary, again depending on the type and style of service. After some services, most or all of the participants may stay (or walk somewhere) for a cup of coffee or other refreshments, to socialize with the rest of the congregation, and at small churches you may well be personally welcomed and asked about what brought you here.
Services often include communion (Eucharist): to commemorate Jesus saying to his disciples before the matzoh and wine of the Last Supper "This is my body, this is my blood," Christians may drink some wine or grape juice and eat a sanctified wafer. Depending on their denomination, they may consider that these items mysteriously actually become Christ's body and blood or that they symbolize his body and blood. Non-Christians should abstain, although in some churches you can ask to be blessed instead (often by crossing your arms over your chest or by some similar gesture). Whether Christians of other denominations are allowed to take communion differs. Roman Catholic churches only allow Roman Catholics to take communion, while conversely, many Evangelical churches forbid Roman Catholics from taking communion. On the other hand, Anglican churches usually welcome all Christians to take communion regardless of denomination. If you are Christian and planning to attend services abroad, you might check with your priest with what churches at the destination yours "shares communion". Depending on your faith, this, not whether you are allowed by the church in question, may be important. Big groups that share communion among member churches include the Roman Catholic church, most Eastern Orthodox churches, the Oriental Orthodox churches, and most of the Lutheran, Anglican and Episcopalian churches of Europe.
While the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican churches have a wealth of classical music heritage, actual orchestral church services in these denominations are rare in modern times, and much of this music is more commonly performed in a symphonic concert setting rather than the liturgical context they were originally intended for. Should you be lucky enough to attend a liturgical orchestral performance of such music, be aware that unlike at a concert, you should emas applaud the performance unless the priest asks the congregation to give the musicians a round of applause, as applause is otherwise considered to be inappropriate in the context of the solemnity of a church service. Sometimes this practice is at least partly extended to any concerts in the church.
If you are attending because of a ceremony for a friend, such as a wedding, and aren't sure what to expect, ask your host about suitable dress, what the ceremony will be like and whether you will be expected to do anything other than sit quietly.
Christian music
Musiqa has always been a key part of Christian worship, and composers throughout the ages have set many hymns and prayers to music. The earliest surviving form of notated Christian music is the Gregorian chant, actually a set of Frankish chants recorded by scribes at the command of the Frankish King and first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, around the turn of the 9th century, and then blessed by the Pope. There were originally several styles of church chant, all of which are collectively known as plain chant, meaning that only the melody was chanted, without any countermelodies or harmony, but because of the Pope's imprimatur, Gregorian chant gradually supplanted the other styles to become the single official Roman Catholic chant style. Gregorian chant continues to be regularly performed at Masses in the Vatican City and in various monasteries and convents throughout the world.
Gregorian chant later developed into polyphonic chanting during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, though the monophonic chant tradition continued alongside the new styles. Polyphonic treatments of plain chant differ from monophonic Gregorian chants in that different segments of the choir often sing different melodies which are supposed to blend together in harmony (as in the organum of the 12th/13th-century French composer, Perotinus, probably the first man to compose music for performance in the Gotik church of Notre Dame in Parij) or the same or a similar melody, sung in overlapping imitation (typical of Renaissance practice starting no later than the time of the Guillaume Dufay [c. 1397–1474], from a town near Bryussel). Perhaps the most famous Renaissance-era composers of polyphonic chants and other polyphonic church music are Josquin des Prez (c. 1440–1521), a very highly celebrated Burgundian composer who worked for the courts of Milan, Rim (in the Papal Choir) and Ferrara and as Provost of the Collegiate Church of Notre Dame in Condé-sur-l'Escaut, 50 km from Lill, which was then part of Burgundy; and the Italian, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525-1594), who worked for the Pope in various capacities, including as maestro di capella (Music Director) of San Giovanni in Laterano in Rim.
A special effect was attained by Andrea Gabrieli (1532 or 1533 to 1585) and his nephew, Giovanni (mid 1550s–1612): They placed different choirs in separate choir lofts on either side of the second level of the cathedral of San Marco in Venetsiya, in order to produce an impressive stereophonic effect, also called antiphonal. Both Gabrielis also mixed instruments into the choirs; Giovanni composed some purely instrumental antiphonal music as well, including the Sonata Pian'e Forte, the first piece of European music to explicitly call for soft (piano) and loud (forte) playing. The instrumental music was also at least as religious as it was secular, as all of the Gabrielis' antiphonal music for San Marco represented a unity between one chorus that represented the Doge (the temporal ruler) and the other, which represented the Archbishop.
Music with instrumental accompaniment has been a key part of Western Christian traditions since at least the Baroque period. Many famous composers including those of the First Vena school — Joseph Haydn (1732–1809, from the village of Rohrau, Quyi Avstriya), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791, from Zaltsburg), Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827, from Bonn) and Franz Schubert (1797–1828, a native of the Vienna area) — and the aforementioned Dufay, Josquin and Palestrina were Roman Catholic, and set the Ordinary of the Mass to music — the "Ordinary" consisting of a series of prayers typically chanted by a choir (that is, not just by the priest) during Mass. These days, their settings of the Mass are more frequently performed as concert pieces than as part of the liturgy, but there are exceptions among both Roman Catholic and what are called "High Church Anglican" churches. A special type of Mass that is typically performed at funerals and memorial services is the Requiem Mass, the most famous settings of which were composed by Mozart, Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901, a famous opera composer who was born in Le Roncole, Province of Parma and wrote mostly for La Fenice in Venetsiya) and Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924, from Pamiers, a small town in Ariège Department, who had a long career in Paris).
In addition to the Mass, other Christian religious genres of work include the Vespers, Psalms, motets, sacred cantatas, oratorios and passions. The best known setting of the Vespers is probably that by the Mannerist (late Renaissance/early Baroque) composer Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643, from Cremona, who worked at the Gonzaga court in Mantua and then as Music Director of San Marco in Venetsiya). Perhaps the most famous composer of the sacred cantata is Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750, from Eisenach, who worked for the Ducal court of Veymar, then for the Prince of Anhalt-Cöthen, and then as Music Director of the Thomasschule in Leypsig), a Lutheran whose sacred cantatas include Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben (featuring a famous movement known as "Jesus bleibet meine Freude"), and is also well known for his huge repertoire of liturgical works including Passions that retell the last days of Christ according to the Gospel accounts of St. Matthew and St. John. An example of a well-known motet is Mozart's Exsultate, jubilate, though these days it is very rarely performed in liturgy, but instead often serves as a concert showpiece for the world's leading operatic sopranos.
Another important form of Christian music is the oratorio. Oratorios are in essence similar to operas in structure, the main differences being that oratorios are usually on a sacred subject in contrast to the usually secular subject of operas, and that oratorios are rarely staged, whereas operas usually are. Many musicologists believe the word oratorio dates back to the time when Giacomo Carissimi (1605–1674) composed sacred music in a style very similar to the then new operatic style of Monteverdi, et al., for sacred concerts he directed at the Oratorio del Santissimo Crocifisso yilda Rim. Oratorios are typically composed to educate the public about stories in the Bible. The most famous oratorios include Messiah (which features the famed "Hallelujah Chorus") and Solomon (which features a famous instrumental passage known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba") by Georg Friedrich Händel (1685–1759, who was born in Halle and attained great fame as Court Composer in London); Haydn's Die Schöpfung ("The Creation"); Juditha Triumphans by the Venetian, Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741); Elijah by Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847, from Gamburg); L'enfance du Christ by Hector Berlioz (1803–1869, from La Côte-Saint-André, Isère) and Bach's Christmas Oratorio va Easter Oratorio.
A form of music unique to the Anglican tradition is the anthem, the most famous composers of which are Henry Purcell (1659–1695, from London) and Handel. A famous example of an Anglican anthem is Handel's Zadok the Priest, which was originally composed for the coronation service of King George II in Westminster Abbey, and continues to be performed at British coronation services to this day. It has also served in a secular context as the inspiration for the anthem of the UEFA Champions' League, the world's most prestigious tournament in club football (soccer).
In Eastern Christian traditions, religious music is required to be sung a capella (ya'ni cholg'u asbobisiz). Ehtimol, ilohiy liturgiya o'rnatilishining eng mashhur misollaridan biri bu Sent-Xrizostomning liturgiyasi tomonidan Ruscha Romantik, Pyotr Ilyich Chaykovskiy (1840–1893). Rossiyada va shuningdek, muqaddas xor qo'shiqlarining juda chiroyli an'analari mavjud Gruziya.
Qo'shma Shtatlarda, shuningdek, afro-amerikalik cherkov musiqasining taniqli repertuari mavjud, masalan, ruhiy va Xushxabar Evropa va Afrika an'analarini birlashtirgan qo'shiq. Xushxabar xizmatlari, shuningdek, o'ziga xos tarzda "Omin", "Halleluya" va boshqa jamoat a'zolarining vazirning so'zlariga javoban sharhlari bilan panktut qilingan va'z paytida vazir tomonidan targ'ib qilinadigan qo'shiq targ'ibot uslubini va jamoat xizmatning maqtov va ibodat bosqichida qo'shiq va raqsga tushadi. Afrikalik-amerikalik cherkovlarning hammasi ham bunday xizmatni bajarmaydilar, bu ayniqsa Baptist va Pentakostal cherkovlari bilan bog'liq; aksincha, asosan oq va osiyolik cherkovlarning bir nechtasi afroamerikalik cherkovlarga o'xshab xizmat qiladigan Xushxabar xizmatlariga ega. Ushbu musiqa uslubi Afrikaning ayrim qismlariga ham tarqaldi, bu ko'pincha musiqaning asl afro-amerikalik versiyalariga qaraganda ko'proq afrikalik elementlarni o'z ichiga oladi va bunday musiqani ijro etuvchi guruhning taniqli namunalaridan biri Janubiy Afrika"s Soweto Xushxabar xori. Karib dengizi va Braziliyadagi ko'plab cherkovlarda ham Afrika ta'sirida kuylash va raqsga tushadigan xizmatlar mavjud.
Ko'pgina Evangelist megajurlar o'zlarining musiqalarini, odatda juda zamonaviy uslublarda yaratadilar va xizmatlar, chunki bu cherkovlar odatda an'anaviy cherkov xizmatlaridan ko'ra rok va pop konsertlariga o'xshaydi, ammo musiqa mavzusi dunyoviy emas, balki muqaddasdir. Musiqasi dunyo bo'ylab xarizmatik cherkovlar orasida yaxshi tanilgan cherkovdir Hillsong cherkovi yilda Sidney, ularning musiqalari butun dunyo bo'ylab xarizmatik cherkovlarda muntazam ravishda ijro etilishi bilan. Zamonaviy musiqiy uslublardan foydalanganligi sababli, Evangelist mega cherkovlari ko'plab mamlakatlarda yoshlar orasida eng ommabop cherkovlar bo'lib, boshqa cherkovlarga qaraganda ko'proq yoshlarni xristian diniga jalb qilishgan. Uning evangelistlar sonining ko'pligi, Qo'shma Shtatlar rivojlangan xristian pop musiqa sanoatining uyi ekanligini, radiostansiyalar, jadvallar va yozuvlar kompaniyalari maxsus xristian pop musiqasiga bag'ishlanganligini anglatadi.
"Xristian" ta'rifiga qarab, Mormon tabernacle xori AQSh xristian musiqasida ham mashhur ism. Ular, ehtimol, fuqarolik urushi davrida qullikka qarshi radikal Jon Braun haqidagi qo'shiqning yangi so'zlari sifatida paydo bo'lgan diniy / vatanparvarlik "Respublikaning jangovar madhiyasi" ni ijro etishi bilan eng mashhurdir. Mormon versiyasi taniqli bo'limda birinchi bo'lib "o'lish" o'rnini "jonli" bilan almashtirgan.
Organ
Pianino tez-tez xizmatlarda, ayniqsa afro-amerikalik cherkovlarda ishlatiladi, lekin bu cherkov va cherkov musiqasi bilan uzoq tarixiy aloqaga ega bo'lgan barcha narsalardan ustundir. Organning ajdodi gidravlika dunyoviy asbob sifatida ishlatilgan Rim G'arbiy Evropada vafot etdi, ellinistik "Sharq" da mavjud bo'lib, rivojlanib boraverdi. Biroq, bir necha yuz yillik tanaffusdan so'ng, Frantslar qiroli va Buyuk Karlning otasi Pepin (taxminan 714–768) Vizantiya imperatori Konstantin V tomonidan sovg'a qilinganida, gidravlikalar G'arbiy Evropaga qayta kiritildi. Ushbu davrdan beri gidravlika va undan keyin organ cherkovlarda keng qo'llanilgan. Hatto bu so'z degan nazariya mavjud organum, 9-asrdan kech bo'lmagan davrda nota polifoniyasining oddiy shakli sifatida mavjud bo'lgan janr, so'ngra XII asrda bitta ovoz oddiy ashula chiqaradigan, bir yoki bir nechta balandroq ovoz tezroq qarshi nuqtalarni kuylaydigan ovozga aylangan. bu ohang uchun uzoq notalarni ushlab turish uchun ishlatiladigan organga qarzdor bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu noaniq.
Shubhasizki, juda ko'p sonli cherkovlar ta'sirchan va chiroyli organlarga ega bo'lib, ularning tashqi ko'rinishi va ovozi mehmonlar va jamoat a'zolari uchun katta qiziqish uyg'otadi. Ko'pgina cherkovlarda odatdagi organistlar va / yoki boshqa organistlar o'z organlarida retsitallar qilishadi.
Gulangyu Xitoyning Syamen shahridagi oroldir YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati, asosan 1840-1930-yillarda Evropa istilosi davridagi nozik me'morchilik uchun. Unda pianino muzeyi ham, organlar muzeyi ham bor.
Sotib oling
Ba'zi cherkovlarda mehmonlar sham va bukletlarni to'lashlari yoki cherkovga yoki uning turli xil missiyalari va xayriya tashkilotlariga berishlari mumkin bo'lgan pul qutisiga ega. Boshqalarida kafe yoki sovg'alar do'konlari mavjud. Ba'zilar sizni muntazam ravishda qatnashmasangiz, pul berishingizni xohlamaydilar, chunki ularning ma'naviy vazifasi barcha kelganlarni kutib olishdir, ammo bu kamdan-kam hollarda cherkov bo'lib, samimiy xayr-ehsonni qabul qilmaydi.
Ko'pgina protestant cherkovlari o'z a'zolaridan cherkovga oylik daromadlarining 10 foizini to'lashni talab qiladi. Bu a sifatida tanilgan ushr. Bundan tashqari, cherkovlar ibodat qiluvchilarning ixtiyoriy va o'ndan bir qismi bo'lgan pul mablag'larini ham yig'ishadi. Bu an qurbonlik. Ba'zi joylarda (masalan, Germaniya yoki Avstriya) ushr davlat tomonidan cherkovlar nomidan yig'iladi, ya'ni ish beruvchidan sizning diningizni so'rash odatiy holdir (va juda qonuniy).
Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan diniy musiqa, ko'pincha diniy san'at asarlari (nusxalari) kabi sotib olinishi mumkin. O'tmishda, shuningdek, (haqiqiy yoki soxta) relikviya va indulentsiyalarning jonli savdosi bo'lgan - aslida shu qadar jonli bo'lib, u Protestant islohoti - ammo aksariyat asosiy mazhablar ushbu bozorni tark etishdi.
Barcha mehmonlarni kutib olish, ular ham bepul bo'lishlari uchun kontsertlarga cho'zilishi mumkin. Siz tez-tez yozuv yoki dastur varag'ini sotib olish orqali minnatdorchiligingizni ko'rsatishingiz mumkin va ba'zida buni kutishingiz mumkin.
Yemoq
Rim katoliklari, 1983 yilgi Kanon qonuniga binoan, go'shtdan voz kechishadi ("baliq"tarixiy jihatdan qunduzlardan tortib to toshbaqalarga qadar har qanday narsani o'z ichiga olishi mumkin), juma kuni, agar ular tantanali marosimlar bo'lmasa, musulmonga teng keladigan narsa yo'q. halol yoki yahudiy kashrut asosiy nasroniylikda.
Rim-katolik cherkovi 1983 yildan beri Ro'za tutish paytida (40 kun) o'zini tutishdan bosh tortdi, bu ozgina retseptlar bilan shaxsiy tanlovdir. Ro'za tutish (parhezdan voz kechish) Ash chorshanba va Yaxshi juma kunlari farzdir, ya'ni kuniga bir marta ovqatlanish (qattiq oziq-ovqat, ichimliklar cheklanmasligi) yoki ikkita kichik ovqatlanish, agar ular qo'shilsa, ularning miqdori asosiy ovqatdan oshmaydi. Shaxsiy katolik Ro'za davrida o'zini tutish usulini tanlashi mumkin, bu parhezdan voz kechishni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Bolalar, kasallar, nafaqaxo'rlar va homilador ayollar Ro'za tutishlari kutilmaydi.
Xristianlikning ko'plab yangi amerikalik filiallari, ba'zi an'anaviy xristian konfessiyalari tomonidan ta'qib qilinmaydigan parhez qonunlariga ega. Masalan, ba'zi evangelist megapurushlar, shuningdek, ettinchi kun adventistlari va mormonlar spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilishni taqiqlashadi. Ettinchi kun adventistlari, shuningdek, vegan bo'lishga da'vat etiladi va cho'chqa go'shtini iste'mol qilish mutlaqo taqiqlanadi. Yahova Shohidlariga qon va qon mahsulotlarini iste'mol qilish taqiqlanadi (qon quyish kiradi), shuning uchun iste'mol qilinadigan har qanday go'shtni qondan to'kib tashlash kerak.
Ba'zi konfessiyalar katolik, pravoslav yoki anglikan massalarida iste'mol qilingan ramziy ma'noga ega bo'lgan Xostdan ko'ra haqiqiy ovqatga o'xshash masalada birlashishni nishonlaydilar. Xristian xayriya tashkilotlari va missionerlari, shuningdek, muhtojlarni oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlashda butun dunyo bo'ylab faol (deyarli).
Ichish
Ba'zi cherkovlar sharobni taklif qilishadi (bilan spirtli ichimliklar) umumiy xizmatning bir qismi sifatida. Boshqalar alkogolsiz uzum sharbati kabi almashtirishni taklif qilishadi. Uzum sharbati va sharob o'rtasidagi farq Isoning asrlar o'tishi bilan o'tmishdagi farqidir, chunki faqat zamonaviy pasterizatsiya va sovutish uzum sharbatini fermentatsiyasiz etkazib berish yoki saqlashga imkon beradi.
Xristianlikning ba'zi mazhablari spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilishni taqiqlaydi yoki cheklaydi, boshqalari esa buni nishonlaydilar. Shunday qilib, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi baptistlar cherkovi tomonidan o'tkaziladigan ijtimoiy tadbir alkogolsiz (boshqacha qilib aytganda, kofe, olma sharbati va soda) alkogolsiz bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, Germaniyadagi katolik cherkovi jamoatning barcha a'zolarini ushbu tashkilotga qo'shilishga taklif qilishi mumkin. katta massadan keyin pivo zalida bayramchilar. Pivo zali hatto cherkov yonida bo'lishi mumkin va ular xizmat qiladigan pivoni rohiblar tayyorlashlari mumkin. Mormonlar, ettinchi kun adventistlari, shuningdek, ba'zi baptist cherkovlari iste'mol qilishni taqiqlaydi choy va kofe.
Uyqu
Ba'zi monastirlar va ibodatxonalar sayohatchilarga turar joy taklif qilishadi. Cherkovlar va diniy jamoat markazlari ko'pincha bir xil yoki shunga o'xshash mazhabdagi yoshlar guruhlari tunash uchun joy sifatida ishlatiladi, masalan, xristian skaut guruhlari Haj, yoki YMCA turar joyida bo'lganlar.
Hurmat
Ibodat joyiga tashrif buyurganingizda, konservativ kiyinish va hurmatga sazovor xatti-harakatlar kutish individual cherkovlar o'rtasida juda xilma-xil bo'lib turadi, garchi umuman gapiradigan cherkovlar barcha dinlardan kelgan barcha musofirlarni shartsiz qabul qilishadi. Asosiy istisno - bu barcha mormon bo'lmaganlarga kirish taqiqlangan Mormon ibodatxonalari.
Ko'plab me'moriy jihatdan qiziqarli cherkovlar nasroniylik uslubiga mansub bo'lib, ular odamlardan, ayniqsa ayollardan konservativ tarzda kiyinishni kutmoqdalar. Ko'pincha (ayniqsa og'ir tashrif buyurgan holatlarda) bu juda ko'p so'zlar bilan yoziladi, ammo istisnolar mavjud, bu erda siz ijtimoiy aloqada bo'lishingiz mumkin uydirma yoki hatto cherkovdan tashqariga chiqarib yuboriladi, hatto bilmasdan. Agar shubhangiz bo'lsa, chiqishdan oldin mahalliy odamdan so'rang. Ayniqsa, rus cherkovlari ayollarga kirishdan oldin sochlarini ro'mol bilan yopishlari kerak.
Muqaddas Kitobga ko'ra, Xudo olti kun ichida dunyoni yaratdi, so'ngra ettinchi kuni dam oldi, bu masihiylar orasida yakshanba (qarang: Shanba). O'sha ettinchi kuni dam olish O'n Amrdan biridir va cherkovga borish bu kunning asosiy faoliyati bo'lgan; ko'p an'anaviy xristian mamlakatlarida aksariyat joylar yakshanba kunlari yopiq edi, ammo amrni talqin qilish ancha erkinlashdi.
Xristianlikning turli tarmoqlari yakshanba kuni o'tkaziladigan tadbirlarga har xil munosabatda bo'lishadi. Ba'zi joylarda urf-odatlar yoki hatto dunyoviy qonunlar do'konlarni va ko'ngil ochish joylarini yakshanba kuni yopilishini talab qilishi mumkin. Ba'zi joylarda, xususan Germaniyaning ayrim shtatlarida, diskotekalar va shunga o'xshash joylar va ko'ngilochar tadbirlar muborak juma yoki barcha azizlar kuni kabi "jim" bayramlarda yopilishi kerak. Boshqa joylarda, nasroniylarning barcha bayramlari, hattoki Xayrli Juma kabi hattoki xursandchiliklar - musiqa, ko'chalarda paradlar, ichkilikbozlik, xursandchilik va xristianlikning mahalliy joriy etilishidan oldin bo'lgan an'analar bilan nishonlanadi.
Ko'p cherkovlar gender rollari va shahvoniylik kabi savollarga konservativ munosabatda bo'lishadi. Ko'p cherkovlarda ayollar ruhoniylar, gomoseksualizm, kontratseptsiya vositalari va abort qilish masalalari. Shuningdek, Muqaddas Kitobning nuqtai nazari farq qiladi: Xudo tomonidan so'zma-so'z aytilganmi yoki tarixiy sharoitda yozilgan asarmi? Ba'zi cherkovlar bularning barchasini o'z ichiga oladi, ammo ularning birortasini eslatib qo'yish sizni boshqalarning muammolariga olib kelishi mumkin.
Eski va muhim cherkovlar ko'pincha cherkov ichida yoki ostida diniy va dunyoviy - turli xil va muhim shaxslarning "milliy ziyoratgohlari" bo'lishi mumkin. Shuni yodda tutingki, Ruben Darioni hurmat qilish uchun kelgan bo'lsangiz ham, uning so'nggi turar joyi katoliklarning eng muhim cherkovi bo'lib qolmoqda Nikaragua. Shunday qilib, siz u erda dafn etilgan odamlarga va ularning adabiy yoki falsafiy yutuqlariga va odamlar bu erda bildirgan e'tiqodiga hurmat bilan yondashishingiz kerak va ehtimol bu soborni qurish ispanlarning kam mablag'lardan oqilona foydalanganligi yoki qilmaganligi to'g'risida o'z fikringizni bildirish bilan kutishingiz kerak. cherkovni tark etguningizcha mustamlaka ma'muriyati.