 | COVID-19 ma `lumot: Finlyandiyaga nisbatan engil zarba berilgan bo'lsa-da, u hali ham pandemiyaga qarshi kurashmoqda. Ga qarang Chiqinglar tafsilotlar uchun bo'lim. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 1-fevralda yangilangan) |
Finlyandiya (Finlyandiya: Suomi, Shved: Finlyandiya) biri Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar shimoliy Evropa.
Mamlakat qulay shaharchalar va shaharlarga, shuningdek, buzilmagan tabiatning keng maydonlariga ega. Maydonning 10% ga yaqin qismini 188000 ta ko'l tashkil etadi, xuddi shunday sonli orollar mavjud.
Finlyandiya o'z ichiga oladi Arktika, qaerda Shimoliy chiroqlar va Yarim tunda quyosh ko'rish mumkin. Afsonaviy tog ' Korvatunturi Santa Klausning uyi deb aytilgan va u erda Santaland bor Rovaniemi.
Finlyandiya yuqori texnologiyali farovonlik davlati bo'lsa-da, finlar qisqa, ammo yorqin yozda sauna, suzish, baliq ovlash va barbekyu kabi barcha dam olish vaqtlaridan zavq olish uchun yoz oylarida yozgi uylariga borishni yaxshi ko'radilar. Finlyandiyaning o'ziga xos tili va madaniyati uni Skandinaviya va Rossiyadan ajratib turadi. Fin madaniyati qadimiy bo'lsa-da, mamlakat faqat 1917 yilda mustaqil bo'ldi.
Mintaqalar
| Janubiy Finlyandiya (Tavastia to'g'ri, Päijänne Tavastia, Xelsinki, Uusimaa, Kymenlaakso, Janubiy Kareliya) Rossiya chegarasiga qadar qirg'oqning janubiy qismi, shu jumladan poytaxt Xelsinki va tarixiy viloyati Uusimaa (Nyland) |
| G'arbiy Sohil (Markaziy Ostrobothnia, Ostrobotniya, Janubiy Ostrobothnia, Satakunta, Finlyandiya to'g'ri) Janubi-g'arbiy qirg'oq mintaqalari, eski poytaxt Turku va tarixiy Ostrobotniya provinsiyasining janubiy qismlari (Poxjanmaa, Osterbotten), shved tilida so'zlashadigan aholining aksariyati bilan. |
| Finlyandiya (Shimoliy Savoniya, Shimoliy Kareliya, Markaziy Finlyandiya, Janubiy Savoniya, Pirkanmaa) Ichki markaz shahardan o'rmonlar va ko'llar Tampere Rossiya chegarasiga qadar, shu jumladan Savoniya (Savo) va Kareliyaning Finlyandiya tomoni (Karjala). |
| Shimoliy Finlyandiya (Finlyandiya Laplandiyasi, Kainuu va Sharqiy Oulu viloyati, Janubiy Oulu viloyati, G'arbiy Oulu viloyati) Finlyandiyaning shimoliy yarmi asosan sahro bo'lib, ba'zi muhim shaharlar mavjud. |
| Allandiya Avtonom va bir tilli Shved Finlyandiyaning janubi-g'arbiy sohilidagi orollar guruhi. |
Mamlakatning amaldagi rasmiy bo'linishlari geografik yoki madaniy chegaralarga yaxshi mos kelmaydi va bu erda ishlatilmaydi. Ilgari viloyat va viloyatlar yozishmalar olib borgan; ko'p odamlar o'zlarining mintaqalari (maakunta / landskap) bilan tanishadi, lekin asosan tarixiy chegaralarga ko'ra. Ushbu hududlarga quyidagilar kiradi Tavastiya (Xame) Tampere atrofidagi Finlyandiya markazining katta qismini qamrab olgan, Savoniya (Savo) laklandning sharqiy qismida va Kareliya (Karjala) uzoq sharqqa. Finlyandiya Kareliyasining katta qismi yo'qotilgan Sovet Ittifoqi yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi, bu hali ham ba'zi doiralarda dolzarb mavzu.
Shaharlar
- 1 Xelsinki - "Boltiqbo'yi qizi", Finlyandiyaning poytaxti va eng uzoq shahar
- 2 Jyväskylä - Markaziy Finlyandiyadagi universitet shahri
- 3 Oulu - Botniya ko'rfazining oxirida joylashgan texnologik shahar
- 4 Rauma - Nordikadagi eng katta yog'och qadimiy shahar va YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan
- 5 Rovaniemi - kirish eshigi Laplandiya va Santa Klaus qishlog'ining uyi
- 6 Savonlinna - katta qal'a va mashhur opera festivali bo'lgan kichik ko'l bo'yidagi shahar.
- 7 Tampere - sanoat shahri, madaniyat, musiqa, san'at va muzeylar uyi
- 8 Turku - janubi-g'arbiy sohilidagi sobiq poytaxt. O'rta asr qal'asi va sobori.
- 9 Vaasa - g'arbiy sohilda kuchli shved ta'siriga ega shaharcha - YuNESKOning dunyo tabiat zonasi yaqinida joylashgan Kvarken arxipelagi
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Arxipelag dengizi - materikdan yuzlab va yuzlab orollargacha Alandiya
- Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari, boshqa qo'riqlanadigan hududlar, piyoda yurish zonalari yoki cho'l zonalari , masalan.
- 2 Koli milliy bog'i - Sharqiy Finlyandiyadagi tabiiy milliy bog ', mamlakat tabiati uchun ramz
- 3 Lemmenjoki milliy bog'i - Laplandiyaning oltin qazish maydonlari va Evropaning eng yirik cho'l zonalaridan biri
- 4 Nuuksio milliy bog'i - Xelsinkidan bir metr narida pint o'lchamdagi, ammo chiroyli milliy bog '
- 5 Kilpisjarvi - "Finlandiya armiyasi" Finlyandiyadagi eng baland tepaliklarni va manzaralarni taqdim etadi
- 6 Levi , Saariselkä va Yllas - Laplandiyadagi mashhur qishki sport kurortlari
- Suomenlinna - Xelsinki qirg'og'idagi orol, bu erda siz parom bilan tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin bo'lgan 18-19 asr qal'asi mavjud
Tushuning
 | |
| Poytaxt | Xelsinki |
| Valyuta | evro (evro) |
| Aholisi | 5,5 million (2016) |
| Elektr | 230 volt / 50 gerts (Europlug, Schuko) |
| Mamlakat kodi | 358 |
| Vaqt zonasi | UTC 02:00 |
| Favqulodda vaziyatlar | 112 |
| Haydash tomoni | to'g'ri |
| Wikidata-da tahrirlash | |
Tarix
- Shuningdek qarang: Vikinglar va qadimgi Norse, Nordic tarixi, Shvetsiya imperiyasi
| “ | Biz endi shved emasmiz, rus bo'lishni xohlamaymiz, kelinglar, fin bo'laylik. | ” |
—Adolf Ivar Arvidsson, Finlyandiya milliy mafkurachisi | ||
Finlyandiyaning dastlabki tarixi haqida ko'p narsa ma'lum emas, chunki arxeologlar fin-ugor tilida so'zlashuvchilar qabilasi qachon va qaerda to'plangani haqida bahslashmoqdalar. Odamlarning joylashishining dastlabki dastlabki dalillari miloddan avvalgi 8900 yilga to'g'ri keladi. Rim tarixchisi Tatsit ibtidoiy va yirtqich ovchi qabilasi deb nomlangan Fenni milodiy 100 yilda, garchi bu finlar degan ma'noni anglatadimi yoki yo'qmi, yakdillik yo'q Sami. Hatto vikinglar ham mintaqaning mashhur shamanlaridan qo'rqib, joylashishni istamadilar va buning o'rniga qirg'oqlarda savdo va talon-taroj qildilar.
1150-yillarning o'rtalarida Shvetsiya fin butparastlarini jiddiy ravishda mag'lub etib, xristianlashtira boshladi, Birger Jarl 1249 yilda mamlakatning ko'p qismini Shvetsiya tarkibiga kiritdi. Aholisi fin tilida so'zlashganda, shved qirollari shved tilida so'zlashadigan ruhoniylar sinfini o'rnatdilar. va Finlyandiyadagi zodagonlar va G'arbiy nasroniylikni tatbiq etib, mahalliy animizmni yo'q qilishga va hatto rus pravoslavligini yo'q qilishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Shvetsiyadan kelgan dehqonlar va baliqchilar qirg'oq bo'ylab joylashdilar. Finlyandiya qoldi Shvetsiyaning ajralmas qismi 19-asrga qadar, garchi sharqiy chegarada Rossiya bilan doimiy doimiy urushlar va ikkita qisqa ishg'ol bo'lgan. Shvetsiya Lyuteran protestantizmiga o'tdi, bu O'rta asrlarning oxiri tugadi, fin tilida keng savodxonlikka olib keldi va hanuzgacha fin madaniyatining ko'p jihatlarini belgilab beradi. 1808–1809 yillardagi Finlyandiya urushidagi Shvetsiya so'nggi halokatli mag'lubiyatidan so'ng Finlyandiya avtonom katta knyazlikka aylandi. Ruscha qoida
Fin millati Rossiya davrida qurilgan, shved merosi esa siyosiy asos yaratgan. Finlyandiya tili, adabiyoti, musiqasi va san'ati rivojlandi (asosan shved tilida so'zlashadigan) ma'lumotli sinf faol ishtirok etdi. Rossiya hukmronligi xayrixohlik va repressiya bilan almashib turdi va 1917 yilda Rossiya urush va inqilobiy betartiblik boshlanganda muhim mustaqillik harakati mavjud edi. Parlament imkoniyatni qo'lga kiritdi (bir necha bor ichki mojarolardan so'ng) va dekabr oyida mustaqilligini e'lon qildi va tezda Sovet roziligini oldi, ammo mamlakat zudlik bilan qisqa, ammo achchiq holatga tushib qoldi Fuqarolar urushi konservativ oqlar va sotsialistik qizillar o'rtasida, oxir-oqibat oqlar g'alaba qozondi.
Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Finlyandiya Sovet Ittifoqi ichida Qish urushiSSSR Finlyandiya hududining 12 foizini egallab olganini ko'rgan holda ular bilan kurash olib bordi. So'ngra Finlyandiya Sovetlarni qaytarib olish va yo'qolgan hududni qaytarib olish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishda Germaniya bilan ittifoq tuzdi Davomiy urush) mag'lubiyatga uchradi va tinchlik uchun shart sifatida uning o'rniga Germaniyaga qarshi ( Laplandiya urushi). Shunday qilib, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Finlyandiya uchta alohida urush olib bordi. Oxir oqibat, Finlyandiya Kareliyaning katta qismini va Finlyandiyaning ikkinchi shahrini yo'qotdi Vyborg (Viipuri, Viborg), ammo Sovetlar 300 mingdan ortiq o'lik bilan og'ir narx to'lashdi. Yo'qotilgan hudud katta operatsiyada evakuatsiya qilindi, unda sobiq aholisi va shu tariqa Kareliya madaniyati butun mamlakat bo'ylab qayta tarqatildi.
Urushdan keyin Finlyandiya G'arbiy mamlakatlar va Sovet Ittifoqi o'rtasidagi kulrang zonada yotardi (qarang) Sovuq urush Evropa). Finlandiya-Sovet do'stlik, hamkorlik va o'zaro yordam shartnomasi Finlyandiyani "Germaniya yoki uning ittifoqchilari" tomonidan qurolli hujumlarga qarshi turishga majbur qildi (o'qing: G'arb), shuningdek, Finlyandiyaga sovuq urushda betaraf qolish va kommunistik hukumat yoki Varshavadan qochish imkonini berdi. Shartnomaga a'zolik. Siyosatda antisovet deb talqin qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday siyosat va bayonotlardan qochish tendentsiyasi mavjud edi. Ushbu muvozanat harakati Finlyandiya hazil bilan "G'arbga oylik qilmasdan Sharqqa bosh egish san'ati" deb ta'riflangan. Amalda Finlyandiya temir parda g'arbida edi va G'arbga sayohat oson edi. Shunday qilib, hatto ko'plab keksa odamlar ingliz va nemis tillarini bilishadi va G'arbda do'stlari bor, rus tili esa majburiy bo'lmagan va hozir ham deyarli ma'lum emas. Sovet Ittifoqi bilan yaqin munosabatlarga qaramay, Finlyandiya demokratik ko'p partiyaviy saylovlarni o'tkazishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va G'arbiy Evropa bozor iqtisodiyoti bo'lib qoldi va shu bilan yaqin aloqalarni o'rnatdi. Shimoliy qo'shnilar. Bir necha keskin daqiqalar bo'lganida, Finlyandiya uni to'xtatib qo'ydi: bu o'n yilliklar ichida mamlakat fermer xo'jaligi va o'rmon xo'jaligidan Nokia kabi yuqori texnologiyali gigantlar ishtirokida zamonaviy sanoat sanoatiga aylandi va jon boshiga daromad hozir dunyoda eng yaxshi 15.
SSSR qulaganidan so'ng Finlyandiya qo'shildi Yevropa Ittifoqi 1995 yilda va 1999 yil yanvar oyida boshlangan Evro valyuta tizimiga qo'shilgan yagona Nordic shtati edi. 2017 yilda Finlyandiya o'zining 100 yillik mustaqilligini nishonladi.
Geografiya
Norvegiya va Shvetsiyadan farqli o'laroq, Finlyandiya asosan ko'llar va past tepaliklar bilan kesilgan past tekislikdan tekislikgacha tekisliklardan iborat bo'lib, tog'lari (o'ta shimoliy qismida) va Finlyandiyaning eng baland nuqtasi Halti tog'ida faqat mo''tadil 1328 m ga ko'tarilgan. . Finlyandiya butunlay ekinzorlar, shaharlar, ko'llar va botqoqlar bilan kesilgan ignabargli o'rmon bilan qoplangan taiga zonasida o'tiradi. Finlyandiyaning Geologik tadqiqotlari ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Finlyandiyada 187888 ta ko'l mavjud bo'lib, ular monikerni yaratmoqda Ming ko'l o'lkasi kamsitilgan narsa. Sohil bo'yida va ko'llarda - boshqa taxminlarga ko'ra - 179 584 orol, bu mamlakatni ham ajoyib qayiqqa aylantiradi. Lakeland ozmi-ko'pmi plato, shuning uchun ko'llar orollar, yarimorollar, tovushlar va ochiq suv labirintlarini tashkil qiladi va qirg'oqdagi arxipelaglar suite-ga ergashadilar.
Finlyandiya Skandinaviya yarim orolida emas, shuning uchun ko'plab madaniy va tarixiy aloqalarga (shu jumladan, fin tili bilan birgalikda rasmiy maqomga ega bo'lgan shved tili) qaramay, u Skandinaviya tarkibiga kirmaydi. Hatto finlar ham kamdan-kam hollarda farqni bezovta qiladilar, ammo Finlyandiyani o'z ichiga olgan yanada to'g'ri atamalar "Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar" (Poxjoismaat, Norden) va "Fennoskandiya".
Xususan, mamlakatning sharqiy va shimoliy qismida, zich o'rmonli va aholisi kam bo'lgan joylarda siz an'anaviy, rustik fin madaniyatining ko'proq namunalarini topasiz. Janubiy va G'arbiy Finlyandiyada tekisliklar va dalalarni o'stirgan va aholi zichligi yuqori bo'lganligi, haqiqatan ham Skandinaviya bilan juda ko'p o'xshashliklarga ega - buni Skandinaviya xususiyatlari juda ko'p bo'lgan poytaxt Xelsinkida yaqqol ko'rish mumkin. me'morchilik shartlari.
Iqlim
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish
Finlyandiya mo''tadil iqlimga ega, chunki bu Gulf Streamning mo''tadil ta'siri tufayli kenglik uchun nisbatan yumshoqroq. To'rt xil fasl mavjud: qish, bahor, yoz va kuz. Qish bu kengliklarda hamma joyda bo'lgani kabi qorong'i va harorat (juda kam) janubda -30 ° S ga yetishi va hatto pastga tushishi mumkin. -50 ° C (-60 ° F) shimolda, 0 dan -25 ° C gacha (35 dan -15 ° F) janubda normal. Qor qoplami keng tarqalgan, ammo mamlakatning janubiy qismida kafolat berilmagan. Erta bahor (mart-aprel) - qorlar eriy boshlaydi va Finlar chang'i va qishki sport turlari bilan shimolga borishni yaxshi ko'rishadi. Qisqa fin yozi ancha yoqimli, kunduzgi harorat 15 dan 25 ° C gacha (ba'zida 35 ° C gacha) va odatda tashrif buyurish uchun yilning eng yaxshi davri. Iyul eng issiq oy. Sentyabrda salqin ob-havo (5 dan 15 ° C gacha), ertalabki sovuq va yomg'ir yog'adi. Oktyabr-dekabr oylarida kuzdan qishga o'tish - nam, yomg'irli, ba'zida sovuq, qor yo'q, lekin qor va qor yog'ishi, qorong'i va umuman baxtsiz - tashrif buyurish uchun eng yomon vaqt. Ushbu fasllarning davomiyligi va davomiyligi jihatidan qirg'oq va janubiy mintaqalar ichki va shimoliy hududlar o'rtasida sezilarli farq bor: agar qishda shimolga sayohat qilsangiz, Xelsinkidagi shilqimlik ko'pincha Tampere tomonidan qorga aylanadi.
Haddan tashqari kenglik tufayli Finlyandiya mashhurni boshdan kechirmoqda Yarim tunda quyosh yozgi quyosh botishi yaqinida, agar (Shimoliy qutb doirasidan yuqori bo'lsa) tun hech qachon botmaydi va hatto janubiy Finlyandiyada ham hech qachon qorong'i bo'lmaydi. Tanganing teskari tomoni: Arktika kechasi (kaamos) qishda, shimolda hech qachon quyosh chiqmaydi. Janubda, kun yorug'i bir necha ayanchli soat bilan cheklanadi, quyosh yana pastga tushmasdan daraxtlar ustiga zo'rg'a ko'tariladi.
Iqlim va ob-havo prognozlari to'g'risida ma'lumotni quyidagi manzildan olishingiz mumkin Finlyandiya meteorologiya instituti.
Madaniyat
Asrlar davomida qo'shnilari tomonidan tamponlangan va g'arbiy, sharqiy va janubiy ta'sirlarni o'ziga singdirgan Finlyandiya madaniyati o'ziga xos shaxs sifatida faqat 19-asrda paydo bo'lgan: "biz shvedlar emasmiz va biz rus bo'lishni xohlamaymiz, shuning uchun biz fin bo'laylik. . "
Finlyandiya yaratilish afsonasi va milliy epos bu Kalevala, 1835 yilda Elias Lyonrot tomonidan kollektsiyalangan eski kareliya hikoyalari va she'rlari to'plami. Yaratilishidan tashqari, kitobga sarguzashtlar kiritilgan Väinämöinen, sehrli kuchlarga ega bo'lgan shamanistik qahramon. Kabi Kalevalan mavzulari Sampo, afsonaviy kornukopiya Finlyandiya rassomlari uchun katta ilhom manbai bo'lgan va eposdagi raqamlar, sahnalar va tushunchalar o'zlarining asarlarini bo'yashda davom etmoqda.
Finlyandiyaning davlat dini esa Lyuteranizm, protestant nasroniylikning bir versiyasi, mamlakat din erkinligiga to'la ega va ko'pchilik uchun har kuni rioya qilish sust yoki umuman yo'q. Shunday bo'lsa-da, Lyuterning kuchli ta'limoti ish axloqi va ishonish tenglik ham yaxshi (ayollar huquqlari, mavjud bo'lmagan korruptsiya), ham yomon (muvofiqlik, depressiya va o'z joniga qasd qilishning yuqori darajasi) jihatidan kuchli bo'lib qoling. Finlyandiya xarakteri ko'pincha so'z bilan umumlashtiriladi sisu, hayratga soladigan qat'iyat va qiyinchiliklarga qarshi cho'chqa boshli o'jarlikning aralashmasi.
Finlyandiya musiqa mumtoz bastakori bilan mashhur Jan Sibelius, uning simfoniyalari butun dunyo bo'ylab konsert zallarini xushnud etishda davom etmoqda. Boshqa tomondan, fin estrada chegaralaridan tashqariga chiqishga kamdan-kam hollarda erishgan, ammo rok va og'ir metall guruhlari yoqadi Nightwish, Bodom bolalari, Sonata Arktika, Apokaliptika va HIM global og'ir musiqa sahnasida va lateks hayvonlarida juda katta nomlarga aylandi Lordi 2006 yilda "Evrovidenie" qo'shiq tanlovini uyiga olib borib, juda kam miqdordagi jekpotni yutdi.
Boshqa san'atlarda Finlyandiya taniqli me'mor va dizaynerni yaratdi Alvar Aalto, mualliflar Mika Valtari (Misrlik) va Vayno Linna (Noma'lum askar) va rassom Akseli Gallen-Kallela, uning uchun tanilgan Kalevala rasmlar.
Bilingualizm
| Finlyandiya | Shved | Ingliz tili |
|---|---|---|
| -katu | -gata (n) | ko'cha |
| - bog'lash | -väg (uz) | yo'l |
| -kuja | -gränd (uz) | xiyobon |
| -väylä | -ed (en) | yo'l |
| -polku | -stig (uz) | yo'l |
| -tori | -torg (va boshqalar) | bozor |
| -kaari | -båge (n) | yarim oy |
| -puisto | -park (uz) | park |
| -ranta | -kaj (uz) | kvay |
| -rinne | -brink (uz) | bank (tepalik) |
| - aukio | -plats (uz) | kvadrat |
Finlyandiya 5,5% shved tilida so'zlashadigan ozchilikni tashkil qiladi va rasmiy ravishda ikki tilli, maktabda ikkala til ham majburiy. Uch Sami tillar (shu jumladan Shimoliy Sami), Romani va fin imo-ishora tili ham konstitutsiyada tan olingan, ammo "milliy" tillar emas. Xaritalar va transport e'lonlari ko'pincha fin va shved nomlarini beradi, masalan. Turku va Åbo o'sha shahar. Bu tashrif buyuruvchiga yordam beradi, chunki ingliz tilida so'zlashadiganlar odatda shved tilida e'lonni kuzatishni osonlashtiradilar, ayniqsa sizda nemischa bo'lsa. Yo'l belgilari ko'pincha versiyalar orasida aylanib chiqadi, masalan. Turuntie va Bovägen ikkalasi ham bir xil "Turku yo'li". Bu Xelsinki va shved tilida so'zlashadigan qirg'oqbo'yi hududlarida keng tarqalgan, shvedlar esa ichki qismida kamroq tarqalgan. Shimol tomonda Laplandiya, siz deyarli hech qachon shvedchani ko'rmaysiz, ammo (asosan shimoliy) samiy tilidagi yozuvlarni ko'rishingiz mumkin. Agar siz Google Map-da harakat qilsangiz, u qaysi tilni taklif qilishi mumkinligi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q.
Mamlakatni bir vaqtlar shved elitasi boshqargan bo'lsa-da, shved tilida so'zlashadigan finlarning ko'pchiligi har doim oddiy odamlar bo'lgan: baliqchilar, dehqonlar va sanoat ishchilari. Ma'lumotli sinf milliy uyg'onishdan beri ikki tilli bo'lib, aholining sanoatlashuvi bilan aralashishi qolgan ishlarni amalga oshirdi. Ikki tilli sohalarda til guruhlari do'stona aralashadi. Hatto Jyväskylä, Pori va Oulu kabi fin tilida so'zlashadigan joylarda ham ko'pgina Finlyandiya shvedlar bilan ozchilikning aloqalarini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qilishadi; o'sha hududlardagi oz sonli shved maktablarida ko'p sonli fin o'quvchilari bor va bolalar uchun kunduzgi bolalar tilini o'rganish juda mashhur. Siyosatda ikki tilli nutq munozarali bo'lib qolmoqda: ba'zi fin tilida so'zlashuvchilar buni shvedlar hukmronligidan voz kechish deb bilishadi, shvedlar esa o'z tillarini chetga surib qo'yishdan xavotirda, masalan. kichik shved muassasalari katta fin tashkilotlari bilan birlashtirilganda.
Bayramlar
Finlar odatda katta jamoat karnavallarida juda issiq emas; aksariyat ta'tillar uyda oila davrasida o'tkaziladi. Eng muhim istisno Vappu 30-aprel - 1-may kunlari minglab odamlar (asosan yoshlar) ko'chalarni to'ldirayotgan paytda. Muhim bayramlar va shunga o'xshash voqealarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Yangi yil kuni (uudenvuodenpäivä, nyårsdagen), 1 yanvar.
- Epifaniya (loppiainen, nilufar), 6 yanvar.
- Pasxa (pääsiäinen, psk), o'zgaruvchan sanalar, Yaxshi juma va Fisih dushanbasi dam olish kunlari. Bunga bog'langan laskiainen, fastlagstisdag, Pasxadan 40 kun oldin, aksincha, Ro'za tutadigan muqaddas kun, deyarli bolalar va universitet talabalari qorli yamaqlar bo'ylab siljish uchun vaqt va Osmonga ko'tarilish kuni (helatorstai, Kristi himmelsfärds dag) 40 kundan keyin, do'konlarning yopilishi uchun yana bir kun.
- Walpurgis kechasi (vappuaatto, valborgsmässoafton) va 1-may kuni; halokat signali (vappu, första maj, ko'pincha kapital bilan yozilgan fincha so'z - W), aslida zamonaviy ishchilar bayramiga to'g'ri keladigan butparast urf-odat bo'lib qoldi universitet talabalari uchun haqiqatan ham ulkan festival, rang-barang imzo kombinezalarini, oq talabalar qalpog'ini kiyib, ko'chalarda yuradiganlar. Shuningdek, bitiruvchilar 30 aprel soat 18:00 dan 1 may oxirigacha oq rangli talabalar qalpog'idan foydalanadilar. Keyingi kun odamlar yomg'ir yog'ayotgan bo'lsa ham, osmon ostidagi pikniklarda osilganlarni emizish uchun yig'ilishadi! Talabalar nishonlashning eng o'ziga xos usullarini o'ylab topganliklari sababli, shubhasiz, qiziqarli bayram.
- Yoz (juhannus, mittommar), Juma kuni kechqurun va shanba kuni 20 iyundan 26 iyungacha. Yoz kunlarini, mo'l-ko'lchilik bilan nishonlash uchun o'tkazildi gulxan, ichimlik va umumiy quvnoqlar. Odamlar yozgi uylariga shoshilishgani uchun shaharlar deyarli bo'shaydi. Katta shaharlardan biriga faqat bo'sh shaharni yoki mahalliy aholi jonli ravishda nishonlaydigan qishloq qishlog'ini dahshatli his qilish uchun tashrif buyurish yaxshi bo'lar edi. "Ming ko'l mamlakatida" ushbu dam olish kunlari alkogol ichimliklaridan beparvolik bilan foydalanish Finlyandiya statistikasida cho'kish natijasida vafot etganlar sonining har yilgi eng yuqori darajasi sifatida qaralmoqda. Yoz fasli Finlyandiya ta'til mavsumining boshlanishi va ko'plab yozgi yo'nalishlarda "mavsumda" yozning yozidan maktablar ochilguniga qadar.
- Mustaqillik kuni (isenäisyyspäivä, självständighetsdagen), 6 dekabr. Finlyandiya mustaqilligining juda ayanchli bayrami. Har yili biron bir shaharda cherkov xizmatlari (Xelsinki shahridagi soborni televizorda ko'rish mumkin), kontsertlar va harbiy parad mavjud. 1955 yilda "Noma'lum askar" filmi televizorda namoyish etiladi. Kechqurun eng ommabop tadbir: Prezident muhim odamlar (masalan, deputatlar, diplomatlar, Finlyandiyaning xizmat ko'rsatgan sportchilari va san'atkorlari) uchun kam ahamiyatli televizorda tomosha qiladigan to'pni ushlab turadi. Darhaqiqat, 2 milliondan ortiq finlar o'z uylaridan to'pni tomosha qilishadi.
- Kichik Rojdestvo (pikkujoulu). Odamlar dekabr davomida hamkasblari bilan birga sudralib yurishadi. Rasmiy ta'til emas, shunchaki ofisdagi Rojdestvo bayrami mavsumining Vikinglar uchun mo'ljallangan versiyasi. Shved tilida so'zlashuvchilar orasida lillajul ("kichik Rojdestvo") - Advent boshlangan shanba va asosan oilalar o'rtasida nishonlanadi.
- Rojdestvo (joulu, iyul), 24 dan 26 dekabrgacha. Yilning eng katta bayrami, unda hamma narsa uch kunga yopiladi. Santa (Joulupukki, Xulgubben) 24-dekabr kuni Rojdestvo arafasida keladi, jambon yeyiladi va hamma saunaga boradi.
- Yangi Yil kechasi (uudenvuodenaatto, nyårsafton), 31 dekabr. Fireworks vaqti!
Aksariyat finlar o'zlariga tegishli yozgi ta'til iyul oyida, Evropaning boshqa joylaridan farqli o'laroq, bu erda avgust asosiy ta'til davri. Odamlar odatda yozgi ta'tilni Midsummer atrofida boshlashadi. Shu kunlarda shaharlarda aholi kamroq bo'lishi mumkin, chunki finlar yozgi uylariga yo'l olishadi. Maktab o'quvchilari yozgi ta'tilni iyun oyining boshlarida boshlashadi va avgust oyining o'rtalarida maktabga qaytadilar. Aniq sanalar yil va munitsipalitetga qarab farq qiladi.
Chiqinglar
| COVID-19 ma `lumot: Sayohatlarga cheklovlar mavjud va joylar yopiq bo'lishi mumkin. 2020 yilning kuzida bahorgacha davom etadigan yangi kasallik paydo bo'ldi. Korxonalar va transport asosan cheklangan holda ishlaydi va komendantlik soati yo'q. Uyda ishlashga qodir bo'lganlar, yuz maskalari ishlatiladi, restoranlarda soatlari cheklangan (olib tashlashdan tashqari) va aksariyat tadbirlar bekor qilinadi. Poezdlardagi chiptalarni minishdan oldin sotib olish kerak. Ko'pgina cheklovlar shunchaki kuchli tavsiyalardir, shuning uchun ham ularda amal qilinmaydi va aksariyat choralar mamlakat miqyosida emas, balki shahar yoki mintaqada qabul qilinadi. Kamida 2021 yil 30 aprelgacha faqat muhim sayohat va ba'zi tranzit holatlari aksariyat mamlakatlardan, asosan 10 yoki 14 kunlik ruxsat beriladi o'z-o'zini karantinda saqlash kelganda yoki ikkinchi sinov bilan qisqa karantin. Ish joyiga kirish uchun yo'lovchining ish beruvchidan majburiy sabablarga ko'ra isboti bo'lishi kerak. Shaxsiy sabablarga ko'ra, masalan, o'qish yoki oilangizga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin (bog'langan sahifalardagi ma'lumotlarga qarang). 72 soatdan kam bo'lgan sinovning salbiy natijasi yoki ilgari 6 oydan kam oldin KOVID-19 kasalligi bo'lganligi haqidagi dalil odatda chegarada yoki paromga chiqish yoki parvozga chiqishdan oldin talab qilinadi. Aeroportda tranzitga ruxsat beriladi. COVID-19 sinovlari ba'zi aeroportlarda va ba'zi dengiz portlarida o'tkaziladi va sinovlar majburiy bo'lishi mumkin. Rossiya quruqlik chegarasi hozircha ko'p sayohatchilar uchun yopiq qolmoqda. Ga qarang FINENTRY, Finlyandiyaning veb-saytiga tashrif buyuring, pandemiya paytida chegara tashish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar, cheklovlar to'g'risida hukumat sahifasi, Vaziyat to'g'risida THL ma'lumotlari va YLE yangiliklari ingliz tilida. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 20-aprelda yangilangan) |
Finlyandiya Shengen shartnomasi.
- Odatda shartnomani imzolagan va amalga oshirgan mamlakatlar o'rtasida chegara nazorati mavjud emas. Bunga Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat qismi va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlar kiradi.
- Odatda xalqaro reyslarga yoki qayiqlarga chiqishdan oldin shaxsni tekshirish tekshiruvi o'tkaziladi. Ba'zida quruqlik chegaralarida vaqtinchalik chegara nazorati mavjud.
- Xuddi shunday, a viza har qanday Shengen a'zosi uchun berilgan, imzolagan barcha boshqa mamlakatlarda amal qiladi va shartnomani amalga oshirdi.
- Iltimos, ko'ring Shengen zonasi bo'ylab sayohat qilish sxema qanday ishlashi, qaysi mamlakatlar a'zo ekanligi va qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun sizning fuqaroligingizga qanday talablar qo'yiladi.
Viza erkinligi Shengen va Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari hamda viza erkinligi to'g'risidagi shartnomaga ega bo'lgan mamlakatlarning fuqarolariga, masalan, AQSh fuqarolariga nisbatan qo'llaniladi. Odatiy bo'lib, viza talab qilinadi; ro'yxatni ko'ring sizga viza kerakligini tekshirish uchun. Vizalar chegarada yoki kirish paytida berilishi mumkin emas, lekin kamida 15 kun oldin Finlyandiya elchixonasida yoki boshqa vakolatxonada qo'llanilishi kerak (qarang ko'rsatmalar). Shaxsiy guvohnoma fotosurati, pasport, sayohatni sug'urtalash va etarli mablag '(kuniga kamida 30 evro deb hisoblanadi) talab qilinadi. Viza uchun ariza rad etilgan taqdirda ham, viza narxi 35-70 evro.
Finlyandiya-Rossiya chegarasi Shengen tashqi chegarasidir va chegara nazorati amal qiladi. Ushbu chegarani faqat belgilangan chegara o'tish joylarida kesib o'tish mumkin va vizalar talab qilinadi. Lappeenranta yaqinidagi Vaalimaa va Imatra yaqinidagi Nuijamaa yo'llarining eng mashhur o'tish joylari. Rossiyadan shimoliy o'tish joylarida vaqtinchalik maxsus cheklovlar qo'llanilishi mumkin, agar kerak bo'lsa, tekshiring. Chegaraning har ikki tomonida ham kengligi bir necha kilometr bo'lgan chegara zonalari mavjud bo'lib, ularga kirish taqiqlanadi. Chegara zonalariga kirish yoki u erda suratga olishga urinish hibsga olinadi va jarimaga tortiladi. Finlyandiya-Norvegiya va Finlyandiya-Shvetsiya chegaralarini istalgan nuqtada ruxsatnomasiz kesib o'tish mumkin, agar sizda bojxona nazoratini talab qiladigan narsa bo'lmasa. Odatda, Finlyandiya va Estoniya o'rtasida xalqaro suvlar bo'ylab sayohat qilishda chegara tekshiruvi talab qilinmaydi. Biroq, Chegara xizmati tasodifiy yoki ixtiyoriy tekshiruvlarni o'tkazishi mumkin va kirish rejimidan qat'i nazar, istalgan vaqtda yoki joyda har qanday shaxs yoki kemaning immigratsiya holatini tekshirishga vakolatli.
Samolyotda
Finlyandiyaning asosiy xalqaro markazi Xelsinki-Vantaa aeroporti (HEL IATA) yaqin Xelsinki. Finnair va SAS mavjud bo'lganidek, u erda joylashgan Norvegiya havo kemasi, ichki va xalqaro parvozlarni taklif qilmoqda. 30 ga yaqin xorijiy aviakompaniyalar Xelsinki-Vantaa tomon parvoz qilmoqdalar. Myunxen (MUC), Frankfurt (FRA), Amsterdam (AMS) va London Xitrou (LHR) kabi yirik Evropa markazlari bilan aloqalar yaxshi va transferlarni Stokgolm (ARN) va Kopengagen (CPH) orqali amalga oshirish mumkin. Pekin, Seul (ICN), Shanxay va Tokio kabi bir qancha Sharqiy Osiyoning shaharlaridan va Osiyoning boshqa qismlaridagi yo'nalishlardan parvozlar mavjud. Boshqa yo'nalishda Nyu-York shahri yil davomida, Chikago, Mayami va San-Frantsisko yozgi mavsumda xizmat qiladi.
Finlyandiyaning boshqa aeroportlariga xalqaro reyslar kam (Air Baltic va Ryanair mintaqaviy Finlyandiyaga xizmatlarining ko'p qismini qaytarib olishdi). Kimga Laplandiya mavsumiy reyslar (dekabr-mart), shuningdek vaqti-vaqti bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri charterlar (ayniqsa, dekabrda) mavjud. Yil davomida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslar mavjud Tampere va Turku bir nechta xorijiy yo'nalishlardan Lappeenranta dan Bergamo, Vena va Budapesht, ga Turku dan Belgrad, Gdansk, Kaunas, Krakov, Larnaka, Skopye, Varshavava to Marixamn, Tampere, Turku va Vaasa dan Stokgolm.
Agar siz boradigan manzilingiz Finlyandiyaning biron bir joyida bo'lsa, unda arzon reysga borishingizga arziydi Tallin va oxirgi oyoq uchun qayiq ko'rsatmalariga rioya qiling.
Poyezdda
VR va Rossiya temir yo'llari birgalikda xizmat ko'rsatishadi Sankt-Peterburg va Xelsinki, to'xtab qolishdi Vyborg, Kuvola va Laxti yo'l bo'ylab (temir yo'l Finlyandiyada Rossiya hukmronligi ostida joriy qilingan, shuning uchun o'lchov bir xil). Chegara nazorati chegarada kechikib qolmaslik uchun harakatlanayotgan poezdda amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu liniya 2010 yilda takomillashtirildi va silliq yangi bo'ldi Allegro- markali poyezdlar ikki shahar o'rtasida uch yarim soat ichida soatiga 220 km gacha yurishadi. Marshrut har ikki yo'nalishda kuniga to'rt marta xizmat qiladi. Narxlar yo'nalish bo'yicha 30 va 80 evro orasida o'zgarib turadi. Bundan tashqari, an'anaviy sekin kechada yotadigan shpal mavjud Moskva, bu taxminan 15 soat davom etadi.
Orasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri poezdlar yo'q Shvetsiya yoki Norvegiya va Finlyandiya (temir yo'l o'lchagichi boshqacha), lekin avtobus bo'shliqdan Boden/Lulea (Shvetsiya) ga Kemi (Finlyandiya) an bilan bepul Eurail/Inter Rail o'tish, shuningdek siz ushbu o'tish joylari bilan ko'pgina paromlardan 50% chegirmaga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin. Shvetsiya temir yo'l operatori o'z xizmatlarini Haparandaga etkazishni rejalashtirmoqda (2021 yil holatiga ko'ra).
Avtobusda
Avtobuslar eng arzon, ammo eng sekin va eng qulay bo'lgan sayohat usuli hisoblanadi Rossiya va Finlyandiya.
- Muntazam qatnovchi avtobuslar o'rtasida harakatlanadi Sankt-Peterburg, Vyborg va shunga o'xshash yirik janubiy fin shaharlari Xelsinki, Lappeenranta, Jyväskylä va g'arbga qadar Turku, tekshiring Matkahuolto jadvallar uchun. Xelsinki – St. Peterburgga kuniga uch marta xizmat ko'rsatiladi, uning narxi 38 evro va kunduzi 9 soat, kechasi 8 soat talab qilinadi.
- Sankt-Peterburgning "Oktyabrskaya" mehmonxonasi (Moskovskiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi qarshisida) va Xelsinkining "Tennispalatsi" (Kamelpdan bir blok narida joylashgan Eteläinen Rautatiekatu 8) o'rtasida turli xil to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mikroavtobuslar qatnaydi. Bir tomonga 15 evro evaziga bu eng arzon variant, ammo mikroavtobuslar faqat to'yganda ketishadi. Xelsinkidan jo'nash ko'pincha ertalab (soat 10:00 atrofida), Sankt-Peterburgdan jo'nab ketish esa odatda bir kechada (22:00 atrofida).
- O'rtasida kunlik xizmat mavjud Petrozavodsk va Joensuu (ehtimol to'xtatib qo'yilgan, tekshiring).
- O'rtasida xizmat mavjud Murmansk va Ivalo shimoliy Finlyandiyada haftasiga uch marta (to'xtatib qo'yilishi mumkin, tekshiring).
Shuningdek, shimoldan avtobusdan foydalanishingiz mumkin Shvetsiya yoki Norvegiya Finlyandiyaga.
- Haparanda Shvetsiyaning Norrbotniya hududida avtobus aloqasi mavjud Tornio, Kemi, Oulu va Rovaniemi. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot Matkahuolto.
- Eskelisen Lapinlinjat, masalan, Norvegiyaning shimoliy qismlaridan avtobus aloqalarini taklif qiladi Tromsø. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot Eskelisen Lapinlinjat.
- Tapanis Buss dan marshrutga ega Stokgolm bo'ylab boradigan Tornioga E4 qirg'oq yo'li. Tornio shahridan uzoq masofali fin avtobuslari yoki poyezdlardan foydalanishni davom ettirish mumkin.
Qayiqda
- Shuningdek qarang: Boltiq dengizi paromlari, Boltiq dengizi bo'ylab sayohat, Boltiq dengizida qayiqda yurish
Finlyandiyaga sayohat qilishning eng yaxshi usullaridan biri bu dengizdir. Paromlar Estoniya va ShvetsiyaXususan, ulkan, ko'p qavatli suzuvchi saroylar va universal do'konlar, arzon narxlar soliqsiz ichimliklar sotish bilan ta'minlanadi: Tallinga qaytish safari, to'rt kishiga mo'ljallangan idishni, shu jumladan 30 evrogacha tushishi mumkin; Stokgolmdan Turku tomon o'tish joyi xuddi shu diapazonda (oddiy chiptalar takliflarga qaraganda ancha qimmat). Agar sayohat qilsangiz Inter Rail, siz kemaning 50% chegirmalaridan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Xelsinkiga etib borishning eng yaxshi usuli - tashqi kemaning pastki qismida turib, oldinga qarab turish.
Shvetsiya va Estoniyadan mos ravishda Alland dengizi yoki Kvarken va Finlyandiya ko'rfazidan o'tgan dovonlar tinch kunlarda aksariyat yaxtalar uchun etarlicha qisqa (ko'plari ham dengiz orqali Gotland). Finlyandiya o'zining arxipelaglari bilan mashhur bo'lganligi sababli, ayniqsa Arxipelag dengizi, bilan keladi kichik hunarmandchilik yaxshi alternativ. Estoniyadan Finlyandiyaga quvonchli transport vositalarini kesib o'tishda chegara nazorati odatda talab qilinmaydi; ammo, chegara qo'riqchilari o'z xohishiga ko'ra shaxsiy kemalarga chegara nazoratiga xabar berishlarini buyurishi mumkin. Shengen hududidan tashqarida kelgan barcha kemalar chegara nazorati to'g'risida xabar berishlari kerak (qarang) Chegara xizmatining sahifasi).
Estoniya va Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari
Xelsinki va Tallin bir-biridan atigi 80 km masofada joylashgan. Viking chizig'i, Ekkero va Tallink Silja butun yil davomida to'liq xizmat ko'rsatadigan avtoulov paromlarini boshqaring. Parom turiga qarab sayohat vaqtlari 2 dan (Tallinkning Star sinfidagi paromlar) 3½ soatgacha (Tallink Silja eng katta sayohat kemalari). Ba'zi xizmatlar bir kechada sayohat qilishadi va portgacha ertalabgacha mashinalar qilishadi.
Tallinn va Stokgolm o'rtasidagi Tallink kruiz paromi qo'ng'iroq qilmoqda Marixamn (tunda / erta tongda). Dan xizmat ham mavjud Paldiski ga Xanko tomonidan DFDS.
Rejalashtirilgan xizmatlar mavjud emas Latviya yoki Litva, lekin ba'zi operatorlar yuqorida yozda yarim muntazam kruizlarni taklif qilishadi, bilan Riga eng mashhur joy.
Germaniya
Finnlaynlar dan ishlaydi Travemünde yaqin Lyubek va Gamburg ga Xelsinki, bir tomonga 27-36 soat vaqt ketadi.
Germaniyaga transport qatnovi avvalgi davrlarda yanada jonli bo'lgan, eng yaxshi misol GTS Finnjet bo'lib, u 1970-yillarda dunyodagi eng tez va eng katta yo'lovchi paromi bo'lgan. Freight and passengers could be transported between Helsinki and Travemünde (and the rest of continental Europe west of the Iron Curtain) in only 22 hours, much faster than the other (non-air) routes at the time.
Russia
For years scheduled ferry services from Russia have been stop-and-go. St Peter Line offers regular ferry service from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki for as low as €30 one way.
Saimaa Travel offers sailings along Saimaa Canal dan Vyborg ga Lappeenranta in the summer months. This route is mostly used for cruises ga Russia, taking advantage of the Russian visa exception for short-term cruise visitors. The canal can also be used to reach Saimaa and the lake district by own vessel.
If coming by yacht from Russia, customs routes have to be followed, see Boating in Finland#Get in.
Sweden
Both Silja va Viking offer overnight cruises to Xelsinki and overnight as well as daytime cruises to Turku dan Stokgolm, usually stopping in the Åland islands along the way. These are some of the largest and most luxurious ferries in the world, with as many as 14 floors and a whole slew of restaurants, bars, discos, pool and spa facilities, etcetera. The cheaper cabin classes below the car decks are rather Spartan, but the higher sea view cabins can be very nice indeed.
There is also a car ferry connection between Umeå va Vaasa (Wasa line; 4 hours), without taxfree sales, but trying to achieve the same feeling as on the southerly routes.
Note that, due to crowds of rowdy youngsters aiming to get thoroughly hammered on cheap tax-free booze, both Silja and Viking do not allow unaccompanied youth under 23 to cruise on Fridays or Saturdays. (The age limit is 20 on other nights, and only 18 for travellers not on same-day-return cruise packages.) In addition, Silja does not offer deck class on its overnight services, while Viking does.
Note also that with Viking Line it often is cheaper to book a cruise instead of "route traffic". The cruise includes both ways with or without a day in between. If you want to stay longer you simply do not go back – it might still be cheaper than booking a one-way "route traffic" ticket. This accounts especially to last minute tickets (you could, e.g., get from Stockholm to Turku for around 10€ over night – "route traffic" would be over 30€ for a cabin with lower quality).
In addition to the big two, FinnLink offers the cheapest car ferry connection of all from Kapellskär ga Naantali (from €60 for a car with driver).
Car ferries usually stop for a few minutes at Mariehamn or Långnäs in the Åland Islands, which are outside the EU tax area and thus allow the ferries to operate duty-free sales. There are also ferries on shorter routes from Sweden to Åland only.
Mashinada
Sweden
As mentioned above, one of the easiest ways to get by car from Sweden to Finland is a car ferry. The European Route E18 includes a ferry line between Kapellskär va Naantali. You could also take the floating palaces, either the nearby pass Stokgolm–Turku or the longer pass Stockholm–Helsinki. Farther north there is the E12 (along the Blue Highway, forking off as Finnish national highway 3 to Helsinki), with car ferry (4 hours) between Umeå va Vaasa.
There are also land border crossings up in Lapland at Tornio, Ylitornio, Pello, Kolari, Muonio va Karesuvanto.
Norvegiya
European Routes E8 and E75 connect northern Norway with Finland. There are border crossings at Kilpisjärvi, Kivilompolo (near Hetta), Karigasniemi, Utsjoki, Nuorgam va Näätämö. For central and southern parts of Norway, going through Sweden is more practical, e.g. by E12 (from Mo i Rana via Umeå) or E18 (from Oslo via Stockholm or Kapellskär).
Russia
European route E18, like Russian route M10, goes from St. Petersburg orqali Vyborg to Vaalimaa/Torfyanovka border station near Hamina. From there, E18 continues as Finnish national highway 7 to Helsinki, and from there, along the coast as highway 1 to Turku. In Vaalimaa, trucks will have to wait in a persistent truck queue. This queue does not directly affect other vehicles. There are border control and customs checks in Vaalimaa and passports and Schengen visas if applicable will be needed.
From south to north, other border crossings can be found at Nuijamaa/Brusnichnoye (Lappeenranta), Niirala (Tohmajärvi, yaqin Joensuu), Vartius (Kuhmo), Kuusamo, Kelloselkä (Salla) and Raja-Jooseppi (Inari). All except the first are very remote, and most of those open in daytime only.
Estonia
As mentioned above, there are car ferries between Tallinn and Helsinki. They form a part of European route E67, Via Baltica, which runs from the Polish capital Varshava, via Kaunas yilda Lithuania va Riga yilda Latvia, to the Estonian capital Tallinn. The distance from Warsaw to Tallinn is about 970 kilometers, not including any detours. There is a car and cargo ferry service dan Paldiski ga Hanko.
Velosipedda
Bikes can be taken on the ferries for a modest fee. You enter via the car deck, check when to show up. As you will leave the bike, have something to tie it up with.
There are no special requirements on the land borders with Norway and Sweden.
In 2016, Finnish Border Agency did forbid crossing the border by bicycle over the northernmost checkpoints from Russia (Raja-Jooseppi and Salla), the restriction has probably expired, but check! The southern border stations were apparently not affected.
On the trains from Russia, the bikes have to be packed, check the regulations.
Piyoda
Walk-in from Sweden and Norway is allowed anywhere (unless you have goods to declare, which can probably be handled beforehand), but crossing the Russian border by foot is not. This ban is probably enforced by the Russian border guard (as asked to by Finland). If they let you walk out, perhaps the Finnish border guard lets you in, given your papers, if any, are in order. Entering the Finnish-Russian border zone or crossing the border outside designated crossings nets you an arrest and a fine.
Atrofga boring
Finland is a large country and travelling is relatively expensive. Public transportation is well organized and the equipment is always comfortable and often new, and advance bookings are rarely necessary outside the biggest holiday periods, but buying tickets on the net a few days in advance (or as soon as you know your plans) may give significantly lower prices.
There are several route planners available. VR and Matkahuolto provides timetable service nationwide for trains and coaches, respectively, and there are several regional and local planners. As of 2020, Google Maps and Apple Maps have coverage nationally. opas.matka.fi includes train traffic, local transport of many cities and towns, and public service obligation traffic (i.e. services offered on behalf of the government) in the countryside. Matkahuolto Reittiopas is focused on local, regional and long-distance buses. There are deficiencies in most or all of them, so try different names and main stops if you don't get a connection, and do a sanity check when you get one. Knowing the municipality and the name in both Finnish and Swedish is useful. Sometimes the local connections are unknown to the digital services.
On popular routes tickets for some services can often be bought cheaper in advance on the net, for coaches and trains as well as aeroplanes. Useful websites for finding the cheapest coach, train and plane tickets are:
- Perille - able to combine different modes of transportation and different companies connections, including train, bus and airplane
- Matkakeisari va Pikavuorot.fi - these find only connections using one mode of transport
"Street addresses" work with many electronic maps also for the countryside. "Street numbers" outside built up areas are based on the distance from the beginning of the road, in tens of metres, with even numbers on the left hand side ("Exampleroad 101" is about a kilometre from the fork, on the right hand side, distance from the road to the house not counted). Many roads change names at municipality borders, so that what is Posiontie in Ranua becomes Ranuantie in Posio.
Samolyotda
Flights are the fastest but traditionally also the most expensive way of getting around. The new low-cost airliners however provide prices even half of the train prices in the routes between north and south. In some cases it may even be cheaper to fly via Riga than take a train. Finnair and some smaller airlines still operate regional flights from Helsinki to places all over the country, including Kuopio, Rovaniemi, Ivalo va Vaasa. It's worth booking in advance if possible: on the Xelsinki–Oulu sector, the country's busiest, a fully flexible return economy ticket costs a whopping €251 but an advance-purchase non-changeable one-way ticket can go as low as €39, less than a train ticket. Finnair has cheaper fares usually when you book at least three week before your planned trip and your trip includes at least three nights spent in destination or one night between Friday and Saturday or Saturday and Sunday. You may also be able to get discounted domestic tickets if you fly into Finland on Finnair and book combination ticket directly to your final destination. Finnair also has a youth ticket (16–25) and senior ticket ( 65 or pension decision) that is substantially cheaper and fixed price regardless of when you book.
There are two major airlines selling domestic flights:
- Finnair, the biggest by far. Serves nearly all of the country, with some flights operated by their subsidiary Nordic Regional Airlines..
- Norvegiya havo kemasi flies from Helsinki to Oulu and Rovaniemi.
In addition there's a handful of smaller airlines, often just flying from Helsinki to one airport each. The destinations served are often easy to reach by train, bus and car making flights unprofitable wherefore companies and services tend to come and go.
Poyezdda
VR (Valtion Rautatiet, "State's Railways") operates the railway network. Trains are usually the most comfortable and fastest method of inter-city travel. From Xelsinki ga Tampere, Turku va Lahti, there are departures more or less every hour in daytime.
The following classes of service are available, with example last-minute price and duration for the popular Xelsinki–Tampere service in parenthesis.
- Pendolino tilting trains (code S) often fastest (€8.90–18.00, 1hr29min–1hr50min)
- InterCity (IC) and InterCity2 (IC2) express trains (€8.90–18.00, 1hr29min–1hr50min)
- Ordinary express (pikajuna, P), only slow night trains for this connection (€21.00, 2hrs44min–2hrs58min)
- Local va regional trains (lähiliikennejuna, lähijuna yoki taajamajuna), no surcharge, quite slow (€14.40, 2hrs12min)
The trains are generally very comfortable, especially the intercity and long distance services, which (depending on connection and type of train) may have restaurant and family cars (with a playing space for children), power sockets, and free Wi-Fi connection. Check the services of individual trains if you need them, e.g. facilities for families and wheelchair users vary considerably. Additional surcharges apply for travel in first class, branded "Extra" on some trains, which gets you more spacious seating, newspapers and possibly a snack.
Overnight sleepers are available for long-haul routes and very good value at €11/21/43 for a bed in a three/two/one-bed compartment (with one-bed compartments only available in first class). The modern sleeper cars to Lapland have 2-berth cabins, some of which can be combined for a family. On the Tolstoi train to Moscow 2nd class cabins are for 4, other cabins for 2 persons. There are ensuite showers in the upper floor cabins in the modern Lapland trains and in business class in the Tolstoi trains, otherwise showers are shared. On the old "blue" sleeper trains there are no showers, only a small sink in the cabin (these cars are now mostly used as supplement in the busiest holiday periods). In each modern Finnish sleeper car, one cabin is for a disabled person and his or her assistant, another for travelling with a pet.
The restaurant cars mostly serve snacks, coffee and beer. On some routes (such as those to Lapland) you can get simple real meals. Shorter intercity routes usually just have a trolley with snacks and coffee. Drinking alcoholic beverages you brought yourselves is not allowed. Own food at your seat should be no problem as long as you don't make a mess or spectacle out of it; bringing packed meals, other than for small children, has become rare.
One child under 17 can travel for free with each fare-paying adult (check: might have changed), and seniors over 65 years old and students with Finnish student ID (ISIC cards etc. not accepted) get 50 % off. Groups of 3 or more get 15 % off. If booking a few days (better: at least two weeks) in advance on the net you may get bargain prices.
Pets can be taken on trains (€5), but seats must be booked in the right compartments. If your pet is big, book a seat with extended legroom (or, on some trains, a separate seat for the pet). The pets travel on the floor (a blanket can be useful), other than for dogs a cage is mandatory. Vaccination etc. should be in order. For regional transport the rules are different.
Finland participates in the Inter Rail va Eurail systems. Residents of Europe can buy InterRail Finland passes offering 3–8 days of unlimited travel in one month for €109–229 (adult 2nd class), while the Eurail Finland pass for non-residents is €178–320 for 3–10 days. You would have to travel a lot to make any of these pay off though; by comparison, a full-fare InterCity return ticket across the entire country from Helsinki to Rovaniemi and back is €162.
Train tickets can be purchased online, from ticketing machines on mid-sized and large stations, from manned booths on some of the largest stations and e.g. from R kiosks (not all tickets). A fee of €1–3 applies when buying over the counter or by phone. There are usually cheaper offers if you buy several days in advance, to get the cheapest tickets, buy them at least 2 weeks advance. A seat is included in the fare of these tickets. The HSL-operated trains in the Helsinki region no longer sell tickets on board. On long-distance trains tickets can be bought with major cards only (not with cash). Buying on board (with an additional fee of €3–6) allows using booked-out trains, possibly with seat part of the journey. During the COVID-19 pandemic, seats must be reserved in advance.
This means that for walk-up travel at many mid-sized stations, you'll need to buy a ticket from the machine. This is easier if no-one tries to assist you! Otherwise, thinking to be helpful, they'll press Aloita and you'll be faced by a screen asking you to choose between Aikuinen, Eläkeläisen va Lapsi. So spurn their help, wind back to the beginning and press "Start" to get the process in English, including the bank card reader instructions. Or if you're feeling adventurous you can press Börja since you can figure out whether you're vuxen, pensionär yoki barn, but you'll have to choose "Åbo" to get a ticket to Turku. Larger machines take cash, but most provincial stations have only small ones for which you need a debit/credit card with chip.
In some situations your group or voyage does not make sense to the booking system. There are usually tricks to fool the system to allow what you want to do, but unless you find a solution, you might want to book by phone, to leave the problem to somebody more experienced.
Generally, the trains are most crowded at the beginning and end of the weekend, i.e. Friday and Sunday evening. Shortly before and at the end of major holidays like Christmas/New Year and Easter, trains are usually very busy, with car-and-sleeper tickets for the most popular services sold out immediately when booking opens. If you try booking for these days at a late time, you may find the seat you reserve to be among the least desirable, that is, facing backwards, without recline, and facing towards and sharing the legroom with other passengers.
While VR's trains may be slick, harsh winter conditions and underinvestment in maintenance mean that delayed trains are not uncommon, with the fancy Pendolinos particularly prone to breaking down. Also much of the network is single-track, so delays become compounded as oncoming trains have to wait in the passing loop. As in the rest of the EU, you'll get a 25% refund if the train is 1–2 hours late and 50% if more. Real-time train traffic data for every train station in Finland in webapp or iOS app is enabled by the Trafi licensing this data under the CC-BY free licence.
Avtobusda
There are coach connections along the main roads to practically all parts of Finland. This is also the only way to travel in Lapland, since the rail network doesn't extend to the extreme north. Connections may be scarce between the thoroughfares.
Long haul coaches are generally quite comfortable, with toilet, reclining seats, AC, sometimes a coffee machine and perhaps a few newspapers to read (often only in Finnish, though). Wi-Fi and power outlets (USB or 230 V) are getting common. Some long-haul services stop at an intermediate destination long enough for you to buy a sandwich or eat an ice cream. Coaches seldom restrict the amount of luggage. They have fees for luggage transport, but these are generally not invoked for any you would carry. Bulky luggage is usually placed in a separate luggage compartment, at least if the coach is more than half-full.
There is no dominating operator, but many smaller ones. Matkahuolto maintains some services across companies, such as timetables, ticket sale and freight. Their browser-based route planner, with address based routing for coaches, is available (sometimes useful, but often suggests convoluted connections despite there being direct ones). Their Routes and Tickets mobile app has an address based routing and also a ticket purchase option. Some regional public service obligation bus routes are missing. They can be found in the opas.matka.fi route planner, and often from the local bus company, the web page of the municipality (often well hidden in Finnish only) or similar. There are Matkahuolto service points at more or less every bus station, in small towns and villages often by cooperation with a local business. Although the staff generally is helpful, they and their tools may not know very much about local conditions in other parts of the country; checking with locals (such as the local host or local bus company) for any quirks is sometimes advantageous.
Most coaches between bigger towns are express services (pikavuoro/snabbtur), having fewer stops than the "standard" (vakiovuoro/reguljär tur) coaches, near extinction on some routes. Between some big cities there are also special express (erikoispikavuoro/express) coaches with hardly any stops between the cities. Using coaches to reach the countryside you should check not only that there are services along the right road, but also that any express service you are going to use stops not too far away from where you intend to get off or on, and that any service runs on the right day of the week. Non-express services have stops at most a few kilometres apart.
Coaches are generally slightly higher priced than trains, although on routes with direct train competition they can be slightly cheaper. Speeds are usually slower than trains, sometimes very much so (from Helsinki to Oulu), sometimes even faster (from Helsinki to Kotka and Pori). On many routes, though, coaches are more frequent, so you may still get to your destination faster than if you wait for the next train. Tickets can be bought in advance (bargains possible on some routes), with the seldom used option to reserve seats, although paying to the driver is common (there are few if any conductors left). Credit and debit cards should be accepted on the main express and long-haul services (and when buying tickets in advance), on "regular" services on short distances you are more likely to need cash.
Pets are usually accepted on coaches as well as buses. In buses, bigger dogs often travel in the area for prams and wheelchairs. There is a fee for some pets on some services (Koiviston auto: €5 in cash unless they fit on your lap).
Onnibus offers a cheaper alternative (often €5–10 even for long rides if bought early enough) with double-deckers on routes between major cities in Finland. Tickets must be bought online as they do not accept cash. Onnibuses include free unencrypted Wi-Fi and 220 V power sockets. The general standard is lower than on other coaches and there is less legroom than in any other buses in Finland. Also the overhead racks are tight, so put everything you do not need in the luggage compartment. Be at the stop 15 minutes before departure, more if you want good seats. Note that the routes do not necessarily serve the city centres, but can provide direct access to some nearby locations.
Onnibus also has cooperation ("Onnibux flex") with some other bus companies, for legs they do not serve themselves. These services can be found through Onnibus, Matkahuolto or the site of the real operator; standard and prices are mostly the same as usually on coaches, not those of Onnibus.
Discounts
Senior discounts are for those over 65 years old or with Finnish pension decision.
As with trains, student discounts are available only for Finnish students or foreign students at Finnish institutions. You need either a Matkahuolto/VR student discount card (€5) or a student card with the Matkahuolto logo.
For coaches, children aged 4–11 pay about half the price (infants free), juniors (12–16) get a reduction of up to 30 % or 50 % on long non-return trips. In city buses age limits vary from one city or region to another, often children fees apply for 7–14 years old. An infant in a baby carriage gives one adult a free ride in e.g. Helsinki and Turku (but entering may be difficult in rush hours).
You can get the BusPass travel pass from Matkahuolto, which offers unlimited travel in specified time, priced at €149 for 7 days and €249 for 14 days. The pass is not accepted by Onnibus.
Local transport
Local transport networks are well-developed in Greater Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Kuopio, Jyväskylä va Lahti. In other big towns public transport networks are often usable on workdays, but sparse on weekends and during the summer, while many small towns only have rudimentary services. For information about local transport in cities and some regions around Finland, see the link list provided by Matkahuolto (in Finnish; scroll to the bottom of the page).
There are route planners usable by web browser. Matka.fi covers most cities (Helsinki, Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Iisalmi, Joensuu, Jyväskylä, Järvenpää, Kajaani, Kotka, Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pieksämäki, Pori, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki, Tampere, Turku, Vaasa, Varkaus). Some of the remaining cities are included in Matkahuolto Route Planner (Kemi, Kokkola, Lohja, Loviisa, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma, Riihimäki, Salo, Savonlinna, Tornio, Valkeakoski).
As for smartphone apps, Nysse va Moovit have a route planner for local transport services of many cities (Helsinki, Hämeenlinna, Joensuu, Jyväskylä, Kajaani, Kotka, Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku, Vaasa).
General advice
Both coaches and city buses are stopped for boarding by raising a hand at a bus stop (blue sign for coaches, yellow for city buses; a reflector or source of light, such as a smartphone screen, is useful in the dusk and night). In some rural areas, such as northern Lapland, you may have luck also where there is no official stop (and not even official stops are necessarily marked there). On coaches, the driver will often step out to let you put most of your luggage in the luggage compartment – have what you want to have with you in a more handy bag.
Ring the bell by pushing a button when you want to get off, and the bus will stop at the next stop. Often the driver knows the route well and can be asked to let you off at the right stop, and even if not (more common now, with increased competition), drivers usually try their best. This works less well though on busy city buses.
By ferry
In summertime, lake cruises are a great way to see the scenery of Finland, although many of them only do circular sightseeing loops and aren't thus particularly useful for getting somewhere. Most cruise ships carry 100–200 passengers (book ahead on weekends!), and many are historical steam boats. Popular routes include Turku–Naantali, Xelsinki–Porvoo and various routes on Saimaa and the other big lakes.
The archipelago of Åland va Archipelago Sea have many inhabited islands dependant on ferry connections. As these are maintained as a public service they are mostly free, even the half-a-day lines. Some are useful as cruises, although there is little entertainment except the scenery. These bor meant for getting somewhere, so make sure you have somewhere to sleep after having got off.
There is a distinction between "road ferries" (yellow, typically on short routes, with an open car deck and few facilities), which are regarded part of the road network and free, and other ferries (usually with a more ship-like look and primarily serving car-less passengers). Whether the latter are free, heavily subsidized or fully paid by passengers varies. Qarang Archipelago Sea for some discussion.
Mashinada
- Main article: Driving in Finland
No entry
Priority for oncoming traffic
Speed limit for zone
Traffic drives on the right. There are no road tolls or congestion charges. From February 2018, driving licences of all countries for ordinary cars are officially accepted in Finland. The only requirement is that the licence is in a European language or you have an official translation of it to Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, German, English or French.
Avtomobil ijarasi in Finland is expensive, with rates generally upwards of €80/day, although rates go down for longer rentals. A foreign-registered car may be used in Finland for up to six months. A longer stay requires registering it locally and paying a substantial tax to equalize the price to Finnish levels.
Main roads are usually fairly well maintained and extensive, although motorways are limited to the south of the country and near the bigger cities. Local roads may to some extent suffer from cracks and potholes, and warnings about irregularities in the pavement of these roads are seldom posted.
Look out for wild animals, particularly at dawn and dusk. Collisions with moose (frequently lethal) are common countrywide, deer cause numerous collisions in parts of the country, and semi-domesticated reindeer are a common cause of accidents in Lapland. Try to pass the rear end of the animal to let it escape forward. Call the emergency service (112) to report accidents even if you are OK, as the animal may be injured.
VR's overnight car carrier trains are popular for skipping the long slog from the south up to Lapland and getting a good night's sleep instead: a Xelsinki–Rovaniemi trip (one way) with car and cabin for 1–3 people starts from €215.
A few unusual or unobvious rules to be aware of:
- Headlights or DRLs are mandatory even during daylight. New cars usually come with headlight-related automatics which do not always work properly, so double check your car's behavior and use manual toggles if necessary. This is especially important in the dark Finnish winter.
- Always give way to the right, unless signposted otherwise. The concept of minor road refers only to exits from parking lots and such (a decent rule of thumb is whether the exit crosses over a curb). Nearly all intersections are explicitly signposted with yield signs (either the stop sign or an inverted triangle); watch for the back of the yield sign on the other road. Major highways are often signposted with an explicit right of way (yellow diamond with white borders).
- Turning right on red at traffic lights is always illegal. Instead, intersections may have two sets of traffic lights, one with regular circular lights and the other displaying arrows. A green arrow light also means there is no crossing traffic or pedestrians in the indicated direction.
- Times on signage use the 24h clock with the following format: white or black numbers are for weekdays, numbers in parentheses for Saturdays and red numbers for Sundays and public holidays; e.g. "8–16" in white means M–F 8AM–4PM. If the numbers for Saturdays and Sundays are absent, the sign does not apply on weekends at all.
- Trams (present in Helsinki and Tampere) always have the right of way over other vehicles, but not over pedestrians at zebra crossings. You do not want to crash into one.
- Vehicles are required by law to stop at zebra crossings if a pedestrian intends to cross the road or if another vehicle has already stopped to (presumably) give way. Unfortunately, this sometimes causes dangerous situations at crossings over multiple lanes since not all drivers follow the rule properly. Many pedestrians are aware of this and "intend" to cross the road only when there is a suitable gap in the traffic, but you are still required to adjust your speed to be able to stop in case. Use your best judgement and watch out for less careful drivers.
- Using seat belts is mandatory. Children under 135 cm tall must use booster seats or other safety equipment (except when "temporarily" travelling in the car, such as in taxis).
Finnish driving culture is not too hazardous and driving is generally quite safe.Winter driving can be risky, especially for drivers unused to cold weather conditions. Winter tyres are mandatory December–February and studded tyres allowed from November 1st to after Easter, and "when circumstances require", with a liberal interpretation. Most cars are equipped with proper steel-studded tyres, which allow quite dynamic driving. The most dangerous weather is around freezing, when slippery but near-invisible black ice forms on the roads, and on the first day of the cold season, which can catch drivers by surprise.
Speed limits default to 50 km/h in built-up areas (look for the sign with a town skyline) and 80 km/h elsewhere. Other limits are always signposted. Major highways often have a limit of 100 km/h, with motorways up to 120 km/h. Some roads have their limits reduced in the winter for safety.
A blood alcohol level of over 0.05 % is considered drunk driving. Finnish police strictly enforce this by random roadblocks and sobriety tests.
If you are driving at night when the petrol stations are closed (many close at 21:00), always remember to bring some cash. Automated petrol pumps in Finland in rare occasions do not accept foreign credit/debit cards, but you can pay with Euro notes. In the sparsely-populated areas of the country, distances of 50 km and more between gas stations are not unheard of, so don't gamble unnecessarily with those last litres of fuel.
Taksida
Taksit.fi is a catalog for finding local taxi companies in Finland (not complete, though).
Most taxi companies are small, with one or a few cars, but in the cities, and increasingly elsewhere, they have agreements with call centres, which impose common standards. Some drivers might give you their private number, to allow your negotiating a future drive directly with them. This is useful in special cases.
Finnish taxi regulation was largely abandoned from July 2018. Taxi businesses are now free to take any price they wish and to use more or less any vehicle. Still, most companies stick to standards similar to those before the reform, and call centres usually enforce uniform standards and maximum pricing (negotiating a different price with a driver is allowed, but unusual). If the fare is to be more than €100 the customer has to be warned, and in any case the pricing must be stated in print in a standardized way or told to the customer before the journey begins. Taximeters are not compulsory any more (but may return by an amendment 2021). Drivers still have to take a test to get a taxi licence and the vehicle has to be registered as taxi. Formerly the test included local knowledge, but that part was skipped and many drivers rely on their GPS for less common destinations.
Prices differ depending on what call centre the taxi is associated to. There are also a few "wild" taxis setting their own standards. The standard pricing scheme is a flag fall fee differing between daytime in weekdays (usually €4–7) and Sundays, holidays and nights (by varying definitions; usually €7–9), a distance based fee varying by number of passengers, and often a time based fee effectively about doubling the price. Formerly the distance based fee was €1.50–2.15/km (with a waiting time fee for traffic lights etc. added but no other time based fee). You should get roughly the same figures if you add the distance and time fees (the latter doubled in rush hours) – but prices in the capital area have increased notably since then. Pre-booking a taxi is either free or costs about €7. In cities the meter is activated when the taxi reaches your address or you agree on boarding, in the countryside you may have to pay for the fetching distance (formerly according to complicated rules). There are usually extra fees for services out of the ordinary, such as carrying luggage or handling a wheel chair. Some companies have fixed fees for some typical journeys.
When booking on the net or by an app, the fee is usually computed based on addresses and fixed and accepted at the time of booking. In the countryside you should probably check that fetching distance does not make the fee much higher than expected – you may get a taxi from far away.
At nightclub closing times and at air- and seaports there may be some drivers trying their luck with less careful (drunk or foreign) customers. Prices differ also otherwise, e.g. €30–50 between the big companies for getting from Helsinki Airport to Helsinki centre (for that drive there are often special fixed prices). In the capital region prices rose some 14% in the year after the liberalisation, elsewhere they stayed about the same.
The usual ways to get a taxi is either to find a taxi rank, order by phone (in towns mostly using a call centre for the area) or, increasingly, use a smartphone app. In the countryside you might want to call a taxi company or driver directly. The call to the call centre is nearly always extra cost, for some call centres outright expensive. Taxi companies can be found from local tourist services, and any pub or restaurant will help you get a taxi – expect to pay €2 for the call.
Pre-booking is not a guarantee to get a taxi. Most call centres try to get a free car only some time before, and if taxis are busy, they may not take that ride. In cities with many cars this should not be a problem except in the worst hours. Calling a specific small local company, not the call centre, you may get them commit to your ride. In the country side pre-booking may be the only way to get a taxi a quiet night, and also otherwise there is no guarantee that there are cars available when you need them – don't call in last minute for a train or flight.
There are increasingly several call centres to choose from, with different pricing. Many companies are enlarging their area of operation. Check that they have enough cars (or a free car nearby for you to use) in the relevant area – them claiming they serve the area does not necessarily mean they have a big market share there.
Taxis can come in any colour or shape, and the yellow "TAXI" sign (usually spelled "TAKSI") on the roof is not compulsory any more. A normal taxi will carry 4 passengers and a moderate amount of luggage. For significant amounts of luggage, you may want to order a "farmari" taxi, an estate/wagon car with a roomier luggage compartment. There is also a third common type of taxi available, the tilataksi, a van which will comfortably carry about 8 people. The tilataksis are usually equipped for taking also a person in wheelchair. If you want child seats, mention that when ordering, you may be lucky. Child seats are not compulsory for "temporary" rides, such as with a taxi.
In city centres, long queues at the taxi stops can be expected on Friday and Saturday nights. The same is true at ferry harbours, railway stations and the like when a service arrives. It is not uncommon to share a taxi with strangers, if going towards the same general direction. At airports, railway stations and other locations from where many people are going to the same direction at the same time, there may also be "Kimppataksi" minivans publicly offering rides with strangers. They are as comfortable as other taxis and will leave without much delay.
- Valopilkku (Taksi Helsinki). Taxis ordered by smart phone app. Pricing not told on the web.
- 02 Taksi. Call centre and smart phone app offers address based routing and gives price offers from one or more taxi companies (mainly big companies, i.e. useful mostly in cities, towns and around them). Price or price logic told when booking. Price for calling the call centre horrendously expensive: normal tariff €1.25/call €3/min.
- Menevä. Smart phone app offers address based routing and calculates price according to them. For price information, see Menevä web site.
- Cabo. Smart phone app offers address based routing and calculates price according to them. For price information, see Cabo web site.
By ridesharing
Peer-to-peer ridesharing services:
- kyydit.net – Carpooling site with search engine
- kimppakyyti.fi – Carpooling site
- kimppa.net – Oldest and most retro looking carpooling site in Finland
By thumb
Avtostop is possible, albeit unusual, as the harsh climate does not exactly encourage standing around and waiting for cars. Many middle age and elderly people hitchhiked as young, but in the last decades high standards of living and stories about abuse have had a deterring effect. The most difficult task is getting out of Xelsinki. Spring and summer offer long light hours, but in the darker seasons you should plan your time. The highway between Xelsinki va Saint Petersburg has a very high percentage of Russian drivers. Qarang Hitchhiking Club Finland liftari.org or the Finland article on Hitchwiki for further details if interested.
Qorong'ulikda yorug'liksiz yo'llarning yelkasida yurgan piyodalar qonun bo'yicha xavfsizlik reflektorlaridan foydalanishlari shart. Ulardan foydalanish odatda tavsiya etiladi, chunki piyodalarning reflektor bilan ko'rinishi sezilarli darajada yaxshilanadi. Boshqariladigan kirish yo'llari (yashil belgilar) piyodalar uchun taqiqlangan.
Velosipedda
Finlyandiya shaharlarining ko'pchiligida, ayniqsa, markazlardan tashqarida yaxshi velosiped yo'llari mavjud va velosipedda chiqish tez, sog'lom va atrof muhitga zarar etkazadigan usul bo'lishi mumkin. Velosiped yo'llari tugaydigan shaharlardan uzoqroqda ham barcha asosiy yo'llar xavfsiz velosipedda harakatlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. Siz tez-tez mos sokin marshrutlarni topishingiz mumkin, ammo ba'zida bu kuch sarflashni talab qiladi. Mahalliy aholi kam harakatlanadigan shag'al yo'llarda tez-tez tez yurishadi; hushyor bo'ling va o'ng tomonda turing. Ko'plab hududlar uchun baykerlarning xaritalari mavjud.
Yo'ldan tashqarida velosiped haydash qismning bir qismi hisoblanadi kirish huquqi, lekin velosipedda yurish eroziya yoki boshqa zararga olib kelishi mumkin, shuning uchun marshrutni diqqat bilan tanlang va nozik uchastkalarda velosipedni echib oling. Off-road velosipedlari uchun aniq (shuningdek) mo'ljallangan ba'zi marshrutlar mavjud, masalan. ba'zi milliy bog'larda.
12 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar, piyodalarni asossiz ravishda bezovta qilmasa, velosiped yo'li bo'lmagan joyda yo'lakdan foydalanishlari mumkin. Velosiped yo'llaridagi velosipedlar o'tish yo'lidagi mashinalar uchun yo'l harakati belgisi mavjud bo'lmasa, mashina burilib ketmasa yoki velosiped yo'li ko'chadan o'tishda davom etadigan deb belgilanmagan bo'lsa, harakatlanishi kerak (ehtiyot bo'ling, haydovchilarning hammasi ham velosipedchilarga e'tibor bermasliklari kerak). Velosipedni boshqarishda siz piyodasiz.
Yo'llar odatda yaxshi asfaltlangan, ammo shag'al yo'llar ba'zan muqarrar. Yo'ldan chiqmasangiz, osma yoki yivli shinalar kerak bo'lmaydi.
Ehtiyot bo'ling, yaxshi velosiped yo'li to'satdan tugashi va sizni mashinalar orasida majburlashi mumkin; velosiped tarmog'ini yaratish bo'yicha harakatlar juda yaxshi muvofiqlashtirilmagan. Shuningdek, yo'l ishlarida velosipedchilar uchun ko'rsatmalar ko'pincha e'tiborsiz qoldiriladi.
Nisbatan yumshoq topografik relyef tufayli, tog'li erlar kamdan-kam hollarda muammo tug'diradi, ammo sovuq oylarda shamol va ter terib yurishdan ko'ra kiyim tanlashni talab qiladi. Ba'zi munitsipalitetlarda velosiped yo'llari qishda yaxshi saqlanadi, boshqalarida esa yo'q. Odatda qishda avtoulovlar orasida velosipedda o'tirish juda xavfli (ba'zi mahalliy aholi buni qilishadi, lekin ular vaziyatni bilishadi). Qorong'i soatlarda faralar, orqa yorug'lik va orqa reflektor majburiy, yon reflektorlar tavsiya etiladi.
Uzoq masofalar tufayli velosiped sayyohlariga yaxshi rejalashtirish va unchalik qiziq bo'lmagan joylarda jamoat transportidan foydalanishga tayyor bo'lish tavsiya etiladi. Murabbiylar bortida bir nechta velosipedda yurish uchun yaxshi jihozlangan. Narxlar kompaniya va masofaga qarab farq qiladi, odatda oddiy chiptaning yarmi yoki tekis € 5. Velosipedni qadoqlashning hojati yo'q, lekin avtobus bekatiga tushib, vaqtida etib borish velosiped uchun joy topishga yordam berishi mumkin. Ba'zi satrlarda bir kun oldin tekshirishingiz kerak.
Agar etarli joy bo'lsa, poezdlar velosipedlarni 5 evroga olib ketishadi (poezd turiga qarab farq qiladi, ba'zi poyezdlarda oldindan bron qilish kerak; IC poezdlarida sizga 50 soatdan tanga ham kerak; tandem velosipedlar yoki velosipedlar faqat ba'zi poyezdlarga mos keladi, 10 evro) . Paket etarlicha kichik bo'lsa (velosipedni ajratib olishni talab qiladi, aniq o'lchamlari poezd turiga qarab farq qiladi), agar qadoqlangan velosipedlar bepul. Rossiyaga boradigan poezdlarda velosipedlarni o'rash kerak (100 sm x 60 sm x 40 sm). Velosipedlar Xelsinki mintaqasidagi mahalliy poezdlarda ham bepul, ammo bo'sh joy bo'lsa, ularga ruxsat beriladi.
Feribotlar odatda velosipedlarni bepul yoki minimal haq evaziga olib ketishadi.
Belgilangan joyingizda velosipedni ijaraga olish imkoni bo'lishi kerak. Bir nechta shaharlarda, jumladan Xelsinki va Turkuda velosiped almashish uchun shahar tizimlari ham mavjud.
Velosipedlar ko'pincha hech bo'lmaganda shaharlarda o'g'irlanadi, shuning uchun qulflang va undan foydalaning va velosipedni xavfli joylarda qoldirmaslik uchun harakat qiling.
Qayiqda
- Shuningdek qarang: Finlyandiyada qayiqda suzish
Finlyandiya ko'plab ko'llar, uzoq qirg'oq va katta arxipelaglarga ega bo'lib, qayiqda suzish uchun yaxshi joy hisoblanadi. Mahalliy aholiga tegishli 165000 motorli qayiq, 14000 ta yaxta va 600000 ta qayiqchali qayiq va kichik motorli qayiqlar, ya'ni har ettinchi Finda qayiq bor. Agar siz kottejda qolsangiz, eshkak eshish qayig'i mavjud bo'lishi ehtimoli katta.
Yahtalar va motorli qayiqlar charter olish uchun ko'plab yirik shaharlarda tegishli suv yo'llarida foydalanishlari mumkin. Shuningdek, kanoe yoki baydarkani ijaraga olishni xohlashingiz mumkin arxipelaglarni o'rganish yoki daryodan pastga tushish.
Piyoda
Shaharlarda odatda etarli yulka va zopak o'tish joylari mavjud. Avtoulovlar printsipial ravishda to'xtashga majburdirlar zebra o'tish joylari, agar piyoda yo'lni kesib o'tmoqchi bo'lsa - lekin ko'pchilik yo'lni kesib o'tishda etarlicha katta bo'shliq mavjud bo'lganda kesib o'tsangiz, haydovchilar sizni "hozir o'tmoqchi emasman" deb taxmin qilishlari mumkin va emas To'xta. Yo'lni kesib o'tishingizga shubha soya tashlamang va mashinalar asosan to'xtaydi. Ba'zi bir amaliyotlar bilan, bu muammosiz, samarali va ortiqcha xatarlarga duch kelmasdan ishlaydi. Haydovchilar sizni o'z vaqtida ko'ra olmasa, buni sinab ko'rmang va ba'zilarning ko'zlari boshqa narsaga qarashini unutmang.
Kechasi va shom paytida reflektorlar nazariy jihatdan majburiydir va ular haydovchilar tomonidan ko'rish uchun juda foydali. Ular tor elkali qishloq yo'llarida ayniqsa muhimdir.
Gapir
- Shuningdek qarang: Fin tilidagi so'zlashuv kitobi, Shvetsiya so'zlashuv kitobi
Finlyandiya rasmiy ravishda ikki tilli Finlyandiya (suomi) va Shved (svenska) va ikkala til ham deyarli barcha maktablarda majburiydir (natijalari har xil). Shuningdek Sami, Romani va Finlyandiya imo-ishora tili konstitutsiyada tan olingan, ammo ular o'z jamoalaridan tashqarida gapirilmaydi va ma'ruzachilar fin tilida ikki tilli. Yo'l belgilari va shunga o'xshash narsalar asosan munitsipalitetning tilidan yoki tilidan foydalanadi, shuning uchun ikkala nomni bilmasangiz, yo'l belgilari ba'zan chalkash bo'lishi mumkin, va onlayn xaritalarda mantiqsiz foydalanish mumkin.
Finlyandiya, 92 foiz aholining ona tili shved, rus, ingliz va boshqa hind-evropa tillari bilan bog'liq emas. Buning o'rniga u Ural tillari guruhiga kiradi (Vengriya, Estoniya va Somini o'z ichiga oladi), bu boshqa Evropa tillarining ko'pchiligini o'rganishni qiyinlashtiradi. Fin va eston tillari o'zaro tushunarli darajada bo'lsa-da, venger va fin tillari bir-biriga ispan va rus tillari singari yaqin (lekin asosiy Ural tillari kam bo'lgani uchun ham o'zaro munosabatlar mavjud).
Tabellarni o'qish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin, chunki fin tilida qarz so'zlari nisbatan kam ishlatiladi. Lug'atdan foydalanish, ayniqsa uzunroq matnlar uchun burilish so'zi bilan murakkablashadi; shuningdek, ko'plab so'zlarning o'zagi biroz farq qiladi (masalan. katto, quyidagi misolda "tom"). Boshqa tomondan, imlo va rasmiy talaffuz o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri (shunchaki individual harflarni qanday talaffuz qilishni o'rganing - qiyinchilik bunga rioya qilishda), og'zaki nutq esa aksariyat til darslarida o'rgatilganidan ancha farq qiladi.
Fin tili nisbatan ozgina istisnolarga ega, ammo juda ko'p qoidalar mavjud (bu erda ba'zi qoidalar mohirona yashiringan istisnolar deb hisoblanishi mumkin). "Olish uchun" 15 grammatik holat mavjud biroz kofe va olish The kofe, ketmoqda ichiga pab, borliq yilda pab, olish tashqarida bar, bo'lish kuni tom, olish ustiga tom, olish yopiq biron bir narsadan foydalanib, tom kabi so'zlarning oxiriga kodlangan tom (va hokazo) (kahvia, kahvi, pubiin, pubissa, pubista, katolle, katolta, kattona). Fe'llarning uyg'unligi afsuski biroz murakkabroq. Ko'p turli xil so'zlar bitta ildizdan boshqa qo'shimchalar bilan hosil qilingan: kirjain, kirjasin, kirjuri, kirjoitin, kirje, kirjelmä, kirjasto va kirjaamo - bularning barchasi ismlar. kirja, "kitob" (xat, shrift, buxgalter, printer, ...), so'ngra bog'liq fe'llar va sifatlar mavjud.
Shved, Germancha ingliz tiliga o'xshash va ular bilan chambarchas bog'liq Norvegiya va Daniya, Finlarning 5,6% uchun ona tili hisoblanadi. Aholining qariyb yarmi o'zlarini shved tilida so'zlashuvchi deb bilishadi, shu jumladan deyarli barcha milliy darajadagi siyosatchilar. Shvetsiyada davlat muassasalaridan (masalan, shahar hukumatlari, parlament, jamoat muzeylari) ko'plab yozma materiallar mavjud. Tilning ingliz tili bilan ko'plab qarindoshlari bo'lganligi sababli, parchalar ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi uchun tushunarli bo'lishi mumkin.
Shvetsiyalik ma'ruzachilar qirg'oqning katta qismida joylashgan bo'lib, boshqa shaharlarning ayrim shaharlarida kichikroq jamoalar mavjud. Hozirgi kunda yirik shaharlarning barchasi finlarning ko'pchiligiga ega, ammo masalan. ning belediyeleri Närpes, Korsnäs va Larsmo, ozgina-ozgina shved tilida so'zlashadigan, shuningdek, kichik avtonom viloyat. Alandiya va shved tilida so'zlashadigan boshqa joylarda qishloqlarning ko'p qismi. Ollandiyada va Ostrobothinaning shved qismlarida odamlar odatda fin tilida kam gaplashadi yoki umuman bilmaydi. Vaasa (Vasa) va Porvoo (Borgå) singari an'anaviy shved shaharlarda aholining deyarli yarmi shved tilida so'zlashadilar va shved tilida xizmat ko'rsatishni ko'plab shved tilida so'zlashadigan mahalliy aholi kutmoqda. Boshqa tomondan, Xelsinki va Turku singari shaharlarda jonli Shvetsiya madaniy sahnasi mavjud va ko'pchilik shved tilida sizning sayyoh sifatida qatnashadigan va ko'pincha kamida bir oz tashqarida bo'lgan oddiy suhbatlar bilan shug'ullanish uchun etarli darajada shved tilini bilishadi, ammo yashashsiz yashash juda qiyin bo'lar edi fin tilini bilish. Shved tilida so'zlashadigan joylarda joylashgan yirik mehmonxonalar va restoranlarning aksariyati shvedlarni yaxshi biladigan xodimlarga ega. Fin tilida so'zlashadigan ichki hududda shved tilini yaxshi biladigan odamni tasodifan topish kam uchraydi.
Ko'p odamlar gapirishadi Ingliz tili juda yaxshi yoki hech bo'lmaganda etarlicha yaxshi, sizda jiddiy til muammolari bo'lmasligi kerak: kattalar aholisining 73% o'zlarini yaxshi bilishadi, kichik bolalardan tashqari, ko'plab qariyalar va ba'zi muhojirlardan tashqari deyarli barchasi sizga ko'rsatma berish uchun etarli darajada gaplashishadi. Yordam so'rashdan tortinmang: finlar uyatchan bo'lishlari mumkin, ammo odatda muhtojlarga yordam berishdan mamnun bo'lishadi.
Mahalliy mijozlar bazasiga ega bo'lgan korxonalar ko'pincha veb-sahifalari va boshqa marketing materiallarini faqat fin tilida nashr etishadi. Bu ularning ingliz tilida xizmat ko'rsata olmasliklarining ko'rsatkichi emas (garchi ular chet elliklar uchun ishlatilgan korxonalardan ko'proq narsani tug'dirishi kerak bo'lsa ham). Agar biznes qiziq tuyulsa, shunchaki kerakli ma'lumotlarni olish uchun ularga qo'ng'iroq qiling.
Ruscha Rossiyalik sayyohlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan do'konlarda va mehmonxonalarda, xususan, Rossiya chegarasi yaqinida, masalan Lappeenranta, Imatra va Joensuu, shuningdek, Xelsinki shahridagi Stockmann kabi ba'zi yirik do'konlarda. Sharqiy va Shimoliy Finlyandiyada ruslar orasida mashhur bo'lgan turistik yo'nalishlarda rus tilida so'zlashadigan xodimlar mavjud. Aks holda, ozgina finlar rus tilida gaplashadi.
Yuqoridagi tillardan tashqari, ba'zi finlar ham gaplasha oladilar Nemis (18% suhbatdosh) yoki Frantsuz (3% suhbatdosh). Kabi boshqa ikkinchi darajali tillar Ispaniya va Italyancha kamdan-kam uchraydi. Shu bilan birga, ba'zi sayyohlik xizmatlari turli xil tillarda, jumladan, xitoy va yapon tillarida taqdim etiladi: turistik paketlar ko'pincha ularni yaxshi biladigan qo'llanmalarga ega va ko'pincha eng muhim yo'nalishlar va diqqatga sazovor joylar uchun risolalar, veb-sahifalar va shunga o'xshash narsalar mavjud.
Chet el televidenie dasturlari va filmlari, shu jumladan chet tilidagi dialogli mahalliy shoularning segmentlari deyarli har doim asl tilida audio bilan namoyish etiladi, lekin fin yoki shved tiliga subtitr bilan yoziladi. Faqat bolalar dasturlari, bolalar filmlari, ayrim turdagi hujjatli filmlar (hikoya qiluvchi qism) va tabiat haqidagi filmlar fin yoki shved tillariga dublyaj qilinadi.
Qarang
Finlyandiyaning diqqatga sazovor joylari:
- Markaziy Xelsinki, Boltiq bo'yi qizi, yozning issiq va quyoshli kunida
- The tarixiy joylar ning Turku va Arxipelag dengizi uning atrofida yaxtadan yoki ulkan mashina paromining kemasidan yaxshi ko'rish mumkin.
- Atrofida chiroyli yog'och uylar ning Porvoo, Finlyandiyaning ikkinchi eng qadimiy shahri
- Mashinani ijaraga olish va Sharqiy Finlyandiya ko'lini o'rganish, shu kabi sonli orollarga ega 60 mingga yaqin ko'llar joylashgan va o'z navbatida o'zlarining ko'llari bor ...
- Olavinlinna qal'asi yilda Savonlinna, Finlyandiyaning eng atmosfera qal'asi, ayniqsa har yili o'tkaziladigan Opera festivali paytida
- Xameenlinna qal'asi yilda Xamenlinna Finlyandiyaning eng qadimgi qasri. XIII asrda qurilgan.
- Muzqaymoq kemasi va dunyodagi eng katta qor qal'asi yilda Kemi
- Ko'rish Shimoliy chiroqlar va qo'lingizni sinab ko'ring milga cho'zilgan yo'lda chanaga tushish da Saariselkä
- Tarixiy "Linnanmäki" yog'och rollarda qirg'og'ida sayohat (Xelsinki). Zamonaviy dizaynlardan farqli o'laroq, faqat tortishish kuchi uni yo'lda ushlab turadi va har bir poezdda haydovchidan tormozni boshqarish talab etiladi.
Muzey kartasi mavjud (museokortti), bu eng katta muzeylarga bir hafta davomida 40 evro evaziga bepul kirish huquqini beradi. Poytaxt mintaqasida 40 ta, butun respublikada 250 ta muzey mavjud. Shuningdek, 65 yillik evro evaziga bir yillik versiya mavjud.
Yo'nalishlar
- Arxipelag izi, Arxipelag dengizi orqali avtomobil va parom orqali
- Moviy magistral, Norvegiyadan Rossiyaga, ko'llar va daryolar bo'yidagi yo'l
- Finlyandiya va Norvegiya orqali E8, Finlyandiyaning g'arbiy qirg'og'ining asosiy yo'li
- Finlyandiya o'n kun ichida mashinada, Finlyandiyaning eng muhim diqqatga sazovor joylarini ko'rsatadigan tavsiya etilgan marshrut
- Magistral 4 (Finlyandiya), Evropaning E75 marshrutining bir qismi, mamlakatning deyarli butun uzunligini janubdan shimolga cho'zgan
- Hanko-Uusikaupunki qayiqda, Arxipelag dengizi orqali asosiy bo'sh vaqt
- Hämeen Härkätie, Turkudan ichki qismgacha bo'lgan tarixiy yo'l
- King's Road (Finlyandiya), janubiy qirg'oq bo'ylab eski pochta yo'li
- Nordkalottleden, Käsivarsi cho'l zonasi bo'ylab uzoq masofali piyoda yurish yo'li
Qil
Sport
Finlyandiya notog'ri tog'larda yoki fyordlarda kam emas adrenalin yuklangan qishki sport turlari jannatni kutishingiz mumkin: an'anaviy fin o'yin-kulgisi chang'i chang'i ko'p yoki kamroq tekis erlar orqali. Agar izlayotgan bo'lsangiz tog 'chang'isi, snoubord va hokazo Laplandiya va shunga o'xshash kurortlar Levi va Saariselkä.
Finlyandiyada sport qiroli muzli xokkey (jääkiekko) va muzli xokkey bo'yicha jahon chempionatida g'olib chiqish nirvanaga juda yaqin - ayniqsa, ular 1995 va 2011 yillarda bo'lgani kabi azaliy raqiblari Shvetsiyani mag'lub etishsa. Yillik milliy chempionat bu Liga (fin), bu erda 15 ta jamoa kurash olib boradi. Bundan tashqari, Xelsinki shahrida joylashgan Jokeritsobiq Liga a'zosi, o'ynaydi Kontinental xokkey ligasi, Rossiyada joylashgan ligaga, shuningdek, boshqa bir qator postsovet davlatlari, Slovakiya va Xitoy jamoalari kiradi. Agar siz mavsumga tashrif buyurgan bo'lsangiz (sentyabrdan martgacha), o'yinni qo'lga kiritish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Chiptalar taxminan 16 evrodan boshlanadi va muzdagi harakatlar shafqatsiz bo'lsa-da, muxlislar odatda o'zini yaxshi tutishadi (agar kerak bo'lsa, hushyor bo'lmasa). Agar ular tasodifan Finlyandiyada bo'lib, ular Jahon chempionatida g'olib bo'lishsa, shahar markazlaridagi tirbandliklar tartibsiz bo'lishi mumkin, chunki muxlislar ko'chalarda odatda mast holda bayram qilishmoqda.
Finlyandiyaning milliy sport turi shunday pesäpallo, bu so'zma-so'z "beysbol" deb tarjima qilingan, ammo tashqi ko'rinishi va amerikalik ajdodiga nisbatan boshqacha o'ynaydi. Eng diqqatga sazovor bo'lgan yagona farq shundaki, krujka uy plastinkasida xamir bilan birga turadi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yuqoriga ko'tarilib, to'pni urishni osonlashtiradi va uni qattiqroq ushlaydi. The Superpesis Liga yozda erkaklar va ayollar jamoalari bilan har yili o'tkaziladigan chempionat uchun o'ynaydi.
Agar siz o'zingizni noyob fin tilida sinab ko'rishni istasangiz, yozda g'alati sport musobaqalarining ko'pligini o'tkazib yubormang, jumladan:
- Havodan gitara bo'yicha jahon chempionati. Avgust, Oulu. Ichki gitara qahramoningizni chiqaring!
- Fart jahon chempionati. Iyul, Utajarvi. Ha, siz to'g'ri o'qidingiz.
- Uyali telefonlarni uloqtirish bo'yicha chempionat. To'xtatilgan 2016 yil. Avgust, Savonlinna. Nokia-ni qayta ishlang!
- Botqoqlik bo'yicha futbol bo'yicha jahon chempionati. Iyul, Hyrynsalmi. Ehtimol, dunyodagi eng tartibsiz sport tadbiridir. Shuningdek, ular har yili fevral oyida qor futboli bo'yicha jahon chempionatlarini o'tkazadilar.
- Xotini ko'tarish bo'yicha jahon chempionati. Iyul, Sonkärvi. Bosh mukofot - bu ayolning pivodagi vazni.
- Sulkavan Suursoudut. Iyul, Sulkava Finlyandiyaning eshkak eshish bo'yicha eng katta musobaqasi
Tashqi hayot
- Shuningdek qarang: Finlyandiyada qayiqda suzish, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda piyoda yurish, Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari
Qisqa yoz davomida siz qila olasiz suzish, kanoe, qator yoki suzib yurish ko'llarda yoki dengizda. Suv 20-iyul (20 ° C) atrofida eng iliq haroratda. Mahalliy gazetalarda odatda mavjud bo'lgan sirt harorati mavjud va atrof-muhit xaritasini atrof-muhit vazirligidan ham topish mumkin veb-sayt. Eng iliq haftalarda, kechasi yoki erta tongda, havo harorati suvnikidan pastroq bo'lsa, suv juda yoqimli his etishi mumkin. Ko'pgina shaharlarda suzish zallari bir oz iliqroq suvga ega, ammo yozda ular ko'pincha yopiq. Ko'plab finlar qishda ochiq havoda suzish shuningdek. Ba'zi plyajlarda band bo'lgan soatlarda qutqaruvchilar bor, ammo aniq bo'lmagan xavflar kamdan-kam uchraydi; to'siqlarni tekshirmasdan sakramasangiz, deyarli har qanday qirg'oqdan foydalanish mumkin. Algal gullaydi (sinilevä/siyanobakterier) eng iliq davrda yuz berishi mumkin, shuning uchun suvda katta miqdordagi ko'k-yashil gevreği bor bo'lsa, suzmang yoki suvdan foydalanmang, shuningdek, bolalar yoki uy hayvonlarini ichiga kirmang.
The kirish huquqi aholining kamligi esa borishni osonlashtiradi piyoda yurish qayerda bo'lsang ham. Agar siz bunga jiddiy yondashsangiz, tekshirishni xohlashingiz mumkin Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda piyoda yurish maslahat uchun va Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari yo'nalishlar uchun. Bir kunlik sayohatlar uchun qulay kunlik sayohatlar uchun yo'llar va tajribali odamlar uchun katta orqa daraxtlar mavjud. Piyoda sayr qilish uchun eng yaxshi mavsum - kuzning boshi, aksariyat chivinlar nobud bo'lganidan va kuz ranglari paydo bo'lganidan keyin, ammo yoz ham yaxshi va barcha fasllar mumkin. Ochiq olovni amalga oshirish uchun er egalarining ruxsati talab qilinadi (siz piyoda yurish joylarida gulxan yoqilgan joylarda) va bunday ruxsatnomadan qat'i nazar, o'rmon yong'inlari to'g'risida ogohlantirish paytida taqiqlanadi.
Ochiq havoda bo'lishning engil versiyasi - bu borish kerak rezavorlar yig'ish yaqin atrofdagi o'rmonda. Bundan tashqari, katta shaharlarda, odatda, shahar atrofi bilan kesishgan mos o'rmonlar mavjud (ya'ni mahalliy avtobus bekatidan yarim kilometr masofada). Yalpiz (Vaccinium myrtillus, mustikka/bläbär, ko'k bilan chambarchas bog'liq) shunchalik keng tarqalganki, siz deyarli hamma joyda (iyul-avgust oylarida) butun hafta davomida ertalabki bo'tqa, qaymoq va shakar bilan pirog va cho'llar uchun mevalarni tezda topasiz. Boshqa keng tarqalgan mevalarga yovvoyi qulupnay kiradi (metsämansikka/smultron, iyun oxiridan), lingonberry (puolukka/lingon, Avgust-sentyabr), zamburug '(juolukka/odon), Malina (vadelma/zal) va qarag'ay (variksenmarja/kråkbär/čáhppesmuorji). Boglarda bulutli bulutni topishingiz mumkin (lakka/hjortron/Luomi) va kızılcık (karpalo/tranbär), ikkinchisi kech kuzda tanlangan. Siz hatto mahalliy bozorda ortiqcha mevalarni sotishingiz mumkin (garchi bu Laplandiyadagi bulutlar uchun cheklangan bo'lsa ham).
Ko'plab finlar ham tanlaydilar qo'ziqorinlar, ammo bu siz nima qilayotganingizni bilishingizni talab qiladi, chunki o'limga duchor bo'lganlar, shu jumladan o'lim kepkasi va Evropani yo'q qiladigan farishta, xato qilish oson Agarikus (maydon / tugma / oddiy qo'ziqorin va boshqalar). Yaxshi qoidalar hech qachon oq qo'ziqorinlarni, qo'ziqorinlarda o'sadigan qo'ziqorinlarni tanlamaslikdir Kortinarius kortinaga ega bo'lgan (o'rgimchak to'riga o'xshash tolalar tarmog'i) va odatda qizg'ish gilzalarga ega bo'lgan turlar. Siz bilmagan qo'ziqorinlarni tanlamasligingiz kerak, ammo ushbu toifadagi qutulish mumkin bo'lgan qo'ziqorinlar oddiy o'ldiradigan qo'ziqorinlar bilan osonlikcha aralashib ketadi.
Qishda (va shimolda bahorda) borish uchun yo'l albatta chang'i chang'i. Ko'pgina shaharlarning atrofida, shuningdek, qishki sport markazlari atrofida va milliy bog'larda saqlanadigan treklar mavjud. Wilderness-ning orqa o'rindiqlari katta chang'ilarni ishlatadilar va oldindan mavjud bo'lgan treklarga ishonmaydilar.
Ko'p Finlar baliq ovchilari va ko'ngil ochishni yaxshi ko'radilar baliq ovlash chet elliklar uchun bir xil darajada mavjud. Ko'pgina tinch suvlarda novda va kanca baliq ovlash bepul. Ko'pgina tinch suvlarda (bitta) g'altak va jozibali baliq ovlashga, milliy sharoitda ruxsat beriladi baliq ovi uchun to'lov Metsähallitus xizmat ko'rsatish punktida (masalan, milliy bog'ga tashrif buyuruvchilar markazi kabi) yoki R-kioski-da to'langan. veb-do'kon yoki bank giro tomonidan (2016: yiliga 39 evro, haftasiga 12 evro, kuniga 5 evro, shuningdek har qanday bank yoki kiosk uchun qo'shimcha to'lov; 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar va 64 yoshdan katta qariyalar ozod qilinadi). Hisobotni to'lashda boshlanish sanasini talab qiling va so'rov bo'yicha kvitansiyani ko'rsating. Qizil ikra yoki turlarga boy bo'lgan oqim suvlari va ba'zi bir maxsus tartibga solinadigan suvlar uchun alohida ruxsatnomalar sotib olish kerak. Suv egasining milliy ruxsatnomasi va ruxsati bilan (qishloqdagi ko'pchilik er egalari o'z ulushiga ega) siz eng qonuniy usullar bilan baliq ovlashingiz mumkin. Siz tekshirishingiz kerak bo'lgan minimal o'lchamlar, himoyalangan turlar va boshqa maxsus qoidalar mavjud, masalan. ruxsat olish paytida, tashrif buyuruvchilar markazidan yoki tegishli biznesdan. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot 020-69-2424 (08: 00-16: 00), veb-do'kon yoki masalan. ahven.net. Ba'zi suvlar o'rtasida harakatlanishda siz jihozlaringizni, shu jumladan qayiq va botinkalarni dezinfeksiya qilishingiz, suv va ichaklar bilan ishlashda ehtiyot bo'lishingiz kerak (mavjud losos parazitlari va kerevit vabosi). Ko'pgina kichik korxonalar baliq ovlash ekskursiyalarini tashkil qilishadi. Ovni ovlash va bo'shatish uchun baliq ovlash amaliyoti amalga oshirilmaydi (lekin kichik hajmdagi baliqlar chiqariladi).
Ollandiyaning o'z baliq ovlash to'g'risidagi qonuni bor, bu erda deyarli barcha baliq ovlari suv egasidan ruxsat olishni talab qiladi, siz haq to'lash orqali ko'plab aniq joylar uchun olishingiz mumkin. 15.4-15.6-dan tashqari, yashovchilar o'z uylari munitsipalitetida tayoq va kanca bilan baliq ovlashlari mumkin va shimoliy shimoliy aholisi har qanday qonuniy yo'llar bilan egasi bo'lmagan suvda (aholi orollaridan etarlicha) baliq ovlashlari mumkin.
O'rmon xo'jaligi ma'muriyati (Metsähallitus) onlayn rejimida ishlaydi Ekskursiya xaritasi yo'llar va kulbalar belgilangan.
Musiqa
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy musiqa
Finlyandiya ko'pchilikni qabul qiladi musiqa festivallari yoz davomida. Ba'zi mashhur musiqa festivallari (Festari) quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:
- Sauna ochiq havo. Og'ir metall, Tampere, iyun oyining boshlarida
- Provinssirock. Tosh, Seinäjoki, iyun o'rtalarida
- Nummirok. Og'ir metall, Nummijarvi (yaqin Kauhajoki), iyun oyi oxirida (yoz oylari)
- Raumanmeren juhannus. Pop / diskoteka musiqasi, Pori, iyun oyi oxirida (yoz oylari)
- Tuska Open Air. Og'ir metall, Xelsinki, iyun oxirida
- Tangomarkkinat. Tango, Seinäjoki, iyul oyining boshlarida
- Ruisrok. Tosh, Turku, Iyul
- Ilosaarirok. Rok, pop, reggae, Joensuu, iyul o'rtalarida
- Pori Jazz. Jazz / jahon musiqasi, Pori, iyul o'rtalarida
- Oqim. Indie / elektron / shahar, Xelsinki, avgust oyi o'rtalarida
- Qstock. Rok, pop, rap, Oulu, iyul oyining oxiri
Festivallarning aksariyati 2-4 kun davom etadi va juda yaxshi tashkil etilgan, turli xil guruhlar o'ynaydi, masalan. 2008 yilda Provinssirokda joylashgan Foo Fighters va Linkin Park sarlavhasi. Oddiy to'liq chipta narxi (barcha kunlar) taxminan 60-100 evroga teng, u erda siz uxlashingiz, ovqatlanishingiz va boshqa festival mehmonlari bilan uchrashishingiz mumkin bo'lgan lager maydonini o'z ichiga olasiz. Festivallarda atmosfera juda yaxshi, ehtimol u erda siz yangi do'stlar topasiz. Albatta ko'p pivo ichish bu tajribaning bir qismidir.
Shuningdek, ko'plab festivallar mavjud mumtoz musiqa, ularning aksariyati yozda. Ushbu festivallarda odamlar faqat shaxsiy kontsertlar uchun yig'ilishadi.
Boshqa tadbirlar
- Finncon, Xelsinki, Turku, Tampere yoki Jyvaskylä. Finlyandiyaning eng yirik ilmiy-fantastik konvensiyasi va dunyodagi yagona yirik ilmiy-fantastik konventsiya mutlaqo bepul. Yozda, odatda iyul oyining o'rtalarida, dam olish kunlarida o'tkaziladi. Bepul.
Shimoliy chiroqlar
Qo'rqinchli narsalarni aniqlash Shimoliy chiroqlar (aurora borealis, yoki revontulet osmonda porlash ko'plab mehmonlarning kun tartibida. Uzoq shimol Laplandiya Finlyandiyada aurorani kuzatish uchun eng yaxshi joylardan biri hisoblanadi, chunki u yaxshi kirish imkoniyatiga ega, yuqori sifatli turar joy va ichki Finlyandiya nisbatan osmonga ega, masalan. Norvegiyaning qirg'oqlariga. Biroq, ularni ko'rish uchun biroz rejalashtirish va omad kerak. Ularni ko'rish uchun yaxshi imkoniyatga ega bo'lish uchun eng mos shimolda kamida bir necha kun, yaxshisi bir hafta yoki undan ko'proq vaqt qolishingiz kerak.
Janubda shimoliy chiroqlar kamdan-kam ko'rinadi. Masalan. Xelsinki shimoliy chiroqlar oyiga bir marta bor, lekin siz juda ko'p yorug'lik ifloslangan joyda bo'lishingiz mumkin. Qishda Laplandiyaning shimolida, aksincha, har kuni kechqurun ochiq havoda ba'zi shimoliy chiroqlarning paydo bo'lishi ehtimoli 50-70% ni tashkil qiladi va bu erda yorug'lik ifloslanishining oldini olish juda oson.
Sauna
The sauna ehtimol, Finlyandiyaning dunyoga (va dunyo so'z boyligiga) qo'shgan eng muhim hissasi. Sauna, asosan 70-120 ° S gacha isitiladigan xona; tez-tez keltirilgan statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra 5 millionlik bu millat kvartiralarda, idoralarda, yozgi uylarda va hattoki parlamentda 2 milliondan kam bo'lmagan saunaga ega (sauna hammomidan keyin biznes va siyosat bo'yicha ko'plab kelishuvlarga norasmiy ravishda erishiladi). Qadimgi davrlarda saunalar (atrofdagi eng toza joy) kasallarni tug'ish va davolash uchun joy bo'lgan va yangi uy qurishda birinchi bino bo'lgan. Eski fin so'zlari; "Agar u sauna, smola va likyor bilan davolanmasa, demak u hayot uchundir", ehtimol muqaddas xona uchun fin sharafini kristallashtiradi.
Agar Finlyandiya uyiga tashrif buyurishga taklif qilinsa, sizni saunada ham yuvinishga taklif qilishlari mumkin - bu sharaf va shunday muomala qilish kerak, garchi finlar chet elliklar bu g'oyani qiziqtirmasliklari mumkinligini tushunishadi. Cho'milishdan keyin saunaga yalang'och kiring, chunki cho'milish kostyumi yoki boshqa har qanday kiyim kiyish biroz a deb hisoblanadi uydirma, garchi siz uyatchan bo'lsangiz, o'zingizni hammom sochiqiga o'rashingiz mumkin. Ba'zi boshqa madaniyatlardan farqli o'laroq, finlar uchun Finlyandiya saunasida juda ko'p erotik narsalar mavjud emas, hatto uniseks bilan yuvinishganda ham, bu shunchaki tozalash va tetiklashtirish yoki masalan, munozaralar uchun mo'ljallangan. hayot yoki siyosat. Suzish zallari va kurortlardagi jamoat saunalari odatda jinsi bo'yicha ajratiladi. Erkaklar va ayollar dushlariga chiqadigan alohida aralash sauna bo'lishi mumkin, masalan. juftliklar yoki oilalar; noto'g'ri tomonga kirishni oldini olish kerak. Bitta saunasi bo'lgan joylarda, odatda, erkaklar va ayollar uchun alohida smenalar mavjud va ehtimol, aralash jinslar almashinuvi mavjud. 7 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar odatda har qanday smenada ishtirok etishlari mumkin. Shaxsiy saunalarda uy egasi odatda shu kabi yo'nalishlar bo'yicha cho'milish burilishlarini tashkil qiladi.
Toliqqaningizdan so'ng, ayvonda o'tirish uchun, qorda (qishda) yoki ko'lga cho'mish uchun (yilning istalgan vaqtida, plyaj sandallari yoki shunga o'xshash narsa qishda amaliy bo'lishi mumkin) - va keyin yana bir turga qaytib boring. Buni bir necha marta takrorlang, so'ngra mantar sovuq pivoni oching, olov ustiga kolbasa pishiring va fin uslubida to'liq dam oling.
Hozirgi kunda eng keng tarqalgan saunada elektr isitiladigan pechka mavjud bo'lib, uni boshqarish va saqlash oson. Qishloq joylarda siz hali ham o'tin bilan ishlaydigan saunalarni topishingiz mumkin, ammo puristlar (hozir juda kam uchraydigan) an'anaviy bacalarsiz tutun saunalari (savusauna), bu erda katta uyum toshlar isitiladi va sauna kirmasdan oldin yaxshi havalandırılır.
Keksa yoki tibbiy kasalligi bo'lgan (ayniqsa qon bosimi yuqori bo'lgan) har bir kishi saunadan foydalanishdan oldin shifokor bilan maslahatlashishi kerak - garchi odatdagidek saunada cho'milish yurak uchun foydali bo'lsa ham, siz birinchi bor tashrif buyurganingizda mutaxassislardan maslahat olishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin.
Ijtimoiy raqs
Agar sizga ijtimoiy raqslar - foxtrot, tango, vals, jiv va boshqalar yoqsa - harakat qilib ko'ring raqs pavilyonlari (Fincha: lavatanssit a tanssilava), odatda ko'l bo'yida yoki boshqa yaxshi qishloq sharoitida. Ular 1950-yillardan buyon mashhurliklarini yo'qotdilar, ammo sodiq tomoshabinlarga ega. Shunga o'xshash raqslar ko'plab qishloq fuqarolar yig'inlarida tashkil etilgan. Yozda hech bo'lmaganda haftada bir raqs pavilyonlarida raqslar bor, ko'pincha mintaqada bir necha kun raqs tushishadi. Qishda siz bir xil olomonning bir qismini isitiladigan yopiq joylarda topishingiz mumkin (ko'pincha jamoat markazlari, bir nechta pavilonlar, ba'zi raqs restoranlari). Shuningdek, tanga festivali - Tangomarkkinat-ga qarang Seinäjoki.
Sotib oling
Pul
Evro uchun valyuta kurslari 2021 yil 4-yanvar holatiga ko'ra:
Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com |
Finlyandiya evro, boshqa bir qancha Evropa davlatlari singari. Bir evro 100 sentga bo'lingan. Evroning rasmiy belgisi €, ISO kodi esa EUR. Tsent uchun rasmiy belgi yo'q.
Ushbu umumiy valyutadagi barcha banknotalar va tangalar barcha mamlakatlarda qonuniy to'lov vositasidir, faqat ayrimlarida past nominalli tangalar (bir va ikki tsent) bekor qilinadi. Banknotlar mamlakatlar bo'ylab bir xil ko'rinishga ega, tangalar esa teskari tomonida standart umumiy dizaynga ega bo'lib, ularning qiymatini ifodalaydi va old tomonda milliy mamlakatga xos dizaynga ega. Shuningdek, old tomonda esdalik tangalarining turli xil dizaynlari uchun foydalanilgan. Old tomonning dizayni tanga ishlatilishiga ta'sir qilmaydi.
Finlyandiyada naqd operatsiyalarda barchasi summalar yaxlitlanadi besh tsentgacha. Shunday qilib, bir va ikki sentlik tanga kamdan-kam ishlatiladi (garchi qonuniy to'lov vositasi bo'lsa ham), nodir finlar esa kollektsion asarlaridir. Karta bilan to'lashda to'lov tsentga to'g'ri keladi.
Ko'pgina joylar asosiy kredit kartalarini qabul qiladi (chip bilan, identifikator kerak bo'lishi mumkin). Ba'zi hollarda faqat naqd pul qabul qilinadi (mahalliy va mintaqaviy avtobuslar, ochiq havo bozorlari va boshqa kichik biznes kabi), poezd konduktorlari esa naqd pulni qabul qilmaydilar. 100, 200 va 500 evrolik kupyuralar bankomatlar tomonidan chiqarilmaydi va kamdan kam qo'llaniladi. Agar ular bilan to'lashga harakat qilsangiz, qiyinchiliklarga tayyorlaning. Avtobuslar va ko'plab kichik kiosklar ko'pincha ularni qabul qilmaydi, mahalliy avtobuslar ba'zan hatto 50 evrolik kupyuralarni ham olmaydi.
Ko'pgina finlar chiplangan debet kartasidan foydalanadilar (sirullinen pankkikortti yoki sirukortti) kundalik xaridlari uchun. EMV kontaktsiz to'lovlarni o'qiydiganlar 50 evrodan past xaridlar uchun odatiy holdir. Kredit kartalari (VISA, MasterCard, ba'zida boshqa kartalar) keng tarqalgan bo'lib qabul qilinadi, ammo siz 50 evrodan ko'proq pul sotib olsangiz, sizdan identifikatsiya qilish so'raladi (va hatto kichikroq xaridlarda ham ko'rsatilishi mumkin). Visa Electron va Visa Debit kartalarini o'qiydiganlar barcha yirik va kichik do'konlarda joylashgan, shuning uchun katta miqdordagi naqd pul olib yurish odatda shart emas. Ochiq havo bozorlari uchun kichik turar joy korxonalari, ustaxonada hunarmandchilik buyumlarini sotib olish uchun va shunga o'xshash narsalar naqd pulga ega (käteinen) yoki oldindan tekshiring. Yozuvli yozuv "Vain käteinen"Hozirgi kunda ko'pgina finlar, hatto kichik miqdordagi xaridlar uchun ham kartadan foydalanadilar va naqd puldan foydalanish tez kamayib bormoqda. Agar sizning kartangiz chipga asoslangan bo'lmasa, chet el kartasidan foydalanish muammoga aylanishi mumkin; ko'plab sotuvchilar PIN-kodni talab qilishadi. Agar finlar kartochkalar yordamida kichik miqdordagi 1-5 evro miqdorida pul to'lashsa, g'azablanmang, hatto orqada katta navbat bo'lsa ham, cheklar hech qachon ishlatilmaydi. Evrodan tashqari boshqa valyutalar emas Shved kronasi qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, qabul qilindi Alandiya va shunga o'xshash shimoliy chegara shaharlari Tornio (va shimolda ham Norvegiya tojlari). Istisno tariqasida Stockmann AQSh dollarlarini, funt sterlingni, shved kronasini va rus rubllarini qabul qiladi. Shuningdek, Shvetsiya va Estoniyadan paromlarda ko'plab valyutalar qabul qilinishi mumkin.
Odatda narxlar valyutani aniq ko'rsatmasdan beriladi. Tsentlar verguldan keyin aytiladi, bu o'nlik ajratuvchidir. Shunday qilib, 5,50 besh evro va ellik tsentni, 5 esa besh evroni anglatadi.
Bank faoliyati
Pul olish yoki almashtirish shaharlarda kamdan-kam muammo bo'lib qoladi, chunki bankomatlar (pankkiautomaatti, bankautomat) tez-tez uchraydi va ular xalqaro kredit va debet kartalari (Visa, Visa Electron, MasterCard, Maestro) bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Bankomatlarning aksariyati Otto tizim, ba'zilari esa Nosto (ikkala ism ham "chizish" deb talqin qilinishi mumkin). Birinchisi - bu banklar o'rtasidagi hamkorlik, ikkinchisi - ko'pincha mustaqil ravishda yangi raqib bo'lgan S bozorlarida uchraydi. Qishloqda bankomatlarni topish qiyinroq. Naqd pulni ba'zi do'konlarda ba'zi kartalar bilan olish mumkin. Ayirboshlash byurolari (masalan: Forex, recognizable from its bright yellow logo) can be found in the bigger cities and near borders and typically have better rates, longer opening hours and faster service than banks. Note that not all bank offices handle cash at all, and those that do may still not handle currency exchange. Because of widespread electronic banking, routine bill payment and other banking tasks are rarely conducted at a bank office. Banks have scaled down their office network and personal service, so that you might have to queue for that.
Finland is a part of the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), which covers EU and EEA, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland. Any chipped credit or debit card issued by a SEPA bank should work, and money can be transferred between banks by giro over the whole SEPA area. Nevertheless, if you're moving into the country, get a Finnish bank account (pankkitili, bankkonto), because Finnish banks do not charge fees for giros within Finland if they are submitted online, and bank giro (pankkisiirto, bankgiro) is – for all intents and purposes – the only method to pay bills and get salaries paid. You will be issued electronic banking credentials, which can be used to execute most daily banking tasks including giro payments. Many vendors offer "electronic bills" (e-lasku, e-räkning), which sends the bill directly to your user account at the bank for approval, and you can also have the bank pay the bill automatically at a specified date, useful for e.g. rent. Banking credentials also serve as identity checks for e.g. insurance or government electronic services.
Tipping
As a rule, tipping is entirely optional and never necessary in Finland and restaurant bills already include service charges. Indeed tipping is almost unheard of outside restaurants with table service and taxi fares; the latter are occasionally rounded up to the next convenient number. Cloakrooms (narikka) in nightclubs and better restaurants often have non-negotiable fees (usually clearly signposted, €2 is standard), and – in the few hotels that employ them – hotel porters will expect around the same per bag. Bar patrons may tip the bouncer when leaving for satisfactory service in the establishment in general. Consequently tips are most often pooled. Bars often have a brass tippikello (tip bell) near the counter. Upon receiving a tip, the service person strikes it with the largest denomination of coin given in the tip.
Tipping government and municipality personnel for any service will not be accepted, as it could be considered a bribe.
Costs
Declared the world's most expensive country in 1990, prices have since abated somewhat but are still steep by most standards, though somewhat cheaper than Norway; Norwegians living near the border often drive into Finland to purchase groceries. Rock-bottom travelling if staying in hostel dorms and self-catering costs at least €25/day and it's safer to assume double that amount. Groceries in Finland cost approximately 20% over the EU average. The cheapest hotels cost about €50 per night (without breakfast) and more regular hotels start from about €80–100. Instead of hotels or hostels, look for holiday cottages, especially when travelling in a group and off-season; you can find a full-equipped cottage for €10–15 per person a night. Camp-sites typically cost €10–20 per tent or caravan, plus about €5/2 per person.
Museums and tourist attractions have an entrance fee in the range of €5–25. Using public transport costs a few euros per day and depends on the city. One-way travel between major cities by train or by bus costs €20–100, depending on the distance. Children, by varying definitions, often pay about half price or less (small children free), except at children's attractions.
A VAT of 24 % is charged for nearly everything (the main exception being food at 14 %), but by law this must be included in the displayed price. Non-EU residents can get a tax refund for purchases not intended for local use above €40 at participating outlets, just look for the Tax-Free Shopping logo and check how to get the refund.
Shopping
As you might expect given the general price level, souvenir shopping in Finland isn't exactly cheap. Traditional buys include Finnish puukko knives and handwoven ryijy rugs. For any Lappish handicrafts, look for the "Sámi Duodji" label that certifies it as authentic. Popular foods to try or to bring home to astonish your friends include every conceivable part of a reindeer, lye-soaked lutefisk (lipeäkala), and pine tar (terva) syrup. If you can't bring yourself to try terva on your pancakes, then you can also get soap scented with it in nearly any grocery or drug store. There are also candies with tar flavour, the most common being the Leijona Lakritsi candies.
Popular brands for modern (or timeless) Finnish design include Marimekko clothing, Iittala glass, Arabia ceramics (especially their Moomin mugs are a must), Kalevala Koru jewelry, Pentik interior design and, if you don't mind the shipping costs, Artek furniture by renowned architect and designer Alvar Aalto. Kids, and more than a few adults, love Moomin characters, which fill up souvenir store shelves.
Shopping hours are not regulated any more, and depend on the location, size and type of shop: it is best to check their websites for opening hours of the day. The most available are local grocery stores, such as Sale, Alepa yoki K-Market, which usually are open 07:00–23:00, in some cases around the clock. Larger shops, shopping centres and department stores are generally open until 20:00 or 21:00 on weekdays and 18:00 on Saturdays and Sundays. For small and speciality shops, normal weekday opening hours are from 9:00 or later to 17:00 or 18:00, but most of them close early on Saturday and are closed entirely on Sundays. Shopping hours in Helsinki are the longest, with some department stores open around the clock. Shopping hours in the countryside and small cities are shorter, although most national chains keep the same hours throughout the country (except for 24 hr operations). During national holidays, almost all stores are closed, although some grocery stores may remain open. Finally, shops may operate longer than usual hours during the Christmas shopping season.
Convenience stores like the ubiquitous R-Kioski keep quite long hours, but still tend to be closed when you most need them. If in desperate need of basic supplies, fuel station convenience stores (Shell, Neste, Teboil, ABC!) are usually open on weekends and until late at night, and especially stores in ABC! stations commonly operate around the clock. Supermarkets in Xelsinki"s Asematunneli, underneath the Central Railway Station, are open until 22:00 every day of the year, except on Christmas Day (25 December).
For alcohol, see Ichish quyida.
Most products need to be imported, and unfortunately this shows in the selection of goods and the pricing. It is not uncommon to see exactly the same product in different shops, at exactly the same price. When buying consumer electronics, one should be aware that the shelf life of products can be rather long, especially if the shop isn't specialized in consumer electronics. There is a risk of buying an overpriced product that has already been discontinued by the manufacturer or replaced with a newer model.
While shopkeepers may vehemently deny this to a foreigner, prices in smaller stores are by no means fixed. When buying hobby equipment, it is not uncommon to get 30% discount (hint: find the international price level from a web shop and print it out). In the kinds of shops where such ad hoc discounts are possible, you could at least ask for the price to be rounded down some 5%, or to get some lesser product included. This is not like the bargaining in some other countries – you should mostly ask for the price you hope to get, or just suggest you'd appreciate a reduced price.
Tässä.fi website helps to find the nearest grocery store or supermarket according to the given location.
Yemoq
Finnish cuisine is heavily influenced by its neighbors (see Nordic cuisine va Russian cuisine), the main staples being potatoes va bread with various fish and meat dishes on the side. Dairy products are also important, with a wide variety of cheeses and milk a common beverage even for adults. Due to the harsh climate, spices in Finland were historically largely limited to salt and pepper, with lashings of dill in the summer. While traditional Finnish food is famously bland, the culinary revolution that followed joining the EU has seen a boom in classy restaurants experimenting with local ingredients, often with excellent results. Contemporary Finnish cuisine includes tastes and influences from all over the world, and the dining scene in larger cities has become quite cosmopolitan.
As the ingredients make much of the food, in Finland, the agricultural products might suffer of the cold climate. Yet the fish, while small in size and rare in occurrence, are tasty. Salmon in shops and on markets in Finland is often imported from Norway. When traveling in the middle of the Finland, there is a rare occasion to purchase freshly caught and prepared fish from one of the thousand lakes.
Seafood
With tens of thousands of lakes and a long coastline, fish is a Finnish staple, and there's a lot more on that menu than just salmon (lohi). Specialities include:
- Baltic herring (silakka), a small, fatty and quite tasty fish available coal roasted (hiilisilakka), pickled, marinated, smoked, grilled and in countless other varieties
- Gravlax ("graavilohi"), a pan-Scandinavian appetizer of raw salted salmon
- Smoked salmon (savulohi), not just the cold, thinly sliced, semi-raw kind but also fully cooked "warm" smoked salmon
- Vendace (muikku), a speciality in eastern Finland, a small fish served rolled in a mix of breadcrumb flour and salt and fried in butter till crunchy. They are traditionally served with mashed potatoes and you will find them sold at most music festivals.
Other local fish to look out for include zander (kuha), an expensive delicacy, pike (hauki), flounder (kampela) and perch (ahven). If you're in Finland around October, keep an eye out for the Herring Fair (Silakkamarkkinat), celebrated in most larger coastal cities.
Meat dishes
- Karelian stew (karjalanpaisti), a heavy stew usually made from beef and pork (and optionally, lamb), carrots and onions, usually served with potatoes
- Liver casserole (maksalaatikko), consisting of chopped liver, rice and raisins cooked in an oven; it tastes rather different from what you'd expect (and not liver-y at all)
- Loop sausage (lenkkimakkara), a large, mildly flavored sausage; best when grilled and topped with a dab of sweet Finnish mustard (sinappi), and beer
- Meat balls (lihapullat, lihapyörykät) are as popular and tasty as in neighboring Sweden
- Reindeer (poro) dishes, especially sauteed reindeer shavings (poronkäristys, served with potato mash and lingonberries), not actually a part of the everyday Finnish diet but a tourist staple and common in the North. In addition to poronkäristys also reindeer jerky (ilmakuivattu poro) is a known delicacy and hard to come by and slightly smoked reindeer beef cutlets are available at all supermarkets though they too are expensive (delicious with rye bread)
- Swedish hash ("pyttipannu"), (originally from Shvetsiya, Swedish: "pytt i panna") a hearty dish of potatoes, onions and any meaty leftovers on hand fried up in a pan and topped with an egg
- Makkara traditional Finnish sausage. Affectionately called "the Finnish man's vegetable" since the actual meat content may be rather low.
Milk products
Cheese and other milk products are very popular in Finland. Large quantities of cheese (juusto) are consumed, much of it locally produced mild to medium matured. Imported cheeses are freely available and local farm cheeses can be sampled and purchased at open air markets (tori) and year round market halls. A flat fried bread-cheese (leipäjuusto) can be eaten cold with (cloud berry) jam, in a salad or reheated with meals, a baked egg cheese (munajuusto) block is a common food ingredient made with milk, buttermilk and egg. The most common varieties are mild hard cheeses like Edam and Emmental, but local specialities include:
- Aura cheese (aurajuusto), a local variety of Roquefort blue cheese, also used in soups, sauces and as a pizza topping.
- Breadcheese (leipäjuusto yoki juustoleipä), a type of very mild-flavored grilled curd that squeaks when you eat it, best enjoyed warm with a dab of cloudberry jam
Fermented dairy products help stabilize the digestion system, so if your system is upset, give them a try:
- Piimä, a type of buttermilk beverage, thick and sour and contains naturally healthy lactic acid bacteria.
- Viili, a type of curd, acts like super-stretchy liquid bubble gum but is similar to plain yoghurt in taste. It is traditionally eaten with cinnamon and sugar on top.
Yoghurt (jugurtti), often premixed with jam, is commonly eaten. Skyr, a cultured milk product originally from Iceland, has become a popular yogurt substitute. Kefir, a Russian yoghurt drink, is available in many flavors.
Other dishes
- Pea soup (hernekeitto), usually but not always with ham, traditionally eaten with a dab of mustard and served on Thursdays; just watch out for the flatulence!
- Karelian pies (karjalanpiirakka), an oval 7 by 10 cm baked pastry, traditionally baked with rye flour, containing rice porridge or mashed potato, ideally eaten topped with butter and chopped egg (munavoi)
- Porridge (puuro), usually made from oats (kaura), barley (ohra), rice (riisi) or rye (ruis) and most often served for breakfast
Bread
Bread (leipä) is served with every meal in Finland, and comes in a vast array of varieties. Rye bread (ruisleipä, rågbröd) is the most popular bread in Finland. It can be up to 100% rye and usually it is sourdough bread, which is much darker, heavier and chewier than American-style mixed wheat-rye bread. Most Finnish types of rye bread are unsweetened and thus sour and even bitter, although Swedish varieties sweetened with malt are also widely available.
Typically Finnish breads include:
- reikäleipä, round flat rye bread with a hole, western Finland, the hole was for drying it on sticks by the ceiling
- ruispala, the most popular type of bread, a modern unholed, single-serving, pre-cut variant of reikäleipä in a rectangular or oblong shape
- hapankorppu, dry, crispy and slightly sour flatbread, occasionally sold overseas as "Finncrisp"
- näkkileipä, dried, crispy flatbread, traditionally from rye
- ruislimppu, traditionally rye, water and salt only (limppu is a catch-all term for big loaves of fresh bread)
- perunalimppu, rye bread with potato and malt, quite sweet
- svartbröd (saaristolaisleipä yoki Maalahden limppu), sweet and heavy black bread from the south-western archipelago (especially Åland), made in a complicated process; originally less sweet, for long fishing and hunting expeditions and for seafarers, excellent as a base for eating roe with smetana
- piimälimppu, wheat bread with buttermilk, usually sweetened
- rieska, unleavened bread made from wheat or potatoes, like a softer and thicker variant of a tortilla, eaten fresh
Seasonal specialities
Attack of the killer mushrooms The false morel (korvasieni) has occasionally been dubbed the "Finnish fugu", as like the infamous Japanese pufferfish, an improperly prepared false morel can kill you. Fortunately, it's easily rendered safe by boiling with the right ceremonies (you should get instructions when you buy it – and don't breathe in the fumes!), and prepared mushrooms can be found in gourmet restaurants and even canned. |
Around Easter keep an eye out for mämmi, a type of brown sweet rye pudding. It looks famously unpleasant but actually tastes quite good (best eaten with creamy milk and sugar). One sweet speciality for May Day is tippaleipä, a palm sized funnel cake traditionally enjoyed with mead. At the Midsummer celebration in late June it is common to serve the first potatoes of that years' harvest with herring. From the end of July until early September it's worthwhile to ask for crayfish (rapu) menus and prices at better restaurants. It's not cheap, you don't get full from the crayfish alone and there are many rituals involved, most of which involve large quantities of ice-cold vodka, but it should be tried at least once. Around Christmas, baked ham (kinkku) is the traditional star of the dinner table, with a constellation of casseroles around it.
Regional specialities
There are also regional specialities, including:
- Savoniya"s kalakukko, a rye pie made with small whole fish (often vendace), baked slow and low so that even the fish bones become soft
- Tampere"s black sausage (mustamakkara), a blood sausage canonically served with lingonberry jam and a pint of cold milk
Grill kiosks (see below) also like to put their local spin on things, ranging from Lappeenranta"s vetyatomi ("hydrogen atom"), a meat pie with ham and fried egg, to Laxti's spectacularly unappetizing lihamuki ("meat mug"), a disposable soda cup filled with the cheapest grade of kebab meat, your choice of sauce, and nothing else.
Desserts
For dessert or just as a snack, Finnish pastries abound and are often taken with coffee (see Ichish) after a meal. Look for cardamom coffee bread (pulla), a wide variety of tarts (torttu) va donuts. Traditional Finnish deep-fried doughnuts, which are commonly available at cafes, come in two varieties: munkki, which is a deep-fried bun, and munkkipossu, which is flat and roughly rectangular; both contain sweet jam. A slice of giant oven pancake (uunipannukakku) is a common accompaniment to pea soup on Thursdays.
In summer, a wide range of fresh berries are available, including the delectable but expensive cloudberry (lakka), and berry products are available throughout the year as jam (hillo), soup (keitto) and a type of gooey clear pudding known as kiisseli.
Finnish chocolate is also rather good, with Fazer products including their iconic Sininen ("Blue") bar and Geisha candies exported around the world. A more Finnish speciality is licorice (lakritsi). Particularly the strong salty liquorice (salmiakki) gets its unique (and acquired) taste from ammonium chloride.
After a meal it's common to chomp chewing gum (purukumi) including xylitol, which is good for dental health. Jenkki is a popular domestic chewing gum brand with xylitol (many flavours available).
Places to eat
Finns tend to eat out only on special occasions, and restaurant prices are correspondingly expensive. The one exception is lunchtime, when thanks to a government-sponsored lunch coupon system company cafeterias and nearly every restaurant in town offers set lunches for the corresponding prices (around €9–10), usually consisting of a main course, salad bar, bread table and a drink. University cafeterias, many of which are open to all, are particularly cheap with meals in the €2–4 range for students, although without Finnish student ID you will usually need to pay about €5–7. There are also public cafeterias in office areas that are open only during lunch hours on working days. While not particularly stylish and sometimes hard to find, those usually offer high-quality buffet lunch at a reasonable price. Any lunch eatery will have these offers 11:00–14:00, while some have them e.g. 10:30–15:00, very few until dinner time.
For dinner, you'll be limited to generic fast food (pizza, hamburgers, kebabs and such) in the €5–10 range, or you'll have to splurge over €20 for a meal in a "nice" restaurant. For eating on the move, look for grill kiosks (grilli), which serve sausages, hamburgers and other portable if not terribly health-conscious fare late into the night at reasonable prices. In addition to the usual hamburgers and hot dogs, look for meat pies (lihapiirakka), akin to a giant savoury doughnut stuffed with minced meat and your choice of sausage, fried eggs and condiments. Hesburger is the local fast-food equivalent of McDonald's, with a similar menu. They have a "Finnish" interpretation of a few dishes, such as a sour-rye chicken sandwich. Of course most international fast food chains are present, especially Subway and McDonald's (which offers many of their sandwich buns substituted with a sour-rye bun on request.)
The Finnish word for buffet is seisova pöytä ("standing table"), and while increasingly used to refer to all-you-can-eat Chinese or Italian restaurants, the traditional meaning is akin to Sweden's smörgåsbord: a good-sized selection of sandwiches, fish, meats and pastries. It's traditionally eaten in three rounds — first the fish, then the cold meats, and finally warm dishes — and it's usually the first that is the star of the show. Though expensive and not very common in a restaurant setting, if you are fortunate enough to be formally invited to a Finn's home, they will likely have prepared a spread for their guest, along with plenty of coffee. Breakfast at better hotels is also along these lines and it's easy to eat enough to cover lunch as well!
If you're really on a budget, you can save a considerable amount of money by self-catering. Ready-to-eat casseroles and other basic fare that can be quickly prepared in a microwave can be bought for a few euros in any supermarket. Note that you're usually expected to weigh and label any fruits or vegetables yourself (bag it, place it on the scale and press the numbered button; the correct number can be found from the price sign), and green signs mean possibly tastier but certainly more expensive organic (luomu) produce.
At restaurants, despite the high prices, portions tend to be quite small, at least when compared to USA va Kanada, and even many European countries. Finns are used to eating a substantial breakfast (included in the price of hotels and some other lodgings) and lunch, so the dinner doesn't need to be very heavy, and can be two- or single-course. Dinner is served rather early, sometimes as early as 16:00, but usually at 17:00 or 18:00.
Dietary restrictions
Traditional Finnish cuisine relies heavily on meat and fish, but vegetarianism (kasvissyönti) is increasingly popular and well-understood, and will rarely pose a problem for travellers. Practically all restaurants offer vegetarian options, often marked with a "V" on menus. Take note that egg (kananmuna yoki muna) is found in many prepared foods, ready meals and baked goods, so vegan meals are not common outside selected restaurants but the selection of raw ingredients, speciality grains and health foods is adequate for preparing your own. Likewise gelatine (liivate) in yoghurt, jellies and sweets is common. Both will always be indicated on labels.
Two ailments commonly found among Finns themselves are lactose intolerance (laktoosi-intoleranssi, inability to digest the milk sugar lactose) and coeliac disease (keliakia, inability to digest gluten). In restaurants, lactose-free selections are often tagged "L" (low-lactose products are sometimes called "Hyla" or marked with "VL"), while gluten-free options are marked with "G". However, hydrolyzed lactose (EILA, or HYLA brand) milk or lactose-free milk drink for the lactose intolerant is widely available, which also means that a lactose-free dish is not necessarily milk-free. Allergies are quite common among Finnish people, too, so restaurant workers are usually quite knowledgeable on what goes into each dish and often it is possible to get the dish without certain ingredients if specified.
Kosher and halal food are rare in Finland and generally not available outside very limited speciality shops and restaurants catering to the tiny Jewish and Islamic communities. Watch out for minced meat dishes like meatballs, which very commonly use a mix of beef and pork. The Jewish Community of Helsinki runs a small kosher deli in Xelsinki.
A range of ingredients that have more common allergies and dietary restrictions associated with them may be printed in bold text in the list of ingredients (ainekset yoki ainesosat) on all packaged goods, at restaurants and markets you will have to ask.
Ichish
Thanks to its thousands of lakes, Finland has plenty of water supplies and tap water is always potable (In fact, never buy bottled water if you can get tap water!). The usual soft drinks and juices are widely available, but there is also a wide array of berry juices (marjamehu), especially in summer, as well as Pommac, an unusual soda made from (according to the label) "mixed fruits", which you'll either love or hate. Juice from many berries is to be mixed with water, also when not bought as concentrate; sugar is often already added. Note the difference between mehu va mehujuoma, where the latter may have only traces of the nominal ingredient.
Coffee and tea
Finns are the world's heaviest coffee (kahvi) drinkers, averaging 3–4 cups per day. Most Finns drink it strong and black, but sugar and milk for coffee are always available and the more European variants such as espresso and cappuccino are becoming all the more common especially in the bigger cities. Starbucks has arrived in Helsinki, but all the biggest towns have had French-style fancy cafés for quite some time and modern competitors, like Wayne's, Robert's Coffee or Espresso House, are springing up in the mix. For a quick caffeine fix, you can just pop into any convenience store, which will pour you a cuppa for €2 or so. Tea hasn't quite caught on in quite the same way, although finding hot water and a bag of Lipton Yellow Label won't be a problem. For brewed tea, check out some of the finer cafés or tea rooms in the city centres.
Finnish coffee, however, is prepared usually using filters ("sumppi"), producing rather mild substance. Finding a strong high pressure espresso might be an issue somewhere, but tasting the smooth flavor of mocca blend is something to try about. Discussing the preparation mechanics of coffee with Finns is not such a bad idea, generally they are open for new ideas and tastes. The more traditional option for the filtered coffee in Finland is the Eastern style "mud coffee". In that preparation the grounded coffee beans are boiled in a large pot. Before serving, the grounded coffee is let to calm down, before serving the smooth flavored coffee on the top. Today, one might not be able to find this kind of "pannukahvi" in finer cafés (in big cities), but they are largely available pretty much anywhere else. You can even purchase special grounded coffee in most of the supermarkets for that purpose (it is not that fine-grounded like normal filter coffee let alone like espresso). It is specially tasty with cream, rather than milk.
Dairy
In Finland it is quite common for people of all ages to drink milk (maito) as an accompaniment to food. Another popular option is piimä (buttermilk, Swedish: surmjölk).
Alcohol
Alcohol is very expensive in Finland compared to most countries (though not to its Nordic neighbours Shvetsiya va Norvegiya), although low-cost Estoniya's entry to the EU has forced the government to cut alcohol taxes a little. Still, a single beer will cost you closer to €4–5 in any bar or pub, or €1 and up in a supermarket. While beer and cider are available in any supermarket or convenience store (09:00-21:00), the state monopoly Alko is your sole choice for wine or anything stronger. The legal drinking age is 18 for milder drinks, while to buy hard liquor from Alko you need to be 20. This applies to possession of such alcohol as well; if you are under 20 years old you are not allowed to carry a bottle of vodka with you. Bars and restaurants are allowed to serve all alcohols to customers over 18 within their premises. ID is usually requested from all young-looking clients (nowadays all looking to be under 30). Some restaurants have higher age requirements, some up to 30 years, but these are their own policies and are not always followed, especially not at more quiet times.
Despite the unusually high cost of booze, Finnish people are well known of their tolerance and culture around celebration. Do not hesitate to join the Finnish parties, which usually are not dry. While Finnish people tend to stick to individual bills in the bar, when you get with them into the summer cottage, things usually turn the other way around and everyone enjoys together what there is on the table.
The national drink is emas Finlandia Vodka, but its local brand Koskenkorva yoki Kossu in common speech. However, the two drinks are closely related: Kossu has 38% ABV while Finlandia has 40%, and Kossu also has a small amount of added sugar, which makes the two drinks taste somewhat different. There are also many other vodkas (viina) on the market, most of which taste pretty much the same. As a rule of thumb: products with word vodka in their name are completely without added sugar while products called viina have some.
A once very popular Finnish specialty is Salmiakki Kossu or more commonly just Salmari. It is prepared by mixing in salty licorice, whose taste masks the alcohol behind it fearfully well. There are several brands for salmari available. Add in some Fisherman's Friend menthol cough drops to get Fisu ("Fish") shots, which are even more lethal. In-the-know hipsters opt for Pantteri ("Panther"), which is half and half Salmari and Fisu. Other famous classics are Jaloviina yoki Jallu in everyday speech, a mixture of vodka and brandy, popular especially among university students, and Tervasnapsi ("tar schnapps") with a distinctive smoky aroma. Both Salmari and Tervasnapsi are strongly acquired tastes and the Finns enjoy seeing how foreigners react to them. Marskin Ryyppy is a spiced vodka which was the favorite schnapps of the marshal and former president of Finland C.G.E. Mannerheim. Marskin Ryyppy should be served ice cold in a glass which is poured as full as ever possible. Spilling the schnapps is, of course, forbidden.
Beer (olut or more softly kalja, öl in Swedish) is very popular. Finnish beers used to be nearly identical mild lagers, but import and the microbrewery trend has forced also the big players to experiment with different types. Big brands are Lapin Kulta, Karjala, Olvi, Koff va Karhu. Pay attention to the label when buying: beers branded "I" are inexpensive due to their low alcohol content (and thus: low tax), while "III" and "IV" are stronger and more expensive. The Finnish standard is "III beer" with 4.5–4.7% ABV. In grocery stores you will not find any drinks with more than 5.5% alcohol. You may also encounter kvass or kotikalja (literally "home beer"), a dark brown beer-like but very low-alcohol beverage. Kotikalja is popular especially at Christmas time but may be served around the year (cf the Swedish julmust and svagdricka). Imported beers are available in bigger grocery stores, most pubs and bars, and Czech beers in particular are popular and only slightly more expensive than local ones. Some microbreweries (Laitila, Stadin panimo, Nokian panimo etc.) are gaining foothold with their domestic dark lagers, wheat beers and ales.
Sahti is type of unfiltered, usually strong, top-fermented beer. Traditionally it is brewed without hops but is flavored with juniper instead. Commercially available sahti is usually around 8% ABV and therefore available in Alko stores only. Sahti is often considered as an acquired taste. Some villages in Häme and Satakunta provinces have prominent sahti-tradition.
A modern development is ciders (siideri, Swedish: cider). Most of these are artificially flavoured sweet concoctions which are quite different from the English or French kinds, although the more authentic varieties are gaining market share. The ever-popular gin long drink yoki lonkero ("tentacle"), a pre-bottled mix of gin and grapefruit soda, tastes better than it sounds and has the additional useful property of glowing under ultraviolet light. At up to 610 kcal/litre it also allows to skip dinner, leaving more time for drinking.
During the winter, do not miss glögi (Swedish: glögg), a type of spiced mulled wine most often served with almonds and raisins. Although it was originally made of old wine the bottled stuff in grocery stores is usually alcohol free and Finns will very often mix in some wine or spirits. In restaurants, glögi is served either alcohol-free, or with 4 cl vodka added. Fresh, hot glögi can, for example, be found at the Christmas markets and somewhat every bar and restaurant during the season.
Finlyandiya wines are made of cultivated or natural berries instead of grapes. The ones made of blackcurrant form a fruity alternative for grape wines. Elysee No 1 is a fairly popular sparkling wine made of white currant. Alko stores (especially some of them) have a wide selection of foreign wines, and these are much more commonly drunk than their few domestic rivals.
Quite a few unusual liquors (likööri) made from berries are available, although they're uniformly very sweet and usually served with dessert. Cloudberry liquor (lakkalikööri) is worth a shot even if you don't like the berries fresh.
Home-made spirits (pontikka, Swedish: hembränt): you have been warned! More common in rural areas. It is illegal and frequently distilled on modified water purification plants – which are subject to import control laws nowadays – anecdotal evidence suggests that those are occasionally played as a prank on unsuspecting foreigners. Politely decline the offer, especially if still sober. Kilju refers to sugar wine, a fermented mix of sugar and water with an ABV comparable to fortified wine (15–17%). Manufacturing this for one's own use is legal (as is "homewine", basically the same thing but with fruits or berries added), selling isn't.
Finally, there is traditional beverage worth looking for: the mead (sima, Swedish: mjöd). Sima is an age-old wine-like sweet brew nowadays usually made from brown sugar, lemon and yeast and consumed particularly around Mayday (Vappu). If you are lucky you might encounter some varieties of sima such as one spiced with meadow-sweet. Try them!
Uyqu
Accommodation in Finland is expensive, with typical hotel rooms about €100/night or more. Many large hotels are cheaper during the weekends and in summer. In addition to the usual international suspects, check out more or less local hotel chains Scandic, Finlandia va Sokos. The Omena chain offers often very cheap self-service hotels, where you book online and get a keycode for your room, with no check-in of any kind needed (and little service available). What is remarkable is the absence of foreign hotel chains outside the capital, you only rarely find global hotel brands, but most of the hotels are run either by locals or by some domestic brand. So do not expect to accumulate your points when staying in the rural areas. Also, if you insist on a five-star hotel, the rating is up to the individual hotelier.
When searching for budget options – and outside cities – check whether breakfast and linen are included, they are in regular hotels, but not in many budget options. Extras, such as sauna, are sometimes included also in cheap prices, and virtually all accommodations (except remote cottages) nowadays have free Wi-Fi.
One of the few ways to not spend too much is to stay in youth hostels (retkeilymaja/vandrarhem yoki hostelli), as the Hostelling International has a fairly comprehensive network and a dorm bed usually costs less than €20 per night. Many hostels also have private rooms for as little as €30, which are a great deal if you want a little extra privacy.
There are also camping grounds all around the country. Typical prices are €10–20 per tent or caravan €4–6/€2 per person, although there are some more expensive locations. A discount card may be worthwhile. Night temperatures are seldom an issue in season (typically 5–15°C, although freezing temperatures are possible also in midsummer, at least in Lapland). Most campsites are closed off season, unless they have cottages adequate for winter use.
An even cheaper option is to take advantage of Finland's right to access, yoki Every Man's Right (jokamiehenoikeus/allemansrätten), which allows wild camping. This is occasionally misinterpreted by visiting foreigners, so check what to respect – or simply ask at the nearest house – to avoid embarrassing situations. In Alandiya the right to access is somewhat more limited than on the mainland. Note that making an open fire always requires landowner's permission.
Virtually every lodging in Finland includes a sauna for guests — don't miss it! Check operating hours though, as they're often only heated in the evenings and there may be separate shifts of men and women. Saunas at cottages are often heated with wood, you should probably ask for instructions unless the hosts take care of heating and drying.
Cabins
- Shuningdek qarang: Vacation rentals, Second homes
For a taste of the Finnish countryside, an excellent option is to stay at a cottage yoki cabin (Finnish: mökki, Swedish: stuga, Ostrobothnia: villa), thousands of which dot the lake and sea shores. These are generally best in summer (and many are closed in winter), but there are also many cottages around Lapland's ski resorts. In fact, at some localities hiring a cabin is not just the cheapest but perhaps the only option. Usually, cottages are clean and nice, but as the Finns themselves are mostly fairly happy with minimal services, the small amount of services available may confuse foreign travelers. When making the reservation check carefully what will be included.
Beware that, while all but the most basic ones will have electricity, it is very common for cottages to lack running water! Also, the cottage might have a shared toilet, either a standard one or maybe even a pit toilet. You are probably expected to bathe in a shared shower or a sauna (you might have to book the sauna in advance) or even in the sauna and lake.
Traditionally (into the 1990s) most cottages for rent were cottages built for private use, and although facilities were very basic, they were fairly roomy. Some of these are former farm houses, with kitchen serving as living room (perhaps also with beds), a bedroom, and possibly other rooms. Other ones were built as cottages, with combined kitchen and living room plus one or two minimal bedrooms fairly common. Yozda foydalanish uchun mehmon xonalari sifatida qurilgan uylar ham keng tarqalgan. Ushbu uylar va kottejlar qishloqda xususiy foydalanish uchun, bitta oila tomonidan qurilganligi sababli, ularning joylashuvi ko'pincha kaltaklangan yo'ldan tashqarida bo'ladi va uy egasi faqat kerak bo'lganda tashrif buyurib, uzoqlikda yashashi mumkin.
Keyingi yillarda xususiy kottejlar tobora yaxshilanmoqda, elektr energiyasi va suv oqimi hamma joyda yangisida joylashgan bo'lib, ko'pchiligida qadimgi uylarga o'rnatildi (garchi ko'pchilik finlar asosiy narsalarga qaytishni yaxshi ko'radilar va ulardan birortasini rad etishadi). Ular egalari tomonidan ishlatilmaganda ijaraga berilishi mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, ko'plab kotteclar pul to'lash uchun mehmonlar uchun qurilgan va ular ko'pincha minimal - ikki kishilik 6 m² kamdan-kam hollarda - hashamatli bozorga yo'naltirilmasa. Odatda bu kottejlar ma'muriyat va xizmat ko'rsatishni engillashtirish uchun guruhlarga bo'linadi, ba'zida shaxsiy hayotni ta'minlash uchun etarli joy ajratiladi, ba'zida avtoturargoh va umumiy foydalanish joylari yonida qatorlar mavjud. Biroz uzoqroq joyda, ehtimol ko'proq joy olishni xohlovchilar uchun ilgari qurilgan bir nechta kottejlar bo'lishi mumkin. Birgalikda ishlatiladigan binolarga odatda oshxona (ko'pincha idishni minimal oshxonasi bilan), suv hojatxonasi, dush, sauna va ehtimol kafe va kiosk kiradi. Bu erda eshkak eshish qayig'i, qandaydir o'yin maydonchasi va shunga o'xshash faoliyat infratuzilmasi bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pchilik sauna mashg'ulotlaridan so'ng suzish va sovutish uchun qandaydir plyajga ega.
Qish va elka mavsumida foydalanish uchun kottejlar kattaroqdir, chunki issiqlik izolatsiyasi va isitish hajmi jihatidan ancha tejamli bo'lib, qishda esa yopiq binolar muhimroq. Ular eski turdagi (yuqoriga qarang) yoki tosh markazlarida yoki baliq ovlash yoki ov qilish uchun asos sifatida qurilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zilar cho'ldagi kulbalar (jamoatchilik yoki chegara qo'riqchilari foydalanishi uchun), olis masofada joylashganki, ularni jamoat foydalanishi uchun tejash iqtisodiy emas deb topilgan. Bu kottejlarning barchasi, albatta, yozda ham mavjud.
Narxlar binolar, joylashuv va mavsumga qarab juda xilma-xil: to'shaklari va pishirish punktlari bo'lgan oddiy kottejlar kechasi 20 evroga tushishi mumkin, garchi odatdagidek 40-80 evro. Bir kecha uchun bir necha yuz evroni tashkil etadigan qimmatbaho katta va hatto juda hashamatli ham bor. Maktablarda qishki ta'til mavsumi bo'lganida, qishki kurortlarda narx ikki barobardan ko'proq oshishi mumkin. Hamma kottejlar bir kecha uchun mavjud emas, ba'zida siz kamida ikki kecha yoki bir hafta turishingiz kerak. Avtomobil yoki velosipedni ijaraga olish zarur bo'lishi mumkin, chunki piyoda yurish uchun qulayliklar (do'konlar, restoranlar va boshqalar) bo'lmasligi mumkin (Finlyandiya qishloqlarida avtobuslar tez-tez yurmaydi). Odamlardan uzoqda, oddiy qishloqqa yaqin joyda, "kottejlar qishlog'ida" yoki biron bir murosaga kelishni xohlaysizmi, qaror qabul qiling. Uyni ijaraga berish bo'yicha eng yirik xizmatlar Lomarengas va Nettimökki, ikkalasi ham inglizcha interfeyslarga ega.
Milliy bog'larda, cho'l zonalarida va mashhur piyoda marshrutlarda Finlyandiya o'rmon ma'muriyati (Metsähallitus/Forststyrelsen) saqlaydi sahro kulbalari, ayniqsa, shimolda, ularning aksariyati ochiq yoki bepul yoki piyoda yoki chang'i bilan mustaqil ravishda kelganlar tomonidan bir yoki ikki kun davomida bepul foydalanishlari mumkin. Kech kelganlar ochiq kulbalarda qolish huquqiga ega, shuning uchun erta kelsangiz, chodiringizni tikishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek, qulflangan va rezervlanadigan kulbalar mavjud. Qarang Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari # Uyqu va Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda sayr qilish # Uyqu nima kutish kerakligi uchun.
O'rganing
Finlyandiya universitetlari odatda taniqli va ko'plab almashinuv dasturlarini taklif qilishadi. Garchi Finlyandiya katta yo'nalishlardan biri bo'lmasa-da, aksariyat universitetlarda mahalliy aholiga nisbatan ancha-muncha chet ellik talabalar bor. Almashinuv dasturlari ko'pincha ba'zi bir ilg'or kurslar singari ingliz tilida bo'ladi. Boshqa ma'ruzalar odatda fin tilida (yoki orbo Akademi yoki Novia kabi shved tilida) o'tkazilsa, eng zamonaviy darsliklar ingliz tilida. Ko'pincha ingliz tilidagi topshiriqlar va imtihonlar orqali barcha kurslarni yakunlash mumkin. Universitetlar, shuningdek, fin (yoki shved) tillarini turli darajalarda o'rganish imkoniyatini taqdim etadi.
Oddiy darajadagi talabalar, shu jumladan fin yoki shved tilida tahsil olayotgan chet ellik talabalar va almashinuvchi talabalar uchun to'lovlar yo'q, ammo o'qish to'lov pullari (2019 yilda yiliga 8000-15000 evro oralig'ida) bakalavr yoki magistr darajasida ingliz tilida o'qiydigan Evropa Ittifoqi / EEAga a'zo bo'lmagan yangi talabalar uchun 2017 yilning kuzida joriy etildi. Grantlar bilan ta'minlangan tizim ham yo'lga qo'yildi.
Chet eldan kelgan talabalar uchun talabalar uyushmalari va talabalar almashinuvi uyushmalari tomonidan uyushtiriladigan ko'plab tadbirlar, shu jumladan ijtimoiy tadbirlar va mamlakatning boshqa joylariga yoki boshqa qiziqarli yo'nalishlarga ekskursiyalar mavjud.
Finlyandiya oliy ta'lim tizimi nemis modeliga amal qiladi, ya'ni ikki xil universitet mavjud: akademik (iliopisto/universitet) va kasbiy (ammattikorkeakoulu/yrkeshögskola, qisqartirilgan AMK fin tilida; ularning ko'plari ilgari politexnika deb nomlangan). Yliopisto talabalar magistr darajasini bitirishi kutilmoqda. Universitet bakalavr darajasi asosan oraliq qadam sifatida mo'ljallangan va ko'p narsalar uchun juda foydali emas. Chet elliklar uchun ingliz tilida magistrlik dasturlari mavjud. AMK talabalari bakalavr sifatida bitirishi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishchi kuchiga kirishi kutilmoqda. AMK bakalavri akademik magistrlik dasturlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mos kelmaydi; agar qabul qilinsa, ko'prikni o'rganish bo'yicha bir yilga yaqin qo'shimcha tadqiqotlar o'tkazish kerak.
O'rtacha oylik byudjet (yotoqxonani o'z ichiga olgan holda) 700-1000 evroni tashkil qiladi. Talabalar uyushmasiga a'zolik yiliga 100 evroga teng bo'lib, bakalavriat talabalari uchun majburiydir. Uy-joy olish talabaning zimmasida va talabalar kuzga kelganda (birinchi kurs talabalari qabul qilinganligi to'g'risida bilib olgan iyuldan) uy-joy kam bo'ladi; umumiy xonalarda kutish ro'yxatlari va bir necha yil favqulodda uylar mavjud. Talabalar almashinuvi uchun kvotalar bo'lishi mumkin va shahar tashqarisidagi barcha odamlar ko'pincha navbatda birinchi o'ringa qo'yiladi. Ko'pgina almashinuv dasturlari talabalar yotoqxonalarida turar joyni to'liq yoki qisman subsidiyalashtiradi, ammo davlat talabalar turar joyini ta'minlamaydi.
Talabalar turar joyi odatda talabalar kasaba uyushmalariga tegishli bo'lgan joylarda yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki poydevorlar orqali tashkil etiladi va umumiy oshxona va hammom bo'lgan xonada oyiga 250-400 evrodan mustaqil bir xonali kvartiralar uchun oyiga 500-700 evrogacha xarajatlar ( shuningdek, kattaroq kvartiralar, birinchi navbatda, oilalar uchun mavjud). Xususiy bozordagi ijaralar joylashuvga qarab o'zgarib turadi, chunki Buyuk Xelsinki va ayniqsa Xelsinkida tegishli narxlar bemalol arzonroq joylar yoki talabalar turar joylaridan ikki baravar yuqori bo'lishi mumkin. Kattaroq kvartirada bo'lishadigan er-xotin do'stlar juda keng tarqalgan, ammo tuzoqlarni oldini olish uchun shartnomani qanday yozishni tekshiring. Agar siz birgalikda yashaydigan juft bo'lsangiz, sherikingizning daromadlari yashash uchun beriladigan grantlarda hisobga olinadi va ba'zi konfiguratsiyalarda siz to'lanmagan ijara haqlari uchun javobgar bo'lishingiz mumkin.
Talabalarga tibbiy yordamni talabalar kasaba uyushmalariga qarashli fond tashkil etadi. 2021 yildan boshlab AMK talabalari kirish huquqiga ega bo'lib, yillik to'lov talaba kasaba uyushma badaliga qo'shilish o'rniga Kela / Fpa-ga to'lanadi. Xizmatni shahar sog'liqni saqlash markazlari bilan taqqoslash mumkin, ammo asosiy stomatologiya ham mavjud. Tafsilotlarni tekshiring.
Evropa Ittifoqi / EEA fuqarolari shunchaki mamlakatga kirishlari va kelgandan keyin talaba sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tishlari mumkin (agar ba'zi bir dasturga qabul qilingan bo'lsa), boshqa joydan kelgan talabalar yashash uchun ruxsatnomasini oldindan kelishib olishlari kerak. CIMO (Xalqaro mobillik markazi) almashinuv dasturlarini boshqaradi va Finlyandiyada stipendiya va stajirovkalarni tashkil qilishi mumkin, ammo Finlyandiya Ta'lim Milliy Kengashi o'qish imkoniyatlari to'g'risida asosiy ma'lumotlarni taqdim etadi.
Ish
Finlyandiyaning kasaba uyushma darajasi yuqori (70%), ish haqi oddiy ish joylarida ham yaxshi va bandlik to'g'risidagi qonunlar qat'iy, ammo flipside aslida ish topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin - yashash va ayniqsa poytaxt mintaqasida uy-joy qurish qimmat . Kam norasmiy ish topiladi va ba'zi bir ish joylari hech bo'lmaganda fin tilini tuzatish darajasini talab qiladi va Shvetsiya (garchi chet elliklar talabdan ozod qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa ham).
Evropa Ittifoqi, Shimoliy Shimoliy davlatlar, Shveytsariya va Lixtenshteyn fuqarolari Finlyandiyada erkin ishlashlari mumkin, ammo boshqa mamlakatlardan ishlashga ruxsat olish bu noma'qullar bilan jang qilishni anglatadi. Finlyandiya immigratsiya xizmati (Maahanmuuttovirasto). Umuman olganda, ishlash uchun ruxsat olish uchun sizning kasbingiz bo'yicha odamlar etishmasligi kerak. Talabalarga Finlyandiyada kunduzgi o'qishga ruxsat berildi bor yarim kunlik ishlashga (haftasiga 25 soatgacha, agar ular o'qishda muvaffaqiyat qozonish imkoniga ega bo'lsalar) yoki hatto to'liq ta'tilda ishlashga ruxsat beriladi.
Finlyandiya immigrantlarning kam miqdori bilan tanilgan, qo'shni davlatlarga qaraganda. Hali ham ko'pgina universitet shaharlarida va yana bir qancha qishloq munitsipalitetlarida ko'plab mamlakatlardan kelgan chet elliklarning jamoalari mavjud. Ba'zi savdolarda chet eldan kelgan mutaxassislar juda keng tarqalgan.
Ish uchun, siz tekshirishni xohlashingiz mumkin Mehnat vazirligi. Joylashtirilgan ishlarning aksariyati fin tilida tavsiflangan, shuning uchun tarjimada sizga yordam kerak bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ba'zi ish joylari ingliz tilida. Ochiq e'lon qilingan lavozimlar odatda juda raqobatbardosh bo'lib, odatda daraja yoki kasbiy malaka va aniq ish tajribasini talab qiladi. Shunday qilib, norasmiy kanallar yoki tajribali mahalliy odamning yordami qimmatlidir. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri mumkin bo'lgan ish beruvchilar bilan bog'lanish hech qanday joyda nashr etilmagan ish joylarini topishi mumkin. Dam olish maskanlarida mavsumiy ish, agar sizda to'g'ri munosabat va ko'nikmalar mavjud bo'lsa va aloqani etarlicha erta bajarsangiz, ko'pincha mavjud bo'ladi.
Mahalliy aholi odatda ingliz tilida yaxshi gapirishgani uchun pozitsiya ingliz tilini o'qitish umuman maxsus malaka talab qiladi; chet elliklar asosiy o'qitish uchun jalb qilinmaydi, lekin ba'zi stsenariylarda. Chet elliklar uchun eng ko'p lavozim bolalar va talabalar uchun maxsus til maktablarida, kattalar uchun ESP kurslarida, maktabgacha ta'lim muassasalarida va bir nechta xalqaro maktablarda joylashgan. Oddiy maktablardagi o'qituvchilarning ishi uchun sizga mahalliy miqyosda tan olingan o'qituvchilarning imtihonlari kerak. O'quvchilar odatda g'ayratli. Davlat maktabi o'qituvchisining oylik maoshi oyiga 2600-4300 evro (yozgi ta'tilni hisobga olgan holda, lekin vaqtinchalik o'qituvchilar buni ololmasligi mumkin). Umumiy maktabda haftasiga taxminan 20 soat / soat va shunga o'xshash tayyorgarlik va boshqa shunga o'xshash ishlarni kutish kerak, sinfda ortiqcha ish haqi to'lanadi, qolganlar uchun ortiqcha ish vaqti odatda bo'lmaydi. Chet ellik mehmon sifatida siz doimiy ish topishingiz mumkin emas, shuning uchun oyiga o'rtacha 1200-2000 evro real bo'lishi mumkin. Bunga soatiga 10-30 evro evaziga shaxsiy darslar kirishi mumkin.
Finlyandiyada, ayniqsa, yosh avlod uchun tez o'sib borayotgan tendentsiya, joylashtirish agentliklari uchun ishlashdir. So'nggi o'n yil ichida ommaviy kompaniyalar xususiy ravishda ketayotgan bo'lsa-da, bu tendentsiyani yanada moslashuvchan ish jadvallariga bo'lgan talabning ortishi hamda mavsumiy yoki vaqti-vaqti bilan ishlash erkinligi qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda. Ushbu turdagi agentliklarning tabiati hamda ular ko'rsatadigan ish turlari tufayli ular fin bo'lmaganlarni yollashlari odatiy holdir. Ba'zi agentliklarga Adecco, Staff Point, Manpower, Aaltovoima va Biisoni kiradi.
Uchun yozgi ish joylariUniversitet talabalari uchun stajer lavozimlari va mehmonxonalar va kafelarda yozgi ish joylari kabi qidiruv ishlari juda erta, taxminan yanvar oyidan boshlanadi va ariza berish muddati mart oyining oxirida tugaydi. May oyida ochiladigan so'nggi daqiqalar pozitsiyalari juda kam va tezda olinadi.
Uchun Nordic yoshlar (18-28 / 30) - yoki shved, norvegiya yoki daniyalikni biladigan boshqa Evropa Ittifoqi / EEA fuqarolari - Nordjobb. Yozgi ishlarga madaniy almashinuv sifatida e'tibor qaratib, endi u boshqa ba'zi lavozimlarni ham taklif qiladi.
Agar sizni a ish bilan suhbat, Finlyandiyada kamtarlik fazilat ekanligini unutmang. Finlyandlar dalillarni va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'nalishni qadrlashadi, shuning uchun mavzuda qoling va rostgo'y bo'ling. Mubolag'a va maqtanish odatda yolg'on bilan bog'liq. Siz o'zingizning kasbingiz bo'yicha kasaba uyushma bilan kutilayotgan ish haqini tekshirishingiz mumkin; odatda ular eng kam ish haqini belgilaydilar - bulardan tashqari milliy minimal ish haqi yo'q. Ko'p ish haqi uchun ish haqi oyiga 1200 evrodan 6,500 evrogacha (2010), o'rtacha 3500 evroga teng. Majburiy sug'urta, ijtimoiy sug'urta va pensiyalar uchun to'lovlar ish beruvchi va xodim o'rtasida taqsimlanadi va ularni xodim tanlay olmaydi yoki boshqarolmaydi (ixtiyoriy ravishda kelishib beriladigan imtiyozlar ham bo'lishi mumkin).
Norasmiy ishlarning bir toifasi rezavorlar yig'ish, yoki fermada yoki yovvoyi mevalarni yig'ishda. Bunday ishni olish uchun siz asosan ish beruvchini ko'p finlarning xohlaganidan ko'ra ko'proq ishlashga ishontirishingiz kerak. Yovvoyi mevalarni yig'ish va ularni sotish soliqlardan ozod qilinadi va siz o'zingiz (shu kabi mahalliy aholi kabi) biznes bilan shug'ullanishingiz mumkin, lekin ehtimol siz buni cho'ntak pulini olishning qiziqarli usulini istasangizgina qilasiz. Agar siz daromad olish uchun kelgan bo'lsangiz, sizda kimdir hamma narsani (shu jumladan turar joy va transportni) tartibga soladi va siz faqat rasmiy ravishda mustaqil bo'lasiz (iqtisodiy xavfni o'z zimmasiga olasiz: ish haqi yo'q, faqat mevalarni sotib oladigan kishi; siz amalda ish bilan ta'minlanishingizni isbotlashingiz mumkin, lekin faqat yaxshi advokat bilan). Fermer xo'jaligida ishlashda siz rasmiy ravishda ish bilan ta'minlanasiz: hali ham kam haq to'lanadigan qismli ish, ammo ish bilan ta'minlash to'g'risidagi qonun amal qiladi.
Siz har doim yozma ravishda so'rashingiz kerak mehnat shartnomasi. Bu majburiy emas, lekin hech bir jiddiy ish beruvchi sizga berishga e'tiroz bildirmasligi kerak; Finlyandiya mehnat bozori bilan kamroq tanish bo'lganingiz sababli, siz qoidalarga amal qilmaydiganlar bilan tez-tez uchrashishingiz mumkin. Naqd pul to'lash odatda mumkin emas (ish beruvchi uchun juda ko'p muammo), shuning uchun sizga Finlyandiyaning bank hisobvarag'i kerak bo'ladi. Afsuski, turli banklarning ularni xorijliklarga berishga tayyorligi turlicha. Shuningdek, sizga Finlyandiyaning ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqami kerak bo'lishi mumkin (henkilötunnus) mahalliy maistraatti (ro'yxatga olish idorasi); qarang ro'yxatga olish idorasining veb-sayti ma'lumot olish uchun. Qurilish maydonlari uchun soliq raqami kerak; qarang Soliq ma'muriyati soliq raqamlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Xatarlar Finlyandiyada
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Jinoyat
Finlyandiya nisbatan past jinoyatchilik darajasiga ega va odatda sayohat qilish uchun juda xavfsiz joy. Ota-onalar tez-tez do'konga borayotganda uxlab yotgan bolalarini ko'chada bolalar aravachasiga tashlab ketishadi, qishloqda esa mashinalar va uy eshiklari ko'pincha qulfsiz qoldiriladi.
Foydalanish tunda sog'lom fikrXususan, juma va shanba kunlari Finlyandiya yoshlari mast bo'lish uchun ko'chalarga chiqqanlarida va ba'zi baxtsiz holatlarda muammo izlayotganlarida.
Irqchilik odatda sayyohlar uchun, ayniqsa, kosmopolit yirik shaharlarda kichik tashvish tug'diradi, ammo muammo izlayotgan ba'zi mast odamlar chet ellik odamlarni nishonga olishlari mumkin. Agar siz ushbu tavsifga mos keladigan bo'lsangiz, mast to'dalar bilan tortishuvlardan qochish muhimroq bo'lishi mumkin. 1990-yillarga qadar Finlyandiyaga immigratsiya cheklangan edi va hamma ham globallashuvga o'rganmagan.
Cho'ntaklar ilgari kamdan-kam uchragan, ammo hozirgi kunda vaziyat o'zgargan, ayniqsa yoz oylari gavjum bo'lgan sayyohlik oylarida, Sharqiy Evropadan uyushgan cho'ntaklar kelganda. Restoranlarda hech qachon telefoningizni, noutbukingizni, planshetingizni, kalitlaringizni yoki hamyoningizni qarovsiz qoldirmang. Xelsinki shahrida o'g'rilar mehmonxonalardagi nonushta bufetlarini nishonga olgan holatlar bo'lgan, bu erda odamlar ko'pincha qimmatbaho narsalarni bir necha daqiqaga qo'riqlamay qoldirishadi. Shunga qaramay, ko'pchilik finlar o'zlarining hamyonlarini cho'ntaklarida yoki hamyonlarida olib yurishadi va buni qilayotganda o'zlarini xavfsiz his qilishadi.
Velosiped o'g'rilari hamma joyda bor, hech qachon velosipedingizni bir daqiqaga ham qulfsiz qoldirmang.
Finlyandiya politsiya (poliisi/polis) jamoatchilik tomonidan hurmatga sazovor, hatto ichkilikbozlar va o'g'rilarga hurmat bilan qarashadi va buzilmaydi. Agar biror narsa yuz bersa, ikkilanmasdan ular bilan bog'laning.
Agar sizga politsiya xodimi haqiqatan ham murojaat qilgan bo'lsa, vazmin va muloyim bo'lish vaziyatni munozaralar darajasida saqlashga yordam beradi. Ular sizning shaxsingizni va mamlakatda qolish huquqingizni tekshirish huquqiga ega. Ular siz qayerdan kelasiz, qayerga borasiz, qaerda turasiz yoki kimnidir ko'rganmisiz, uchrashganmisiz yoki bilasizmi kabi g'alati savollarni berishlari mumkin. Agar biron bir savol sizning shaxsiy hayotingizga zarar etkazishi mumkin deb hisoblasangiz, iltifot bilan ayting. Finlyandiya politsiyasi hibsga olish va qidirish uchun keng vakolatlarga ega, ammo ularni suiiste'mol qilish ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Agar vaziyat yomonlashsa, ehtimol ular sizni qamoqqa olishadi, agar kerak bo'lsa, kuch bilan.
Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, Finlyandiya dunyodagi eng kam korruptsiyalangan davlatlardan biri ekanligini unutmang. Pora berish bo'yicha takliflar hayratda qoldiriladi yoki yomonroq bo'ladi. Agar siz jarimaga tortilsa, joyida to'lov hech qachon kutilmaydi yoki hatto mumkin emas. Pul so'ragan "politsiya" bu haqiqiy politsiya emasligi uchun o'lik sovg'a bo'ladi. Politsiyadan tashqari, chegara qo'riqchisi (rajavartilaitos/gränsbevakningsväsendet) va bojxonachilar (tulli/tull) politsiya vakolatiga ega; chegara qo'riqchisi ba'zi kam sonli joylarda politsiya nomidan harakat qiladi. Bularning barchasi odatda bir xil bo'lishi kerak.
Bojxona va politsiya giyohvand moddalar, shu jumladan nasha uchun qattiqqo'l. Sniffer itlari portlarda va aeroportlarda ishlatiladi va ijobiy belgi har doim to'liq qidiruvga olib keladi. Nasha iste'mol qilish odatda aholi orasida toqat qilinmaydi.
Fohishalik noqonuniy emas va asosan tartibga solinmaydi. Biroq, fohishaxonalar yo'q, chunki pimping noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, odam savdosi qurboni bo'lgan fohishaning xizmatidan foydalanish noqonuniy hisoblanadi.
Tabiat
Finlyandiyada sog'liq uchun jiddiy xavf mavjud. Sizning asosiy dushmaningiz bo'ladi sovuq, ayniqsa qishda va dengizda.
Finlyandiya kam sonli mamlakat va agar cho'lga boradigan bo'lsak, siz qaytib kelmasangiz, qutqaruv xizmatlariga xabar beradigan odam bilan sayohat rejangizni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishingiz shart. Agar muammoga duch kelsangiz, doimo mobil telefoningizni yoningizda saqlang. Qatlamlarga iliq kiyinib, oldini olish uchun qorli paytlarda yaxshi quyosh ko'zoynaklarini olib keling qor ko'rligi, ayniqsa bahorda va butun kunni ochiq havoda o'tkazishni rejalashtirsangiz. Cho'lda sayr qilishda doimo xaritani, kompasni va GPS-ni afzalroq tuting. Laplandiyada qo'shimcha choralarni ko'ring, u erda eng yaqin uyga yoki yo'lga bir necha kunlik yurish mumkin. Ob-havo tez o'zgarishi mumkin, va hozirda quyosh porlayotgan bo'lsa ham, bir-ikki soatdan keyin sizning qo'lingizda o'rta darajada qor bo'roni bo'lishi mumkin (hazil yo'q!). Ob-havo prognozi odatda sifatli bo'lsa-da, ob-havoni oldindan aytish qiyin bo'lgan holatlar mavjud, ayniqsa, qulab tushgan yoki orollari bo'lgan mintaqalarda. Shuni ham yodda tutingki, ko'pgina prognozlar kunduzgi haroratni keltirib chiqaradi, ko'pincha kechasi va erta tongda 10-15 ° C (20-30 ° F) sovuqroq bo'ladi.
Agar ko'llar va dengizga chiqsangiz, shamol va suv sizni sovuq havodan tezroq sovitishini unutmang, quruq bo'lish esa issiq bo'lishni anglatadi. Sovuqqa yaqin suvga tushgan odamni tezda qutqarish kerak, hatto yozda ham suv sizni juda tez sovutadi. Kichik qayiqlarda xavfsizlik: Spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilmang, joyingizda turing va har doim hayot jiletini kiying. Agar sizning qayiqingiz ag'darilsa - iliq bo'lish uchun qayiqqa yopishib oling. Kichik qayiqlarni botib bo'lmaydigan qilib qo'yishgan.
Finlyandiya aholisining sonini hisobga olgan holda, har yili yozda ko'llarga g'arq bo'lganlarning soni juda ko'p. Har yili o'tkaziladigan jamoatchilik xabardorligi kampaniyasida ta'kidlanganidek (qisman fin qora hazil, qisman haqiqat), stereotipik baxtsiz hodisa mast bo'lgan havaskor baliqchini o'z ishini bajarish uchun turib qayig'ini ag'darib yuboradi. Boshqa xavf-xatarlarga suv bo'ylab juda uzoq masofani bosib o'tish yoki boshiga sakrash paytida suv osti toshiga yoki suv osti jurnaliga urish kiradi.
Qishda, ko'llar va dengiz mavjud muzlatilgan. Odatda muzda piyoda yurish, konkida uchish yoki hatto mashina haydash tez-tez uchrab turadi, ammo o'limga olib keladigan baxtsiz hodisalar ikkalasini ham eshitmaydi, shuning uchun mahalliy maslahatlarga murojaat qiling va ularga quloq soling. Agar muz buzilib qolsa, suvdan qaytish qiyin, chunki muz silliq bo'ladi. Muzqaymoqlar xavfsizlik uskunalari sifatida sotiladi (xavfsizlik chizig'i bilan bog'langan, porloq plastik ushlagichli bir juft po'lat igna). Tinch bo'ling, yordam so'rab baqiring, muzni o'zingiz kelgan tomonga suring, o'rnidan turing, sudralib oling va kechiktirmasdan uyga kiring. Biror kishining arqon, uzun tayoq yoki shunga o'xshash qo'lbola yordami kerak bo'lishi mumkin (ikkalangiz ham suvda bo'lganingiz uchun foydasiz).
Finlyandiyadagi eng muhim zaharli hasharotlar ari (ampiainen), hornetlar (herhiläinen), asalarilar (mehiläinen) va Bumblebees (kimalainen). Ularning chaqishi og'riqli bo'lishi mumkin, ammo xavfli emas, agar siz traxeyadan ko'p miqdorda chayqalish yoki tishlamasangiz (sendvichingizga ariqni jalb qilmang!) Yoki siz unga juda alerjiya qilsangiz. Yozning oxirida, ari bezovtalanishi mumkin, ammo aks holda bu hashoratlar bezovtalanmasa, odamlarni yolg'iz tashlab qo'yishadi.
Finlyandiyada bitta turdagi zaharli ilon mavjud Evropa qo'shimchasi (Fincha: kyy yoki kyykäärme). Ularning chaqishi juda kamdan-kam hollarda o'limga olib keladi (kichik bolalar va allergik odamlardan tashqari), ammo yozda ehtiyot bo'lish kerak. Agar sizni ilon chaqqan bo'lsa, doimo tibbiy yordamga murojaat qiling.
Boshqalariga kelsak xavfli yovvoyi hayot, jigarrang ayiqlar (karhu), bo'rilar (susi), lynxes (ilves) va bo'rilar (ahma) Finlyandiya bo'ylab sodir bo'lgan, ammo agar siz ushbu yirik yirtqich hayvonlarning birortasini ko'rsangiz, baxtlisiz! O'rmonda bo'lganingizda kompaniyangiz bilan suhbatlashish, ularni ushlab qolish uchun etarli bo'lishi kerak, ayniqsa ayiq va uning bolalari o'rtasida qolmaslik uchun. Agar siz ayiqni ko'rsangiz, xotirjamlik bilan orqaga qayting.
Kabi boshqa yovvoyi tabiat bilan masofani saqlang elk. Buqalar tajovuzkor bo'lib, odamlarga zaryad berishlari mumkin, shuningdek, buzoqlarini himoya qiladigan sigirlar ham. Ammo eng yomon xavf - bu bitta xavfga duch kelishdir yo'lda. Laplandiyada, Shimoliy Ostrobotniyada va Kainuda xavf tug'diradi kiyik to'qnashuvlar. Ular ko'pincha yo'lda tinchgina kechikishadi; agar yo'lning biron bir joyida bitta kiyikni ko'rsangiz, tezlikni darhol kamaytiring va ularning atrofida ko'proq ekanligini tushunib oling. To'qnashuvdan keyin har doim 112 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling, hatto zarar ko'rmagan bo'lsangiz ham, hayvon zarar ko'rgan bo'lishi mumkin.
Favqulodda vaziyatlarda
112 barcha shoshilinch xizmatlar uchun milliy telefon raqamidir, shu jumladan politsiya va ijtimoiy xizmatlarva qaysi telefondan foydalanganligingizdan qat'i nazar, unga hudud kodi kerak emas. Raqam har qanday mobil telefonda ishlaydi, u klaviatura qulflanganmi yoki yo'qmi, va SIM-kartali yoki SIM-kartasiz. Agar uyali telefon sizga PIN-kod bilan murojaat qilsa, siz shunchaki PIN-kod sifatida 112 raqamini terishingiz mumkin - aksariyat telefonlar raqamga qo'ng'iroq qilish imkoniyatini berishadi (yoki so'ramasdan qo'ng'iroq qilish). Operator fin yoki shved tilida javob beradi, ammo ingliz tiliga o'tishda hech qanday muammo bo'lmasligi kerak.
Favqulodda yordam xizmatiga qo'ng'iroq qilishda sizning manzilingizni aniqlash uchun GPS-dan foydalanadigan 112 ta ilova mavjud. Ilova ba'zi tegishli telefon raqamlarini ham biladi. Yangilangan versiya tegishli ilovalar do'konlarida android va iphone uchun mavjud. Sizga kerak bo'lmasdan oldin uni o'rnatib qo'ying! U mobil ma'lumotlarga tayanadi, shuning uchun ba'zi chekka hududlarda ishonchli emas va GPS bir muncha vaqt yoqilmagan bo'lsa, GPS pozitsiyasi ishonchsizdir. O'zingizning mavqeingizni bilmasligingiz mumkin bo'lgan asosiy yo'llar bo'ylab mobil aloqa yaxshi.
Zaharlar yoki toksinlar (qo'ziqorinlardan, o'simliklardan, dori-darmonlardan yoki boshqa kimyoviy moddalardan) haqida ma'lumot olish uchun milliy qo'ng'iroq qiling Toksinlar haqida ma'lumot idorasi da 358 9 471-977. Finlar ko'pincha "qo'shimchalar to'plami" ga ega (kyypakkaus, 50 mg gidrokortizon) ularning uylarida, garchi bu o'z-o'zidan etarli emas bo'lsa-da, ehtimol asalarilar yoki arilarning chaqishi bundan mustasno: qo'shimchani tishlash bilan, shuningdek, "112" raqamiga hech qanday kechiktirmasdan qo'ng'iroq qilish kerak.
Yordam olish vaqti aholi kam bo'lgan joylarda (bir soat atrofida, ekstremal joylarda; shaharlarda bir necha daqiqada) ancha uzoq bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun kottejlarga yoki cho'lga borganingizda birinchi tibbiy yordam vositalarini yoningizda saqlash mantiqan to'g'ri keladi. Birinchi yordamni o'rgatish odatiy holdir, shuning uchun havaskor yordami bo'lishi mumkin. Kardiyak hibsga olingan taqdirda, jamoat defibrilatorlari (fincha: defibrillaattori) ba'zan mavjud; biron bir kishiga 112 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qilishni aytgandan keyin ham imkon qadar zudlik bilan KPRni boshlang.
Sog'lom bo'ling
E'tibor qilinishi kerak bo'lgan belgilar (fin va shved tillarida)
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Finlyandiyada qornini bezovta qilishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas musluk suvi har doim ichishga yaroqli (va umuman olganda juda mazali) va restoranlarda gigiena me'yorlari qat'iydir. Agar sizda biron bir allergiya bo'lsa, ko'plab restoranlarda menyuda odatda odamlar allergik bo'lgan eng keng tarqalgan ingredientlar ko'rsatiladi. Misollar: (L) = Laktozasiz, (VL) = Laktozaning past darajasi, (G) = Glyutensiz, agar ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, ofitsiant yoki restoran xodimlaridan so'rang.
Dori-darmonlarni oddiy do'konlarda emas, balki faqat dorixonalarda olish mumkin (ko'pgina chekka hududlarda maxsus kelishuvlar bundan mustasno). Har qanday ahamiyatsiz dori retseptni talab qiladi (ko'plab boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda qat'iy mezon).
Zararkunandalar
Eng xavfli zararkunandalar Shomil (Fincha: puutiainen yoki og'zaki ravishda pankki, Shvedcha: o'chirishLyme kasalligi (borrelioz) yoki Shomil bilan yuqadigan virusli ensefalit (TBE) kasalligini yuqtirishi mumkin. Ular ba'zi hududlarda keng tarqalgan, ammo mamlakatning aksariyat qismida uchratish mumkin Simo, va harorat 5 ° C dan oshganda faol bo'ladi. Baland o'tlar va butalar ichida paypog'ingizga shimingizni kiyish tavsiya etiladi va kechqurun qaytib kelganingizda tanangizni tekshirishingiz kerak (yoki yaxshiroq: turmush o'rtog'ingiz buni tekshirib ko'rsin), ular ideal joy qidirishda yurishganda. Borrelioz tishlangandan bir necha kun o'tgach (mahalliy simptomlardan) sezilib qolsa, osonlik bilan davolanadi, ikkalasi ham keyingi bosqichlarda jiddiy (nevrologik).
Bundan tashqari, bir qator bezovta qiluvchi hasharotlar mavjud, ammo agar siz yirik shaharlarning markazlarida qolishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, ular bilan uchrashishingiz ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Yozda jiddiy noqulayliklar mavjud chivinlar (xittynen, mygga, Sami: chuoika), ularning qo'shinlari yozda paydo bo'ladi - xususan, u va uning hamkasblari deb ataladigan Laplandiyada rakka. Shuningdek, bor qora chivinlar (mäkärä, tugun, muogir), chivinlarga yaqin qarindoshlar, juda kichikroq va Laplandiyada ham ko'p gadflies (paarma, supurgi; qoramol bo'lgan joyda keng tarqalgan). The kiyik kedlari (xirvikärpänen, alfluga), yozning oxirida paydo bo'ladi, kamdan-kam tishlaydi, lekin qanotlarini yo'qotgandan keyin emaklab yuradi va qutulish qiyin.
Wasps ba'zida tashqi gazaklaringizni baham ko'rish uchun yig'iling. Ularni jambon va sharbat bilan birga iste'mol qilmang (ularning chaqishi xavfli bo'lib qoladi), lekin navbatma-navbat tishlashingiz kerak - ular hayratga soladi, katta miqdordagi mayda jambon kubiklari bilan uchib ketadi - yoki agar siz turolmasangiz, ketib qoling. Shuningdek Bumblebees va asalarilar chaqishi mumkin, lekin faqat g'azablangan holda. Kuzda arilar g'azablantiradi va umuman u yoqda tursin.
Havoning sifati
Havoning sifati asosan shaharlarda yaxshi va shahar markazlaridan tashqarida juda yaxshi, ammo shaharlarda muammoli ko'chalar va muammoli vaqtlar bo'lishi mumkin. Bahorda bir necha hafta - ko'plab shaharlarda qorlar yo'qolgan va ko'chalar quruq bo'lgan eng yomon vaqt, ammo qishdan chang qoladi. Inversiya ba'zi shaharlarda sodir bo'ladi, lekin odatda kichik muammo hisoblanadi. Meteorologiya instituti ularni kuzatib boradi havo sifati.
Sog'liqni saqlash
Finlyandiya sog'liqni saqlash asosan jamoat, xususan intensiv, ilg'or va shoshilinch tibbiy yordamga tegishli. Sayohatchilar uchun eng dolzarb bo'lgan muassasalar asosan shahar poliklinikalari (terveyskeskus/halsotsentral), (markaziy) kasalxonada jarrohlik amaliyoti ((keskus) sairaala, (sental) sjuxus) va universitet kasalxonalari (yliopistollinen keskussairaala, universitetscentralsjukhus). Tish shifokori ushbu tizimdan tashqarida ishlaydi va asosan xususiydir.
Shuningdek, bor xususiy klinikalar (lääkäriasema/lakarstation yoki lääkärikeskus/läkarcentral), tez-tez uchrashuvni kamroq navbatlar bilan rejalashtirishi mumkin, bu esa ancha katta to'lovlar bilan (rezidentlar odatda pulni qaytarib olishadi). Agar siz Evropa Ittifoqi / EEA rezidenti bo'lmasangiz, narxdagi farq unchalik katta bo'lmasligi mumkin, sug'urta kompaniyangizga murojaat qiling. Ammo, agar ilg'or xizmatlar zarur bo'lsa, klinikalar baribir bemorni davlat kasalxonasiga yuborishi kerak. So'nggi yillarda davlat va xususiy parvarish o'rtasidagi tafovut unchalik aniq emas edi, chunki ba'zi bir munitsipalitetlar tibbiy xizmatlarning bir qismini autsorsingga topshirdilar (qisman katta bahsli islohotlarga javoban - har qanday kishidan chuqur xo'rsinish uchun "sote" deb ayting - yangi mujassamlashuv) shundan yana biri tayyorlanmoqda).
Uchun favqulodda vaziyatlar, 112 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling. Aks holda bilan bog'laning terveyskeskus yoki xususiy klinika. Har bir munitsipalitet tunu-kun xizmat ko'rsatadigan klinikaga ega bo'lishi kerak, ammo ba'zida u yaqin shaharda bo'ladi, mahalliy klinikada esa aholi kam bo'lgan soatlari cheklangan. Siz telefon orqali maslahat olishingiz mumkin. Odatda shifokorga tashrif buyurish uchun oldindan buyurtma berish kerak, shu bilan siz kirib kelayotgan hamshirani ko'rishingiz mumkin (telefon orqali so'rang). Vaqtni bron qilish raqamlari tez-tez hamshira tomonidan ishlaydi (odatda bir soat ichida yoki undan keyin) mashina sizning qo'ng'irog'ingizga javob berib, sizga qanday xizmat kerakligini ko'rsatishga imkon berganidan keyin. Qo'ng'iroqni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish uchun telefonni o'chirguncha gaplashishga ruxsat berish kifoya.
Universitet va AMK talabalar talabalar kasaba uyushmalari tomonidan tashkil etilgan asosiy tibbiy yordamdan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega. Qarang O'rganing yuqorida.
Evropa Ittifoqi / EEA va Shveytsariya fuqarolari favqulodda vaziyatlar va sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlariga Evropa tibbiy sug'urta kartasi orqali murojaat qilishlari mumkin, bu aksariyat hollarda sog'liqni saqlash uchun nominal to'lovlarni anglatadi (shifokorga odatda 15-30 evro, voyaga etmaganlar bepul, kunduzgi operatsiya 100 evro; ba'zi tegishli xarajatlar qoplanishi mumkin) ). Boshqa chet elliklar shuningdek, shoshilinch ravishda davolanadi, ammo barcha xarajatlarni to'lashi kerak. Qo'shimcha ma'lumotni Chegaralararo sog'liqni saqlash uchun aloqa punkti.
Hurmat
Baliq ovlash fin uslubi Yozning go'zal kuni edi, Virtanen va Lahtinen ko'lning o'rtasida kichik qayiqda baliq ovlashdi. Ikki soat o'tdi, ikkalasi ham jim o'tirishdi, keyin Lahtinen "Bugun yaxshi ob-havo" dedi. Virtanen xo'rsindi va baliq tutqichiga diqqat bilan tikildi. |
Finlar odatda odob-axloq va kiyinishga nisbatan erkin munosabatda bo'lishadi va mehmon ularni tasodifan xafa qilishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Ko'pgina hollarda aql-idrok etarli, ammo yodda tutish kerak bo'lgan ikkita narsa bor:
Finlar taniqli tinchlik kichik suhbat yoki ijtimoiy noz-ne'matlar uchun kam vaqt ajratadigan odamlar, shuning uchun "rahmat" yoki "xush kelibsiz" kabi iboralarni tez-tez eshitishni kutmang. Ular odatda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri biznesga borishadi. The Finnish language lacks a specific word for "please" so Finns sometimes forget to use it when speaking English, with no intention to be rude. Also lacking in Finnish is the distinction between "he" and "she", which may lead to confusing errors. Loud speaking and loud laughing is not normal in Finland and may irritate some Finns. Occasional silence is considered a part of the conversation, not a sign of hostility or irritation. Notice that although the phrase mitä kuuluu translates to "how are you", it has a literal meaning in Finnish, i.e. a longer discussion is expected; it is not a part of the greeting as in English.
All that said, Finns are generally helpful and polite, and glad to help confused tourists if asked. The lack of niceties has more to do with the fact that in Finnish culture, honesty is highly regarded; one should open one's mouth only to mean what one is about to say. Do not say "maybe later" when there is no later time to be expected. A visitor is unlikely to receive many compliments from Finns, but can be fairly sure that the compliments received are genuine.
Another highly regarded virtue in Finland is punctuality. A visitor should apologize even for being a few minutes late. Being late for longer usually requires a short explanation. Ten minutes is usually considered the threshold between being "acceptably" late and very late. Some will leave arranged meeting points after fifteen minutes. With the advent of mobile phones, sending a text message even if you are only a few minutes late is nowadays a norm. Being late for a business meeting, even by one or two minutes, is considered rude.
The standard greeting is a handshake (although avoided since a few years by healthcare personnel, and now by many, to avoid spreading a disease). Hugs are only exchanged between family members and close friends in some situations, kisses, even on the cheek, practically never. Touching is generally restricted to family members. The distance between strangers is ca. 1.2 m and between friends ca. 70 cm.
If you are invited to a Finnish home, the only bad mistake visitors can make is not to remove their shoes. For much of the year, shoes will carry a lot of snow or mud. Therefore, it is customary to remove them, even during the summer. During the wet season you can ask to put your shoes somewhere to dry during your stay. Very formal occasions at private homes, such as baptisms (often conducted at home in Finland) or somebody's 50th birthday party, are exceptions to these rules. In the wintertime, this sometimes means that the guests bring separate clean shoes and put them on while leaving outdoor shoes in the hall. Bringing gifts such as pastry, wine, or flowers to the host is appreciated, but not required.
In Finland, there is little in the way of a dress code. The general attire is casual and even in business meetings the attire is somewhat more relaxed than in some other countries, although sport clothing in a business meeting would still be bad form. Topless sunbathing is accepted but not very common on beaches in the summer, and thong bikinis have become fashionable in 2018. While going au naturel is common in saunas and even swimming by lakeside cottages, Finns aren't big on nudism in itself, as there are very few dedicated nudist beaches. At normal public beaches swimwear is expected for anybody over 6 years old.
Finns are highly egalitarian. Women participate in society, also in leading roles up to the Presidency. Equal respect is to be given to both genders, and there is little formal sex segregation. Social rank is not usually an important part of social code, thus a Dr. Roger Spencer is usually referred to as simply "Spencer", or even as "Roger" among coworkers, rather than "tohtori Spencer" or "herra Spencer", without meaning any disrespect. Nevertheless, compared to similar European nationalities, Finns are rather nationalistic. Finns are neither Swedes nor Russians or any mixture of the two and will reject any suggestion to this effect. Finland was not a part of the Soviet Union or the Soviet bloc, so prepare for strong opinions if you want to discuss these things. There is mandatory military service, so that most men (80%) have been in the army, and war veterans are highly respected.
When traveling with public transport, it is generally accepted to talk with your friends or ask for help, but only if you keep your voice down. No need to whisper, just don't shout or laugh too loud. It is of course appreciated if you give your seat to someone in need, but it is in no way a vital part of the culture today, and most Finns won't do that themselves.
Ulanmoq
By mail
Finland's mail service is run by Posti, nowadays a state owned business concentrating on parcels; the delivery time of normal domestic letters has increased to four days. A stamp for a postcard or normal letter (max 50g domestic, max 20g abroad; as of 2020) costs €1.75. Most stamps are "no-value" (ikimerkki, fixvärdesmärke), which means they are supposed to be valid indefinitely for a given service. Real post offices are all but extinct, with the services mostly handled by local businesses and automats. Stamps etc. can be got from these businesses or e.g. in book stores. The network of letterboxes is still adequate.
Lar bor Poste restante services in the cities, but often a better option is to get the post to some trusted address, e.g. your accommodation.
Alandiya has its own mail service, with stamps of its own.
By phone
As you'd expect from Nokia's home country, mobile phones are ubiquitous in Finland. Modern 4G/5G networks blanket the country, although it's still possible to find wilderness areas with poor signal, typically in Lapland and the outer archipelago. The largest operators are Telia, Elisa (a Vodafone partner) and DNA'. Most locals use packages with data, messages and normal calls included in the monthly fee (from €20, as of 2020).
Prepaid packages cost from about €5, including all the price as value. Ask at any convenience store for a list of prices and special offers. Finland has an exception to the EU roaming rules because of low domestic prices, so if you need to use the SIM abroad, check the fine print (EU roaming is usually free or cheap, but is treated separately and may not even be included). Also note prices for calling abroad (home) – you are typically referred to the internet, but might want to insist on the clerk finding the right page and translating if needed. For data, you typically pay €1/day or €0.01/MB, for normal domestic calls €0.066/min (surcharge for service numbers often more), for SMS à €0.066 (as of 2020). A prepaid card with data (100 Mbit/s), messages and normal calls included costs about €1/day, either counting days in use (even for a second) or days from activation. Reserve some leeway for calls not included in an "all included" package.
Public telephones are close to extinction in Finland, although a few can still be found at airports, major train/bus stations and the like. It is best to bring along a phone or buy one – a simple GSM model can cost less than €40 (be very clear about wanting a cheap, possibly used one: the shops might otherwise not suggest their cheapest options).
The area codes (one or more digits following the 358) are prefixed by 0 when used without the country code, i.e. 358 9 123 456 (a land line number in Helsinki) can be dialled as 09 123 456 (123 456 from local land lines), and is often written "(09) 123 456". Mobile phone numbers – as other numbers without true area codes – are always written without the parenthesis: "0400 123 456" for 358 400-123-456. Mobile phone numbers usually start with 04x or 050 as in the example. If you have a local SIM, note that any service numbers, including the 020 numbers, may have an inflated operator's surcharge, and are usually not included in the "all included" packages.
Numbers starting with 0800 or 116 are toll free with domestic phones. Numbers starting with 0700 are possibly expensive entertainment services. There is no guarantee that any service number is reasonably priced – e.g. Eniro number and timetable information is €6/min, with the price told in Finnish only – but prices should be indicated where the number is advertised; "pvm/mpm" or "lsa/lna" stands for your operator's surcharge, for landlines the price of a normal local call, for mobile phones often slightly more. Queuing may or may not be free. Service numbers usually start with 010, 020, 030, 060, 070 or 075 (here including the area code prefix 0) or 10 (without 0). There are also service numbers prefixed with a true area code (such as often for taxi call centres). Many service numbers are unavailable from abroad.
The prefix for international calls (from local land lines) is 00, as in the rest of EU. Other prefixes may be available.
Telephone numbers can be enquired from e.g. the service numbers 0200 16100, 020202, 0100 100,0300 3000 and 118, with hard to discover varying costs (often given per 10s instead of per minute), e.g. €1–2/call €1–6/min with some combinations of operators, service and time of day. Having the service connect the call usually costs extra. For the moment (February 2021) e.g. 0200 16100 costs €1.84/call €2,5/min (€0.084/min mpm during a connected call). Some services have a maximum cost of e.g. €24/call.
All of the main carriers offer good roaming services, so using your foreign SIM card should not be an issue. However the costs can be rather impressive. The European Union has agreed on the abolishing of roaming charges; domestic calls with an EU SIM via an EU operator should cost as domestic calls in the country of origin (and likewise with SMS and data), but again, check the fine print. The Finnish operators got an exception, but most will probably have reasonable surcharges and some have none – check before buying a Finnish SIM for use abroad.
By net
Internet cafés are sparse on the ground in this country where everybody logs on at home and in the office, but nearly every public library in the country has computers with free Internet access, although you will often have to register for a time slot in advance or queue, unless there is Wi-Fi and you are using your own device.
Wi-Fi hotspots are increasingly common: in cafés, public transport, marinas, what have you. University staff and students from institutions in the Eduroam cooperation have access to that net on most campuses and at some other locations.
Mobile phone networks are another option, either for your smartphone or for a 3G dongle for your laptop. The dongles themselves (mokkula) are usually sold as part of a 24 months' subscription, so check how to get one if using this option. At least Elisa/Saunalahti and DNA offer a dongle with a prepaid subscription, likely a better alternative for most travellers. There are used ones to be bought on the net (tori.fi, huuto.net etc.), with seemingly random prices.
LTE (4G) networks cover most of the country. The mobile phone operators all offer SIM cards for prepaid Internet access (some tailored for that, some for all-round smartphone use – but check surcharges for incoming calls): DNA, Elisa/Radiolinja va Sonera. You can buy them as soon as you arrive at Helsinki-Vantaa Airport at the vending machine by baggage claim, or at R-kioskis, post offices and mobile phone stores around Finland. Remember that you can use your phone as a Wi-Fi hotspot for other devices. Prices start from under €10, with about €20–30 for thirty days (one month or individual calendar days) of unlimited use. As of 2021 also 5G coverage is available in major cities and urban areas.
Engish
Newspapers
There are usually newspapers available in libraries for the public to read. In bigger towns these often include a few in foreign languages, including English. Foreign language newspapers are also on sale in some bookstores and in some R kiosks.
Radio
Most stations are on analogue FM channels.
The public broadcasting company YLE sends short news in English 15:55 on Yle Radio 1 (87.9 or 90.9 FM) and 15:29 or 15:30 on Yle Mondo, the latter a multilingual channel aired only in the Helsinki region. There are programmes also in Shved (own channels), Sami (Northern, Inari and Skolt) and Ruscha. The programmes can be heard also by Internet, usually up to a month since they where aired. Yle also publishes written news.
Toilets
Toilets are usually marked with "WC", image of rooster (and hen, if separate), pictograms for men and women (now sometimes also unisex pictograms) or the letters "M" (miehet, men) and "N" (naiset, women). Where there is more than one toilet, there is usually also an accessible/family toilet marked with a wheelchair pictogram, equipped for use with wheelchair, for changing nappies and for small children. A family room can also have its own pictogram.
There should be toilet paper, sink and soap, some method for drying your hands, a waste basket for paper towels and often one with lid and pedal for used sanitary napkins. Bidet showers are nowadays common. At cottages without running water there are usually only outhouses of varying standard: at some summer cottages they are a sight, with carpet, lace curtains and a nice view, for wilderness huts you might need to bring toilet paper and take care of hand washing on your own.
Toilets in public buildings are free, while toilets in the street (quite rare), at bus stations, in shopping malls and the like usually require a suitable coin (€0.5–2). There are toilets for the customers in all restaurants and cafés, while others often can use them for a token fee – but it is more polite to become a real customer. At festivals there are usually free (and stinky) portable toilets. Also toilets at rest spots are sometimes in bad condition.
Keyingisi
- Rossiya to the east. You will probably need a visa unless just visiting Vyborg yoki Sankt-Peterburg on a cruise, but even Moskva is just an overnight train away. There are tours and regular connections to some internationally less known destinations, such as Petrozavodsk (Fincha:Petroskoi).
- Shvetsiya, of which Finland was part for 650 years, is reachable by an overnight (or day) cruise, or overland from Laplandiya.
- Estoniya, a couple of hours away from Helsinki.
- Norvegiya's county of Finnmark va Troms can be accessed overland from Laplandiya.