Evropa - Europe

COVID-19 ma `lumot: Jamoat joylarida yuz pardalarini majburiy taqish va katta yig'ilishlarga taqiq qo'yish kabi qoidalar hanuzgacha amal qiladi, ammo har bir mamlakatda har xil. Ko'pgina Evropa Ittifoqi va Shengen mamlakatlari o'z chegaralarini boshqa Evropa Ittifoqi va Shengen mamlakatlari fuqarolari va bir nechta boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan sayohatchilar uchun ochdilar. Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo davlatlar hanuzgacha cheklovlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin va ruxsat berilgan ro'yxatdagi mamlakatlar hanuzgacha o'zlarining sayohat qilish cheklovlariga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Evropa Ittifoqi zamonaviy veb-saytni olib boradi harakatlanishni cheklash haqida ma'lumot Evropa Ittifoqining ayrim mamlakatlari va atrofida, Norvegiya va Shveytsariyada. Mamlakatlar o'rtasidagi transport vositasi vaqti-vaqti bilan qisqa vaqt ichida to'xtatiladi, masalan, Rojdestvo-2020 oldidan Angliyada yangi COVID-19 shtammi topilganda.

(Axborot oxirgi marta 15 sentyabr 2020 yil yangilangan)

Evropa boshqa qit'alarga qaraganda ko'proq sayyohlarni jalb qiladi: har yili 600 milliondan ziyod xalqaro mehmonlar, jahon bozorining yarmidan ko'pi. Yerning eng ko'p tashrif buyuradigan o'nta mamlakati ichidan ettitasi Evropada.

Garchi Evropa bitta mamlakat bo'lmasa-da, chegaralarni kesib o'tishning qulayligi sizni boshqacha o'ylashga majbur qilishi mumkin va transport infratuzilmasi odatda samarali va yaxshi saqlanadi. Qisqa yurishning boshqa uchida juda zamonaviy tezyurar poezd, qisqacha parvozyoki oson haydash, ehtimol siz yangisini o'rganishingiz mumkin bo'ladi til birikmasi va madaniyat.

Evropaning qadimiy madaniy merosi bor uch ming yillikdan ko'proq: qit'aning ko'tarilishi va tushishini ko'rdi Qadimgi Yunoniston va Rim imperiyasi, va Uyg'onish davri va Sanoat inqilobi. Son-sanoqsiz qirolliklar, respublikalar va imperiyalar tark etishdi arxeologik joylar va eski shaharlar juda ko'p va siz o'rganishingiz uchun dunyodagi eng ajoyib soborlar. Tarixdan tashqari Evropa yuksak madaniyat uyi, turli xil oshxonalari bilan mashhur va hayajonli va romantik shaharlari bilan adolatli ravishda nishonlanadi.

Shitirlashdan Evropa cho'zilib ketgan Shimoliy Muz okeani shimolda, yoqimli iliq subtropikka O'rtayer dengizi janubda joylashgan bo'lib, ular orasida mo''tadil iqlim va turli xil landshaftlar mavjud. Materikning sharqi bog'langan Osiyova tarixiy sabablarga ko'ra chegara odatda Ural tog'lari orqali Kavkaz uchun Egey dengizi, qit'aning g'arbiy ekstremal tomonlari esa shafqatsiz tarzda kirib boradi Atlantika okeani.

Mintaqalar

Kashf qilish uchun mintaqani yoki shaharni bosing!

Shaharlar

• Amsterdam - kanallar, Rembrandt, hashar va qizil chiroqlar, ijtimoiy liberal munosabatlarning timsoli
• "Barselona" - Kataloniyaning poytaxti va Gaudining mashhur uyi Sagrada Familiya bu joy "Ispaniyaning ikkinchi shahri" dan ancha ko'proq
• Berlin - qirq yillik bo'linish bilan yaralangan, ammo misli ko'rilmagan darajada o'sishni boshdan kechirgan, birlashgan Germaniyaning poytaxti Evropaning eng ijodiy va innovatsion shaharlaridan biri bo'lib, hali ham ajablanarli darajada arzon.
• Istanbul - Usmonli va Vizantiya imperiyalarining yuragi, bu ikki kontinental shahar sharq va g'arbiy va Evropaning eng yirik shaharlari o'rtasidagi ko'prikdir.
• London - Evropaning moliyaviy metropoliya va Britaniya imperiyasining sobiq yuragi, sportdan tortib muzeylarga qadar bo'lgan ikki xil diqqatga sazovor joylar va ikki ming yillik tarix.
• Moskva - Yer yuzidagi eng katta mamlakatning yuragi va miyasi, Moskvada ham podshohlar, ham Sovetlar va boshqa Kremlning hozirgi yoki sobiq egalari merosi bor.
• Parij - "Nur shahri" va Yer yuzida eng ko'p tashrif buyuriladigan joylardan biri: romantik, oshxonalar, Eyfel minorasi va sizni hayratlanarli miqdordagi yashil rang kutmoqda
• Praga - Kafka va O'rta asr imperatorlarining uyi bo'lgan bu shahar juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan tarixga ega va sizni hayratda qoldirish uchun jonli tungi hayotga ega.
• Rim - imperiya bu etti tepalikdan iborat abadiy shahar nomi bilan atalgan va bugungi kunda u eskisi va yangilariga to'la, hatto o'z davlati Vatikanni ham o'z ichiga oladi

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Alhambra (Andalusiya, Ispaniya)

• Alp tog'lari - ming yillar davomida ham to'siq, ham ko'prik, Evropaning iqlimi ular tomonidan shakllanadi va qit'aning transporti ularning dovonlariga aylanadi. Ushbu tog 'tizmasi, shuningdek, Evropaning eng sevimli qishki sport turlari va piyoda sayohati, shuningdek afsonaviy tog'larning uyi Mont Blan yoki Matterhorn
• Belowieża milliy bog'i - bir vaqtlar Evropa tekisligi bo'ylab tarqalib ketgan ulkan ibtidoiy o'rmonning so'nggi va eng katta qolgan qismlari
• Moviy lagun - butun yil davomida, hatto muzlash sharoitida ham suv harorati 40 ° C atrofida bo'lgan ajoyib geotermik kurort
• Cinque Terre - beshta chiroyli qishloqni birlashtirgan ajoyib milliy bog '
• Curonian Spit - Kuron lagunasini Boltiq dengizidan, Rossiya-Litva chegarasida ajratib turadigan qumtepa
• Mallorca - dengiz kurortlari, tungi hayoti va ajoyib landshaftlari bilan mashhur Ispaniya oroli
• Meteora - tabiiy qumtosh tosh ustunlariga qurilgan oltita Sharqiy pravoslav monastiri
• Plitvits milliy bog'i - katta o'rmon bilan o'ralgan firuza rangidagi chiroyli ko'llar
• Stonehenge - Solsberi tekisligidagi taniqli neolit ​​va bronza davri tosh yodgorligi

Tushuning

Evropaning maydoni 10 180 000 km² (3 930 000 kvadrat mil) va 742 million aholisi bor. Evropa davlatlari XVI asrdan boshlab dunyoda hukmronlik qila boshladilar. 20-asr boshlarida Jahon urushlari natijasida qit'a vayron bo'lganligi sababli, aksariyat yevropaliklar endi tinchlik va birlikni izlamoqdalar.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Tarixdan oldingi Evropa, Evropa tarixi

Homo Sapiens taxminan 40,000 yil oldin Yaqin Sharq orqali Afrikadan Evropaga etib kelgan va ko'chib ketgan Homo Neandertalensis, bu taxminan 30,000 yil oldin vafot etgan.

Rim teatri Plovdiv, shu qadar yaxshi saqlanib qolganki, bugungi kunda ham teatr sifatida ishlatilmoqda.

Yozish paytida dehqonchilik va shahar madaniyati Evropaga tarqaldi Yaqin Sharq, Evropa madaniyati boshidanoq "begona" ta'sirlarga katta qarzdor. O'rta er dengizi yozuv va shahar-davlatlarning birinchi markazlaridan biri bo'lgan. Uning ko'p sonli madaniyati orasida Qadimgi Yunoniston Evropada paydo bo'lgan eng qadimgi taniqli odamlardir. Miloddan avvalgi VIII asrga tegishli bo'lgan Gomer, Gesiod va Kallinos kabi yunon shoirlari hali ham keng o'rganilgan Evropaning eng qadimgi yozuvchilari. Qadimgi Yunoniston G'arb madaniyatining asosini yaratgan va Evropa qit'asining tili, siyosati, ta'lim tizimlari, falsafasi, ilmi va san'atiga beqiyos ta'sir ko'rsatgan.

Shahar Rim, eramizdan avvalgi kamida 800 yildan beri yashagan, markaziga aylangan Rim imperiyasiEvropaning aksariyat qismini, shuningdek Shimoliy Afrika va Yaqin Sharqni zabt etgan va Evropaning umumiy o'ziga xosligini aniqlagan. Lotin til va alifbo, shuningdek qonun va me'morchilik. Nasroniylik va Yahudiylik ikkalasi ham milodiy ikkinchi asrning boshlarida imperiya bo'ylab topilgan va birinchisi germaniyalik chegaralar bo'ylab askarlar orasida ayniqsa mashhur bo'lgan. Ikki asr davom etgan quvg'in va ta'qiblardan so'ng, Konstantin rasman nasroniylikka toqat qildi (garchi u o'lik lahzalariga qadar o'zgarmagan bo'lsa ham) va diniy munozaralarga aralashib, xristian bo'lmaganlarni ta'qib qilgan ochiq xristian imperiyasiga olib boradigan yo'lni mustahkamladi va "noto'g'ri" xristian diniga o'xshash ". Ushbu naqsh keyingi ming yillikda Evropaning aksariyat qismida uchraydi. Konstantinning boshqa bir suloladan bo'lgan Teodosiusdan keyin nasroniylik Rimning davlat dini deb e'lon qilinadi va barcha Rim sub'ektlari uchun majburiy bo'lib, shu bilan butun Evropani xristianlashtirishga olib keladi. 395 yilda imperiyaning ikkala yarmini qisqa muddat boshqarganidan keyin vafot etgan Teodosius, shuningdek, Sharqiy va G'arbiy Rim imperiyasini boshqargan oxirgi odam ekanligi isbotlanar edi, chunki uning o'limidan keyin er o'g'illari o'rtasida taqsimlangan edi. Bu o'sha paytda dramatik harakat sifatida qaralmagan bo'lsa-da va bunday bo'linishlar ilgari sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, kelishmovchilik hech qachon tiklanmadi va G'arbiy imperiya sakson yil o'tib qulab tushdi. Madaniy bo'linish chuqurlashib, pirovardida bugungi kunda saqlanib kelayotgan O'rta asrlarda nasroniylik nizosini keltirib chiqaradi.

O'rta asrlar

Shuningdek qarang: Vikinglar va qadimgi Norse, Gans Ligasi

Migratsiya davri milodning 300 yillari boshlanib, xususan german qabilalari qit'a bo'ylab harakatlanib, qisman Hunnik bosqinlaridan qochgan. Harbiy va siyosiy xatolar rimliklar uchun sharmandali mag'lubiyatlarga olib keldi, masalan, 376 yildagi Adrianopol jangi, imperator Valens va uning ko'pchilik qo'shinlari Gotlarga qarshi kurashda halok bo'lgan. Milodiy 500 yil atrofida (mil. 476 yil odatda keltirilgan sana, ammo bir oz boshqacha sanalar uchun yaxshi dalillar mavjud) G'arbiy Rim imperiyasi bo'lishni to'xtatdi, aksariyati Germaniya qabilalari tomonidan bosib olingan, masalan, Galliya va Germaniyadagi franklar kabi german qabilalari va Ispaniyadagi vestgotlar. Rim qulaganidan keyingi ming yillik avlodlar tomonidan O'rta asrlar deb nomlangan.

Bayeux gobelenlari Bayeux, Frantsiya, tasvirlangan Norman Uilyam Fath tomonidan Angliyaga bostirib kirish.

Rim imperiyasining sharqiy yarmi sifatida davom etdi Vizantiya imperiyasiMing yil davomida sharqiy O'rta er dengizi ustidan hukmronlik qilgan 1204 yilda Konstantinopolni ishdan bo'shatishning to'rtinchi salib yurishi natijasida ancha zaiflashdi va oxir-oqibat uning poytaxti bo'lishni to'xtatdi (Konstantinopol) nihoyat 1453 yilda Usmonli turklari tomonidan zabt etildi, ular Birinchi Jahon urushigacha Evropaning janubi-sharqida hukmronlik qildilar. Rim ilmi Vizantiya imperiyasida, keyinchalik Musulmon dunyosida saqlanib qoldi.

The Franks Merovinglar sulolasi ostida hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilib, 5-asrda katolik nasroniyligini qabul qildi. Arab-musulmon kuchlari 711 yilda Iberiya yarim oroliga kelib tushishdi, vestgotlarni yo'q qilishdi va keyingi bir necha yil ichida Iberiyaning katta qismini egallab oldilar, franklar yaqinida to'xtab qolishdi. Ekskursiyalar va Poitiers 732 yilda. Ispaniyaning katta qismi XV asrgacha musulmon bo'lib qoldi. Eng ko'zga ko'ringan franklar hukmdori Buyuk Buyuk Evropaning ko'p qismini bosib oldi va milodiy 800 yilda papa tomonidan Muqaddas Rim imperatori unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi. Karollar imperiyasi 814 yilda Buyuk Karlning vafoti munosabati bilan deyarli parchalanib ketdi va Karolinglar sulolasining so'nggi sharqiy-frankiyalik shohi 911 yilda vafot etdi. 9-10 asrlar ham Viking reydlari va ekspeditsiyalari Evropaning aksariyat qismida Skandinaviyadan.

10-13-asrlar O'rta asrlar asrlari sifatida tanilgan va ayniqsa, G'arbiy Evropada soborlar va universitetlarning ko'tarilishi bilan urbanizatsiya to'lqini bo'lgan, ulardan birinchisi, Boloniya, 1088 yildan buyon doimiy ravishda ishlamoqda. O'rta asrlar salib yurishlari bilan ajralib turardi; katolik cherkovi tomonidan boshlangan bir qator harbiy kampaniyalar, ularning aksariyati Muqaddas er. Bir necha salib yurishlari Quddus yaqiniga hech qayerga bormadi va bittasi Konstantinopolni zabt etish va yo'q qilish bilan tugadi, Vizantiya imperiyasini kuchsizlantirdi, shuning uchun u ikki asr qulab tushadi. Kabi savdogarlar tomonidan boshqariladigan shahar-davlatlar Gans Ligasi, Novgorod, Genuya va Venetsiya, Evropada tijoratning katta qismini boshqarish uchun kelgan Mo'g'ul imperiyasi 13-asrda Evropa tekisliklarining ko'p qismini bosib olishga kelgan.

Qora o'lim (bubonik vabo) 1350 yil atrofida Evropa aholisining uchdan bir qismini o'ldirdi va bu Evropa tarixidagi eng yomon epidemiyaga aylandi. Qora o'lim yahudiylarga qarshi pogromlarning ko'payishiga olib keldi va uni to'xtatish uchun kuchsiz bo'lgan dunyoviy va diniy hokimiyatdan norozilikni keltirib chiqardi.

Dastlabki zamonaviy davr

Shuningdek qarang: O'rta asrlar va Uyg'onish davri Italiyasi

Florensiya, Uyg'onish davri tug'ilgan joyi hayratlanarli madaniy merosga ega

Intellektual harakati Uyg'onish davri (qayta tug'ilish) Italiyada boshlanib, XV asrning so'nggi yillarida Evropaga tarqalib, klassik Yunon-Rim madaniyatini qayta kashf etdi. Bosmaxona ixtirosi kitoblarni ancha arzonlashtirdi, bu esa savodxonlikni yanada kengayishiga va lotin tilidan tashqari tillarda adabiyotning paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi. Bu, shuningdek, "bid'at" g'oyalarini tezroq tarqalishini ta'minladi Protestant islohoti oldingi islohotlardan farqli o'laroq, harakatlar ilmiy doiralarga tegishli emas edi (asosan lotin tilida emas, balki mahalliy tilda yozish) va bolaligida tugatilmagan yoki XV asrda hozirgi Chexiya Respublikasidagi Jan Xus harakati singari mahalliy tarkibda bo'lgan. Ko'chma turdagi ixtiro, Kolumb va Vasko da Gama sayohatlari va protestant islohotining boshlanishini ko'rgan ushbu davr, odatda, zamonaviy zamonaviy davrning boshlanishi hisoblanadi. XVII-XVIII asrlar Ma'rifat davritug'ilishini ko'rgan zamonaviy ilm-fan, shuningdek dunyoviylik va konstitutsiyaviy boshqaruvni joriy etish. Ma'rifatparvarlik g'oyalari ularning asoschilariga katta ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin Qo'shma Shtatlar davomida Amerika mustaqilligi urushi, ushbu ideallarning aksariyati Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga kiritilgan.

Porox qurollari urushlarda, jumladan, O'rta asrlarning ko'pgina qal'alarini buzib tashlashi mumkin bo'lgan artilleriyada inqilob yasadi. Bir qator urushlar, ayniqsa juda halokatli O'ttiz yillik urush XVII asrda dvoryanlarning fiflari va shahar-davlatlarining siyosiy tuzatishlarini markazlashgan imperiyalar bilan almashtirdilar, masalan. Rossiya imperiyasi, Avstriya imperiyasi, va Usmonli imperiyasi.

XV asr oxiridan boshlab, Evropa navigatorlari Osiyoga, Amerikaga yo'l topdi (qarang) Kolumbning sayohatlari) va Okeaniya. Ular Ispaniyaga, Portugaliyaga va keyinchalik boshqa mamlakatlarga boshqa qit'alarda ustun harbiy qudrat va aholining ko'p qismini yo'q qilgan epidemiyalar orqali boshqa qit'alarda mustamlaka va savdo punktlarini barpo etishga yo'l ochdilar. XVIII-XIX asrlar boshlarida AQSh, Gaiti va Amerikaning boshqa ko'plab mintaqalarining mustaqilligi mustamlakachilikning birinchi to'lqinini tugatdi. Evropa manfaatlari Afrika, Hindiston, Sharqiy Osiyo va Okeaniyaga qaratildi va 1880-yillardan boshlab Afrika odatda "Afrika uchun kurash" deb nomlanuvchi davrda mustamlakaga aylanib, faqat Liberiya va Efiopiya mustaqil bo'lib qoldi. Ko'pgina mustamlakalar Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi o'n yilliklarda mustaqil bo'lishdi va bugungi kunda faqatgina Ispaniyada materik Afrikadagi ba'zi mayda narsalar, Frantsiya, Ispaniya va Portugaliya Afrika qirg'og'idagi ba'zi orollarni nazorat qilishni davom ettirmoqda. Sobiq mustamlakalardan kelgan immigratsiya Evropaning, xususan Frantsiya, Angliya, Gollandiya, Belgiya, Portugaliya va Ispaniya kabi mamlakatlarning yuzini shakllantirdi.

Inqiloblar asri

Shuningdek qarang: Rossiya imperiyasi, Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi, Britaniya imperiyasi, Sanoat Angliya, Nordic tarixi

The Sanoat inqilobi 18-asrda Britaniyada boshlangan (qarang) Sanoat Angliya), ammo Evropaning kontinentaligacha tarqalishi uchun bir asr davom etdi.

Evropada zamonaviy zamonlar 1789 yilgi frantsuz inqilobidan boshlangan deb hisoblanadi, bu Evropa aristokratik hokimiyati va mutlaq monarxiyaning tugashining boshlanishi bo'lib, qator urushlarga, shu jumladan Napoleon urushlari. Napoleon oxir-oqibat mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa-da, uning Evropaning ko'p qismida hukmronligi merosini bugungi kunda ham ko'rish mumkin, dunyoviylik tushunchasi ("cherkov va davlatni ajratish" deb ham nomlanadi) Napoleon tomonidan bosib olingan hududlarga kiritilgan. Kabi mamlakatlarning birlashishi bilan 19-asrda demokratiya, ijtimoiy islohot va millatchilik avj oldi Germaniya va Italiya. Ba'zi tarixchilar 1789 yildagi birinchi yirik liberal Evropa inqilobidan boshlanib, Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi bilan tugagan "uzoq 19-asr" haqida gapirib, 1914 yildan 1989 yilgacha va 75 yilni o'z ichiga olgan "qisqa 20 asr" ni vujudga keltirdilar. Sovet uslubidagi kommunizmning ko'tarilishi va qulashi va Evropaning dunyo miqyosidagi ahamiyatining umuman pasayishi hukmron edi.

The Birinchi jahon urushi, deb nomlanuvchi o'z vaqtida Buyuk urush, misli ko'rilmagan halokatga olib keldi va Rossiya, Germaniya, Avstriya-Vengriya va Usmonli imperiyalariga barham berdi. The Sovet Ittifoqi Rossiya imperiyasining o'rnini egalladi va fashistik harakatlar Italiyada, keyinchalik Ispaniyada, Portugaliyada va Germaniyada hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarildi. Evropaliklar urushdan charchagan bo'lsalar-da, Millatlar Ligasi uni to'xtata olmadi Ikkinchi jahon urushi, bu Evropadagi eng dahshatli urush bo'ldi.

Sovuq urush va Evropa integratsiyasi

Shuningdek qarang: Sovet Ittifoqi, Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi, Holokostni yod etish, Sovuq urush Evropa

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida vayronalar, odamlarning keng qamrovli azob-uqubatlari va keng ko'lamli harbiy jinoyatlar bo'lgan. Evropaning hukmron kuchi dunyoning hukmron kuchi bo'lgan davrni, AQSh va AQSh Sovet Ittifoqi yangi super kuchlarga aylandi.

Urush barcha siyosiy lagerlarda va bir qator mamlakatlarda keng konsensusga olib keldi, yana bir qonli urushni oldini olish uchun Evropa davlatlari o'rtasida yanada ko'proq hamkorlik qilish zarur. Bundan tashqari, Sovet hukmronligi ostida bo'lgan Sharqning ta'siri, urushdan keyin parlament demokratiyasi qaytib kelgan G'arbdagi mamlakatlar uchun hamkorlikni yanada orzu qiladi. Birinchi qadam 1951 yilda G'arbiy Germaniya, Frantsiya, Benilux shtatlari va Italiya bilan ko'mir va po'lat jamoalarini yaratish bilan ko'mir va po'lat sohalarida hamkorlik qilish edi (har ikkisi ham zamonaviy sanoat va har qanday urush harakatlari uchun). Angliya hamdard edi tomoshabin, o'sha paytda uning Hamdo'stlikka qiziqishi va (o'sha paytda hali ham katta) qolganlari ishongan Britaniya imperiyasi, shuning uchun u yigirma yil o'tgandan keyingina Evropa integratsiyasining bu yoki boshqa urinishlariga qo'shilmagan. Ayni paytda Evropa ko'mir va po'lat hamjamiyatining olti a'zosi bosim o'tkazdi, 1956 yilda Rim shartnomasini imzoladi va umumiy institutlarda tobora ko'proq qadamlar qo'ydi, hukumat rahbarlari yoki vazirlarning rasmiy uchrashuvlari bilan va har besh yilda demokratik saylovlar o'tkaziladigan Evropa parlamenti. . 2014 yilgi saylovlar (Hindiston federal saylovlaridan keyin) berilgan ovozlar bo'yicha yana dunyodagi ikkinchi eng yirik saylov bo'ldi.

Ikkinchi jahon urushining tugashi ham sabab bo'ldi Sovuq urush, bu, ehtimol, Evropada eng ko'zga ko'ringan edi. Evropaning aksariyat qismida Sovet Ittifoqi hukmronlik qilgan yoki AQSh bilan yaqindan ittifoqlashgan, faqat Yugoslaviya, Avstriya, Finlyandiya va Shveytsariya singari bir nechta betaraf davlatlar va hattoki rasman neytral bo'lib qolgan davlatlar ko'pincha bir tomonga yoki boshqa tomonga suyanar edilar. G'arbiy hizalanmış mamlakatlarda qolgan diktatura asta-sekin qulab tushdi - Franko vafotidan ko'p o'tmay Ispaniya demokratiyaga o'tdi, Portugaliyaning "Estado Novo" si uning asoschisi Antonio Salazardan uzoq o'tmadi va 1974 yilda yunon harbiy xunti quladi. Ayni paytda Sharqda Lenin diktaturalari saqlanib qoldi Hatto Ruminiya, Albaniya yoki Yugoslaviya singari etakchilar Moskvada kam tashqi siyosatni amalga oshirishga qodir bo'lgan joylarda yoki Polsha, Chexoslovakiya yoki Vengriya kabi xalq qo'zg'olonlarini sovet yoki mahalliy tanklar bostirishga majbur bo'lgan joylarda ham mustahkam o'rnashgan. Ammo, Mixail Gorbachyov SSSRni qabul qilganida, iqtisodiy tanazzul va siyosiy tazyiqlar keng noroziliklarga olib keldi va 1989 yilga kelib aksariyat rejimlar yo qulab tushishdi yoki islohot qilishdi va Sovet tanklari bu vaqtda dumalab yurishmadi. Bu haqli ravishda asosan tinchlikdagi inqilob sifatida eslangan bo'lsa-da, Ruminiyada bir qator zo'ravonliklar bo'lgan va uning prezidenti Nikolae Cheesku zo'ravon o'limni topgan yagona diktator edi. Kommunizmning qulashi, shuningdek, Bolqon va sobiq Sovet Ittifoqidagi etnik va diniy mojarolarni yana avj oldirdi, natijada zo'ravon to'qnashuvlar hech qachon hal qilinmadi. Germaniya 1990 yilda birlashdi va Sovet Ittifoqi 1991 yilda tarqatib yuborildi, Sovuq urush nihoyasiga etdi.

Evropa integratsiyasi jarayoni muvaffaqiyatli kechganligi sababli, tez orada Evropa hamjamiyatlariga qo'shilishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'pchilik mamlakatlar. Irlandiya, Daniya va Buyuk Britaniya (Frantsiya Britaniyaning a'zoligiga uzoq yillik vetosidan voz kechganidan keyin) 1973 yilda, Yunoniston, Portugaliya va Ispaniya o'z diktaturalari o'rnida demokratik rejimlar o'rnini bosgandan keyin 1980 yillarda qo'shildi. Kattalashtirishning yana bir davri 1995 yilda sodir bo'ldi, chunki Sovuq Urush tugashi munosabati bilan uchta demokratik va kapitalistik neytral davlatlar - Avstriya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya - Sovuq Urush ishtirok etishni to'xtatmaslik kerak bo'lgandan keyin qo'shildi. Shu bilan birga, Evropa darajasiga tobora ko'proq vakolatlar berildi va Evropa valyutalarini barqaror belgilangan valyuta kurslarida bog'lashga urinishlar natijasida spekulyatsiya tahdidiga duch kelganidan so'ng, 2002 yilda yangi valyuta bilan Evropa Ittifoqi deb nomlandi. Biroq, yangi pul birligi deb nomlangan evro, Evropa Ittifoqining o'sha paytdagi barcha mamlakatlarida joriy qilinmagan va bugungi kunda uni Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan va ehtimol yillar davomida Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilmaydigan davlatlar qo'llaydilar. Monako yoki Kosovo kabi kelish uchun. O'z valyutalarini frantsuz frankiga yoki Deutsche Markga bog'lab qo'ygan bir qator boshqa mamlakatlar endi o'zlarining valyutalarini evroga bog'lashdi.

Sovuq urushning tugashi, shuningdek, sobiq Sovet ittifoqchilari Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilishi mumkinmi va bu qachon va qanday amalga oshiriladi degan savol tug'dirdi. Bir vaqtning o'zida uchta davlatni qabul qilmagan Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat ekspansiyalaridan farqli o'laroq, bu kengayish hozirgi kungacha eng katta va 2004 yil 1 mayda to'rtta sobiq Sovet sun'iy yo'ldoshi (Polsha, Chexiya, Slovakiya va Vengriya), uchta sobiq Sovet Ittifoqi Respublikalar (Estoniya, Latviya, Litva) bitta sobiq Yugoslaviya Respublikasi (Sloveniya) va O'rta er dengizi (Britaniyaning Kipr va Malta) dagi ikki sobiq Britaniya mustamlakalari Evropa Ittifoqiga "Sharqiy kengayish" deb nom berilgan. Ruminiya va Bolgariya 2007 yilda qo'shilgan, Xorvatiya esa 2013 yilda qo'shilgan ikkinchi sobiq Yugoslaviya Respublikasidir. Ettita mamlakat "qo'shilish bo'yicha muzokaralar" ning turli bosqichlarida, ammo ularning hech biri rezolyutsiyaga yaqin emas va ularning ba'zilari ko'proq saqlanib qolinganga o'xshaydi. har qanday narsadan ko'ra diplomatik iltifot. Islandiya 2008 yilgi moliyaviy inqirozdan so'ng qo'shilish uchun ariza topshirgan, ammo keyinchalik qo'shilish niyatini bildirmagan. Shimoliy Makedoniya, Chernogoriya va Serbiya da'vogar, ammo iqtisodiy va siyosiy jihatdan qo'shilishga tayyor emas deb hisoblanadi. Turkiya bilan davom etayotgan muzokaralar (hozircha faqat qog'ozda mavjud bo'lib tuyuladi) uning hukumati bilan diplomatik kelishmovchiliklar tufayli doimiy ravishda tugash xavfi ostida. Norvegiya va Shveytsariya Evropa Ittifoqidan tashqarida qolmoqda va qo'shilish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib bormayapti. Biroq, bu erda tilga olingan barcha a'zo bo'lmagan davlatlar ikki tomonlama kelishuvlarning turli shakllariga ega va ko'pincha Evropa Ittifoqi qoidalari va qoidalariga amal qilishadi va ba'zida Evropa Ittifoqi bilan qisman bog'liq bo'lgan ba'zi Evropa kelishuvlarida qatnashadilar.

Temir parda endi yo'q bo'lsa-da, Rossiyaning Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilishi umuman aqlga sig'maydigan deb hisoblanadi va sobiq Sovet davlatlari yoki sun'iy yo'ldoshlarining ayrimlarida Rossiya bilan yoki Evropa Ittifoqi bilan hamkorlik qilishga intilish muhim siyosiy masaladir. Rossiya ham, Evropa Ittifoqi ham o'z ittifoqchilarining boshqalari bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik darajasida, boshqalari bilan yaqinroq siyosiy aloqalarni o'rnatishni istamagan.

2000-yillarda populist o'ta o'ng partiyalar Evropa Ittifoqida barpo etilgan partiyalarga qarshi chiqishdi va ko'plab Evropa mamlakatlarida musulmonlarga qarshi va ksenofobik kayfiyat kuchaymoqda. Bu qisman Arab Bahoriga va Suriya, Iroq, Liviya, Afg'oniston, Pokiston va aksariyat musulmonlar yashovchi boshqa mamlakatlarda bo'lgan Evropaga kelgan qo'zg'olonlardan ko'plab qochqinlarga to'g'ri keldi, 2015 yilda "immigratsion inqirozlar" Shengen chegaralarini yopdi.

2016 yilda Birlashgan Qirollik Evropa Ittifoqidan chiqish uchun referendum orqali ovoz berdi va uni 2020 yil 31 yanvarda tark etdi.

Geografiya

Eyfel minorasi Parij

Evropa Evrosiyo quruqliklarining g'arbiy beshdan bir qismini tashkil etadi, uch tomondan suv havzalari bilan chegaralangan: shimoldan Shimoliy Muz okeani, g'arbdan Atlantika okeani va janubdan O'rta dengiz. Evropaning sharqiy chegaralari aniq belgilanmagan va tarix davomida sharq tomon harakatlanib kelgan. Hozirgi vaqtda Ural va Kavkaz tog'lari, Kaspiy va Qora dengizlar va Bosfor bo'g'ozi uning sharqiy chegarasi hisoblanib, Istanbul dunyodagi ikki qit'adagi yagona metropol. Kipr madaniy va tarixiy jihatdan Evropaning bir qismi hisoblanadi, agar kerak bo'lsa geografik jihatdan. Geografik chegaralar munozarali masala bo'lib, bir nechta sharqiy chegaralar taklif qilingan.

Evropaning eng baland nuqtasi Rossiyaning Elbrus tog'idir Kavkaz tog'laridengiz sathidan 5642 m (18,510 fut) ga ko'tariladi. Kavkazdan tashqarida eng baland joy Mont Blan ichida Alp tog'lari dengiz sathidan 4,810 m (15,771 fut) balandlikda. Boshqa muhim tog 'tizmalariga quyidagilar kiradi Pireneylar Frantsiya va Ispaniya o'rtasida va Karpatlar Markaziy Evropa orqali Bolqonga boradigan. Shimoliy va Boltiq dengizi bo'yidagi aksariyat mintaqalar tekis, ayniqsa sharqiy Angliya, Gollandiya, Germaniya va Daniya shimoliy. Shimoliy va Boltiq dengizi shuningdek labirintli arxipelaglar va yuzlab chaqirim qumli sayohlarni jalb qiladi.

Evropaning eng uzun daryosi - Volga, u Rossiya orqali 3530 km (2193 mil) o'tib, Kaspiy dengiziga quyiladi. Dunay va Reyn shimoliy chegaralarining katta qismini tashkil etgan Rim imperiyasiva tarixiy davrlardan beri muhim suv yo'llari bo'lgan. The Dunay da boshlanadi Qora o'rmon Germaniyada va poytaxt shaharlari orqali o'tadi Vena, Bratislava, Budapeshtva Belgrad Qora dengizda bo'shashmasdan oldin. Reyn Shveytsariyaning Alplaridan boshlanadi va sabab bo'ladi Reyn sharsharasi, Evropadagi eng katta tekis sharshara. U erdan G'arbiy Germaniya va Niderlandiya orqali o'tadigan Frantsiya-Germaniya chegarasini tashkil etadi. Reyn bo'yida ko'plab qal'alar va istehkomlar qurilgan, shu jumladan Reyn vodiysi.

Iqlim

Evropaning aksariyat qismida mavjud mo''tadil iqlim. Gulf Stream ta'siri tufayli bir xil kenglikdagi boshqa hududlarga qaraganda (masalan, AQShning shimoliy-sharqiy qismida) yumshoqroq. Biroq, turli mintaqalar iqlimida chuqur farqlar mavjud. Evropaning iqlimi janubda O'rta er dengizi yaqinidagi subtropikdan, Barents dengizi va Shimoliy Muz okeaniga yaqin subarktika va arktikaga qadar.

Umuman olganda, mavsumiy tafovutlar ichki qismida, kichik Atlantika orollarida bir necha darajadan tortib, yozgi quyosh yonishi va Rossiya tekisliklarida qishni muzlatishgacha kuchayadi.

Atlantika va tog 'mintaqalarida yog'ingarchilik ko'p; ayniqsa shimoliy-g'arbiy Ispaniya, Buyuk Britaniya, Irlandiya, Norvegiya, Alp tog'lariva g'arbiy qismida Dinik tog'lari Bolqon. Alp tog'larining shimolida yozi qishga qaraganda bir oz namroq. O'rta er dengizi hududida yomg'irning ko'p qismi qishda tushadi, yoz esa asosan quruq.

Qish Evropada, hatto O'rta er dengizi mamlakatlarida nisbatan sovuq. Yanvar oyida kunlik balandligi 15 ° C atrofida bo'lgan yagona joylar Andalusiya Ispaniyada, ba'zilari Yunon orollariva Turkiya Rivierasi. G'arbiy Evropada yanvar oyida o'rtacha 4-8 ° S atrofida bo'ladi, ammo qish davomida harorat sovuqdan past bo'ladi. Sharqiy mintaqalar Berlin muzlashdan past bo'lgan o'rtacha balandlikdagi sovuq haroratga ega. Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg yilda Rossiya yanvarda o'rtacha -5 ° C va -10 ° C darajaga ega. Ko'pchilik Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar o'rtacha -10 ° C dan past.

Evropada qish, agar siz qorni yoqtirishni istamasangiz, katta shaharning nurida va iliqligida yashash eng qulay bo'lishi mumkin. Dekabr oyida, Rojdestvo bozorlari va boshqalar Rojdestvo va Yangi yil diqqatga sazovor joylarni topish mumkin. Sayyohlik ta'til paytida eng yuqori cho'qqiga ko'tarilgan bo'lsa, qolgan qish mavsumi shaharlarda past mavsum bo'lib, arzon turar joylar va taniqli diqqatga sazovor joylarga ozroq odam to'playdi.

Da qishki sport mavsumi dekabrda boshlanadi Alp tog'lari va boshqa qorli hududlar, kunduzgi yorug'lik va to'plangan qor fevralgacha kam bo'lishi mumkin. Alp tog'lari, Pireney, Karpat va Skandinaviyadagi tog'larda qor yaxshi quyiladi bahor vodiylar iliqlashganda; bir kunning o'zida tashrif buyuruvchilarga ko'p fasllarni boshdan kechirishga imkon berish. Alp tog'larining eng baland cho'qqilarida abadiy qor bor.

Evropaning aksariyat qismida eng qulay ob-havo mavjud yoz, garchi Evropaning janubi chidab bo'lmas darajada issiq bo'lishi mumkin. Avgust oyida Buyuk Britaniya, Irlandiya, Benilux, Germaniya va Frantsiyaning shimolida o'rtacha 23 ° C atrofida eng yuqori harorat mavjud, ammo bu haroratni o'z-o'zidan qabul qilib bo'lmaydi. O'rta er dengizi Evropada eng yuqori quyosh soatiga va eng yuqori haroratga ega. Avgust oyida o'rtacha harorat 28 ° C atrofida "Barselona", Rimda 30 ° C, 33 ° C da Afina va 34 ° C ichida Alaniya bo'ylab Turkiya Rivierasi. Many workplaces close down in July or August, leaving the cities deserted and the seaside crowded.

Autumn provides colourful trees and harvest of fruits and vegetables, with associated festivals (see agritourism), and is a good time to visit the countryside.

Summers have longer daylight than winter; the variation increases with latitude. At 60 degrees north (Shetland Islands, Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki va St Petersburg), white nights can be enjoyed in June, while the sun is above the horizon for only six hours in December. North of the Arctic Circle, visitors can see the Midnight Sun in summer, and the Arctic Night in winter.

The Network of European Meteorological Services has a useful website providing up-to-date information for extreme weather, covering most of the EU countries.

Gapir

Most European languages belong to the Indo-European language family, with grammatical similarities and shared vocabulary. They can be broadly divided into the following sub-families:

• Germanic languages — English, German, Dutch, Frisian and the Nordic languages (Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian va Swedish)
• Romance languages, which are the descendants of Latin — national languages French, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian va Romanian, as well as regional languages such as Corsican va Galician.
• Balto-Slavic languages — are found throughout Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans; such as the Slavic Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Polish, Serbian, and the Baltic Latvian va Lithuanian
• Celtic languages — found in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and France, they comprise Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic va Welsh.
• Other Indo-European languages include Albanian, Armenian va Greek.

There are also languages unrelated to the Indo-European languages. The Uralic language family includes Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian va Sámi. Turkic languages include Turkish va Azerbaijani. Other exceptions include Maltese (a Semitic language), Georgian (A Kartvelian language) and Basque (A language isolate).

Speaking a Romance language may be of limited use in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Romania as there are many similarities in words and grammar, while the same is true if you speak one of the Slavic languages in the East. Some training helps in identifying the similarities, as some of the differences are systematic.

English proficiency varies greatly across the continent, but tends to increase the further north you get, in the Benelux and particularly the Nordic countries almost everyone can communicate in English with varying degrees of fluency. German-speaking areas in the middle also have good levels of proficiency. In the south and east you'll often be out of luck, especially outside major cities and tourist centres, though people working in the tourist industry usually speak at least basic English.

Russian is still widely studied in Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia va Azerbaijan. It was widely studied as a second language in Central and Eastern Europe by the generations who lived through the communist era, but has largely been supplanted by English among the younger generations. Countries that were part of the former Soviet Union have significant Russian speaking minorities.

German is also a useful foreign language in Eastern Europe.

The Latin alphabet stems from Europe, and is used for most European languages, often with some modified or additional letters. The related Cyrillic alphabet is used for Russian, some other Slavic languages and some non-Slavic minority languages spoken in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union. Both these alphabets were derived from the Greek alphabet. Other writing systems in use include the Georgian and Armenian alphabets.

Chiqinglar

Rules for entering Europe depend on where you are going. Citizens of European Union countries and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) can travel freely throughout the continent – except Rossiya, Belarus and parts of the Kavkaz – so the following applies only to non-EU/EFTA citizens.

If you are entering a Schengen countryva you plan to visit only other Schengen countries, you need only one Schengen visa.

The nationals of the following countries do not need a visa for entry into the Schengen Area: Albania⁽¹⁾, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bagama orollari, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina⁽¹⁾, Brazil, Brunei, Kanada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova⁽¹⁾, Monaco, Montenegro⁽¹⁾, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia⁽¹⁾, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia^(1, 2), Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan⁽³⁾ (Republic of China), Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine⁽¹⁾, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, additionally persons holding Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR passports and all British nationals.

• The non-EU/EFTA visa-free visitors noted above may not stay more than 90 days in a 180 day period in the Schengen Area as a whole and, in general, may not work during their stay (although some Schengen countries do allow certain nationalities to work – see below). The counting begins once you enter any country in the Schengen Area and is not reset by leaving one Schengen country for another.
  • However, New Zealand citizens may be able to stay for more than 90 days if they visit only particular Schengen countries. See the New Zealand Government's explanation.

If you are a non-EU/EFTA national (even if you are visa-exempt, unless you are Andorran, Monégasque or San Marinese), make sure that your passport is stamped both when you enter and leave the Schengen Area. Without an entry stamp, you may be treated as an overstayer when you try to leave the Schengen Area; without an exit stamp, you may be denied entry the next time you seek to enter the Schengen Area as you may be deemed to have overstayed on your previous visit. If you cannot obtain a passport stamp, make sure that you retain documents such as boarding passes, transport tickets and ATM slips which may help to convince border inspection staff that you have stayed in the Schengen Area legally.

The 90-day visa-free stay applies for the whole Schengen area, i.e. it is not 90 days per country as some assume. Citizens of the above countries who wish to travel around Europe for longer than 90 days must apply for a residency permit. This can be done in any Schengen country, but Germany or Italy are recommended, because many other countries require applicants to apply from their home countries.

Non-Schengen countries, on the other hand, maintain their own immigration policies. Consult the country article in question for details. If you wish to visit a non-Schengen country and return to the Schengen area, you will need a multiple-entry visa. Cyprus and Ireland are EU members, but they are not part of the Schengen Area while EU members Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania are in the process of joining the Schengen Area. To add confusion Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Iceland, Norway va Gibraltar are not EU members but part of the Schengen area.

The United Kingdom also continues its own immigration policies after Brexit. If your rights in the European Union or Schengen depend on your connections with the UK, or vice versa, check your status and rights carefully in light of the ongoing negotiations.

Customs

Countries in the European Union maintain similar customs controls. They form a customs union and you usually do not need to pass through customs when travelling between EU countries. There are still some goods that need handling at customs, or special permits, etc., also travelling inside the EU, and the customs may do checks not only at the border. Check details if you have a pet, arms, medicines, exceptional quantities of alcohol, or similar.

Note the difference between EU countries and Schengen countries. Between what countries you have to pass through customs does not depend on where you have to go through immigration controls or vice versa.

You are legally allowed to bring through the EU border limited amounts of tobacco (exact numbers depend on your arrival country) and 1 litre of spirits (above 22% alcohol) or 2 litres of alcohol (e.g. sparkling wine below 22% alcohol) and 4 litres of non-sparkling wine and 16 litres of beer. If you are below 17 years old it's half of these amounts or nothing at all.

Countries not in the EU maintain their own customs policies.

Samolyotda

The largest air travel hubs in Europe are, in order, London (LON: LCY, LHR, LGW, STN, LTN, SEN), Frankfurt (FRA ^IATA), Paris (CDG ^IATA, ORY ^IATA), Madrid (MAD), and Amsterdam (AMS), which in turn have connections to practically everywhere in Europe. However, nearly every European capital and many other major cities have direct long-distance flights to at least some destinations. Other, smaller airports can make sense for specific connections: for example, Vienna (VIE) has a very good network of flights to the Middle East and Eastern Europe, while Helsinki (HEL ^IATA) is the geographically closest place to transfer if coming in from East Asia. If coming from North America, there is an abundance of cheap flights from the United States and Canada that connect in Reykjavík (KEF ^IATA) to virtually any major city in northern and western Europe.

If you are coming from Asia, Australia or New Zealand, the big Middle Eastern hubs of Dubai (DXB ^IATA), Doha (DOH ^IATA) and Abu Dhabi (AUH ^IATA) have an abundance of fights on Emirates, Qatar Airways va Etihad Airways respectively connecting virtually all the major European cities to all the major cities in Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

Depending on your final destination it might make sense to avoid the last connection, or rather replace it with a train-ride, as many airports are connected to the train-network (sometimes directly to high-speed lines) and some airlines offer tickets for both train and plane in cooperation with a railway company (which often works out to be a steep discount) (see: rail air alliances). However due to the quirky nature of airline-pricing the exact opposite might be true as well, meaning that a "longer" flight might actually end up being cheaper. As everywhere: caveat emptor!

Poyezdda

The Trans-Sibir temir yo'li from Beijing va Vladivostok to Moscow is a classic rail journey. The Historic Silk Road is becoming increasingly popular with adventurers trying to beat down a new path after the finalized construction of a railway link between Kazakhstan va China. The Almaty–Urumqi service runs twice per week, and Moscow is easily reached from Almaty by train. Other options include several connections from the Middle East offered by Turkish Railways (TCDD). There are weekly services from Tehran yilda Iran to Istanbul orqali Ankara, but the services from Syria va Iraq have been suspended, hopefully temporarily, due to the ongoing armed conflicts in those countries. For information on how to get from Istanbul to many other points in Europe by train see our itinerary on the Orient Express.

By ship

It is still possible, but expensive, to do the classic transatlantic voyage between the United Kingdom and the United States. The easiest option is by the historic, and only remaining ocean liner operator, Cunard Line, which sails around 10 times per year in each direction, but expect to pay USD1,000–2,000 for the cheapest tickets on the 6-day voyage between Southampton and New York. If your pockets are not deep enough, your options of crossing the North Atlantic without flying are pretty much limited to freighter travel va "hitchhiking" with a private boat.

Most major cruise ships that ply the waters of Europe during summer (June–September) also do cruises in Latin America va Southeast Asia for the rest of the year. That means those ships have a transatlantic journey twice per year, at low prices considering the length of the trip (at least a week). These are often called positioning cruises. MSC has several ships from the Caribbean to Europe at April and May.

There are several lines crossing the Mediterranean, the main ports of call in North Africa are Tangier yilda Morocco va Tunis yilda Tunisia. If you're time rich, but otherwise poor, it may be possible to "hitchhike" a private boat there as well.

Atrofga boring

There are virtually no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented the Schengen Agreement, except under special circumstances during major events – and in later years during some crises. Likewise, a visa granted for any Schengen country is valid in all other Schengen countries. Be careful: not all European Union countries are Schengen countries, and not all Schengen countries are members of the EU. See the table above for the current list.

A café on the border between the Netherlands and Belgium.

Since 2015, the free mobility within the European Union has been disrupted somewhat by the large number of refugees entering the area. Some borders have been closed (at least partly) and traffic at some is much less smooth than normal. Identification documents are now being asked for at some border crossings. Expect delays at international borders.

Airports in Europe are divided into "Schengen" and "non-Schengen" sections, which effectively act like "domestic" and "international" sections elsewhere. If you are flying from outside Europe into one Schengen country and continuing to another, you will clear passport control in the first country and then continue to your destination with no further checks. However, if travelling between an EU Schengen country and a non-EU Schengen country, customs controls are still in place.

Travel between a Schengen country and a non-Schengen country will entail the normal border checks. Regardless of whether you are travelling within the Schengen Area, at some ports and airports, staff will still insist on seeing your ID card or passport (this may now also occur at land borders, particularly Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland).

As an example of the practical implications on the traveller:

• Travel from Germany to France (both EU, both Schengen): no controls
• Travel from Germany to Switzerland (both Schengen, Switzerland not in EU): customs checks, but no immigration control
• Travel from France to Ireland (both EU, Ireland not in Schengen): immigration control, but no customs check.
• Travel from Switzerland to Ireland: immigration va customs checks

Citizens of EEA/Schengen countries never require visas or permits for a stay of any length in any other EEA/Schengen country for any purpose. The only remaining exception is the employment of Croatian workers in some countries.

Poyezdda

Main article: Rail travel in Europe

European high-speed trains in Brussels

Europe, and particularly Western and Central Europe, has trains which are fast, efficient, and cost-competitive with flying. High-speed trains like the Italian Frecciarossa, the French TGV, the German ICE, the Spanish AVE and the cross-border Eurostar and Thalys services speed along at up to 320 km/h (200 mph) and, when taking into account travel time to the airport and back, are often faster than taking the plane. The flip side is that tickets bought on the spot can be expensive, although there are good discounts available if you book in advance or take advantage of various deals. Roughly speaking, European high-speed rail tickets work similar to airline tickets with the best offers for non-refundable tickets on low demand routes and times and high prices for "last minute".

If you want flexibility without spending an arm and a leg, various passes can be a good deal. In particular, the Inter Rail (for Europeans) and Eurail (for everybody else) passes offer good value if you plan on traveling extensively around Europe (or even a single region) and want more flexibility than cheap plane (or some advance purchase train) tickets can offer. Sometimes individual railroads offer one-off passes for their country, but they are often seasonal and/or only announced on short notice.

The most extensive and most reliable train travel planner for all of Europe is the one of the German railways (Deutsche Bahn, DB), which can be found Bu yerga in English.

As most long-distance trains and almost all high-speed trains are powered electrically, and through economies of scale even in diesel-trains, trains are "greener" than cars and a lot "greener" than planes. How trains fare compared to buses depends mostly on three factors: the fuel (if electric, then how the electricity is generated), the occupancy and road congestion (congested roads make buses inefficient). The most fuel-efficient train that operates in Europe, DB's ICE3, consumes the equivalent of 0.3 litres of petrol in electricity per seat per 100 km (62 mi). If you are a proponent of ecotourism the website of Deutsche Bahn offers a CO₂ emission calculation tool to help you calculate the carbon footprint for your trip.

Most large cities in Europe have an extensive urban rail network that is usually the fastest way around town.

Samolyotda

All flights within and from the European Union limit liquids, gels and creams in hand baggage to 100 ml/container, carried in a transparent, zip-lock plastic bag (1 l or less). The bag must be presented during security checks and only one bag per passenger is permitted.

Discount airlines

Dozens of budget airlines allow cheap travel around Europe, sometimes cheaper than the train or even bus fares for the same journey, however "legacy" airlines (or their subsidiaries) can be a better deal when you have luggage. The cheapest flights are often offered by low cost airlines such as Eurowings, EasyJet, Norwegian, Ryanair, Transavia, Vueling and WizzAir. All of these flights should be booked on the internet well in advance, otherwise the price advantage may become non-existent. Always compare prices with major carriers like British Airways, Air France-KLM or Lufthansa. Only in very few cases prices are higher than €80 on any airline when booking a month or more ahead of time (except on very long routes, e.g. Dublin–Istanbul). You should also make sure where the airport is, since some low cost airlines name very small airports by the next major city, even if the distance is up to two hours drive by bus (e.g. Ryanair and Wizzair's "Frankfurt"-Hahn, which is not Frankfurt/Main International). Budget airlines tickets include little service; account for fees (e.g. on luggage, snacks, boarding passes and so on) when comparing prices.

"Holiday charter" airlines

Many airports throughout central Europe have several airlines that serve warm water destinations around the Mediterranean, particularly Palma de Mallorca va Antalya. They are aimed towards outgoing tourists on package deals but almost all of them sell (remaining) tickets "unbundled". Depending on your plans, particularly if you go "against the flow" (e.g. Heading into a cold weather destination at the beginning of the holiday season) they can offer amazing deals and their luggage fees are usually among the lowest in the business. At some airports they may also be the only airlines on offer besides a lone flight by the flag carrier to its hub.

Avtobusda

Shuningdek qarang: Intercity buses in Europe, Intercity buses in Germany, Intercity buses in France

Cheap flights and high speed rail have relegated buses to second or third fiddle in many markets, serving the needs of migrants, secondary routes, or countries with poor rail, such as the Balkans, and sparsely inhabited areas such as the Nordic countries or Russia. However, legal reforms in Germany and later France have allowed bus companies to serve cities that had seen no or hardly any intercity service.

Cooperation between bus companies may be non-existent. Expect to have to check connections locally or separately for every company involved. Systems vary from one country to the next, though the bigger players (e.g. Flixbus, Eurolines, Student Agency) are increasingly active in several countries.

For a long time, buses mostly served package tours, or were chartered for a specific trip. One exception to this was in a sense the European answer to Chinatown buses, companies based in Eastern Europe, the Balkans or Turkey and mostly serving as a means for the diaspora to visit the home of their forebears. While most of those companies still exist doing what they always did, they are today overshadowed by more tourist oriented companies with denser networks and a bigger focus on domestic routes.

Eurolines connects over 500 destinations, covering the whole of Europe and Morocco. Eurolines buses make very few stops in smaller cities, and are generally only viable for travel between large cities. Eurolines offers several types of passes but each individual journey must be booked in advance of its departure date/time. That means that, depending on availability, you may or may not be able to simply arrive at the bus terminal and board any available bus. The pass works well for travellers who either prefer only to see major cities, or who intend to use the pass in conjunction with local transportation options.

Touring (German variant of Eurolines), Sindbad (Polish), Linebus^{[formerly dead link]} (Spanish) and National Express (from the UK) are other options. Newer players include Flixbus, student agency, Megabus va ouibus. Most of these companies originated in a certain country and still mostly serve that country, but cross border services or domestic services in a third country are becoming increasingly common.

By ship

Main articles: Baltic Sea ferries, Ferries in the Mediterranean, Ferry routes to Great Britain

The Baltic sea has several routes running between the major cities (Gdańsk, Stockholm, Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, etc.) Most ships are very large and on a par with Caribbean cruise liners both in size and service.

In the Atlantic, Smyril Line is the only company sailing to the rather remote North Atlantic islands of Iceland va Faroe Islands. It sails from Daniya, which also has numerous lines to Norway va Sweden. There are also numerous services to Denmark, the Benelux and even across the Biscay to Ispaniya. Further south there is a weekly service from Portimão uchun Canary Islands via the remote volcanic Madeira island.

There are many ferry routes serving the United Kingdom and Ireland, not just between Great Britain and Ireland, but also around the numerous other islands of the archipelago, most extensively in the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland. From southern England va Republic of Ireland, several routes still cross the English Channel to Frantsiya va Ispaniya, despite the opening of the Channel Tunnel. The Channel Islands are also all connected to one another and to France and England by high-speed catamaran. In the North Sea, services operate from Belgium, Daniya va Gollandiya to ports on the east coast of England. The hovercraft has been withdrawn from Cross-Channel service due to competition from the Channel Tunnel, but there is still a hovercraft service from mainland Britain to the Isle of Wight.

In the Mediterranean Sea a large number of ferries and cruise ships operate between Ispaniya, Italy and southern Frantsiya, including Corsica, Sardinia va Balearics. And on the Italian peninsula's east coast, ferries ply across the Adriatic sea to Albania, Croatia, Montenegro va Greece, with Bari as one major terminal of many.

And finally the Black Sea has several ferries sailing across its waters, although service can be fairly sketchy at times. Poti, Istanbul va Sevastopol are the main ports. Nearly all the Black Sea ports have a ferry going somewhere, but rarely anywhere logical – i.e., often along the same stretch of coast.

There are various ferries on the larger lakes and for crossing rivers. There are several regularly running cruise-lines on the larger rivers like the Rhine, Danube va Volga. Boating excursions within Europe, particularly along the scenic rivers and between many of the islands in the Mediterranean, are an excellent way to combine travel between locations with an adventure along the way. Accommodations range from very basic to extremely luxurious depending upon the company and class of travel selected. Another famous line is the Hurtigruten cruise-ferries which sails all along Norway's amazing coastline and fjords.

Mashinada

Shuningdek qarang: Driving in Europe

Driving in Europe is expensive – fuel costs around €1.30-1.40 per litre in most of the EU, while often cheaper in Russia. Rentals are around two to three times more expensive than in North America. Highway tolls are very common, city centre congestion charges increasingly so, and even parking can work up to €50 per day.

Western Europe for the most part has good road conditions and an extensive and well developed highway network, whereas Eastern Europe is still working hard on the large backlog left from communist days. Arguably some former eastern bloc countries are going overboard with this, neglecting rail and bus networks in the process of being caught in auto euphoria.

Avoid large cities if you are not used to driving in Europe. Old towns are impossible or difficult to go through by car. If you arrive by car, consider parking in a suburb, and use public transportation – in many places called park and ride (abbreviated P R). Generally speaking, the more urban focused your itinerary and the richer the countries you're headed to, the more miserable you'll be driving compared to taking trains, urban rail and the occasional bus.

Winter driving is an issue in northern Europe and the high mountains, and occasionally in the south.

Traffic is right-handed except in Britain and Ireland, Maltava Cyprus.

Renting a car

If you plan to rent a car to drive around Europe, it often makes sense to check the rates in different countries rather than just hire a car in the country of arrival. The price differences can be substantial for longer rentals, to the extent that it can make sense to adjust your travel plans accordingly, e.g. if you plan on travelling around Scandinavia by car, it will often be much cheaper to fly into Germany and rent a car there. Compared to North America, you should be prepared for smaller, more efficient cars, and most of them have manual transmission, so don't expect an automatic without requesting one when placing your order (and often paying extra). Some rental agencies also have stipulations in their contracts, prohibiting the rental of a car in one country and taking it to some others. It is for example common that a car rented in Germany may not be taken to Poland due to concerns of theft. This is less common the other way round, so if you are planning on visiting both countries by rental car, it might be easier (and cheaper) to rent a car in Poland and drive to Germany with it.

By bike

Shuningdek qarang: Cycling in Europe

Cycling conditions vary greatly between different countries, between city centres, suburbs and countryside, and between different cities in any one country, so see our individual destination articles. In general terms, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark are better destinations for cyclists than, say, Poland.

The European cycle route network yoki EuroVelo consists of 15 routes linking virtually every country on the continent. Some of these routes are not finished, but plans are to have 60,000 km of bike lanes; as of 2019, around 70,000 km are in place.

Bike share systems are becoming increasingly common, especially in countries like France or Germany. One of the biggest companies in this emerging business is Nextbike, which mostly honour memberships in one city for reduced rates in another. Other cities like Paris have city run systems which only cover one place, but there are often special discount rates for tourists.

By thumb

Hitchhiking is a common way of travelling in some parts of Europe, especially in former eastern bloc countries. It can be a pleasant way to meet lots of people, and to travel without spending too many euros.

In the more eastern countries, you may run into language problems while hitchhiking, especially if you speak only English. It is not advisable to hitchhike in former Yugoslavia, for example between Croatia and Serbia, because you could run into big problems with nationalists. Between Croatia and Slovenia it's usually not a problem. In Moldova and Ukraine, it's better to take a train or bus. In western Europe, especially in the Netherlands and Germany, it can be weary and tedious to hitch-hike.

Another method is hitchhiking through pre-arranged ride sharing. Although this is not free, the price is usually much lower than even the cheapest bus or train-fare. There are several websites, most of them country-specific and/or catering to a specific language group, but long routes are not at all uncommon and international travellers are increasingly using this form of transport.

Qarang

Colosseum in Rome

The all too common concept of trying to "do Europe" is pretty unrealistic, and will most likely, if not ruin your vacation, then at least make it less enjoyable. While you can cross Europe on train in a weekend and fly across it in a few hours, it has more historical sites than any other continent, with more than 400 World Heritage Sites on the continent and thousands of other sites worth seeing. Instead of running a mad dash through Europe in an attempt to get the ritual photos of you in front of the Colosseum, the Eiffel Tower, Big Ben etc. over and done with, the key is prioritize, pick 2–3 sights you really want to see per week, and plan a route from that. There are likely to be some amazing, world class sights and attractions that you haven't even thought about, somewhere in between two given cities, and finding those will – in all likelihood – be infinitely more rewarding than following the beaten down post card route. Each of the larger cities can entertain a visitor for more than a week, and Europe is certainly worth more than one visit. The classic Grand Tour took longer by necessity than many modern "Eurotrips", but you can still learn from the first "tourists".

Historical and cultural attractions

Europe is full of deserted archaeological sites, as well as living old towns. Structures from Ancient Greece are scattered around the eastern Mediterranean, including Delphi, Olympia, Sparta, Ephesus, Lycia and of course the Parthenon yilda Afina.

The Roman Empire left ruins across the continent. Rome itself has the magnificent Colosseum, Pantheon va Roman Forum. Many Roman ruins can also be found in Ispaniya, such as the remains at Merida, Italica, Segovia, Toledo va Tarragona. With 47 sites, Italy has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites of any country in the world, directly followed by Spain with 43. Though notably less, France, (southern and western) Germany and England also have some Roman sites, as have most other regions that were once part of the Roman Empire. Several of those sites are UNESCO world heritage sites as well.

The Umayyid and Abassid Dynasties of the Caliphate left significant architectural influence in Iberia, with buildings like the Alhambra va Mezquíta de Córdoba among the finest examples of Islamic architecture in Europe, if not the world.

Constantinople's (now Istanbul's) most famous landmark, Hagia Sofia, is a testament to the continuity from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans. After almost a millennium of being the largest Eastern Orthodox (Christian) cathedral in the world, it was converted in 1453 into one of the world's most impressive mosques.

The Ottoman Empire left significant influence in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, with many buildings and cultures deriving important concepts from them. Many Ottoman-era buildings can be found in places like Mostar, Veliko Tarnovo, Belgrade, Crimea, Albania, and of course Turkey.

The city-states and smaller states of the Middle Ages, especially in Italy, the Netherlands and Germany, showed their wealth through churches and council buildings. Most present or historical capital cities have some of their grandiose palaces, theatres or opera houses open to the public. Examples include the Medici Villas and palazzi in and around Florence, the palaces of Paris, or the former royal residence in Kraków, Poland. As parts of Spain were held by Muslims from the 8th to 15th centuries, there are visible influences in architecture as well, including the world-famous Alhambra yilda Granada, as well as La Mezquita, the former mosque in Córdoba that was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1236.

One main attraction is European art, including modern and contemporary art.

Europe has dozens of market towns and almost just about every other town holds its rights to host markets.

Natural attractions

Shuningdek qarang: Eurasian wildlife, Natural attractions#Europe

While Europe is shaped by mankind, arguably more than any other continent, it also contains large areas of wilderness; especially in the north and east. Many mountain ranges are known for their beauty, such as the Alps, the Kavkaz, and the Carpathian Mountains. Some other wonders of nature are the fjords of Norway, and the Icelandic Hot Springs. Most countries, except the smallest, have a national park system; qarang United Kingdom National Parks va Finnish National Parks.

There are more than 360 national parks on the continent. Many parks are small, some less than a single km², but there are also some expansive national parks to explore. The Vatnajökull National Park on Iceland is the largest, covering around 12,000 km² (7,500 sq miles), and the fascinating national parks of the Arctic Svalbard are not far behind, while Yugyd Va National Park ichida Russian Urals is largest on the mainland itself. In total the national parks of Europe encompass an area of around 98,000 km² (37,000 sq miles).

Some parks and other notable natural areas include:

• Plitvicka Jezera (Plitvice Lakes) - Croatia
• The Matterhorn - Switzerland
• The Lake District - UK
• Crimean Peninsula - controlled by Russia since 2014 but claimed by Ukraine
• Azores - Portugal
• Lake Shkoder - Border between Albania and Montenegro
• Lake Prespa - North Macedonia, Greece, Albania
• Black Forest - Germany

Itineraries

• The Amber Road for motorists
• Cruising the Baltic Sea on a cruise ship
• E11 hiking trail for ramblers
• Bike (or drive) along the Romantic Road in South Germaniya
• The Elbe Radweg goes from the Czech Republic to the German North Sea Coast
• The Way of St James is a multi-path pilgrimage route from all parts of Europe to Santiago de Compostela yilda Ispaniya.

Qil

Music

Shuningdek qarang: European classical music, Music in Britain and Ireland, Nordic music

Europe is considered the spiritual home of classical music and opera, and the various European capitals are home to some amazing 'old world' opera houses, where the hundreds of years of history often enhances the experience into something otherworldly. Ammo opera xonandalari sizni bosh og'rig'iga duchor qilsalar, qo'rqmanglar, chunki Evropada siz tomosha qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan zamonaviy musiqa festivallari mavjud. The Roskilde festivali yilda Roskilde, Sziget fesztivál yilda Budapesht va amaldagi chempion Glastonberi, og'irligi 195000 ga yaqin mast ruh, 3 ta katta deb hisoblanadi, ammo bundan ham muhim voqealar ko'p. Shu bilan bir qatorda, uyg'onish Woodstock Polshadagi festival, ba'zi tijorat festivallarining yulduzlar qatori bilan maqtana olmasa-da, buni arzon narxda qilishni istaganlar uchun juda yaxshi (sotib olish uchun chipta yo'q) va olomonni 600,000 atrofida jalb qildi. Bundan tashqari, har yili Vena shahrida bo'lib o'tadigan va "Evropaning ochiq ochiq osmon ostidagi eng yirik tadbiridir" deb nomlangan "Donuinselfest" mavjud.

Evropa opera teatrlari bilan mashhur bo'lsa-da, LondonWest End dunyodagi ko'plab etakchi ishlab chiqarishlarning uyidir musiqiy teatr.

Sport

Ehtimol, Evropada sportga qaraganda kuchli integratsiyani boshqa biron bir soha ko'rmagan bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pchilik professional sport Evropa miqyosidagi ligalar mavjud va deyarli har bir sport turida har yili ikki marotaba Evropa chempionati o'tkaziladi.

• Futbol assotsiatsiyasi. (odatda shunchaki "futbol" deb nomlanadi, chaqiriladi futbol Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida va boshqa sport turlari "Futbol" deb ataladigan boshqa mamlakatlarda) Agar siz allaqachon futbol ishqibozi bo'lsangiz, o'yin sizning sevimli jamoangiz dunyodagi eng buyuk futbol klublariga qarshi kurashini tomosha qilishdan yaxshiroq bo'lmaydi. Chempionlar ligasi yoki Evropa Ligasi. Umumevropa ligalarida o'yinlar odatda hafta o'rtalarida bo'lib o'tadi, milliy ligalarda o'yinlar dam olish kunlari bo'lib o'tishi uchun. Mashhur jamoalar uchun chiptalar ko'pincha bir necha hafta oldin sotiladi. Eng kuchli ichki ligalar (aniq bir tartibda emas) Germaniya Bundesligasi, Angliya Premer-ligasi, Ispaniya Primerasi Divizioni, Italiya A Seriyasi va (ozroq darajada) Frantsiya Ligasi 1. Terma jamoalar o'rtasidagi chempionat har to'rttada o'tkaziladi. yillar davomida Olimpiya yozgi o'yinlari ham bor. (masalan, 2020 yil) odatda bir yoki ikkita oldindan belgilangan mezbon mamlakatlarda Evro-2020 2021 yilda qit'aning 12 shahrida bo'lib o'tadi. Bunday tadbirlar paytida turar joy va transport oluvchi mamlakatda olomonga va qimmatga tushishi mumkin va butun Evropada jamoat joylarida katta ekranlar paydo bo'ladi, bu sizning mamlakatingizning o'yinlarini, lekin ko'pincha barcha o'yinlarni namoyish etadi.
• Formula-1 avtomobil poygasi - bu butun qit'adagi odamlarni hayajonga soladigan sport turi bo'lib, ko'plab musobaqalar Evropa maydonlarida o'tkaziladi.
• Velosiped haydash. Evropada deyarli butun dunyoga qaraganda ancha mashhur bo'lgan yana bir sport turi. Har yili yuzlab musobaqalar bo'lib o'tadi, ammo yilning tengsiz 3 ta voqealari "Tour de France", Jiro d'Italiya va Ispaniya VueltaBu erda minglab minglab tomoshabinlar ko'pincha yuz kilometrdan ko'proq masofani bosib o'tadigan marshrutlar bo'ylab saf tortadilar. Butun mavsum "formatida" ligada boshqariladi Protur.
• Kayak (tog 'chang'isi) tog'li Skandinaviya, Germaniya, Avstriya, Shveytsariya, Frantsiya va Italiyaning yirik sport turidir.
• Regbi futboli (regbi ittifoqi) - bu Shotlandiya, Irlandiya, Uels, Frantsiya va Italiya kabi boshqa mamlakatlarda katta obro'ga ega bo'lgan ingliz sporti. Regbi ligasi Angliyaning shimoliy qismida paydo bo'lgan va u erda hali ham kuchli tarafdorlari bor, ammo ko'pchilik evropaliklar uchun "regbi" ittifoq degan ma'noni anglatadi.
• Basketbol. Umumevropa Evroliga Evropadagi 18 ta Evropa jamoalari va NBA tashqarisida topadigan eng yaxshi basketbol jamoalari ishtirok etgan eng yuqori darajadagi professional basketbol. Muntazam mavsum oktyabr-yanvarda bo'lib o'tadi va pley-off o'yinlari yanvar-mayda bo'lib o'tadi.
• Gandbol (jamoaviy gandbol yoki olimpiya gandboli). Har yili o'tkaziladigan umumevropa turniri Chempionlar ligasi, har yili bo'lib o'tadi. Ushbu sport Evropadan tashqarida kam ma'lum bo'lsa-da, qit'ada uning izdoshlari bor. Har biri ettita o'yinchisi bo'lgan ikkita jamoa to'pni raqib jamoasining futbol uslubidagi darvozasiga otish uchun uzatadi va sakrab chiqadi. Ushbu sport turida Germaniya, Shimoliy Shimoliy va Frantsiya va Bolqonning ayrim qismlari ustun turadi. Bu yopiq sport turi bo'lgani uchun zallar juda ko'p to'planishi mumkin va hatto 20000 kishi tanlab olomon bo'lishi mumkin. Evropa chempionatlari odatda hatto yillarning dastlabki oylarida o'tkaziladi. Jahon chempionatlari hali ham Evropa jamoalari tomonidan boshqariladi va odatda g'alati yillarning dastlabki oylarida o'tkaziladi, ammo har doim ham Evropada emas. Gandbol Olimpiadada ham qatnashadi va xuddi jahon chempionatlari singari Evropa jamoalari ustunlik qiladi.
• Muzli xokkey sobiq Sharqiy blokning ba'zi mamlakatlarida va Norvegiyada, Finlyandiyada va Shvetsiyada juda mashhur. Rossiyaning (shuningdek, boshqa mamlakatlarning ba'zi jamoalari) Kontinental Xokkey Ligasi (ko'pincha qisqartirilgan KHL) NHLdan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turadi va sifati va raqobatning shiddati jihatidan juda yaqin. KHLning Evropaga kengayishi bu sportning doimiy masalasidir va ko'pincha Evropa ligalarining eng yaxshi jamoalari tomonidan muzokaralar vositasi sifatida ishlatiladi. Muzli xokkey bo'yicha har yili may oyida bo'lib o'tadigan Jahon kubogi deyarli har doim Evropada o'tkaziladi va odatda katta olomonni jalb qiladi, ayniqsa "Katta Evropa to'rtligi" mamlakatlaridan birida o'tkazilganda. Ba'zi mamlakatlar uchun (xususan Slovakiya va Finlyandiya), xokkeyda muvaffaqiyat qozonish, futbolda muvaffaqiyat qozonish boshqalar uchun qanchalik ko'p bo'lsa, milliy g'urur masalasidir. Evropa jamoalari ham Qishki Olimpiada o'yinlarida yaxshi ishtirok etishadi, xususan Finlyandiya, Shvetsiya va Rossiya odatda Amerika va Kanadadagi hukmronlik uchun eng kuchli muammolarni keltirib chiqarmoqda.
• Muzda chana uchish qish oylarida mashhurdir. Raqobatbardosh tezkor konkida uchish ayniqsa mashhur Gollandiya, odatda Qishki Olimpiya o'yinlarida tezkor konkida uchish musobaqasida ustunlik qiladi.
• Amerika futboli Bundan tashqari, ixlosmandlarning soni tobora ortib bormoqda, ammo Shimoliy Amerikada u yoqadigan darajaga yaqin joyda emas. NFL xalqaro seriyalar orqali buni o'zgartirish jarayonida London. Hatto ba'zi mahalliy tadbirlar, masalan, milliy finallar yoki Evropa chempionatlari besh raqamli diapazonda olomonni jalb qilishi mumkin. Ular singari Evropa musobaqalarida nemis, avstriyalik va kam darajada frantsuz jamoalari ustunlik qiladi, ularning hammasi ham mahalliy bo'lmagan (xususan amerikalik) iste'dodlarni murabbiylik va o'ynashda ishlatadilar. Evropa ligasidan chiqib NFLda qatnashish imkoniyati kam bo'lsa-da, maosh va imtiyozlar, odatda Grisham romanida aytilganidek, "pizza uchun o'ynash" dan tashqari biroz sayohat qilish uchun etarli. Afsuski, bezorilik va boshqa muammolar bilan shug'ullanadigan ko'plab boshqa sport turlaridan farqli o'laroq, Amerika futboli o'yinlarida odatda juda do'stona muhit mavjud va yoshlarni o'yinga olib chiqish muammosi yo'q.

Qishki sport

Orqa fon sifatida taniqli Matterhorn bilan chang'i sporti

Shuningdek qarang: Shveytsariyada qishki sport turlari, Avstriyada qishki sport turlari, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish

Evropada hayoliy tosh markazlari joylashgan; The Alp tog'lari dunyodagi eng yaxshi tosh markazlarining uyi va bu erda boshqa joylarga qaraganda ko'proq. Faqatgina Avstriya va Shveytsariya yuzlab kurortlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Boshqa tog 'chang'i yo'nalishlariga Frantsiya, Italiya, Sloveniya, Germaniya (Bavariya) va hatto kichik Lixtenshteyn kiradi. Eng katta maydon Les Portes du Soleil, Shveytsariya va Frantsiyadagi 13 ta bog'langan chang'i kurortlaridan iborat bo'lib, 650 km dan ortiq masofani bosib o'tganliklari bilan maqtanishadi.

Ammo o'yin-kulgi Alp tog'larida to'xtamaydi; Norvegiya va Shvetsiya dunyodagi eng madaniyatli va oilaviy chang'ida uchish joylarini namoyish etadi, ammo pastroq balandlik bu qisqa masofalar uchun savdo-sotiq degan ma'noni anglatadi - Åre eng katta, shimolga ko'tarilayotganda Riksgräsen yozda yaxshi kayak qilishga imkon beradi. Shotlandiya 5 ta chang'i kurortining uyi, Nevis tizmasi eng yuqori vertikal pasayish 566 metrga teng, shu bilan birga Glenshei eng kattasi. Ajablanadigan variant Syerra Nevada yilda Ispaniya, juda katta, O'rta er dengizi sohilidan atigi ikki soatlik masofada va ko'pincha mayga to'g'ri keladigan fasl bilan - siz ertalab chang'ida uchishingiz va tushdan keyin plyajda sovishingiz mumkin. Shimol tomonda Pireneylar bilan bo'lishdi Frantsiya va Andorra shuningdek, 2700 metr balandlikda (8000 fut) balandlikda chang'i chang'isini taklif etadi, Domaine Tourmalet 100 km dan ortiq pistlari bo'lgan mintaqadagi eng yirik kurort.

Puerto de la Ragua, Syerra Nevada (Ispaniya)

Sharqiy Evropa tobora ommalashib bormoqda, chunki narxlar qit'aning boshqa joylariga qaraganda ancha past. Salbiy tomoni shundaki, inshootlar Evropaning boshqa joylaridagi kabi keng yoki zamonaviy emas, lekin ishlar tez yaxshilanmoqda. Sloveniya Uberga qimmat bo'lgan Alp tog'larida arzon alternativa, Kranjska Gora mamlakatdagi eng yirik kurort hisoblanadi. Karpat tog'lari, eng baland masofasi qariyb 2200 metrni tashkil etadi (7200 fut) - yana bir mashhur hudud; Poyana Brasov (Ruminiya, 20 km, 11 ta lift) Zakopane (Polsha, 30 km, 20 ta lift) va Jasna (Slovakiya, 29 km, 24 lift) - bu tegishli mamlakatlarning eng katta va eng mashhur joylari. O'rta er dengizi o'rtasida bo'lishiga qaramay, Kipr Troodos tog'larida tobora rivojlanib borayotgan chang'i turizmi mavjud.

Tashqi hayot

Evropaning ko'plab shaharlari velosiped haydash uchun juda yaxshi.

EuroVelo velosiped marshrutlari deyarli barcha istaklar va qiyinchilik darajalariga javob beradigan qit'adagi turli xil velosiped yo'llarining rivojlanishi. Qit'aning barcha turli mamlakatlarida ushbu yo'nalishlarning qismlari mavjud. Ba'zilari allaqachon ishlab chiqilgan, ba'zilari faqat "qurilishda".

Evropada oq sport turlari va kanyonlar uchun bir nechta joylar mavjud.

Qit'aning aksariyat qishloqlari xavfsiz va ularga kirish mumkin sayohatchilar va alpinistlar.

Sotib oling

Boy xilma-xillik va madaniy meros, ko'p asrlik hunarmandchilik an'analari va tasviriy sanoati mavjudligi, shuningdek, dunyodagi eng mashhur brendlarning har qanday hashamatli va qimmatbaho mahsulotlarida Evropani xaridorlarning jannatiga aylantiradi. Qit'aning har bir burchagidan sotib olinadigan mintaqaviy mutaxassisliklar mavjud va asosiysi xarid qilish Evropaning ko'plab metropollaridagi ko'chalar va do'konlar butun dunyo bo'ylab xaridorlarni jalb qiladigan savdo do'konlari.

Kamroq jozibali xaridlar nuqtai nazaridan Evropa odatda kichik muammolarga duch kelmoqda. Chakana savdo aksariyat mamlakatlarda yaxshi rivojlangan bo'lib, asosiy oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari va boshqa birinchi ehtiyoj buyumlarini taklif qiladigan do'konlarni deyarli hamma joyda, lekin eng chekka, odam yashamaydigan joylardan topishda qiynalmaslik kerak. Do'konning ish vaqti yoki kredit kartani qabul qilish kabi masalalar, har xil xorijiy tillarda gaplashadigan sotuvchilarning ehtimoli kabi, mamlakatlar o'rtasida juda farq qiladi, Evropa o'zining modasi va dizaynerlik kiyimlari bilan mashhur. Shuningdek, hashamatli soatlar va yuqori darajadagi zargarlik buyumlari Evropada mashhurdir.

Evro

Shuningdek qarang: Evropa Ittifoqi # Evro

Evro banknotalari

The evro (belgi: €, EUR) - ko'p mamlakatlarning umumiy valyutasi, ammo barchasi hammasi emas Yevropa Ittifoqiva boshqa bir nechta narsalar, bir mamlakatdan ikkinchisiga borishda valyutalarni almashtirish zaruratini olib tashlaydi va umumevropalik biznes va sayohatchilar uchun foydali bo'ladi. Bir evro 100 sentga teng; ba'zan ularni AQSh va boshqa hamkasblaridan farqlash uchun "evro tsentlari" deb atashadi.

O'zlarining milliy valyutalarini almashtirgan davlatlar odatda "deb nomlanadi Evro hududi. Evro, ba'zida Evrozonadan tashqaridagi Evropa mamlakatlarida qabul qilinadi, lekin universal emas va do'konlarda va restoranlarda valyuta kursi sizning foydangizga bo'lmasligi mumkin. Evrozonadan tashqaridagi ko'plab mehmonxonalar ham evroni to'laydi va to'laydi.

Bankomatlar

Butun Evropa bo'ylab, avtomatik hisob-kitob mashinalari mavjud. Ular turli xil Evropa bank kartalarini hamda kredit kartalarini qabul qiladilar. Garchi juda ko'p miqdordagi naqd pul mablag'lari naqd pulni bepul olishni taklif qilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, ba'zi operatorlar buning uchun o'zlarining to'lovlarini talab qiladilar - odatda minimal miqdordagi belgilangan miqdordagi mablag 'olinadi. Bu sizning kartangiz emitenti tomonidan to'lanadigan to'lovlarning yuqori qismidir. Ishlatishdan oldin mashinadagi yorliqlar va xabarnomalarni o'qing. Odatda mashina siz olib ketmoqchi bo'lgan pulni belgilaydi va buni tasdiqlashingizni so'raydi.

Evropa bankomatlarida odatda klaviaturada harflar bo'lmaydi. 4 raqamdan uzun PIN-kodlar endi muammo bo'lmaydi.

Kredit va debet kartalar

Kredit va debet kartalaridan foydalanish Evropada turlicha. Britaniyadagi orollar va shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlarda kartalar ko'pincha kichik operatsiyalar uchun ham qo'llaniladi, ammo Italiya singari siz ham markalarni sotib olish uchun foydalanishga urinib ko'rishingiz mumkin. Garchi kartalar keng miqyosda qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, har doim ham muammo bo'lsa, zaxira sifatida ham naqd pulda bo'lish tavsiya etiladi, chunki kartalarni umuman qabul qilmaydigan ko'plab savdo nuqtalari mavjud, masalan, tamaki do'konlari va do'konlari Rojdestvo bozorlari. Agar sizning kartangiz emitenti haddan tashqari katta miqdordagi valyuta to'lovini, ayniqsa, kichik operatsiyalar uchun belgilangan to'lovni undirsa, naqd pul kartalari bo'yicha maslahat berilishi mumkin; kartangizdan foydalanishni rejalashtirishdan oldin nozik nashrni tekshiring.

VISA va Mastercard eng keng tarqalgan hisoblanadi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda American Express va Diners Club-ni qabul qilish juda cheklangan va ba'zi chakana sotuvchilar yuqori narxlar tufayli ularni qabul qilishni ongli ravishda rad etishadi. JCB va UnionPay ham qabul qilinmaydi va Discover-ning qamrovi juda kam, shuningdek, nisbatan kichik operatsiyalar uchun kontaktsiz to'lovlar (shu jumladan Apple Pay va Android Pay) ham keng tarqalmoqda.

Notanish karta turlari bilan to'lovlarni amalga oshirish protseduralari ko'pincha kartani foydalanuvchi identifikatorlari bilan tekshirishni o'z ichiga oladi, shuning uchun haydovchining guvohnomasi ko'pincha hisobga olinmaganligi sababli, agar u so'ralsa va fotosurati qulay bo'lgan hujjat bo'lsa, yaxshisi pasporti bo'lsa, hayron bo'lmang yoki xafa bo'lmang. bunday maqsadlar uchun amal qiladi.

Sizning kartangiz boshqa joylarda yaxshi bo'lishiga qaramay, ba'zi bir savdo nuqtalarida tushunarsiz ravishda ishlamayotganligini bilib hayron bo'lishingiz mumkin. Bu, ayniqsa, qabul qilinmasligi mumkin bo'lgan chipsiz eski uslubdagi kredit kartalar bilan bog'liq. Evropa davlatlarining aksariyati a chip va PIN-kod kredit kartalaridagi chip o'rnatilgan va siz kvitansiyani imzolash o'rniga PIN-kodingizni kiritishingiz kerak bo'lgan tizim. Agar sizning kartangizda allaqachon chip mavjud bo'lsa ham, tranzaksiya bilan oldinga siljish uchun PIN-kod kerak bo'lganda qabul qilinmasligi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, ko'rsatilgan kartani qabul qilish belgilari siz kutgan narsani anglatmasligi mumkin, chunki "nozik bosma" sizning ma'lum bir VISA yoki Mastercard turingizni qabul qilishi mumkin emas (masalan, faqat chipli kartalar yopilganligi sababli).

Debet yoki kredit kartadan foydalanganda bir nechta holatlarda, sizga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uy valyutasida to'lovni taklif qilish mumkin - bu savdogar tomonidan belgilangan narx bo'yicha yomon bo'lishi mumkin. Siz operatsiyani amalga oshirayotgan mamlakat valyutasidan foydalanishni talab qiling (masalan, agar Buyuk Britaniyada savdo amalga oshirilsa, funt sterling). Qarang Pul # Dinamik valyutani konvertatsiya qilish.

Birja

Bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan 50 ta mamlakat va 28 ta pul birligi taxminan Kanada yoki Xitoy kattaligidagi maydonga siqib qo'yilganligi sababli, qit'aning deyarli butun dunyo bilan mustamlakachilik aloqalari tufayli sayyoramizning eng yirik diasporasi va boshqa joylarga qaraganda ko'proq sayyohlik borligi sababli valyuta almashinuvi haqiqatdir Evropada hayot va bozor, ehtimol dunyoning boshqa joylariga qaraganda yaxshiroq tashkil etilgan va deyarli hamma joyda mavjud. Banklar, ba'zi bir istisnolardan tashqari, barcha Evropa valyutalarini almashadilar va Evropa Ittifoqi banklari chet elda qonuniy ravishda sotiladigan har qanday valyutani qabul qiladilar. Ixtisoslashgan valyuta ayirboshlash kompaniyalari, ayniqsa, yirik sayyohlik yo'nalishlarida keng tarqalgan va ko'pincha banklarga qaraganda bir oz arzonroq. Biroq, bankomatlar hamma joyda mavjud bo'lgan barcha asosiy kredit va debet kartalarini qabul qilganda, ko'plab mehmonlar imkon qadar real valyuta kursiga yaqinlashish uchun elektron shaklda pul olishadi (garchi kartalar chiqaruvchilar va banklar o'zlarining chiqish va valyuta to'lovlarini qo'shishlari mumkin bo'lsa ham).

"Komissiyasiz", "nolinchi komissiya" yoki "komissiya yo'q" ni ko'rganingizda ehtiyot bo'ling, bortda ko'rsatilgan narx qo'shimcha to'lovlarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin, bu esa yomonroq ko'rsatkichni anglatadi.

Tips

Tips amaliyotlari Evropadagi mamlakatlar o'rtasida farq qiladi. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda pul to'lash talab qilinmaydi va ko'rsatilgan narxlar barcha xizmat to'lovlari va soliqlarni o'z ichiga olishi shart.

Xarajatlar va soliqlar

Evropa odatda qimmat qit'adir; ayniqsa, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar, Shveytsariya, yirik shaharlar va sayyohlik zonalari. Umuman olganda, narxlar shimoli-g'arbda yuqori, janubi-sharqda esa pastroq. Esdalik sovg'alari uchun narxlar ko'pincha katta do'konlarga qaraganda kichik do'konlarda kamroq bo'ladi. Ovqatlanayotganda sizning hisobingizda siz kutmagan ko'plab narsalar (masalan, suv, non) paydo bo'lishi mumkin: o'tirishdan oldin so'rang. Biroq, ba'zi mamlakatlar odatda Amerika yoki G'arbiy Evropa standartlari bilan taqqoslaganda juda arzon. Ushbu mamlakatlarda - aksariyati turizm darajasi past bo'lgan sobiq Sovet davlatlari - narxlar past (ular mahalliy valyutada yuqori bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa ham) va sayohatchilar 20 AQSh dollaridan past bo'lgan ichimlik bilan to'liq kechki ovqatni olishlari mumkin.

Evropa Ittifoqida aksariyat tovarlar va xizmatlar e'lon qilingan narxlarda qo'shimcha qiymat solig'ini (QQS), ayniqsa yirik bosma nashrga qo'shilishi shart. Agar siz norezident bo'lsangiz va tovarlarni Evropa Ittifoqidan foydalanilmaganda olib chiqsangiz, QQS qaytarilishi mumkin. Do'kondan vaucher so'rab, uni chiqish joyida bojxonaga ko'rsatish kifoya. Xavfsiz bo'lish uchun do'kon eshigi yoki derazasida QQSni qaytarish stikeriga e'tibor bering. QQS odatda "asosiy ehtiyojlari" bo'lgan oziq-ovqat va ba'zi tovarlarga "hashamatli" tovarlarga nisbatan past soliq solinadigan mamlakat ichidagi mamlakatga va ba'zida (toifadagi) tovarlarga qarab farq qiladi, ammo tizimlar har bir mamlakatda farq qiladi va narxlar ko'pincha boshqalarga ko'proq ta'sir qiladi QQSga nisbatan omillar. AQShdan farqli o'laroq, mahalliy savdo solig'i mavjud emas, ammo ko'plab munitsipalitetlar turar joy uchun turar-joy solig'ini oladilar, bu tabiiy ravishda joyiga, ba'zan mavsumga yoki turar joy turiga qarab farq qiladi.

Yemoq

Evropa oshxonalari juda xilma-xildir. Sovuq shimol va Evropaning O'rta er dengizi o'rtasida tarixiy ravishda mavjud bo'lgan mahsulotlar o'rtasida farq dunyosi mavjud va, albatta, milliy oshxonalarning rivojlanishi mavjud mahsulotlarga juda bog'liq edi. Oshxonalar ko'pincha bir mamlakatning turli hududlari o'rtasida sezilarli darajada farq qiladi.

Biroq, aksariyat Evropa oshxonalari bir nechta xususiyatlarga ega va ko'pchilik, masalan, nisbatan qisqa an'analarga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, dunyo miqyosida katta ahamiyatga ega. Xitoy. Ehtimol, Evropaning eng taniqli taomlari boshqa mamlakatlarda zamonaviy ovqatlanishning rivojlanishiga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatgan frantsuz taomidir. Italiya oshxonasi bir xil darajada tanilgan va sevilgan va boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan taomlar butun qit'ada va butun dunyoda mashhurlikka erishgan. Ispaniyalik tapas, avstriyalik xamir ovqatlar, nemis pishiriqlari, inglizcha yakshanba kuni qovurilgan qovurilgan qovurilgan qovoq yoki turk kabobini o'ylab ko'ring.

Go'sht aksariyat Evropa oshxonalarida muhim rol o'ynaydi. Osiyo taomlari luqma kattaligi uchun afzal bo'lgan joyda, ko'plab Evropa taomlari to'liq xizmat ko'rsatadigan qismlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Bifteklar (turli xil go'shtlardan) barcha qit'alarda mashhur bo'lib, ular bilan birga barcha turdagi souslar mavjud. Kartoshkadan keyin kraxmalning asosiy manbai bo'ldi Kolumbning sayohatlari non, makaron, xamir ovqatlar va köftelardan tashqari Amerika bilan savdo-sotiqni boshlagan.

An'anaviy ingredientlar mahalliy iqlimga bog'liq. Odatda janubga borganingizda, meva, sabzavot va ziravorlar odatiy va xilma-xildir.

Evropa shaharlaridagi ovqatlanish sahnalariga butun dunyodagi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Evropaliklar o'zlarining mintaqaviy oziq-ovqat an'analarini Evropa, Osiyo va Amerikaning boshqa joylari bilan mamnuniyat bilan aralashtirib, mahalliy aholini ham, mehmonlarni ham katta shaharlarning aksariyat qismida keng imkoniyatlar yaratib berishdi. Sobiq mustamlaka imperiyalaridan yuqori darajadagi immigratsiya tufayli Osiyo, Afrika va Amerikadan kelgan oshxonalar o'zlarining sobiq mustamlaka metropollarining yirik shaharlarida yaxshi tanilgan.

Garchi xizmat ko'rsatish darajasi mamlakatlar o'rtasida turlicha bo'lsa-da, umuman Evropa restoranlarida siz Qo'shma Shtatlardagi restoranlarda bo'lgani kabi bir xil darajada diqqatni jalb qila olmaysiz. Bu qo'pollik qilish istagidan emas, aksincha ofitsiantlarning iloji boricha professional va g'ayrioddiy bo'lishini kutish bilan bog'liq. Yuborish mamlakatlar va muassasalar o'rtasida farq qiladi, ammo o'n foizli maslahat ko'p joylarda juda oqilona bo'lishi mumkin. Siz deyarli hech qachon sizning hisob-kitobingizni "soliq va to'lovlar" ning o'ttiz foizi miqdorida oshirib yubormaysiz va ko'pgina mamlakatlarda pul to'lash ixtiyoriydir.

Evropaliklarning aksariyati vilkalar chap qo'lida, pichoq esa o'ng qo'llarida. Amerikaliklarning vilkasini o'ng qo'lidan ushlab olish odati qabul qilingan, ammo mehmonni chet ellik sifatida ajratib turadi. Evropaning aksariyat qismida tirsagingizni ovqatlanish stoliga qo'yishingiz qo'pollikdir; faqat bilagingizni dam olishga ishonch hosil qiling. Ko'p joylarda ovqatlanish stolida qo'llaringizni tizzangizga qo'yish ham qo'pollikdir.

Mintaqaviy oshxonalar

Yaxshi ovqatlanish havaskorlari uchun, Frantsuz oshxonasi dunyo miqyosida e'tirof etilgan va hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan mazali taomlarning asl nusxalarini, shuningdek eskargot, qurbaqa oyoqlari va turli xil dengiz maxsulotlarini o'z ichiga olgan mahalliy taomlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Italiya taomlari pazandachilik yoki turli xil makaron mahsulotlari kabi butun dunyo bo'ylab o'zlarining mashhur oshpazliklariga ega, ammo ular tez-tez joylashib ko'rgandan ko'ra farq qiladigan narsalarga aylanib ketishdi.

Ispan oshxonasi Evropada ham, global miqyosda ham, Portugaliya oshxonasida ham mashhurlikka erishmoqda. Uzoq O'rta er dengizi va Atlantika qirg'oqlari va dengiz an'analarini hisobga olgan holda ajablanarli bo'lmagan dengiz mahsulotlariga asoslangan holda, ular italiyaliklar kabi ovqatni nishonlaydilar va kichik gazaklarni ko'taradilar yoki tapas, san'atga. The Kataloniya ayniqsa mintaqa taniqli oshpazlar va ularning yaxshi ovqatlanish restoranlarining juda yuqori konsentratsiyasiga ega.

Bolqon oshxonalari bilan doimiylikni hosil qiling Gretsiya, Kipr, kurka va Kavkaz bu erda yangi tvorog bilan tobora ko'proq "sharq" lazzatlari qo'shiladi pishloqlar, pomidor va qovurilgan go'sht ko'plab shakllarda. Islomiy ta'sirlarni hisobga olgan holda siz u erda cho'chqa go'shtini va mol go'shti, qo'zichoq va tovuq go'shtini juda kam topasiz. Shuningdek qarang Yaqin Sharq oshxonasi.

O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab har qanday joyda siz butun dunyoda ishlatiladigan ko'plab boshqa yog'larga mazali va foydali alternativ bo'lgan zaytun moyini mo'l-ko'l topasiz. Bu chiroyli va juda ko'p ovqatlanish sirining kaliti bo'lishi mumkin, shunda ham O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab ko'plab joylarda uchraydi.

Markaziy Evropa oshxonalari oddiy va samimiy, shu jumladan go'shtning katta qismlari, ayniqsa cho'chqa go'shti, kolbasa, kartoshka, karam, smetana va shirinliklar. Nemis oshxonasi vakillik namunasi sifatida. Bu, albatta, ozroq ovqatlanish va ingichka bo'lish bo'yicha maslahatlarni qidiradigan joy emas, lekin ochlik och qolmaydi. Bundan tashqari, Shveytsariya, Avstriya va Germaniyaning ko'plab joylarida yuqori turmush darajasiga mos narxlar mavjud bo'lsa, Evropa Ittifoqining yangi a'zolari bilan Evropaning qolgan qismiga nisbatan hali ham arzon narxlarda to'ldirish mumkin. Markaziy Evropa keklari va shokoladlari mashhurdir.

Shimoliy oshxona ning taomlari bilan tavsiflanadi dengiz mahsulotlari, o'yin, rezavorlar va turli xil donli nonlar. Ehtimol, barcha Skandinaviya taomlari orasida eng taniqli bu kamtar shved köfte (ko'tbullar), IKEA restoranlari tomonidan ba'zi bir asosiy mahsulot bilan birga ommalashgan. Oddiylik har doim chuqur ahamiyatga ega bo'lsa-da, IKEA-ning mazali, ammo oddiy qurbonliklariga aldanmang, chunki shimoliy taomlar yanada nozik ta'mlarga ega. Eslatma, shuningdek, tushunchasi smörgåsbord, baliq va go'shtga asoslangan zamonaviy bufet uchun prototip. Zamonaviy Skandinaviya yoki Yangi shimoliy oshxona ham so'nggi o'n yil ichida paydo bo'lib, an'anaviy shimoliy ta'mlarni xalqaro ta'sirlar bilan birlashtirdi va yaxshi ovqatlanish dunyosida to'lqinlanib kelmoqda.

Rus oshxonasi oshxonalari bilan juda ko'p o'xshashliklarga ega Ukraina, Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari, Markaziy Evropa, Kavkaz va Nordiklar, noyob mahalliy lazzatlar bilan birga. Ularning oshxonalari dunyo miqyosida kamroq tanilganligi sababli, siz turli xil sho'rvalar va köftelardan tortib, engil va shirin shirinliklarga qadar ko'plab yashirin marvarid va kutilmagan hodisalarni topishingiz mumkin. Bunga, ayniqsa, kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi Gruziya oshxonasi.

In Benilukskabi aniq tanlovlar mavjud Belgiyalik shokolad yoki Gollandpishloq, esa Britaniya va Irlandiya oshxonalari mahalliy pubda odatdagi britaniyalik baliq va chiplardan (bu ham zavqlanadigan taom) yoki Irlandiyalik stewdan tashqariga chiqishni xohlasangiz, ko'proq o'rganishingiz mumkin.

Ichish

Evropada an'anaviy spirtli kamarlar; qizil sharobni, oltin pivoni, ko'k esa aroq yoki boshqa spirtli ichimliklarni anglatadi

Evropaliklar odatda ichkilikka nisbatan liberal munosabatda bo'lishadi va alkogol dam olish yig'ilishlarining odatiy qismi hisoblanadi. Qonuniy ichish yoshi aksariyat mamlakatlarda 16 dan 18 gacha o'zgarib turadi, ko'pincha pivo va spirtli ichimliklar uchun chegaralangan. Noqonuniy xatti-harakatlar sizni nafaqat xo'rlashni yoki xonadan yuk qidirishni, balki hibsga olinish yoki jarimaga tortilish xavfini tug'dirishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, yolg'iz mast bo'lish jinoyat emas va agar ba'zida ijtimoiy qarashlar yomon ko'rilsa, unga yo'l qo'yiladi.

Birlashgan Qirollik va Irlandiyadan tashqari tungi klublar kamdan-kam yarim tungacha borishadi - shu paytgacha odamlarni topish uchun bar va restoranlarga boringlar. Ayniqsa, Evropaning janubiy qismida spirtli ichimliklar stolga (va uning qoniga) barvaqt o'tib boradi, chunki sharob de rigeur to'g'ri tushlik yoki kechki ovqatning bir qismi. Xalqqa oid qonunlarda ichkilikbozlik juda xilma-xil bo'lib, ba'zi mamlakatlarda "munitsipalitet tomonidan aniq ta'qiqlanmagan bo'lsa, qonuniy" yondashuvi mavjud, boshqalari esa hamma joyda taqiqlangan, ammo ta'qiqni majburiy bajarish shart emas. Shuningdek, "biron bir joydan ikkinchisiga ketayotganda" ichish kabi bo'shliqlar, harakatsiz holatda ichishdan boshqacha munosabatda bo'lishadi. Agar aniq yuridik vaziyatdan qat'i nazar, siz shov-shuv ko'tarib chiqsangiz, baland ovozda yoki tartibsiz harakat qilsangiz yoki boshqalarning asabiga tushib qolsangiz, politsiya aralashishi ehtimoli ko'proq.

Albatta, mast holda transport vositasini boshqarish qayerga borsangiz ham qattiq jazolanadi va hozirda Evropada deyarli hamma uchun qo'llaniladi. Jarimalar og'ir bo'lishi mumkin, siz haydovchilik guvohnomasini yo'qotishingiz mumkin va ta'sir ostida har qanday hodisani keltirib chiqarishingiz ko'plab mamlakatlarda jinoiy hisoblanadi. Ba'zida boshqa moddalar ustidan ham nazorat mavjud - ko'plab mamlakatlarda turli xil psixoaktiv moddalar ta'sirida transport vositalarini boshqarish ham sudga tortiladi. Ba'zi moddalar sizning qoningizda yoki siydikda iste'mol qilingan kundan keyin aniqlanishi mumkin va qonunda ushbu iz miqdori haydovchilik qobiliyatingizga ta'sir qiladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savol tug'dirmaydi. Velosiped bilan ishlash DUI cheklovlariga ham bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ular odatda ancha erkinroq qo'llaniladi va boshlash uchun yuqoriroq. Odatda politsiyachilar velosipedda yuradigan odamlarni nazorat qilishdan bezovtalanmaydi, ammo ular sizni boshqa biron sababga ko'ra to'xtatib qolsalar (masalan, dumida chiroq yo'qligi) va sizning nafasingizda spirtli ichimliklar hidi bo'lsa, ular sizni "har ehtimolga qarshi" tekshirishlari va sizga jarima solishlari mumkin. ikkalasi ham.

Vino

Evropa juda hukmron vino sharob eksport qiluvchi dunyoning eng yirik o'nta mamlakatlaridan beshtasi bilan dunyodagi mintaqa: Frantsiya, Italiya, Ispaniya, Germaniya va Portugaliya. Evropaning aksariyat mamlakatlarida ma'lum miqyosda vino ishlab chiqarish mavjud. Evropada ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi sharob miloddan avvalgi 2000 yil atrofida hozirgi Gretsiyadagi Mino tsivilizatsiyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, finikiyaliklar va keyinchalik rimliklar tomonidan Evropaga tarqaldi.

Boshqa mintaqalardan farqli o'laroq, Evropaning sharob ishlab chiqaruvchilari urf-odatlarga ko'proq e'tibor berishadi terroir Evropadagi uzum navlariga qaraganda, va sharoblar, odatda boshqa joylarda odatdagidan farqli o'laroq, uning uzumiga qarab mintaqalarga qarab belgilanadi. Buning sababi shundaki, Evropaning sharob ishlab chiqaruvchilari o'zlarining uzoq tarixlari ishlab chiqarish texnikalarini o'ziga xos mintaqaning o'ziga xos sharoitlariga moslashtirishga imkon bergan deb da'vo qilishadi va mintaqa uchun tuproq tarkibi kabi narsalar ham sharobning ta'miga katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Eng mashhur sharob tumanlaridan ba'zilari Bordo (uning nomi sharoblari bilan shahar singari o'xshash) va Burgundiya (Bourgogne) atrofida shahar Dijon qizil va oq ranglarni ishlab chiqaradigan - ko'pincha Burgundiya deb ataladigan eng taniqli - Pinot Noirdan tayyorlangan qizil sharob yoki Chardonnay uzumidan tayyorlangan oq sharob. The Elzas Germaniyaga yaqin mintaqa va Mosel chegara bo'ylab - ba'zi qit'alarda o'stirilgan juda keskin tepaliklarda eng dramatik uzumzorlar - oq sharob bilan mashhur. Toskana Italiyada o'zining mashhurligi Chianti Sangiovese uzumidan tayyorlangan sharob, esa La Rioja Ispaniyaning taniqli sharob viloyati. Taniqli bo'lmagan mayin vinolarga qiziqqan sayohatchilarga e'tibor bering Moldova qizil ranglar uchun, Sloveniya oqlar uchun yoki Kvevri usuli bilan tayyorlangan sharoblarga Gruziya.

Darhaqiqat, ko'plab sharob nomlari sharob kelib chiqadigan joyni ko'rsatadi, Evropa Ittifoqi qonunlari bilan, agar u ma'lum bir joydan bo'lmasa, bu nomdan foydalanishni taqiqlaydi. Bunga shampan vinosi kiradi Shampan Frantsiya mintaqasi, port kelishi kerak Portu, Portugaliya, Sherri kelib chiqishi kerak Xerez de la Frontera, Ispaniya, shuningdek, kelib chiqishi kerak bo'lgan Tokaji Tokaj, Vengriya.

Pivo

Buyuk Britaniya, Irlandiya, Beniluks va Markaziy Evropaning "Pivo kamari" aholisi yuqori sifatli pivoni ko'p miqdorda ichishadi. Germaniya, Gollandiya, Belgiya va Chex Respublikasi Evropada va ehtimol dunyodagi eng yaxshi pivolarni tayyorlash. Ko'pgina mamlakatlardan tashrif buyuruvchilar, ayniqsa Sharqiy Osiyo yoki Shimoliy Amerikadan kelganlar, Evropa pivolarining ta'mi yanada boyroq va ko'pincha spirtli ichimliklar tarkibida uydagidan yuqori ekanligi aniqlanadi.

• Boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi Evropada ham eng mashhur pivo hisoblanadi lagerlar, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Pilsner Chexiya shahridan keyin Pilsen uslubi paydo bo'lgan. Chexiyalik Pilsnerning ta'mi chex bo'lmagan boshqa pivo zavodlarining ta'midan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, ta'mi jihatidan biroz "yumshoq", ba'zan esa ko'proq "sariyog '" bo'ladi.
• The Birlashgan Qirollik, Irlandiya va qisman Belgiyalik abbey pivo zavodlari, boshqa tomondan, pivo tayyorlashning kuchli an'analariga ega ale, u tez achitadigan xamirturush yordamida pishiriladi, unga shirin, hoppi va mevali ta'm beradi. Bular achchiq, xira, yumshoq va jigarrang navlarga ega.
• Bug'doy pivolari Germaniya, Belgiya va Gollandiyada juda mashhur bo'lib, o'zlarining ko'p navlariga ega. An'anaviy nemis Hefeweizen Filtrsiz va bulutli, ammo kristall filtrlanadi va lagerga o'xshaydi. Belgiyalik sehrgarlar Hoegaarden singari yozda tez-tez muloyim ta'mga ega va mashhur bo'lib, ba'zida yon tomonida limon bo'lagi bor. Va o'zlarining bir sinfida o'z-o'zidan fermentlar mavjud lambika, ular juda nordon va har kimga yoqmaydi!
• Qattiq (porter) - bu Ginnesning butun qit'asida mavjud bo'lgan ingliz va irland mutaxassisligi. Qovurilgan maltlardan tayyorlangan dag'al qorong'i va ta'mi va alkogol tarkibida kuchli, shuning uchun ham shunday nomlanadi.

Ko'pgina Evropa xalqlari milliy brendga ega; hamma joyda sotiladigan Ginnes, Carlsberg, Heineken yoki Stella singari - lekin juda yaxshi pivo ko'pincha kichikroq mahalliy brendlar bo'lib, ular hammaga ma'qul kelmaydi. Mikro pivo zavodlarida qit'aning hamma joylarida ulkan jonlanish yuz berdi. Agar chindan ham zavqlanishni istasangiz, ulardan birini sinab ko'ring Volksfeste, Germaniyaning ko'plab shaharlarida bo'lib o'tdi Myunxen Oktoberfest, bu erda nomiga qaramay, ular sentyabr oyining oxirida ichishni boshlaydilar! Pivo ishlab chiqaruvchilarning dunyodagi eng yuqori zichligi bo'lgan maydon Franconia, shimoliy Bavariya agar siz qiziqsangiz edi.

Sidr

Yana bir shimoliy Evropaning sevimli sharbat, eng ko'p olma dan pishiriladi va pablarda shishada ham, musluklarda ham sotiladi. Taste va alkogolning tarkibi zich, bulutli va kuchli (8% yoki undan ko'p) dan engilgacha, zaif (4% gacha) va ba'zida hatto sun'iy ta'mga qadar keng farq qilishi mumkin. Buyuk Britaniya dunyodagi eng yirik sideratlar iste'molchisi va ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lib, ichimlik Finlyandiyada, Frantsiyada ham mashhur (Bretan va Normandiya), Irlandiya, Ispaniya (Asturiya va Galisiya) va Shvetsiya. Frankfurt va uni o'rab turgan hudud ham mashhur Bblwöi mahalliy aholi o'zlarining sidrini chaqirishadi. Scandinavian varieties of flavoured cider (apple paired with other fruits, such as berries and citrus fruits) have become popular in parts of the continent, especially with younger drinkers.

Spirits

Riga balsam, a herbal liqueur made since the mid-18th century

As elsewhere vodka, rum and gin are available everywhere. The Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia especially have an affection for vodka, and if you've so far only tried the usual suspects like Smirnoff or Absolut; you should try the vodka there; you may just end up surprised at how tasty the stuff can actually be. Elsewhere, most regions have a local speciality that local drinking comrades will happily fill in you, and eagerly wait for your funny faces when your throat and taste-buds screams in agony. Most likely it will be slivovitz (also called rakija) in south-eastern Europe and the Balkans (especially in Serbia), a strongly tasting and fruity brandy, usually made from plums. Similarly named is the anise-flavoured drink raki, also popular in Greece, Turkey and the Balkans. Other forms of spirit, made from grapes instead, such as traditional brandy (including Cognac) and port are popular in the UK and south-western Europe. Greece and Italy makes the popular ouzo/sambuca which along with the related, resurgent absinthe, is made from star anise and sugar, giving it a liquorice like taste - watch for the many party fire tricks related to those drinks. In northern Europe you'll likely be served schnapps, usually made from grains or potatoes accented by traditional herbs like dill or sloe; be careful, it suddenly kicks in without much warning. In northern Germany, korn is the liquor of choice, a clear beverage made from grains and usually not filtered. Armenians love their potent local fruit spirit called oghi, made with only one ingredient, with mulberry (tuti oghi) being the most popular. Since the mid-2010s, there has been a significant gin renaissance starting in England, with small-scale distilleries springing up around the country, and indeed across Europe, and many new flavours and gin-based cocktails being pioneered. Finally, it will hardly come as a surprise to many that whisky (or whiskey) is popular with the Scots and Irish. While all these drinks have strong regional roots, you'll generally find one or two types of each, in virtually any bar on the continent.

Hot drinks

Many European countries are known for their distinctive coffee (Italy, France, Austria, Sweden) and tea cultures (Britain, Ireland, Russia, Turkey). Spain and Italy also have a particularly strong appreciation for hot chocolate. In Europe, hot chocolate is almost always dark, rather than milk chocolate, which is generally considered to be for children only.

Soft drinks

While Europe has nowhere near the variety of sugared soft drinks of the US, there are some non-alcoholic beverages that originated in Europe and are still best there. Juices are also plentiful and often excellent, with apple juice available in all price and quality categories, especially in Central Europe, as the area around Lake Constance and the altes Land near Hamburg are among the biggest apple growing regions in the world. In the Nordic countries you can try berry juices made with wild-growing forest berries. Muslim communities in places such as Turkey usually have a broad range of fruit juices, in lieu of alcohol.

Uyqu

Lodging cultures in Europe differ significantly by country, but most travellers across the continent sleep in hotels. Most medium-sized towns at least have one hotel, and usually have a couple of them in different price ranges. Rooms are generally expensive: they usually go for about €90-300 per night, and prices even exceed that if you're staying in one of the top-end hotels that most major cities have. These hotels usually feature quite some amenities, including a TV, telephone, breakfast, etc. Some countries, such as France, also have roadside hotels that are somewhat similar to motels in the United States.

Because of the relatively high cost of lodging, hostels are popular among younger backpackers. All major cities have them, but they are difficult to find outside the typical tourist places. At around €15-30 per night (for a dorm bed), hostels are significantly cheaper than hotels. Quality varies widely across the continent. Hostels in eastern Europe are much cheaper and sometimes of a much lower quality than those in the western part.

Camping is also popular with Europeans themselves. This ranges from leave-no-trace camping in Scandinavia under the (more or less formally granted) right for anyone to camp in undeveloped areas for a night as long as nothing is damaged and no fences are crossed, to fancy "long term" camping grounds in places like Germany, where some people spend the better part of their weekends and holidays in semi-permanent caravans. Usually camping grounds are a cheap and comfortable way to stay – some even offer pre-built tents or caravans, which are already equipped with most of your basic needs – but sometimes they may be awkward to reach if you cannot or don't want to go there by car. Many campsites have shuttle services, but they may not run at all times of the day or all that often.

There are also several lodgings of quirky means in which to stay. In Shvetsiya you can sleep in a hotel made completely out of ice; Gretsiya va kurka have hotels in sandstone or rock caves; va Sveti Stefan yilda Chernogoriya is an island village that has been entirely converted into accommodation.

Stay safe

Shuningdek qarang: Common scams

For emergencies, you can dial 112 in any EU member nation as well as most other European countries – even when it is not the primary local number for emergency services. All 112 emergency centres within the EU are legally required to be capable of connecting you to an English speaking operator. 112 can be dialled from any GSM phone, usually even locked phones or ones without a SIM installed. Calls from a phone without a SIM card are handled differently in a few countries; for example, authorities in Germany ignore them altogether.

While there is an ongoing civil war in Eastern Ukraine, and terrorist attacks in European countries have got the world's attention, Europe is generally one of the least violent continents. In most European cities, the main risks for visitors are pickpockets and muggings. Using common sense and being aware of your surroundings can help to greatly reduce the risk of these occurrences. Some countries, such as Russia and Belarus, have issues with corruption and authority misconduct. There are organised crime (mafia) syndicates in southern Italy and Russia, but it takes some effort to get involved in such issues as a tourist.

Pickpocketing is rampant in many of Europe's most touristy cities and is an issue in many more places, so it pays to take extra precautions and guard your valuables as much as possible. "Barselona", Rim, Praga, Madrid, Parij va Florensiya in particular have a reputation for being pickpocketing hotspots.

Alcohol is an integral part of many European cultures and overuse can lead to violence and poor judgement. In general, bars and pubs are not where you see these problems, but alcohol can cause trouble in the streets in the night.

Other crime issues are drug use and gang-related violence (which are most common in Britain va Frantsiya). The few "trouble areas" to avoid are the run-down suburbs of certain urban areas (particularly in Europe's largest cities); some places in eastern and southern Europe do have much higher violent crime rates and can be very dangerous for non locals, but these areas should not be of interest to the average tourist. Central and Western Europe are generally the safest regions.

The attitude towards LGBT people varies greatly. While most countries in the west allow same-sex marriage and have a tolerant attitude to sexual minorities (at least in large and cosmopolitan cities), Eastern Europe and especially Russia can be a dangerous destination for LGBT travellers.

While rivalry between neighbouring nations is usually at a friendly level, and many European countries have been multicultural for generations, racism remains a problem in parts of Europe. It is more frequently directed against migrants and domestic minorities than visitors, but people of African and Middle Eastern origin in particular can in some circumstances be met by hostility.

Europe may be very urban and densely populated in general, but there is also wilderness. As always be prepared when travelling in rural and forested or mountainous areas. All it takes is one wrong turn down a ski piste and you are stranded.

Stay healthy

Most restaurants in Europe, at least within the EU/EEA, maintain high standards of hygiene, and in most countries tap water is safe to drink. For more precise details on these matters as well as for general information on emergency care, pharmaceuticals, dentistry standards etc., see the 'Stay healthy' section in specific country articles.

EU/EEA/Swiss citizens should apply for (or bring) the free European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), which grants you access to public healthcare within the European Union as well as Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein either at reduced cost or free of charge, under the same terms as a resident of the country you are visiting. If you are used to free healthcare in your own country, remember that some member states require patients' fees.

The EHIC is not travel insurance; it does not cover private healthcare, the cost of mountain rescues or repatriation to your home country. Neither does it allow you to go abroad specifically to receive medical care.

Non EU/EEA citizens should buy a travel insurance policy. While some countries do provide free emergency care for visitors, any follow-up treatment and repatriation is your own responsibility, and some countries expect you to foot the entire bill for any treatment yourself – the fabled universal healthcare system does not equal free treatment for non EU citizens.

Respect

Etiquette varies a lot between countries, even between neighbours, and not much can be said about European codes of behaviour in general. That said, attitudes tend to be more conservative the further east you go, particular in Russia and the rest of the former Soviet Union. For instance, in Russia, it is a major faux pas for a man not to pay for a woman, even if they are not romantically involved.

While the continent is more integrated than ever, many Europeans have a strong national identity. Avoid too negative generalizations about regions such as "Eastern Europe". Using the right terminology is especially important for smaller countries with a dominant neighbour (e.g. the Dutch dislike being described as Germans) and for ethnic minorities, such as the Basques in Spain and France. Just what exactly constitutes "Eastern" Europe and "the Balkans" are also hot button issues in some countries, as people from countries such as Polsha don't like being associated with negative stereotypes or their communist past. Phrases like "old Eastern Bloc" and "ex-Soviet state" might be true in the right context, but are awkward in daily use. "Central Europe" is usually a safe term pretty far east. Similarly, Estonia likes to be called Nordic. If in doubt, just use the country name.

Most adult Europeans avoid wearing athletic clothes, such as baseball caps, sweatshirts or sneakers, unless they do or watch sport.

Many European countries follow the saying noblesse oblige, where wealthy and powerful people are expected to behave modestly; moreso than the less fortunate.

Ulanmoq

The European Union mobile phone roaming regulations (the Eurotariff) regulate charges within the EU (plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein), which means using a SIM card from one of these countries in another is usually no more expensive than in the country of the original operator (some exceptions apply). Qarang European Union#Connect.