In Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar ning Finlyandiya, Islandiya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya uchun mos keladigan kam sonli aholi yashaydigan joylar mavjud sahroda xalta qilish Norvegiyada, shuningdek, ko'pgina shahar va qishloqlar yaqinida bir necha kunlik turar-joydan yurish va hatto kunduzgi sayr qilish joylari. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda, vulqon Islandiyadan Finlyandiyaning sharqiy o'rmonlarigacha, Norvegiyaning tog'li tog'laridan Daniya va Shvetsiya janubidagi muloyim pasttekisliklarga qadar turli xil landshaftlar mavjud. The erkin yurishdeb nomlangan kirish huquqi yoki, shved / norveg tilida allemansrätten / allemannsretten ("har bir insonning huquqlari"), har qanday kishiga tabiatning ko'p qismidan foydalanish imkoniyatini beradi.
Maqsadga qarab, yanvardan fevralgacha yoki oktyabrdan maygacha bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan qishda, chang'i uchish hech bo'lmaganda ko'plab hududlarda uzoqroq masofaga boradigan yo'l - cho'lda ryukzak va orqada chang'i sporti bir xil faoliyat deb hisoblanadi. Yurish yo'llari bo'lgan yo'nalishlarda, ko'pincha qishda chang'i yo'llari mavjud.
Quyidagi tavsiyalarning ba'zilari tabiiy landshaftni o'rganishning boshqa usullari uchun ham muhimdir.
Uchun Faero orollari, Grenlandiya va Svalbard, ularning asosiy maqolalariga qarang.
Boshqa Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarga qaraganda Daniyadagi cho'l zonalari juda kichik bo'lsa-da, mamlakat hali ham ochiq havoda yashash uchun ba'zi imkoniyatlarga ega. Qarang Daniyada ibtidoiy lager.
 | COVID-19 ma `lumot: Endi Norvegiya cho'l kulbasiga zaxirasiz kelishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Finlyandiyada inshootlar 2020 yil bahorida yopilgan, ammo qayta ochilgan va tashrif buyuruvchilarga shunchaki gavjum dam olish joylaridan qochish va gigiena, masofalar bo'yicha tavsiyalarni diqqat bilan bajarishni so'rashadi. Sovun va dezinfektsiyalovchi vositalar berilmaydi, shuning uchun ularni o'zingiz olib yurishingiz kerak. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 2-fevralda yangilangan) |
Tushuning
| “ | Unga olov kerak, kim hozir keldi, tizzagacha sovuqdan uyqusirab; sayohatchining oziq-ovqat va kiyim-kechak istaydi Rimni yiqitgan kim yiqilib tushdi. | ” |
—Havamal | ||
Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya birgalikda bir million kvadrat kilometrdan ortiq maydonni egallaydi, bu Avstriya va Shveytsariya qo'shganidan o'n baravar kengdir. Yurish zonasi nam, yumshoq Atlantika fyordlari va Norvegiyaning qirg'oqlarini, Skandinaviya tog'larining yovvoyi alp baland cho'qqilari orqali, keng platolar va ichki chuqur o'rmonlarni o'z ichiga oladi.
Faqat bir necha avlod oldin Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda ko'pchilik odamlar qishloqda yashagan. Kam sonli aholi va ozgina dalalar bilan o'rmonchilik, baliq ovlash va rezavorlar yig'ish ko'pchilik uchun muhim qo'shimcha daromad keltirdi. Bugungi kunda piyoda yurish, baliq ovlash va rezavor mevalarni yig'ish ko'plab odamlar uchun ta'tilning muhim qismidir, asosan yozgi uyda dam olish. Hamma ham jiddiy mamlakat sayohatchisi emas - ammo ularning soni juda oz.
Skandinaviya tashqi makon an'analarining bir jihati - ov qilish, ko'pchilik uchun g'alati, chunki bu er egalari, yuqori sinf uchungina saqlanib qolgan. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda o'rmonlar har doim dehqonlarga tegishli bo'lib, ular ovni ba'zan muhim oziq-ovqat manbai sifatida egallab kelgan. Qishloqda mahalliy ovchilar klubining bir qismi bo'lish odatiy holdir. Finlyandiya cho'l uchun so'z, erama, shuningdek, ov qilish va baliq ovlash joylarini anglatadi. Qadimgi davrlarda odamlar oziq-ovqat va mo'yna olish uchun aniq trekking qilishgan va piyoda yurish, hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi sayohatchilar uchun ushbu an'analarning izlarini o'z ichiga oladi.
Hatto chekka hududlar ham kamdan-kam hollarda chinakamiga tegmaydi. Shimolda bug 'boqish uchun ko'p joylar ishlatiladi. Himoyalanmagan o'rmonlarning aksariyati o'rmon xo'jaligi uchun ishlatiladi. Amalda, ko'pchilik odamlar buni vaqti-vaqti bilan payqashadi.
Aholisi siyrak bo'lganligi sababli, ayniqsa shimolda, asosiy sayyohlik kurortlari yaqinidan tashqari, yo'llar ancha tinch bo'ladi. Yo'llarning tashqarisida siz hatto shaharlarga yaqin joyda kam odamlarni ko'rasiz. Asosiy yo'llar yaqinida siz tirbandlikni eshitishingiz mumkin, ammo aholi kam bo'lgan joylarda siz tez orada faqat sukunatni eshitasiz.
Iqlim va relyef
Relyef turi va ob-havo sharoiti juda xilma-xil: Norvegiyaning tik tog'laridan Fin Ostrobothnia-ning deyarli tekisliklariga, Atlantika sohilining mo''tadil va yomg'irli iqlimidan ichki Finlyandiyaning deyarli kontinental iqlimigacha va janubdagi iliq mo''tadil iqlimdan. juda shimolda tog'lardagi muzliklarga va tundraga.
Norvegiya quruqligining 5 foizidan kamrog'i rivojlangan (qishloq xo'jaligi erlari, yo'llar, shaharlar) va boshqa mamlakatlarda ularning nisbati o'xshashdir. Norvegiyada ushbu maydonning 50% ga yaqini o'rmonsiz ochiq maydon, shu jumladan qattiq toshsiz tuproq va yalang'och toshlar, 30% dan ortig'i o'rmonlar va 5% ga yaqini botqoq va botqoqlardir (ayniqsa, Sharqiy Norvegiya, Trondelag va Finnmarkda) , 5% chuchuk suv (daryo va ko'llar) va 1% doimiy muz yoki qor. Finlyandiyada 70% o'rmon, ochiq maydon ko'llar va botqoqlardan iborat bo'lsa, shimolda ham katta qulab tushgan xiyobonlar mavjud. Shuningdek, Shvetsiyada suv-botqoqli joylar keng tarqalgan (hududning taxminan 20%). Islandiyaning 63 foizga yaqini landshaft, 23 foizida qandaydir o'simlik turlari bor, 12 foizini muzliklar, 3 foizini ko'llar egallaydi.
Ob-havo prognozi xizmatlari odatda sifatli, ammo ularni sharhlash uchun mahalliy tajribaga ehtiyoj sezilishi mumkin: shamol sharoiti mahalliy topologiyaga qarab o'zgaradi va harorat uchun ko'pgina prognozlarda o'rtacha kunlik maksimal ko'rsatkichlar aytiladi, o'zgaruvchanlik va tungi haroratni hisobga olish kerak. Shamol odatda baland va unumsiz tog'larda va tashqi qirg'oq bo'ylab kuchli. Muayyan kunning maksimal va minimal harorati o'rtasidagi farq, odatda ob-havoning sezilarli o'zgarishi bo'lmasa, 3-15 ° C (5-30 ° F) oralig'ida bo'ladi. Odatda ochiq osmon sovuq tunni anglatadi. Iyul oyidagi o'rtacha kunlik o'rtacha harorat joylashuvga qarab taxminan 15 ° C (60 ° F) dan 23 ° C (75 ° F) gacha, yanvarda taxminan muzlashdan -10 ° C (15 ° F) gacha, baland tog'lar. hisoblanmaydi. Haroratning haddan tashqari balandligi yozda 35 ° C (95 ° F) dan shimoliy ichki qishda -50 ° C (-55 ° F) gacha o'zgarishi mumkin.
Finlyandiya uchun ob-havo ma'lumoti bo'yicha xizmatlar va iqlim haqidagi ma'lumotlar mavjud meteorologiya instituti (smartfonlar) yoki Foreca, Norvegiya uchun Meteorologik ofis va ob-havo yangiliklari va Islandiya uchun Islandiya meteorologik idorasi.
Hudud G'arbiy va Subarktika o'rtasidagi chegara zonasida; ob-havo ma'lum bir ob-havo tizimi tomonidan boshqarilishi mumkin yoki o'zgaruvchan ob-havoni taxmin qilish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Atlantika sohillari yaqinida (ya'ni Islandiyada va Norvegiya va uning yaqinida) va balandlikda ob-havoning tez o'zgarishi odatiy holdir.
Yilning ba'zi paytlarida baland tog'lar va muzliklarga borish qiyin. Balandlikka qarab, daraxt chizig'i Finlyandiya va Norvegiyaning eng shimoliy qismlarida 400 metrdan pastroq bo'lishi mumkinligini unutmang. Norvegiya va Islandiyaning baland tog'larida qor qishdan keyin iyundan, katta yamalar esa butun yoz davomida qolishi mumkin. Norvegiyaning baland tog'lariga piyoda yurish uchun yozning faqat ikkinchi yarmi va kuzning boshlarida tashrif buyurish mumkin (odatda iyuldan sentyabrgacha, mehmonlar har bir hudud uchun aniq ma'lumot olishlari kerak).
Baland tog'lardagi sirt asosan juda qo'pol, ko'pincha bo'shashgan toshlar, toshlar, qorlar va muzliklar - piyoda yurish odatda mashaqqatli va yaxshi etiklarga ehtiyoj seziladi. Ushbu qo'pol, serhosil sirt Evropaning qit'asi yoki AQShning Rokki qismiga qaraganda Norvegiyada ancha past balandlikda ko'rinadi; hatto dengiz sathidan 1000 dan 1500 metrgacha baland alp sharoitlari mavjud, deyarli yozda deyarli hech qanday o'simlik va qor maydonlari qolmaydi.
Pastroq balandliklarda, lekin daraxtlar chizig'idan yuqori qismida, yurish juda oson. Bu Finlyandiyaning shimoliy qismida va Shvetsiyadagi baland tog'lar va o'rmonlar orasidagi "past qulashlar" (lågfjäll) ning odatiy joyidir. Daraxt chizig'i yaqinidagi nam erlar ko'pincha tol bilan qoplangan (Salix) o'tishi juda qiyin bo'lgan butalar. Vodiylar ko'pincha o'rmon bilan qoplanadi, birinchi navbatda qayin bilan, shuningdek, qarag'ay va biroz pastroq, qarag'ay va archa o'rmonlari bilan bir qatorda.
Qarag'ay va archa o'rmonlari Shimoliy Evroosiyoning buyuk tayga kamarining g'arbiy qismidir. Taiga kamari Finlyandiya va Shvetsiyaning aksariyat qismini va Norvegiyaning ayrim qismlarini (xususan, Sharqiy Norvegiya va ba'zi chegara hududlarni) qamrab oladi. Pasttekisliklarda, ayniqsa Finlyandiya va Shvetsiyaning ba'zi joylarida ulkan botqoqlar va botqoqlar mavjud. Muzlik davri eskerlarni qoldirdi, bu esa ba'zi mintaqalarda landshaftga o'ziga xos rollarda xarakter beradi. Muzlar ketganda, Finlyandiya va Shvetsiyaning janubiy qismining ko'p qismi dengiz sathida bo'lgan va tog 'jinslari ko'pincha past tepaliklarda ham ko'rinadi, etarlicha tuproq to'plangan joylarda daraxtlar o'sib, tepaliklarda siyrak o'rmon beradi. Ba'zi hududlarni hisobga olmaganda, erning ozgina qismi qishloq xo'jaligi erlari hisoblanadi. O'rmon ustunlik qiladi, garchi ularning ko'p qismi o'rmon xo'jaligi uchun ishlatiladi, ko'plab tozalash joylari mavjud. Qadimgi o'rmon bu erda va u erda topilgan, qiyin erlar va yo'llar va daryolardan etarlicha uzoqroq joylarda saqlanib qolgan.
Balandliklar va relyef shakllari
Eng baland balandliklar Skandinaviya yarim orolining g'arbiy qismida Norvegiyaning janubidan, Norvegiyaning markaziy qismida va Shvetsiya bilan chegaradosh mintaqalar orqali va Troms va Finnmark juda shimoldagi okruglar. Ushbu balandliklar ko'pincha Skandinaviya tog'lari deb nomlanadi. Eng yuqori sammitlar Norvegiyada Jotunxaymen, bu erda eng baland cho'qqisi 2469m. Norvegiyadagi 200 ga yaqin cho'qqilar 2000 metrdan yuqori - asosan Jotunxaymenda, lekin ularda ham Rondan va Dovrefjell. Shvetsiyaning eng baland cho'qqilari Laplandiya Norvegiya bilan chegara yaqinida, 2000 metrdan yuqori bo'lgan bir nechta cho'qqilar bilan. Islandiyaning eng baland cho'qqilari Islandiyaning ichki qismi va Janubiy Islandiya, bitta tepalik 2000 metrdan yuqori. Norvegiyadagi pasttekisliklar asosan vodiylar va qirg'oqlar bilan cheklangan. Umuman olganda, yuqori balandliklar eng dahshatli relyefni, xususan, Norvegiyaning Atlantika sohilida ulkan fyordlar bilan (masalan, Sognefyord) kabi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri okeandan ko'tarilgan baland tepaliklar Lofoten. Biroq, yumshoqroq er shakllari (baland platolar) bilan yuqori balandliklar mavjud Xardangervidda plato, Dovrefjell, Sharqiy Norvegiyaning katta vodiylari va Finnmarksvidda (ichki makon) orasidagi baland tog'larning uzunligi Finnmark plato). Shimolda sovuqroq iqlim tufayli Finnmarksvidda va Finnmarkdagi boshqa balandliklar dengiz sathidan atigi 300-500 metr balandlikda ham bepusht.
G'arbiy qismdan farqli o'laroq, Finlyandiya ko'proq o'rmonlar yoki ochiq maydonlar bilan relyef shakllari bilan ajralib turadi. Finlyandiyaning eng baland balandliklari atigi 1300 metrni tashkil qiladi va dengiz sathidan 1000 metrdan baland tog'larni faqat shimoliy g'arbiy qismida Finlyandiyaning "qo'lida" topish mumkin. Sharqda bir nechta istisnolar uchun tejang, janubdan 300 metrdan baland tog'larni kamdan-kam uchratasiz Laplandiya. Boshqa tomondan, Finlyandiyaning katta qismi ko'llar va soylar bilan qoplangan.
Finlyandiya bilan taqqoslaganda, Shvetsiya juda yaxshi va Stokgolm-Oslo yo'nalishidagi shimolning aksariyat qismi yirik shaharlari bo'lmagan o'rmonli cho'ldir. Nihoyat Scania, Shvetsiyaning eng janubiy qismi, ko'proq Daniya, Gollandiya yoki Germaniyaning shimoliy qismini eslatadi - bu asosan pancake kabi tekis va uning katta qismi qishloq xo'jaligi erlari.
Islandiya ham Norvegiya singari bepusht. Islandiyaning eng baland balandliklari Islandiyaning ichki qismida va Shimoliy Islandiyaning Tröllaskagi tog 'tizmasida joylashgan. Islandiyaning boshqa joylarida balandliklar 600 metrdan pastroq.
Tog'lar
Norvegiyada "tog '" ("fjell") asosan daraxtlar chizig'idan yuqori balandliklarga ishora qiladi. Kamroq tik, nisbatan baland va tepasiz platolar ko'pincha "vidde" deb nomlanadi (quyida keltirilgan ro'yxat qisman shimolning keng Finnmarksvidda kabi platolarini o'z ichiga oladi).
Skandinaviya tog'larini xaritada bo'lgani kabi taxminan ajratish mumkin.
- Javob: Arktika tog'lari
- shu jumladan Kebnekaise, Sarek milliy parki, Lyngen Alp tog'lari, Lofoten, Svartisen muzligi, Narvik, Käsivarsi cho'l zonasi
- C: Markaziy chegara tog'lari (Norvegiya va Shvetsiya)
- D: Fyordlar oralig'i
- shu jumladan Sunnmøre & Romsdal Alp tog'lari, Jostedalsbreen muzlik, aksariyati Sognefjorden
- E: Markaziy tog'lar
- shu jumladan Rondan-Dovrefjell, Jotunxaymen (Shimoliy Evropada eng yuqori)
- F: janubiy baland tog'lar
- shu jumladan Xardangervidda plato va Rogaland/Setesdal Moorland
Fasllar
Yozgi yurish mavsumi odatda may oyining o'rtalaridan sentyabr oyining boshlariga to'g'ri keladi, faqat shimoldan va baland tog'lardan tashqari, u iyun oyida, hatto ba'zi joylarda iyulda boshlanadi. Hozirgi vaqtda piyoda yurish asosan oson va yilning boshqa qismlariga qaraganda tayyorgarlik, ko'nikma va jihozlarga ehtiyoj kam - ammo ba'zi yo'nalishlar hali ham talab qilinmoqda. Yozgi chivinlar va chivinlarning aksariyati ko'plab hududlarda, ayniqsa iyun oyining oxiridan avgustgacha shimolda treeline ostidan bezovta qilmoqda. Avgust oyi tunlari qoraymoqda, bolalar maktabga qaytib kelishadi va ba'zi sayyohlik ob'ektlari qishga yaqinlashadi.
Erta kuz (asosan sentyabr) vaqti ruska, barglar qizil va sariq rangga aylanayotganda, ayniqsa, chiroyli ko'rinish Laplandiya va Finnmark (ammo bu erda ko'pincha qisqa bo'ladi - qish erta kelishi mumkin). Ko'plab aholi qo'ziqorin va lingonberni terish uchun chiqib ketishadi. Bu ko'pincha yaxshi piyoda mavsumi; kunlar umuman yumshoq, garchi sovuqlar kechalari paydo bo'lishi mumkin va birinchi qor yog'ishi oyning oxirida paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Hasharotlar deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan va havo odatda tiniq. Boshqa tomondan, kech kuz (oktyabr-noyabr) ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun eng yaxshi fasl emas: qorong'i va nam, qor yog'adigan, ammo ishonchli qor qoplami yo'q (tosh markazlari ochiladi, lekin ko'pincha sun'iy qorga bog'liq) . Noyabr oyida harorat ba'zan -15 ° C (5 ° F) gacha pasayadi yoki hatto Finlyandiya janubida ham kamroq.
Qishning o'rta qismida shimolda umuman quyosh chiqishi yo'q - va qattiq sovuq bo'lishi mumkin. Janubda ham kunlar qisqa. Ota Rojdestvo vatanida Arktika kechasi yoki Rojdestvoni boshdan kechirishni xohlashingiz mumkin (Finlar uning Laplandiyada yashaydi va britaniyaliklar guruhi unga tashrif buyurishadi). Aks holda har qanday qishki yurish uchun janubda fevralni yoki shimolda erta bahorni afzal ko'rishingiz mumkin. Agar siz tog 'chang'i kurortlaridan foydalanmoqchi bo'lsangiz, qishki ta'tilning eng yuqori nuqtalariga e'tibor bering; biron bir vaqtga kelib siz savdolashishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek qarang Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish.
Bahor ko'plab mahalliy aholi tomonidan juda yaxshi ko'rilgan mavsumdir. Kunlar engil, quyosh kuchli va tabiat uyg'onmoqda. Yovvoyi sayrlar talabchan bo'lishi mumkin, bu erda qalin qor va u erda yalang'och er va suv juda ko'p, ammo ko'plab yo'nalishlar muammosiz. Shimolda va baland tog'larda iyun hanuzgacha qorlar eriydi va oqimlarda baland suvlar va baland tog'larda qor iyul yoki undan keyin davom etishi mumkin. Chirigan qor va baland suvlar zarar ko'rgan hududlarda yozning boshida boshqa joylarda sayr qilishni qiyinlashtiradi. Keyinchalik qolgan qor ko'pincha ixcham, yurish uchun etarlicha qiyin.
Norvegiyaning baland tog'larida bahor ayniqsa kech, hatto iyun oyida ba'zi joylarga faqat chang'ida o'tish mumkin. Bu Norvegiya kabi tog'larda to'g'ri keladi Jotunxaymen va Xardangervidda, bu erda qor iyun oyigacha davom etishi mumkin va yozning oxirigacha qorning katta qismlari saqlanib qolishi mumkin. Hatto Finlyandiyada yozda chang'ida uchish bo'yicha musobaqa mavjud Kilpisjarvi). Norvegiyaliklar chang'ilarini chang'i bilan davom ettiradigan joylarga ko'tarib piyoda yurishadi.
Yurish erkinligi
Barchaning asosiy huquqlari (kirish huquqi, erkin yurish) piyoda, chang'i yoki qayiqda erkin yurish huquqi, chodirda tunash huquqi va qutulish mumkin bo'lgan mevalar va qo'ziqorinlarni yig'ish huquqidir. Qaysi cho'l bo'lmagan hududlarda huquqlar qo'llanilishi mamlakatlar o'rtasida bir oz farq qiladi - masalan. Islandiyada yo'llardan tashqaridagi har qanday yopiq hududga kirish uchun er egasining ruxsatini talab qilish kerak - ba'zi tafsilotlar ham. Huquqlar (aniqroq: er egalarini taqiqlash huquqining yo'qligi) ehtiyotkorlik bilan kutish bilan birga keladi va muayyan qonunlarni buzishga, zarar etkazishga yo'l qo'ymaydi (masalan, hosil o'sayotgan dalalarda yurish yoki axlat yoki ochiq eshiklarni tashlab qo'yish) yoki aholini yoki yovvoyi hayotni bezovta qilmoqda. Ba'zi tafsilotlar qonunda kodlangan, ammo ko'plari sharhga bog'liq; sud ishlari kamdan-kam uchraydi.
Milliy bog'larga va boshqa "rasmiy" yo'nalishlarga tashrif buyurganingizda, aniq hudud uchun ko'rsatmalarni o'qing. Ko'pincha taqdim etiladigan xizmatlar (masalan, belgilangan gulxan va lagerlar kabi) mahalliy cheklovlarni qoplaydi. Sizga (ba'zida majburiy) bunday yo'llar bilan borishga da'vat etiladi.
Qarang Kirish huquqi batafsilroq muhokama qilish va ehtimol ma'lum bir mamlakatlar uchun qo'llanmalar bilan bog'lanish uchun.
Yong'in
- Shuningdek qarang: Gulxan
Yong'in paytida har doim ehtiyot bo'lishingiz kerak - bu nimani anglatishini bilishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Uni har doim tomosha qilish va ehtiyotkorlik bilan o'chirish kerak. Xususan, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan archa ko'plab yonuvchan materiallarni yaratadi. Iloji bo'lsa, belgilangan gulxan joylaridan foydalaning. Yong'inlarni toshda (yorilib ketadigan) yoki torfda (ishonchli tarzda o'chirish qiyin) qo'ymang. Shvetsiyada ehtiyot bo'lishingiz sharti bilan sizga ruxsat kerak emas. Islandiyada yong'in chiqishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi, bu erda o'rmon yong'inlari va boshqa zarar etkazish xavfi yo'q (ammo o'tin kam). Norvegiyada, odatda, 15 apreldan 15 sentyabrgacha o't o'chirish taqiqlanadi, faqat o'rmondan, binolardan va boshqa yonuvchan materiallardan yoki rasmiy ravishda belgilangan joylardan mo'l-ko'l xavfsiz masofa bundan mustasno. Finlyandiyada ochiq olov har doim er egalarining ruxsatini talab qiladi, ammo shimolda davlatga qarashli erlarning ko'p qismi uchun umumiy ruxsat mavjud (qamrab olingan maydonlarni va shartlarini tekshiring). Yong'in chiqishiga ruxsat berilishi o'tin olish huquqini anglatmaydi; daraxtlarga yoki estetik va ekologik jihatdan qimmatli jurnallarga zarar etkazmang. Islandiyada yog'och juda kam manba bo'lib, rasmiy ravishda yo'l qo'yilmasdan o'tadigan narsa, ammo boshqa mamlakatlarda hech qanday zarar etkazmasligi (va shu tariqa qabul qilinishi) u erda yomon bo'lishi mumkin. Favqulodda vaziyatlarda siz o'zingizning qaroringizdan foydalanasiz.
Ayniqsa quruq sharoitda ochiq havoda har qanday ochiq olovni taqiqlash mumkin (shu jumladan bir martalik panjara va shunga o'xshash narsalar). Finlyandiyada bunday taqiqlar yozda keng tarqalgan bo'lib, mintaqalar bo'yicha e'lon qilinadi (Laplandiyada: munitsipalitet tomonidan) aksariyat ob-havo prognozlarida "o'rmon yong'inidan ogohlantirish" (metsäpalovaroitus/varning för skogsbrand). Bahorda o't yong'inlari haqida ogohlantirish bo'lishi mumkin, bu unchalik jiddiy emas, lekin shunga qaramay e'tiborga loyiqdir. Lagerli pechkalar ochiq olov deb hisoblanmaydi, lekin ular ko'pincha o't o'chirishga qodir, shuning uchun ularga ehtiyot bo'ling (va ishlatilgan gugurt bilan). Shvetsiyada taqiqlar markaziy ravishda e'lon qilinmaydi; taqiqlarni favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmati, odatda mintaqaviy yoki shahar miqyosida hal qiladi.
Milliy bog'larda va shunga o'xshash joylarda o'tin bilan bepul ta'minlanadigan gulxanlar mavjud. Ba'zi yirik milliy bog'larda va cho'l hududlarida, yaqin atrofda gulxan yoqiladigan joyda yong'in chiqishiga yo'l qo'yilishi mumkin (hudud qoidalarini tekshiring). Haddan tashqari katta yong'in chiqarmang, ammo o'tinni tejab ishlating. Agar o'tinning bir qismi tayyor bo'lsa, ba'zilari tayyor bo'lmasa yoki ba'zilari ochiq havoda bo'lsa, yangi o'tinni ishlatilgani o'rniga yopiq joyda yasash va olib borish kerak. Odatda tabiatni to'ldirmaslik kerak. Maqsad uchun ko'pincha bolta va ehtimol arra bor, ayniqsa uzoqroq joylarda, lekin siz o'zingiznikini olib yurishni xohlashingiz mumkin. Yaxshi pichoq - bu tirik qolish uchun asosiy vosita va gugurtda bo'lgani kabi, suv o'tkazmaydigan buyumlar bilan uzoqroq yurish kerak.
Og'ir sharoitda olovni yoqish uchun odatda o'rmonda uch xil tinder mavjud: archa daraxtlari kam bo'lgan qurigan quruq novdalar (shunchaki osongina osib qo'yiladi - qoraqarag'ay osongina yuqadi), qayin po'stlog'i (po'stga o'xshamaydi) boshqa daraxtlar) yoki qatronli qarag'ay daraxti. Uchtasi turli xil texnikani talab qiladi, shuning uchun ularni ishlatishdan oldin materialni olib ketadigan joy zarar etkazmaydigan joyda mashq qiling. Archa novdalaridan foydalanishda siz ularga etarlicha, etarlicha mayda materiallar bilan va etarli havo va etarli issiqlik o'rtasida to'g'ri murosaga kelishingiz kerak (ehtimol siz qo'llaringizni ishlatishingiz kerak; olovni hurmat qilishingiz kerak, lekin qo'rqmang). Qayin po'stidan foydalanish oson, lekin uning o'zini qanday tutishini tekshiring. Pichoq uni kattaroq bo'laklarga ajratish uchun foydalidir. Qarag'ay uchun asosiy narsa etarlicha ingichka bo'laklarga ega bo'lishdir. Tinder sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan qarag'ay, yangi kesilgan hid va uzoq o'lik, ammo chirimaganligi bilan tanilgan, aks holda parchalanib ketgan mox bilan qoplangan qoqiqning qattiq qismlari (ko'zingizni o'rgating!). Quruq o'tin bo'lmagan qayin o'rmonlarida qayin daraxtini etarlicha ingichka bo'laklarga bo'linib, o't o'chirish uchun juda nozik qilish kerak (qalinroq o'tin chivinlarni ushlab turish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin va quriganidan keyin) yetarli). Daraxt chizig'i ustida siz quruq novdalardan foydalanishingiz mumkin, ammo etarli miqdorda quruq o'tin olish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.
Engil
Shimoliy kenglik tufayli quyosh yilning ko'p qismida ham, kechasi ham ufqqa yaqin yuradi. Alacakaranlık ekvatorga qaraganda ancha uzoq davom etadi, janubda yarim soatdan ko'proq vaqt va ehtimol Arktika kechasida bir necha soat (kunduzi yorug'liksiz).
Yozning yorug'ligi kuzning oxiri va qishning boshida cheklangan, piyoda sayr qilish uchun esa soat hech bo'lmaganda zich o'rmonda, qo'pol erlarda va yo'nalishni aniqlash qiyin bo'lgan joyda, ayniqsa osmon ko'pincha kuzning oxirida bulutli bo'lganligi sababli juda cheklangan. Qishda qorlar hatto yulduzlarga ham tunda bir oz yorug'lik berishiga yordam beradi, bu sizga ko'nikib qolganingizdan keyin ochiq er sharoitida etarli bo'lishi mumkin - oy nuri mo'l-ko'l his etishi mumkin.
Maydan iyulgacha kechalar butun mintaqada engil. U yerda Yarim tunda quyosh bir yarim oy davomida uzoq shimolda va yozning o'rtalarida ham janubda bir necha soat (nisbiy) qorong'i. Avgustga kelib, tunlar qoraymoqda va kech kuzda, qor kelmasidan oldin, juda uzoq qorong'i oqshomlar bor.
Yozda yuqori balandlikda quyosh nurlari nihoyatda kuchli bo'lishi mumkinligini unutmang, chunki toza havo, ko'llar va qor maydonlarining akslari va ozgina o'simlik.
Odamlar
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Har qanday axborot markazi, mehmonxona va hokazolarning xodimlari odatda ingliz tilini yaxshi bilishadi va sayyohlarga mo'ljallangan ma'lumotlar asosan ingliz tilida mavjud. Odatda yirik sayyohlik joylarida, mehmonxonalarda va shunga o'xshash joylarda bir nechta tillarni yaxshi biladigan xodimlar mavjud, ammo oilaviy korxonalarda keksa odamlar, albatta, o'z ona tillarida emas. Siz asosan ingliz tilida omon qolishingiz mumkin - va goahti shahrida tug'ilgan, ammo bir nechta chet tillarida ravon gaplashadigan sami bilan uchrashishingiz mumkin.
Skandinaviya mamlakatlarining shimolida vatan Sami xalqi; ular bir nechta munitsipalitetlarda ko'pchilik, boshqalarda esa katta ozchiliklar. Yarim asr ilgari til siyosati tufayli ko'plab sami tillari gapirmaydi Sami, lekin ko'pchilik buni, ayniqsa shimoliy Finlyandiya va Shvetsiya Laplandiyasida va Norvegiyaning aksariyat qismida Finnmark. Ular, shuningdek, mamlakatning aksariyat tillarida va chegaralari bo'yicha, ehtimol qo'shni mamlakat tilida gaplashadilar (shved va norveglar ham o'zaro tushunarli). Shved tilida fin lahjalarida (Meänkieli, Kven; ko'pchilik tilidan tashqari) gaplashadigan katta guruhlar mavjud. Tornedalen va Finnmarkning ayrim qismlarida.
Arxipelagida Uusimaa, janubiy Arxipelag dengizi, Allandiya va sohillari Ostrobotniya Shvetsiya an'anaviy tildir. Siz fin yoki ingliz tilida omon qolasiz, ammo shved tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar ularni fin tilida kutib olishga urinishingizdan unchalik ta'sirlanmasligi mumkin.
Laplendiya va Finlyandiya arxipelagi singari aholisi kam bo'lgan ba'zi hududlarda turizm ko'pchilik uchun muhim qo'shimcha daromad hisoblanadi. Kichik oilaviy korxonalar Internetda yoki turistik risolalarda reklama qilishlari shart emas. Ko'zlaringizni ochiq tutishingiz va mahalliy darajada so'rashingiz kerak.
Belgilangan joylar
- Shuningdek qarang: Norvegiyada sayr qilish joylari, Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari
- Yong'in yangi kelganga kerak
- Kimning tizzalari qotib qolgan;
- Erkakka kerak bo'lgan go'sht va toza choyshab
- Kim yiqilib tushdi ... – Xavamal
Sayohat qilish erkinligi sizga ozmi-ko'pmi istalgan joyga borishga imkon beradi. Mamlakatlarning hamma joylarida jamoat uchun ochiq bo'lgan o'rmonlar yoki boshqa tabiat turlari mavjud. Cho'lni ryukzak bilan olib yurishni yaxshi ko'radiganlar yoki bir necha kun yo'llardan chetda qolishni istaganlar eng kam aholi punktlarini qidirishlari mumkin, masalan Finlyandiya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiyaning shimoliy qismida, markaziy Norvegiya tog'larida (Jotunxaymen, Xardangervidda, Dovre). ), Finlyandiyaning sharqida va Islandiyaning ichki qismida. Ba'zi joylarda siz yo'lni ko'rmasdan bir yo'nalishda yuz kilometr ko'proq yoki ozroq yurishingiz mumkin.
Norvegiyada butun mamlakat bo'ylab kun bo'yi sayr qilish yoki uzoqroq sayr qilish yo'llari mavjud. Boshqa mamlakatlarda, shuningdek, hamma joyda rivojlanmagan joylar mavjud, ular o'rmonda sayr qilish yoki mevalarni yig'ish uchun mos keladi, ammo uzoq yurish uchun mos yo'llar yoki boshqa marshrutlar uchun siz xaritani biroz ko'proq o'rganishingiz yoki biroz masofani bosib o'tishingiz kerak. mos iz.
Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda sahroda ryukzakka ega bo'lish, hech qanday infratuzilmasiz sayr qilishni anglatishi mumkin, ehtimol bir necha kundan beri hech kim bilan uchrashmaslik va biron bir muammo yuz berganda o'zingiz bilan bo'lishingiz mumkin. Bu ko'p odamlar uchun keladi, lekin agar siz mahoratingizga shubha qilsangiz, tegishli marshrutlarni tanlang. Barcha darajadagi murosalar mavjud.
Eng yaxshi sayr yoki tabiat manzaralari milliy bog'larda yoki qo'riqxonalarda bo'lishi shart emas. Biroq, avvalambor, eng qimmat tabiat va eng yaxshi landshaftlarni qamrab oladigan "rasmiy" yoki boshqa taniqli yo'nalishlarni ko'rib chiqish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Bular uchun ma'lumot va xizmatlarni topish osonroq.
Har xil turdagi muhofaza qilinadigan hududlar ba'zan bir-biri bilan aralashib ketadi. Masalan, milliy bog 'ichida qattiq cheklovlar mavjud bo'lgan joylar yoki bog'dan tashqarida kamroq cheklangan zona bo'lishi mumkin. Shuningdek, sayohatchiga ozgina ta'sir ko'rsatadigan, asosan er egasi va rejalashtirish organlarining harakatlarini cheklaydigan qo'riqlanadigan hududlar mavjud.
Finlyandiyada milliy bog'lar, cho'l zonalari va boshqa ba'zi joylar Finlyandiya o'rmon xo'jaligi ma'muriyati Metsähallitus tomonidan saqlanadi, u erda bu joylar va umuman sayr qilish to'g'risida ma'lumot mavjud. milliyparks.fi. Ma'lumot shuningdek, mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatish punktlarida va milliy bog'ga tashrif buyuradigan markazlarda taqdim etiladi, bu erda siz kulbada yotoqni zaxiralashingiz yoki baliq ovlash (yoki hatto ov qilish) uchun ruxsatnomalarni sotib olishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari aksariyat "rasmiy" yo'nalishlar haqida ma'lumotga ega.
Norvegiyada Trekking assotsiatsiyasi mamlakatning barcha hududlarida ko'plab kulbalari (tog 'uylari) o'rtasida yo'llarni ushlab turadi.
Milliy bog'lar
Norvegiyada "milliy bog '" birinchi navbatda rivojlanmagan hudud uchun qo'riqlanadigan maqomni bildiradi. Yurish va tabiat manzaralari ko'pincha bog'larning tashqarisida bir xil darajada yaxshi. Milliy bog'lar ko'pincha "muhofaza qilinadigan landshaft" zonasi bilan o'ralgan bo'lib, sayohatchining fikriga ko'ra ko'pincha eng qiziqarli va odatda eng qulay cho'l hisoblanadi.
Aks holda milliy bog'lar eng aniq yo'nalish hisoblanadi. Ular, ayniqsa, munosib tabiatni qamrab oladilar, odatda xizmatlardan osonlikcha foydalanish mumkin, aksariyatiga ko'p shov-shuvlarsiz erishish mumkin. Odatda mehmonlar markazlari yaqinida qisqa muddatli yo'llar mavjud bo'lib, ular odatdagi tabiatni tezda ko'rish uchun mos keladi, kunlik sayohatlar va kam tajribali sayyohlar uchun. Kattaroq joylarda o'z yo'llarida yurishni istaganlar uchun chekka joylar ham mavjud. Ba'zi bir boshqa mamlakatlardagi amaliyotdan farqli o'laroq, milliy bog'larda yo'llar, to'siqlar va qo'riqchilar yo'q - Norvegiyada faqat yo'llar va turar joylar.
Butun mamlakatlarda yovvoyi (va ba'zi madaniy) landshaftlarning aksariyat turlarini qamrab oladigan milliy bog'lar mavjud: Finlyandiya milliy bog'lari, Shvetsiya milliy bog'lari, Norvegiya milliy bog'lari, Islandiya milliy bog'lari.
Ba'zan parkning o'zidan ancha uzoqroq bo'lgan mehmon markazlari ("naturum", "nasjonalparksentre") ko'pincha ushbu hududning tabiati va madaniyati haqida foydali ma'lumot beradi. Oldindan tekshirishga arziydigan filmlar, ekskursiyalar yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi markazlar mavsumdan tashqari yopiq yoki umuman ishlamaydi.
Dam olish maskanlari
Dam olish maskanlari odatda milliy bog'larga qaraganda osonroq bo'ladi va cheklovlar kamroq bo'lishi mumkin. Ularning aksariyati yurish uchun mos, garchi ular aksariyat milliy bog'lardan kichikroq bo'lsa va kamdan-kam hollarda eng ulug'vor manzaralarni taqdim etadi.
Finlyandiyada Milliy yurish joylari Metsähallitus tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi.
Aksariyat shaharlarda, odatda, mahalliy avtobusda yoki shahar markazidan piyoda borish mumkin bo'lgan kamida bir nechta dam olish joylari mavjud. Ba'zi shaharlardan tashqarida keng yurish imkoniyatlari mavjud. Masalan, atrofida Oslo metro va shahar avtobuslari yaqinida va ichkarisida yo'llari yoki yo'llari (ba'zilari chiroqli) bilan ta'minlangan keng o'rmonlar mavjud. Bergen shahar markazining yonida bir nechta tog'lar bor.
Ko'pgina tosh markazlari va shunga o'xshash joylarda piyoda yurish va chang'i marshrutlari mavjud. Ba'zan ular milliy bog'ning izlari tarmoqlariga ulanadi.
Qo'riqxonalar
Odatda qo'riqxonalar qo'riqlashning eng qat'iy shakliga ega va maxsus qo'riqxona qoidalari oldindan tekshirilishi kerak. Ular tabiatni muhofaza qilish uchun, o'zi uchun va tadqiqot uchun yaratilgan. Odatda kattaroq yo'llar bo'ylab piyoda yurish yo'llari mavjud va qo'riqlanadigan hududdan tashqarida ba'zi turar joylar yoki lagerlar mavjud bo'lishi mumkin. Ular juda o'ziga xos yoki yaxshi saqlanib qolgan tabiatni qamrab olishi mumkin. Ular, asosan, milliy bog'lardan kichikroq va (yo'laklari bo'lganlar) odatda bir kunlik sayohatga yoki bir kunlik sayrga mos keladi. Yo'llardan chetga chiqishga ko'pincha qishda yoki uylanish mavsumidan tashqarida yo'l qo'yiladi.
Cho'l zonalari
Finlyandiyada cho'l zonalari an’anaviy kasb-hunarlardan tashqari (masalan, kiyik boqish, ov qilish yoki uy ehtiyojlari uchun yog‘och olish kabi) infratuzilma qurishda yoki istalgan ekspluatatsiyada qattiq cheklovlar mavjud, qonun bilan belgilangan chekka hududlardir. Maqom sayohatchiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ta'sir qilmaydi, ammo ular tayyor marshrutlarni istamaganlar uchun qiziqarli joylardir. Bug'u parvarishi uchun bu joylar muhim, baliqchilar bo'lishi mumkin, lekin asosan siz yolg'iz qolasiz, ehtimol bir necha kun. Hududlarda ba'zi yo'llar va cho'ldagi kulbalar mavjud va odatda ba'zi turistik xizmatlar mavjud. Odatda kichik ovni (mavsumda) ovlash uchun litsenziyalar mavjud. Masalan, qarang Kasivarsi, Pyyrisjarvi va Muotkatunturit.
Norasmiy yo'nalishlar
Siz xohlagan joyda ko'proq yoki ozroq sayr qilishingiz mumkin. "Rasmiy" manzildan foydalanmaslikning odatiy sababi shundaki, siz piyoda sayr qilmoqchi yoki boshqa joyda turgan joyingizdan o'tib ketishingiz yoki tasodifan o'tib ketishingiz kerak. Hattoki yirik shaharlarning yaqinida ham tabiat juda ko'p. Locals often don't distinguish between "official" destinations such as national parks and other hiking areas. The freedom to roam allows you to enjoy it as long as you keep away from yards, cultivated land and similar. Be considerate and polite when you meet people and try not to disturb others.
Most of the countries (about 95% of Norway) is some kind of wilderness where the public is allowed to hike. Even in such wilderness there may be occasional roads reserved for logging, hydro power construction or power line maintenance. In Finland such roads are common in unprotected areas and provide easy access for berry pickers and hikers alike, while ruining the feel of wild nature – choose routes where the forestry roads (and clearings) are not too common. In Norway there are in addition many roads to summer farms (seter) in the forests or mountains or to abandoned farms. Such roads may not be open to public traffic and are usually dead-end roads with minimal traffic. Seters are usually hubs for hiking trails in the area.
Piyoda yurish yo'llari
Trails are often meant for use either in summer or in winter. When using them outside the intended season it is important to check the viability of the route. Winter routes are usually meant for cross-country skiing and may utilise the frozen lakes, rivers and bogs, while summer routes may have all too steep sections, go through areas dangerous in wintertime or simply be difficult to follow when marks are covered with snow. When evaluating the route, make sure you understand whether any descriptions are valid for the present conditions. Local advice is valuable.
Usually deviating from trails is allowed, except in nature reserves and restricted parts of national parks, although not encouraged in sensitive areas or areas with many visitors. Many experienced hikers prefer terrain without trails, at least for some hikes.
In addition to hiking trails at separate destinations there are some long distance hiking trails and hiking trail networks connecting nearby protected areas and recreational areas. They usually follow minor roads some or most of the distance, going through interesting natural surroundings wherever possible and sometimes passing by villages and tourist attractions, where you might be able to replenish. Lengths vary from suitable for a one day hike to the extreme European long distance paths. The longest routes are usually created by combining trails of different trail networks, which increases the risk of some parts not being well signed or maintained. There may even be parts missing. As hiking on other persons' land is perfectly allowed, you can make your own adjustments to the routes, but this may sometimes mean walking by a road or through unnecessarily difficult terrain.
On combined trails or trails that pass borders (between countries, municipalities or areas with different protection status), it is quite common that the markings or the maintenance standard change. Check that the same agent is responsible for the trail all the way or be prepared for it to change character. This is no problem if you have the equipment and skill to continue regardless, but can be problematic if you made your decision based on what the first part looked like. The character of the trail can change also for other reasons, such as leaving for the backwoods, reaching higher mountains or crossing mires.
In contrast to many trails in continental Europe, the hiking trails seldom go from village to village, but tend to mostly keep to non-inhabited areas. There is usually no transport (for instance for luggage) available. Where the trails follow traditional routes (from the time before the cars), they usually do so in the wilderness, where few villages are to be found. Newer trails have usually been made for exploring the natural landscape, not to connect settlements. Many trails lead from permanent settlements to shielings (summer farms, seter in Norwegian, fäbod in Swedish, karjamaja in Finnish) in the forest or in the high valleys, then onwards to pastures further into the uplands, high plateaus or high valleys. In Norway, such shielings are often starting points for hiking trails at higher altitudes, DNT lodges are often found at old shielings.
There are trails usable with wheelchair or prams, but this is not typical. Many trails follow quite narrow and rough paths. Even trails that start wide and smooth may have sections that are muddy (possibly with duckboards) or narrow, steep and rocky. This is true also for some very popular trails, such as the one to Trolltunga. Check, if this is important for you.
DNT maintains some 20,000 kilometres of summer trails in Norway. In the fells these are usually marked with cairns, some of which are marked with a red "T". In woods, markings are often red or blue stripes painted on trees. Winter routes and routes where the cairns would be destroyed in winter often have poles instead, also these usually with a red mark. Note that new or little used trails may be less worn than other paths leading astray. Winter routes are often marked with twigs instead of permanent marking, before the main season in spring. Markings in Finland and Sweden follow somewhat different standards.
The DNT trails are also classified: green trails do not require special skills and are often short (those suitable with wheelchair or pram are specially marked as such), blue trails require some fitness and basic skills, red trails require experience, fitness, good footwear and adequate equipment, while black trails can also be hard to navigate. Metsähallitus in Finland has some years ago started with a similar classification (with red and black combined and less emphasis on fitness, as the terrain is less demanding there).
In addition to the classification, DNT gives height profile and estimated time for the trails. The times are calculated for a fit and experienced hiker, excluding breaks – add considerable time to get a realistic estimate of total time needed.
There are three hiking routes in the Nordic countries that belong to the European long distance paths network (long sections are missing or unmarked at least in the Finnish parts):
- E1 hiking trail runs from Italy through Denmark and southern and middle Sweden to Nordkapp in Norway
- E6 hiking trail runs from Turkey through Denmark, southern Sweden and Finland to Kilpisjarvi (the north-west tip of Finland by the Swedish and Norwegian border). You can continue by the Nordkalottleden.
- E10 hiking trail runs from Spain through Germany and Finland to Nuorgam (the northern tip of Finland, by the Norwegian border). Kimdan Koli National Park ga Urho Kekkonen National Park in Finland the route is known as the UKK route.
The Nordkalottleden/Nordkalottruta trail (800 km) goes through Sweden, Norway and Finland offering versatile northern fell landscape, with easy to travel fell highlands, lush birch forests, glaciers and steep-sided gorges.
The Padjelantaleden trail (140 km) and Kungsleden trail (440 km) meander through the national parks of Swedish Lappland, one of Europe's largest remaining wilderness areas.
Some Finnish trails are described by Metsähallitus. For trails at specific destinations, see that destination. There are also trail networks maintained or marketed by municipalities and other entities, such as the Walks in North Karelia network.
Gear
For a basic idea about what to pack, have a look at packing for a week of hiking, wilderness backpacking va cold weather.
Good quality hiking equipment is available in many specialist shops, the largest probably being Partiovaruste / Scandinavian Outdoor Store, owned by a non-profit Finnish Girl and Boy Scout foundation. Such specialist shops should also be able to give good advice. Some equipment is available for rent at some destinations, especially if you are using a guide.
Every hiker must be familiar with the proper equipment for various seasons and areas as well as their style of hiking. In the Nordic area, choosing the right equipment may be particularly challenging outside the warmest summer and for the higher mountains.
Pack so that your spare clothes and outs won't get wet in rain and moist. Most backpacks are water repellent, but few if any are water resistant. Many have an integrated "raincoat", for others one is available as an add-on. Using plastic bags or similar inside the backpack is wise.
All year
- Map – 1:50,000 standard topographical maps with trekking info are generally recommended; 1:25,000 are available for some areas and give greater detail, necessary for hikes in forests, where sight is limited; 1:75,000 and 1:100,000 are usable for good trails but may not give enough details in rough or steep terrain
- Compass – you want robust, low-tech navigation
- First aid kit
- Bottle(s) for water – e.g. used mineral water bottles
- Sunglasses – in summer, on snow and at high altitude
- Sunscreen – particularly at high altitude and where there is sun and snow
- Sleeping bag, hiking mattress and tent – on overnight hikes, unless you know you will get by without
- Food, snacks
- Camping stove – on any longer hike
- Cutlery etc.
- Matches
- Knife – carrying a knife in a public place is illegal, unless you have a good reason, carrying it together with camping equipment is acceptable.
- Repair kit covering any essential gear (by your definition of essential on the hike in question – knife, rope and tape will get you a long way)
- Fabric in bright colour, such as a reflexive vest, to aid finding you if need be. Can be your tent, backpack or similar.
- Optional
- satellite navigator (GPS) – not a substitute for map & compass
- Mobile phone (pack watertight and keep off most of the time)
- Binoculars
- Torch, candles: seldom needed in the white nights, but at least in autumn and winter a light source may be needed in the night; many wilderness huts lack electricity
- Towel (light)
- Nordic walking poles, walking staff or similar, to aid in keeping the balance in rough terrain and while fording
Yoz
On short hikes or in easy terrain you may get by without some of these. The right foot wear is the most important for a successful hike.
- Foot wear:
- Jogging shoes are acceptable on tractor roads and other smooth trails in the lowland
- Rubber boots are good in wet terrain, unless the terrain is too rough for them
- Hiking boots with ankle support and a sturdy sole on rougher trails and in some terrain off trails; some people prefer lighter footwear also on rough ground, do as you wish if you are sure-footed and have strong ankles
- Gaiters or tall (military style) boots useful in muddy areas, after snow fall or in areas with dense low bushes
- For steep hills, on very rocky surface, with crampons or heavy backpacks, stiff, durable mountain boots often needed
- Trousers:
- Flexible, light hiking/sport trousers in synthetic material is useful for most conditions, preferably water repellent, if you have two pairs one pair should probably be suitable for hot weather
- Shirt on body:
- Cotton or synthetic on warm days
- Wool or similar on cool days/high altitudes
- Walking staff can be useful in rough terrain and for fording, Nordic walking sticks also serve some of these needs
- In the backpack
- Mosquito repellent (for the warm season, particularly in the interior), in some areas a mosquito hat is very much recommended
- Wool underwear
- Shirt/jumper (wool or microfleece)
- Wind proof, water repellent jacket
- Raingear (on short hikes the jacket may be enough, on some hikes the raingear should be heavy duty)
- Head cover (for rain, warmth, sun and mosquitoes)
- Neck cover (in high altitude for all but the shortest hikes, otherwise probably not necessary)
- Light gloves/mittens (high altitude, also otherwise if weather can become cold)
- Light footwear for the camp (to let the foots rest and the heavy duty boots dry), possibly also for fording
Qish
Already 15 cm (half a foot) of snow makes walking arduous, and much more is common also in the south, in some areas more than two metres (6 feet) is possible. Walking is thus a serious option only around your base or camp, at much used trails (do not spoil skiing tracks!) or if you know there will be little snow. In addition, in early Winter (November-December) there is little or no daylight. On Norway's Atlantic side heavy snowfalls are common, particularly a bit inland and uphill. Several metres of snow has been recorded along the Bergen railway (near Hardangervidda). In the city of Tromsø the record is more than two meters, in the month of April, more than a metre heavy snow is common. The deep snow typical in Western Norway and Troms county is often heavy and sticky, making hiking really difficult.
Snowshoes probably work as well here as in Canada, and there are snowshoe trails at some destinations, but they are much slower than skis in most Nordic conditions.
Buning ma'nosi cross-country skis are necessary for most Nordic winter hiking. Depending on conditions you may get away with skis meant for track skiing, but if you are going to ski off tracks, "real" cross-country skis are much better. There are many options though, mostly depending on whether you are going to mountainous terrain and whether deep loose snow is to be expected. Also check what possibly breaking parts there are, and whether the skiing boots are suitable for all conditions (warm enough etc.).
For clothing, advice for cold weather apply. You should have light enough clothing not to get too sweaty going uphill (especially important when it is cold, as you will not get dry easily), but also warm enough when having sought shelter for a snow storm.
Biroz portable stoves fare badly in really cold conditions. Check that for yours.
Some mobile phones fare worse in cold weather than others. Having the phone off in a sealed bag close to your body protects it and its battery, but it might still not work when needed.
When the sun comes out in earnest, i.e. after midwinter, be careful about snow blindness and sunburn. Mountain goggles are good also in some windy conditions (the snow carried by strong wind sometimes feels like needles).
Most people hiking in winter in the north or in the mountains stay overnight indoors, at wilderness huts. In severe weather it may however be hard to get to the hut, and in some areas there simply are no huts where you would need them. If you might have to sleep outdoors, make sure your equipment is good enough. Some tools for digging snow can come handy. In the south, where temperatures are comparably manageable, even quite cheap winter sleeping bags are enough, at least in mild weather or when sleeping by a fire at a shelter.
Remember that the unmanned huts are usually heated by wood, and it may be as cold indoors as outside (even colder, if temperatures have risen) when you arrive. It will take some time and labour before it gets warm – and if your matches got wet you won't be able to light the fire (unless you find some hidden away in the hut). A good knife, matches, torch and candles are important equipment.
For areas where avalanches are possible, and on glaciers, special equipment is needed.
Chiqinglar
From most towns there is some hiking terrain in reach by local bus and by foot. Here is some advice for more remote destinations, such as most national parks.
By coach
There are usually coach connections with stops near your destination. Watch out for express coaches that may not stop at your stop. Connections that start as express may stop at all stops in the far north.
Some destinations do not have direct coach connections. There might be a school bus, a regular taxi connection or other special arrangements to use for the last ten or twenty kilometres.
Mashinada
- Shuningdek qarang: Driving in Sweden, Norvegiyada haydash, Driving in Iceland
There are usually parking areas near the starting points of hiking routes in national parks and at similar destinations. You might, however, want to consider leaving your car farther away and use local transports, to be freer to choose the endpoint of your hike. On the other hand you can drive your car on minor roads without coach connections and stop at your whim – and for planned hikes you often can have a local business drive your car to a suitable location near the endpoint.
You are allowed to drive on some private roads, but not all. In Finland and Sweden roads that get public funding are open for all to use. Generally, unless there is a sign or barrier you are OK (watch out for temporarily opened barriers, which may be locked when you return). Parking may be disallowed in Norway except in designated places, in any case you should take care not to block the road or any exits. Some private roads are built for use with tractors, all-terrain vehicles or similar (or maintained only before expected use) and may be in terrible condition. In Iceland also many public roads (with numbers prefixed with "F") require four wheel drive cars and many mountain roads are closed in winter and spring.
Qishki haydash requires skills and experience, and should be avoided unless you are sure you can handle it. Nordic roads are regularly covered in ice, slush or hard snow during winter. Not all minor roads are ploughed in winter. In Norway even some regional roads are always closed in winter and there is a telephone service (ph 175 in Norway) to ask about temporarily closed roads and road conditions.
Qayiqda
Some destinations are best reached by boat. There may be a regular service, a taxi boat service or the possibility to charter a boat (crewed or uncrewed).
Taksida
Taxi rides are expensive, but they may prove worthwhile to avoid hiring a car or bringing your own, and to allow you to choose starting and ending points of the hike more freely.
Sometimes there are special arrangements that can be used, such as a reduced rate or shared regular taxi service, or a possibility to use a taxi transporting children to or from school (minivan taxis are common for these services).
Although taxis in the towns are usually ordered via a calling centre, in the countryside you might want to call the taxi directly. Numbers may be available from the yellow pages of the phone catalogue, from tourist information centres, visitor centres or tourist businesses.
Poyezdda
In Norway and Sweden there are train connections to some hiking destinations. Also in Finland train can be a good option for part of the voyage. Iceland has no railways. Long-distance trains often run overnight. There may be combined tickets, where you get a reduction on ferries or coaches by booking the voyage in a special way.
In Finland trains are especially useful for getting from the south (Helsinki, Turku, Tampere) to Lapland (Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Kolari). The overnight trains on this route also take cars (loaded quite some time before departure, and not to all stations, check details). Nearly all trains take bikes. There is usually a smooth transfer to coaches or minibuses to get farther.
In Sweden Abisko ustida Lulea–Narvik temir yo'l (Malmbanan, "Iron Ore Railway") and Porjus on Inlandsbanan provide railway access into the Laponia national park complex or nearby destinations, such as Abisko National Park, Kebnekaise va Kungsleden va Nordkalottleden trails. Bikes are not allowed on mainline SJ trains, except foldable ones.
In Norway Hardangervidda can be reached directly from the spectacular Bergensbanen railway between Oslo va Bergen, and some stations are available by train only. The Nordlandsbanen (Trondheim–Bodø) railway runs across the Saltfjellet plateau, while the Dovrebanen (Lillehammer–Trondheim) runs across the Dovrefjell plateau. The Malmbanan runs through the Narvik mountains and passes the wild areas at the border between Norway and Sweden.
Samolyotda
Some destinations are remote. There may be an airport near enough to be worth considering. The airport probably has good connections to the area.
If you want to spend money you might be able to charter a seaplane or helicopter to get to the middle of the wilderness – but part of the joy is coming there after a tough hike and few areas are remote enough to warrant such a short-cut other than in special circumstances. There are flights for tourists to some destinations especially in Sweden, where also heliskiing is practised near some resorts, while such flights are available but scarce in Finland, and air transport into the wilderness generally is not permitted in Norway.
Velosipedda
Most destinations are reachable by bike. If the destination is remote you might want to take the bike on a coach or train or rent a bike nearby. In Sweden only some trains take bikes. Foldable bikes can be taken also on the others.
By snowmobile
There are networks of snowmobile routes in parts of the countries, e.g. covering all of northern Finland. Rules for driving differ between the countries. Driving around by snowmobile is forbidden at many destinations, but routes by or through the areas are quite common. Ask about allowed routes and local regulations (and how they are interpreted) when you rent a snowmobile. Eslatma avalanche va ice safety implications and do not disturb wildlife. Maximum speed is about 60 km/h on land, with trailer with people 40 km/h, but lower speed is often necessary.
In Finlyandiya driving snowmobile (moottorikelkka, snöskoter) on land requires landowner's permission. Driving on lakes or rivers is free, unless there are local restrictions. There are designated snowmobile routes and tracks especially in the north, leading by national parks and wilderness areas. The snowmobile routes maintained by Metsähallitus ("moottorikelkkareitti", "snöskoterled") are regarded roads and thus cost nothing to use, while snowmobile tracks ("moottorikelkkaura", "snöskoterspår") require buying a permit, giving "landowner permission". Beside Metsähallitus, also e.g. some local tourist businesses make snowmobile tracks. Snowmobile "safaris" (i.e. tours) are arranged by many tourist businesses. Minimum age for the driver is 15 years and a driving licence is required (one for cars or motorcycles will do). Helmets and headlights must be used. Check what tracks you are allowed to use; driving on roads is not permitted, except shorter stretches where necessary, as in crossing the road or using a bridge. Qarang Finnish Lapland#By snowmobile for some more discussion on snowmobiles in Finland.
Snowmobiles are extensively used by the local population in the north, especially by reindeer herders (permits are not needed for using snowmobiles in reindeer husbandry or commercial fishing).
In Shvetsiya snowmobiles may in theory be driven without permission, where driving does not cause harm (there has e.g. to be enough snow), but local regulations to the contrary are common, especially in the north. In the fell area driving is generally restricted to designated routes. Minimum age is 16. A driving licence is needed, a separate snowmobile licence unless the licence is from before 2000 (foreigners might be treated differently, ask). Headlights must be used.
In Norvegiya all use of motor vehicles in the wilderness is generally forbidden unless specific permission is obtained. A driver's licence covering snowmobile (snøskuter) is needed. Helmets and headlights must be used.
In Islandiya driving a registered and insured snowmobile is allowed when the ground is frozen enough and there is enough snow not to cause harm. Driving in national parks and cultivated lands however is forbidden. A driving licence for cars is needed.
To'lovlar va ruxsatnomalar
- Shuningdek qarang: Right to access in the Nordic countries
There are no entrance fees to national parks, wilderness areas or other hiking destinations, and entry is usually allowed from anywhere. There may however be service available for a fee, such as lodging in cabins (which is highly recommended at some destinations) – and of course fees for transportation, fishing permits and the like. Many services of visitor centres are free.
In most nature reserves only marked trails may be used; entry is entirely forbidden for the public to a few nature reserves and to a few restricted areas of national parks. The rules often vary by season: more severe restrictions when birds and mammals have offspring, often April–July, or when there is no snow cover. Otherwise you are mostly allowed to find your own paths.
Picking edible berries and mushrooms is allowed even in most nature reserves, with limitations in non-protected areas varying by country. Non-edible species are usually protected in nature reserves. Collecting anything else, including invertebrates, stones or soil is usually forbidden in the reserves, often also in national parks.
Camping in nature reserves is usually forbidden, but there may be a suitable site (with toilet etc.) by the trail just outside the reserve.
Baliq ovlash
There are several systems for fishing permits. Normally you pay for a permit for fishing in general and separately to the owners of the waters or an agency representing them. Some fishing is free. Salmon waters (many inland waters in the north) are often not covered by the ordinary fees, but use day cards instead. Make sure you know the rules for the area you will be fishing in; there are minimum and maximum sizes for some species, some are protected, and there may be detailed local regulations. Note that there are parasites and diseases that must not be brought to "clean" salmon or crayfish waters by using equipment used in other areas without proper treatment (be careful also with carried water, entrails, which can be carried by birds etc.). Tourist businesses and park visitor centres should be happy to help you get the permits and tell about needed treatments.
In Finland, fishing with a rod and a line (with no reel nor artificial lure other than a jig) is free in most waters. For other fishing, people aged 18–64 are required to pay a national fishing management fee (2016: €39 for a year, €12 for a week, €5 for a day). This is enough for lure fishing with reel in most waters, but streams with salmon and related species, as well as some specially regulated waters (not uncommon at the "official" hiking destinations), are exempted. For these you need a local permit. Fishing with other tools (nets, traps etc.) or with several rods always requires permission from the owner of the waters, in practice often a local friend, who has a share. There are minimum sizes for some species, possibly also maximum sizes and protection times. The restrictions are published online at kalastusrajoitus.fi (national restrictions by species and local exceptions by water area), but in practice you probably have to check from a visitor centre, suitable business, local fisherman or the like.
In Norway fishing with a rod and a line is free in salt water (living bait and fish as bait are prohibited). Norway's rivers and lakes are generally private and landowner permission is required. In water with salmon and related species a state fishing licence is also needed.
In Sweden fishing from the shore with hand-held tools (rod-and-line, lure and similar fishing) is generally permitted in the biggest lakes (Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren and Hjälmaren in southern Sweden, Storsjön in Jämtland) and in the sea. For fishing with nets etc. or from a boat, check the regulations. Other waters are mostly private property and a permit is required. The permits can often be bought from e.g. a local petrol station or fishing shop, for some waters also on Internet or by SMS.
In Iceland fishing does require buying an permit from the land owner. This also applies to fishing within national parks.
Hunting
The additional meat got by hunting has always been welcome in the countryside, and hunting has remained a common pastime. Especially the hunt on elk get societies together, as the hunt is usually by driving. Among city dwellers hunting can be much more controversial.
For hunting yourself, you need general hunting and arms licences, and a permit for the specific area, time and intended game. Check the regulations well in advance. Some tourist businesses arrange hunting trips. If you are going to use such a service, they can probably help also with preparation and may enable hunting without licences, under their supervision.
The licences are usually easily obtained if you have such in your home country, but regulations are strict and some bureaucracy needed. You should of course acquaint yourself with local arms and hunting law, the game you are going to hunt and any similar protected species.
The permit is usually got either as a guest of a hunting club (which has obtained rights to hunting grounds), through a governmental agency (for state owned land; Finland: Metsähallitus, mostly for the wilderness areas) or through an association administering renting of private land (common in Norway).
Big game hunting in Norway (moose and red deer) is generally reserved for landowners and most forests are private. Reindeer hunting is possible in some areas of Southern Norway, largely on government land in the barren mountains. In Finland big game (including also wolves and bears in small numbers) requires special permits, usually acquired by the hunting club in an area. You may get a chance to join, but probably not to hunt independently.
Atrofga boring
Freedom to roam is mostly about getting around by foot or ski, but you may also want to use other equipment. There are often trails but seldom roads inside the protected areas.
You are allowed to use nearly any road, also private ones, unless you use a motorized vehicle. With a motorized vehicle you may drive on most private roads, but not on all (see Mashinada above), and use of motorized vehicles off road is restricted: usually you at least need landowner's permission. In Norway and Iceland there are also restrictions on the use of bicycles outside trails or tractor roads.
As all Nordic countries are members of the Schengen Agreement (and have far-reaching cooperation), border controls are minimal. Unless you have something to declare at customs, you can pass the border wherever – and if you have, visiting any customs office before you go on your hike may be enough. This is especially nice on the border between Sweden and Norway, on Nordkalottleden near Kilpisjarvi, where Norway, Sweden and Finland have common land borders, in Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park yaqin Kirkenes and (for the hardcore backcountry hiker) if combining visits to Lemmenjoki National Park va Øvre Anárjohka National Park. The border to Rossiya is quite another matter, paperwork is needed to visit that border area.
Agar sizda it, be sure to check the procedures: there are some animal diseases that need documented checking or treatment before passing the border.
Dogs should be on leash at all times, except where you know you are allowed to let them free. They can easily wreck havoc among nesting birds and among reindeer. They are disallowed altogether in some areas. In any case you must be capable of calling your dog back if it e.g. finds a wild animal, livestock or another dog.
Orienteering
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At least on longer hikes you will need a compass, a suitable map and the skill to use them. Official trails are usually quite easy to follow, but there might be signs missing, confusing crossings and special circumstances (for instance fog, snow, emergencies) where you can get lost or must deviate from the route. Finding your way is your own responsibility. A GPS navigation tool is useful, but insufficient and prone to failure.
Magnetic declination is roughly in the range −15° (western Iceland) to 15° (eastern Finnmark), usually – but not always – negligible on land and in the inner archipelago. Finnish compasses often use the 60 hectomil for a circle scale; declination may be given as mils ("piiru"), i.e. 6/100 of degrees. One mil means about one metre sideways per kilometre forward, 10° about 175m/km.
As anywhere, compasses are affected by magnetic fields, and magnets have become common in clothing and gear, e.g. in cases for mobile phones. A strong magnet, or carrying the compass close to a weaker one, can even cause the compass to reverse polarity permanently, so that it points to the south instead of to the north. Check your gear.
Uchun Finlyandiya, Maanmittaushallitus makes topographic maps suitable for finding your way, in the scale 1:50,000 (Finnish: maastokartta, Swedish: terrängkarta) for all the country, recommended in the north, and 1:25,000, earlier 1:20,000 (peruskartta, grundkarta) for the south. You can see the map sheet division and codes at Kansalaisen karttapaikka by choosing "order" and following directions. The former map sheets cost €15, the latter €12. For national parks and similar destinations there are also outdoor maps based on these, with huts and other service clearly marked and some information on the area (€15–20). Some of these maps are printed on a water resistant fabric instead of paper. For some areas there are detailed big scale orienteering maps, available at least from local orienteering clubs. Road maps are usually quite worthless for hikers once near one's destination.
Newer maps use coordinates that closely match WGS84 (EUREF-FIN, based on ETRS89), older ones (data from before 2005) a national coordinate system (KKJ/KKS/ISNET93; difference to WGS84 some hundred metres). In addition to coordinates in degrees and minutes (blue), metric coordinates are given in kilometres according to some of the old KKJ/YKJ grid, the local ETRS-TM grid and the national ETRS-TM35FIN grid. Old maps primarily show the metric (KKJ/YKJ) coordinates.
The data is free (since spring 2012) and available in digital form, packaged commercially and by hobbyists (but maps included in or sold for navigators are sometimes of lesser quality). The data is used by OSM and thus by OSM based apps. The map sheets are also available for Bepul Yuklash as png files (registration mandatory) at the National Land Survey; topographic raster maps 1:50,000 are about 10 MB for 50×25 km.
Online maps for all the country with Metsähallitus trails and services marked (most municipal and private ones missing) are available for general use va mobile devices.
Explanatory texts are usually in Finnish, Swedish and English. Maps can be ordered e.g. dan Karttakeskus.
Uchun Islandiya there are sérkort in 1:100,000 scale with walking path information. Online map from the national land survey.
Uchun Norvegiya there are Turkart (including trail and hut information etcetera; 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000) and general topographic maps by Kartverket (1:50,000, 1:100,000 and 1:250,000). Maps at 1:50,000 give enough detail for navigation in difficult Norwegian terrain (standard maps in Norway), maps 1:100,000 tend to be too course for hiking. Maps at 1:250,000 can be used for general planning, but not for navigation in the wilderness. Maps can be ordered e.g. dan Kartbutikken yoki Statens Kartverk[o'lik havola]. Electronic maps are available from Norgesglasset. Online map for general planning is provided by the Trekking Association (DNT). The DNT maps also have information on huts and routes. Although the info is in Norwegian, it is in a standard format, quite easy to grasp. Note that walking times are given as hours of steady walk, you have to add time for breaks, and you might not be able to keep the nominal speed.
Lantmäteriet, the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority, used to publish printed maps of Sweden. Since 1 July 2018 they only publish maps on their website, where it is possible to download maps in the scales of 1:10 000 and 1:50 000.
For fell areas in Shvetsiya there were two map series by Lantmäteriet, Fjällkartan 1:100 000 covering all the fell area, and Fjällkartan 1:50 000 covering the southern fells. The maps included information on trails, huts, weather etcetera, were adapted to the trails and overlapped as needed. They were renewed every three to five years.
For most of the country there is Terrängkartan (1:50 000, 75 cm x 80 cm). The road map, Vägkartan (1:100 000), covers the area not covered by Fjällkartan and includes topographic information. It may be an acceptable choice for some areas.
Lantmäteriet has an online map.
Maps are often for sale in well equipped book stores, outdoor equipment shops and park visitor centres. Maps for popular destinations may be available in all the country and even abroad, maps for less visited areas only in some shops. Ordering from the above mentioned web shops is possibly restricted to domestic addresses.
Note that maps, especially when based on older data, can have coordinate systems other than WGS84.
In border areas you often need separate maps for the countries. Some electronic maps handle the situation badly (the device showing blank areas of one map instead of information of the other map).
Polaris (North Star) is high in the sky, often seen also in sparse forest, but low enough that the direction is easily seen. Boshqalar natural orienteering aids include ant nests (built to get as much warmth from the sun as possible, thus pointing to the south), moss preferring the shadow and the boundary between grey and red of pine tree trunks, being lower on one side.
Fording
On marked routes there are usually bridges or other arrangements at any river, but at least in the backcountry in the north, in the mountains and in Iceland there are often minor (or "minor") streams too wide to jump over. In times of high water fording may be difficult or even impossible. Asking about the conditions beforehand, being prepared and – if need be – using some time to search for the best place to ford is worthwhile. Asking people one meets about river crossings ahead is quite common.
In Norway and Sweden it is common to have "summer bridges", which are removed when huts close in autumn. Off season you have to ford or take another route unless there is strong enough ice or snow cover. It is not always obvious from the maps what bridges are permanent (and permanent bridges can be damaged by spring floods). Not all bridges are marked at all on the maps, so you can have nice surprises also.
At some crossings there may be special arrangements, such as safety ropes. At lakes or gentle rivers there may be rowing boats, make sure you leave one at the shore from where you came.
Often the streams are shallow enough that you can get to the other side by stepping from stone to stone without getting wet (at some: if you have rubber boots or similar). The stones may be slippery or may wiggle; do not take chances.
In a little deeper water you will have to take off boots and trousers. Easy drying light footwear, or at least socks, are recommended to protect your feet against potential sharp edges. If you have wading trousers, like some fishermen, you can use those to avoid getting wet. A substitute can be improvised from raingear trousers by tying the legs tightly to watertight boots (e.g. with duct tape). Usually you get by very well without – avoiding drenching boots and raingear would your construction fail.
When your knees get wet the current is usually strong enough that additional support, such as a walking staff or rope, is needed. Keep the staff upstream so that the current forces it towards the riverbed, make sure you have good balance and move only one foot or the staff at a time, before again securing your position. Do not hurry, even if the water is cold. Usually you should ford one at a time: you avoid waiting in cold water or making mistakes not to have the others wait. People on the shore may also be in a better position to help than persons in the line behind.
Unless the ford is easy, the most experienced one in the company should first go without backpack to find a good route. If you have a long enough rope he or she can then fasten it on the other side. A backpack helps you float should you loose your balance, but it floating on top of you, keeping you under water, is not what you want. Open its belt and make sure you can get rid of it if needed.
The established place to cross a river is often obvious. Sometimes an established ford is marked on the map (Finnish: kahlaamo, Swedish, Norwegian: vad, vadested), sometimes it can be deduced (path going down to the river on both sides), sometimes you have to make your own decisions. Always make a judgement call: also established fords can be dangerous in adverse conditions, especially when you lack experience. Hech qachon xavfli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan daryoni to'sib qo'yishga umid qilmang, aksincha, agar kesish juda qiyin ko'rinadigan bo'lsa, ehtiyojni oldini olish uchun etarli vaqtni saqlang.
Daryodan o'tishni qidirayotganda, eng tor joyni qidirmang: bu erda oqim kuchliroq. O'rtacha oqim va o'rtacha chuqurlik bilan kengroq qism yaxshiroqdir. Daryo tubidagi qattiq qum yaxshi, garchi unchalik keng tarqalmagan bo'lsa ham. Ba'zan siz daryodan dovonda yoki toshqin toshlarda sakrab o'tishingiz mumkin, lekin o'z hayotingiz bilan qimor o'ynamang (aql silkitib yoki silliq toshlar, bo'shashgan moxlar va boshqalar).
Vaqt ba'zi fordlarda muhim bo'lishi mumkin. Qattiq yomg'ir bilan siz, ehtimol, iloji boricha tezroq o'tishingiz yoki voz kechishingiz kerak. Qorli yoki muzli daryolar sovuq kechadan keyin ertalab osonroq bo'ladi.
Ba'zi daryolar uchun siz etarlicha kichrayguncha yuqoriga ko'tarilishingiz kerak. Bu ko'prik etishmayotganida yoki siz katta suvlar paytida piyoda yurganingizda sodir bo'ladi. Agar daryo bir nechta irmoqlari bo'lgan ko'ldan kelib chiqsa, ko'ldan yuqori yo'lni topish ko'pincha hal qilinadi. Shuningdek, siz daryo vodiylarida emas, balki tog'larda ko'tarilish va pastga tushmaslik uchun marshrutni kuzatib borishingiz mumkin.
Kamdan-kam hollarda daryodan o'tishning eng yaxshi usuli, masalan, qurilishi mumkin bo'lgan qo'lbola saldan foydalanish bo'lishi mumkin. xalta, arqon, arqon va bir juft yosh daraxt. Uskunalaringiz polietilen paketlarga yaxshi joylashtirilganligiga va sizni xavf ostiga qo'yadigan oqim yo'qligiga ishonch hosil qiling.
Qishda siz ko'pincha qor va muz ustida daryolarni kesib o'tishingiz mumkin, ammo bu ikki qirrali qilich: tez oqadigan daryolardagi muzning qalinligi keskin o'zgarib turadi va ochiq suv bo'lishi mumkin, yoki faqat qor ko'prigi bilan qoplangan suv, shuningdek qishda ham. Oldingi kompaniya kesib o'tgan qorli ko'priklar siz uchun qulashi mumkin. Agar tajribangiz etishmasa, o'zingizning hukmingizga juda ko'p ishonmang.
Piyoda
Qisqa yurish uchun sizga maxsus uskunalar kerak bo'lmasligi mumkin.
Ko'pgina hududlarda nam erlar kutilmoqda. Ta'minlangan piyoda yo'llar eng yomon joylarda duckboardga ega, ammo ular har doim ham etarli emas.
Ba'zi tog'li hududlarda toshloq toshlar va mustahkam poyabzal zarur.
Uzoq qulagan joylarda sizning xaritangizda belgilangan ko'priklar va ko'priklar kam bo'lishi mumkin (toshqin daryolar tufayli vayron qilingan yoki qish uchun olib tashlangan). Fords va ehtimol doğaçlama raflardan foydalanishga tayyor bo'ling. Suv sathi bahorda (muzliklarning quyi oqimida: yozda) yoki uzoq davom etgan kuchli yomg'irdan keyin juda yuqori bo'lishi mumkin, bu esa oqimni xavfli bo'lmagan oqimlarda ham xavfli qiladi. Siz, odatda, hech bo'lmaganda belgilangan marshrutlar va atrofdagi umumiy holat to'g'risida parkni ziyorat qilish markazlaridan va sayyohlik biznesiga sayyohlarga qadar ma'lumot olishingiz mumkin. Belgilangan marshrutlarda daryo kesib o'tishlari xavfli bo'lmasligi yoki odatdagi sharoitlarda maxsus ko'nikmalarni talab qilishi kerak, lekin har doim o'zingizning qaroringizdan foydalaning.
Ba'zi hududlarda ulkan botqoqlar mavjud. Bittasiga chiqmasdan oldin, undan chiqib ketishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Asosiy muammo - bu yo'ldan adashish, shu sababli taslim bo'lganingizda va orqaga qaytsangiz, u erda juda qiyin joylarni topasiz. Bulardan saqlanish bilan siz borgan sari o'zingizning marshrutingizdan uzoqlashasiz. Ishlatilgan marshrutni etarlicha aniq eslab qolish hayratlanarli darajada qiyin.
Tosh bilan
Qishki yurishlar odatda tomonidan amalga oshiriladi kros chang'i. Keyinchalik tajribali sayohatchilar, shuningdek, tabiat qo'ynida ko'rinmaydigan landshaftlarda cho'lga sayohat qilishni ta'minlaydigan yo'llardan tashqarida ham foydalanishga mo'ljallangan chang'ilarga ega. Oddiy kros-chang'ilar bilan siz tayyorlangan treklar bo'ylab yoki o'zingizning bazangiz yaqinida, ba'zi sharoitlarda, shuningdek, treksiz uzoqroq turlarda hayratlanarli manzaralarni ko'rishingiz mumkin.
Yurish yo'llari mavjud bo'lgan joylarda, ko'pincha qishda chang'i yo'llari saqlanib turadigan belgilangan chang'i chang'i marshrutlari mavjud. Yo'nalish ko'pincha yozgi marshrutlardan farq qiladi, masalan. juda tik qismlardan saqlanish yoki muzlatilgan ko'llar va botqoqlardan foydalanish uchun. Standartlar bir-biridan farq qiladi. Shahar va tog 'chang'i kurortlari yaqinida marshrutlarda ikki marshrutli yo'l, erkin uslub va chiroqlar bo'lishi mumkin, orqada joylashgan mamlakatda ba'zi "chang'i yo'llari" faqat bir necha marta qor mototsiklida ular bo'ylab yurish orqali saqlanib qoladi. Bir necha chang'i marshrutlari hanuzgacha buzilmagan, ya'ni kimdir bajarmagan bo'lsa, ularni kuzatib borishda ham o'zingizning yo'llaringizni qilishingiz kerak. Ko'pincha treklar muntazam ravishda tozalanadi, ammo qor tushgandan ko'p o'tmay. Turistik korxonalar tomonidan uyushtirilgan ekskursiyalarda ba'zida siz uchun maxsus tayyorlangan treklar bo'lishi mumkin.
Qor mototsiklida treklar bo'lganida, bo'sh qorda chang'ida yurishdan ko'ra, ularga ergashish osonroq bo'lishi mumkin. Ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki qor mototsikllari juda katta tezlik bilan harakatlanadi va mustaqil haydovchilar tomonidan yo'llar sizni adashishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
Shimoliy ichki hududlarda qishning ko'p qismida havo harorati past bo'lishi mumkin, bu qor quruq va bo'shashganligini anglatadi (tozalangan yo'llardan tashqari va shamol qotib qolgan joylardan tashqari). Ba'zi kunlar (va tunlar) nihoyatda sovuq bo'lishi mumkin. Bu Arktika kechasida chang'i uchun narx.
Shimoldagi eng yaxshi chang'i mavsumi - kunduzgi harorat muzlashdan yuqori ko'tarilib, muzlagan tundan keyin ertalab yaxshi sirt hosil qiladi. E'tibor bering qor ko'rligi va quyosh yonishi. Erta turing: kuchli quyosh nuri va ko'pincha iliq kunlar qorni yumshatadi va tozalangan yo'llardan chang'i tushdan keyin mashaqqatli bo'lib qolishi mumkin.
Shimolda yoki tog'larda yaxshi ob-havodan zavqlanib, ob-havo tezda o'zgarishi mumkinligini unutmang. Bezovta qilinadigan joylarda qor bo'roniga tushib qolish xavfli, ayniqsa siz o'qimagan va tayyor bo'lmagan bo'lsangiz. Bundan tashqari, agar siz kechiksangiz va tunni (bir qismini) ochiq havoda o'tkazishingiz kerak bo'lsa, bu kunga qaraganda ancha sovuqroq bo'ladi.
Bahorning oxirida, shimolda, kechalari etarlicha sovuq bo'lmaganida, qor ertalab ham yumshoq bo'ladi - qorning qolishi chang'i chang'isining oson bo'lishini anglatmaydi. Shu bilan birga, erigan qor har bir mayda oqimni suv bosadi. Oxirgi qorda sayohatni rejalashtirish, shartlarni tushunganingizga ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak.
Konki bilan
Ko'pincha ko'llar, daryolar va dengizdagi muz sharoitlari uzoq masofalarga muzli konkida uchish va piyoda yurishga imkon beradi konki bilan. O'z-o'zidan borish yomon fikrdir, chunki muzlik sharoitini oldindan aytish qiyin, ammo klublar va ba'zi sayyohlik korxonalari ekskursiyalarni tashkil qilishadi. Sayoz ko'llar muzlashi sababli ichki arxipelag biroz va dengiz ancha keyinroq (shamollar, oqimlar, mahalliy qor yog'ishiga va boshqalarga qarab juda ko'p o'zgarib turadi), odatda muz bo'lganidan beri ozgina qor yog'magan yoki yo'q bo'lgan joylar bor. . Mahalliy ixlosmandlar omadingizni qayerda sinashni yoki kimdan so'rashni bilishadi. Ushbu turdagi konkida uchish uchun maxsus xavfsizlik uskunalarini olib kelishingizga ishonch hosil qiling (agar yo'riqnomangizda bo'lmasa).
Velosipedda
Velosiped odatda Finlyandiya, Shvetsiya va Norvegiya tog'larida sayohat qilish erkinligiga kiritilgan, ammo velosipedlar izlarni qoldiradi va eroziyaga olib kelishi mumkin - va sizga zarar etkazishingizga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Siz sezgir yoki buzilmagan tabiatdan qochishni xohlashingiz mumkin. Norvegiyaning pasttekisliklarida, ya'ni chiziq chizig'idan pastda, velosiped haydash faqat yo'llarda va yo'llarda ruxsat etiladi. Shuningdek, pasttekislikdagi tanlangan yo'llarda velosiped haydash taqiqlanadi. Islandiyada sizga faqat yo'llarda, yo'llarda va yo'llarda velosiped haydashga ruxsat beriladi.
Ba'zi milliy bog'larda va cho'l zonalarida velosipedda velosiped haydashga ruxsat beriladi va rag'batlantiriladi, muhofaza etiladigan hududlarda velosipedda yurish bevosita yoki aniq taqiqlanishi mumkin.
Shuningdek, siz oddiy qishloq joylarida velosipedda yurishni, qishloqlar orqali kichik yo'llardan foydalanishni va kirish huquqidan foydalanib tunlarni chodirlarda o'tkazishni xohlashingiz mumkin. Ba'zi tadqiqotlarni topish B&B: va shunga o'xshash narsalar foydali bo'lishi mumkin, masalan. yaxshi muhitda choy va bulka olish va mahalliy aholi bilan suhbatlashish. B va B ko'pincha o'zlarining ba'zi mahsulotlarini, masalan, hunarmandchilik yoki echki pishloqini sotadilar. Oldindan qo'ng'iroq qilish kerak bo'lishi mumkin.
The Rallarvegen (Navvy yo'li) - mashhur velosiped yo'nalishi, dastlab Oslo - Bergen temir yo'li bo'ylab qurilish yo'li.
Ot bilan
Ot minish odatda sayohat qilish erkinligiga kiritilgan, hech bo'lmaganda Finlyandiya va Shvetsiyada, lekin minish odatdagidan ko'proq bo'lsa, unchalik katta bo'lmagan yo'llarga va erga ta'sir qiladi. Agar siz otlarni yollasangiz, molxonada, ehtimol, mahalliy mulkdorlar va yo'l xizmatchilari bilan kelishuvlar mavjud. Qaysi marshrutlardan foydalanishingiz kerakligini so'rang.
Qayiqda
Qayiqda eng yaxshi tajribaga ega bo'lgan yoki kanoeda turli xil tajribalarni taklif qiladigan ko'plab yo'nalishlar mavjud. Ba'zilarida siz mahalliy biznes bilan daryo kemasi bilan masofaning bir qismini tashishingiz va piyoda yurishingiz mumkin.
Norvegiyada barcha ichki suvlarda, boshqa mamlakatlarda ba'zi o'ziga xos suvlarda avtomobil transporti taqiqlanadi. Shaxsiy tirgaklardan ruxsatsiz foydalanish mumkin emas. Aks holda qayiqda sayohat qilishda kamdan-kam cheklovlar mavjud.
Qayiq va kichik qayiqlarni tez-tez belgilangan manzilga ijaraga olish mumkin. Yaxtalar ko'pincha katta shaharlarda ijaraga olinishi mumkin. Agar siz katta yoki tezkor narsadan foydalanmoqchi bo'lsangiz, oddiy qoidalarni bilishingiz kerak. Shuningdek qarang Boltiq dengizida qayiqda yurish.
Agar siz pastga tushayotgan bo'lsangiz Rapids nima so'rashni bilish yoki sizning yo'riqnoma yangi boshlanuvchilar ekanligingizga ishonch hosil qilish uchun etarli tajribaga ega bo'lishingiz kerak. Yordam berishdan mamnun bo'lgan ko'plab sayyohlik korxonalari mavjud. Bundan tashqari, ko'p narsalar uchun juda ko'p imkoniyatlar mavjud tinch kanoeda eshkak eshish, ayniqsa, Finlyandiyada.
Kanoeler, baydarkalar va boshqa qayiqlar ifloslanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun (masalan, losos parazitlari va kerevit vabosi; qayiqni yaxshilab quritib qo'yish etarli bo'lishi mumkin) suv tizimlari o'rtasida to'g'ri dezinfeksiya qilinmasdan harakatlanmaslik kerak yoki buni tekshirish aniq holatda kerak emas.
Sohil bo'yida, katta ko'llarda va arxipelaglarda yaxshi imkoniyatlar mavjud dengiz baydarkasi. Belgilangan joylarga quyidagilar kiradi Arxipelag dengizi, ko'l tizimlari Finlyandiya va Malaren arxipelagi Svealand.
Qarang
Milliy bog'larning tavsiflari bo'ylab sayr qilish sizga ko'rishni istagan narsalar to'g'risida tasavvur berishi mumkin.
Uzoq shimolning qishki kechalarida, vaqti-vaqti bilan janubida siz ko'rishingiz mumkin Shimoliy chiroqlar (Aurora Borealis). Islandiyaning aksariyat qismida, Troms, Finnmark, shimoliy Norrland va Finlyandiyaning shimoliy Laplandiyasida ular kechalari 50-75% toza osmon bilan sodir bo'ladi va sahroda sizning mash'alangizdan tashqari yorug'lik ifloslanishi yo'q - tungi ko'rishni buzmang . Ehtimol, sizning kuningiz normal tugaganidan keyin kechqurun eng yuqori (agar osmon aniq bo'lsa, siz kechqurun bir muncha vaqt chiqib ketishingiz mumkin), ammo qisqa kunduzgi soatlarda va ozgina omadda siz ularni yo'lingizni yoritib berishingiz mumkin. , bu yanada kuchli sehrgarlikni keltirib chiqaradi.
Siz ko'rishingiz mumkin bo'lgan boshqa hodisalar - bu halo fenomenlari, masalan, quyosh itlari va yorug'lik ustunlari, ularning barchasi quyosh yoki oy nurlari atmosferadagi muz kristallari orqali aks etganda paydo bo'ladi.
Shuningdek, mavjud Yarim tunda quyosh shimoliy Laplandiyada va Finnmarkda bir necha hafta davomida quyosh umuman botmagan paytda Shimoliy qutb doirasidan shimolga. Hatto quyosh rasman botgan joyda ham, aslida Shvetsiya janubidan tashqari, umuman qorong'i tushmaydi. Boshqa tomondan, qish o'rtalarida kunning ko'p qismida qorong'i bo'ladi (yana, Shimoliy qutb doirasi ustida, u erda qutbli tun Rojdestvo atrofida bir necha haftagacha). Bulutli bo'lmasa, Avrorani ko'rish uchun yaxshi imkoniyatlar yaratiladi. Kunning o'rtasida bir necha soat davomida hali ham "tong" paydo bo'ladi va qor mavjud bo'lgan kichik yorug'likni kuchaytiradi. Ayniqsa, qor bilan qoplangan bepoyon hududlarda oysiz tunda sehrli tuyg'u paydo bo'ladi, bu erda yulduzlar (va shimoliy potentsial chiroqlar) beradigan ozgina yorug'lik o'z yo'lini topish uchun etarli bo'lishi mumkin. Mash'alalaringizni (fonarlarni) ishlatishdan saqlaning, chunki ko'zlar zulmatga to'liq moslashishi uchun bir soatcha vaqt ketadi.
Qor muntazam ravishda qishda bir necha oy davomida sodir bo'ladi - bu mavsum yana shimolga borganingizda ertaroq boshlanadi va keyinroq tugaydi. Ko'llar va ma'lum darajada dengiz (Botniya ko'rfazining katta qismi va Finlyandiya ko'rfazining katta qismi, ba'zida deyarli Boltiq bo'yi) muzlaydi va chang'i, skeyt, muz baliqlari yoki hatto haydash mumkin. muz qishda (lekin muz etarli darajada qalin bo'lsa, so'rang va mahalliy aholini tomosha qiling!). Dovondan chang'i uchish sayr qilishning eng yaxshi usuli bo'lishi mumkin. The Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish iliq mamlakatlardan tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun yangi tajriba bo'lishi mumkin. Atlantika okeanining qirg'og'ida va janubiy uchdan birida ob-havo iliqroq bo'lib, uning o'rniga juda ko'p qor yog'ishi mumkin, aksincha avvalgisiga juda ko'p yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin.
Qishki landshaftlar ob-havo sharoitlariga qarab juda farq qiladi. Ba'zi bir sharoitlarda sovuq sovuq o'simliklarni nozik tuzilmalar bilan qoplaydi, boshqalarda qalin qor daraxtlarni qoplaydi, ba'zilarida shamol yoki erishi tufayli daraxtlar yalang'och. Ayniqsa, shimolda ekstremal toj-qor yuklari qor ustida qattiq hoshiya hosil qiladigan namlik bilan hosil bo'ladi. Shimolda joylashgan archa yuklarni engish uchun janubdagilarga nisbatan har xil o'sadi.
Ko'p narsa bor o'rmon bu mintaqada, Islandiyadan tashqari, deyarli hech narsa o'smaydigan baland tog'larda, shimolda va tundrada baland tog'larda. Tayga - asosan qarag'ay va archa, ba'zi qayin va mayda yamoqlardan iborat. aspen, alder va rowan - mintaqaning aksariyat qismida hukmronlik qiladi. Janubda, masalan, olxa va eman o'rmonlari, shimolda va daraxtlar chizig'iga yaqin joyda qayin ustunlik qiladi.
Kuzda barglar tushishidan oldin sariq, to'q sariq va qizil rangga aylanadi. Mintaqaning eng shimoliy qismida kunning davomiyligi va harorat tezroq pasayib borishi tufayli ranglarni kuchliroq qiladi. Finlyandiyada ba'zi odamlar kuzning ranglarini ko'rish uchun Laplandiyaga borishadi ruska (vaqt noto'g'ri bo'lsa ham yaxshi piyoda mavsumi).
Ba'zi eng katta arxipelaglar Evropada Skandinaviyada topish mumkin. Agar Siz Stokgolmdan Turku yoki Xelsinkiga qayiqda sayohat, ko'pincha bir nechta orollarni ko'rasiz. The Arxipelag dengizi Turku tashqarisida ularning 40 mingtasi bor (agar orollar ham hisoblansa). Norvegiya qirg'og'i bo'ylab juda uzoq va tog'li arxipelag cho'zilgan - bu arxipelagni to'liq sayohat qilish uchun dengiz bo'ylab sayohat Xurtigruten. Sizni oroldan orolga olib boradigan kichikroq paromlar ham bor. Norvegiya qirg'oqlari bo'ylab Evropaning boshqa mamlakatlariga qaraganda 300 mingga yaqin orol mavjud. Kvarken-ning ikki tomonida ham kichikroq arxipelaglarni topish mumkin Baland sohil yaqin Umea va unga yaqin Kvarken arxipelagi Vaasa, birgalikda an hosil qiladi YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati. Yana bir arxipelagni topish mumkin Bohuslen shimol tomonda Gyoteborg. Agar ko'rishni istasangiz ko'l arxipelaglari, Finlyandiya, ayniqsa Sayma, albatta boradigan joy.
Lar bor muzlik davrining izlari; butun mintaqani so'nggi muzlik davrida, taxminan 10 ming yil muqaddam bir kilometrdan ko'proq muz qoplagan. Materiyani tobora o'sib borayotgan muzlik itarib yuborgan va eriydigan muzliklardan suv qum, shag'al va tosh olib kelgan joyda eskerlar paydo bo'ldi. Gigant toshlarni muz tashiydi va kelib chiqish joyidan ancha uzoqroq (ko'pincha mahalliy folklordagi gigantlarning ishlariga taalluqli) qoldirgan. Turbulent oqimlarda bo'sh toshlar o'yilgan ulkan choynaklar. Muzliklar bosgan toshlar va shag'allar ko'plab qirg'oqlardagi silliq toshlardan ko'rinib turganidek, tosh yotqizilgan. Kichik miqyosdagi bir xil hodisalar mavjud muzliklarda davom etmoqda. Kolvananuuro qo'riqxonasida Kontiolahti 2500 million yil oldin muzlik davrining izlari bor (sic!); Finlyandiya tog 'jinslari dunyo miqyosidagi eng qadimgi toshlardandir (shu sababli tog'lar yo'qolib qolgan: ular eskirgan, Skandinaviya tog'lari ancha yoshroq).
Ustida madaniy tomoni, Finlyandiya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiyaning eng shimoliy qismida siz tajriba qilishingiz mumkin Sami madaniyati. Bu erda va u erda ko'rish uchun qiziqarli toshlar va gravyuralar - petrogliflar, runa toshlari, chegara belgilari va yodgorliklar mavjud. Katta ovni (kiyik va buqni) ovlash uchun ishlatilgan qadimgi chuqurchalarni quruq yerlarda ko'rish mumkin - qadimgi buyumlar sukut bo'yicha qonun bilan himoyalanganligini yodda tuting. Norvegiya tog'lari va tog 'vodiylari hali ham uy hayvonlarini boqish uchun ishlatiladi va sayohatchilar sigirlar, echkilar va qo'ylar, shuningdek ba'zi joylarda otlarni kutib olishga tayyor bo'lishlari kerak. Ilgari minglab "yozgi fermer xo'jaliklari" ("seter", shielings) sut xizmatkorlari yoz davomida echki va sigirlardan pishloq va sariyog 'ishlab chiqargan. Ba'zi hududlarda bunday urishishlar butun oila yozda ko'chib kelgan yarim ko'chmanchi turmush tarziga aylangan. Ushbu shilinglar vayronalar sifatida mavjud yoki dam olish kulbasi sifatida saqlanib kelinmoqda, hanuzgacha sut mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaradigan zavod sifatida ishlaydi.
Yovvoyi tabiat
- Shuningdek qarang: Evroosiyo yovvoyi tabiati
Yiqilgan mintaqada va shimolda ko'plab Arktika turlari mavjud. Taygada, ayniqsa sharqda va shimolda, G'arbiy yoki Markaziy Evropada topilmagan ko'plab sharqiy turlar mavjud. Yirik o'rmonzorlar va boshqacha tarzda rivojlanmagan hududlar saqlanib qolganligi sababli, Evropaning zich joylashgan qismida kamdan-kam uchraydigan yoki yo'q bo'lib ketgan ko'plab turlar, hatto keng tarqalgan.
Ko'pgina sutemizuvchilar uchun ularni topish uchun bir oz omadga ega bo'lishingiz kerak, hatto eng keng tarqalgan hayvonlarni ham. Sizning lageringizda juda ko'p shovqin bo'lmaslik va tinchgina yurish, ehtimol shamolga qarshi turish sizning imkoniyatlaringizni oshirishga yordam beradi, shuningdek ularni sezmasdan oldin yaqinlashish xavfi haqida maslahat bering. xavfli hayvonlar. Ko'p hayvonlar shom va tongda faol bo'lishadi, shuning uchun o'sha payt ko'zingizni oching. Sizda najas va oyoq izlarini, ayniqsa, yangi qorda va boshqa izlarni topish uchun hayvonlarni to'g'ri ko'rishdan ko'ra ko'proq imkoniyat bor.
Agar aniq yovvoyi hayotni ko'rishni xohlasangiz, yo'riqnoma yollash maqsadga muvofiqdir. Imkoniyat qayerda va qachon yaxshiroq bo'lishini bilishadi, izlarini ko'rsata olishadi va ehtimol sizdan oldin ularni aniqlashadi. Qisqartirishlar mavjud, masalan, o'lja bilan yashirin joyda tunash. Qo'llanmaning bir xil to'lqin uzunligini va sizning istaklaringizni bilishini tekshiring.
Yirtqich hayvonlar
To'rtta katta (ayiq, bo'ri, bo'ri va suluk) uyatchan va sayyohlar izlarini uchratsa ham kamdan-kam ko'rinadi. Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya Evropada (Rossiyadan tashqari) bo'rilarga ega bo'lgan yagona davlatdir. Bir necha kun ichida bo'rilar va suluklar keng maydonlarda yurishadi. Katta yirtqich hayvonlarning hech biri, bolalarini himoya qiladigan ayiqli onalardan tashqari, odamlarga tahdid solmaydi.
U yerda ayiq (Evroosiyo jigarrang ayig'i, Ursus arctos arctos) Shvetsiyaning shimoliy qismida, butun Finlyandiyada va Norvegiyaning bir qismlarida. U asosan ignabargli o'rmonlarda yashaydi, ularning eng katta kontsentratsiyasi Shimoliy Kareliya. Qishda u uxlaydi. Axlatni aniqlash oson kechadi, mavsumda bilberni ustunlik qiladi. Shimoliy Amerika ayiqlaridan farqli o'laroq, ular sayyohlar ovqatidan keyin kelishni o'rganmaganlar.
The bo'ri Skandinaviyada yo'q bo'lib ketgan, ammo Finlyandiya va Rossiyadan kelgan immigratsion bo'rilar endi chegarada ozmi-ko'pmi barqaror aholini o'rnatgan. Sharqiy Norvegiya va atrofida Shvetsiya Vermland. Butun Finlyandiyada kiyik boqish zonasidan janubda, juda kam sonli bo'rilar bor. Siz bo'rilarni ko'rishdan ko'ra, bo'rilarni eshitish yoki ularning qorda izlarini ko'rish ehtimoli ko'proq. Pawprintlar katta itga o'xshaydi va asosan ularning xatti-harakatlarini o'rganish orqali aniqlanadi: bo'rilar ko'pincha uzoq masofalarga ozgina aylanma yo'llar bilan harakat qilishadi va ular doimiy ravishda old oyoqni o'sha uzoq masofalarda chapdan o'ngga va orqaga o'zgartiradilar. To'plamda bo'rilar odatda bitta bo'riga o'xshab odatiy izdan foydalanadilar.
Ko'pchilik bo'rilar Skandinaviya qulagan mintaqasida va Finlandiya ko'li bilan Finlyandiyaning shimoliy qismi o'rtasidagi Suomenselkä suv havzasida joylashgan. Shimoliy va sharqiy Laplandiyada ham siyrak populyatsiyalar mavjud va hatto alohida bo'rilar hatto janubiy sohilda ham kuzatilgan. Ular bo'rining qaytishidan katta foyda ko'rishdi. The lyuks Skandinaviya yarim orolining ko'p qismida va Finlyandiyada yuradi, ammo kamtarin miqdordagi bo'rilar singari uyatchan va kamdan kam uchraydi. Lileks shimoliy amerika bobcatidan ikki baravar katta.
Qizil tulki barcha hududlarda nisbatan ko'p sonlarda keng tarqalgan. The Arktik tulki jiddiy xavf ostida, ammo Norvegiyaning sa'y-harakatlari yaxshi natijalarga erishdi va uni Skandinaviya baland tog'larida bir nechta joylarda va Finlyandiyaning eng shimoliy qismida juda kam uchraydi.
Tuyoqlilar
Yarim yovvoyi kiyik kiyik boqish hududida, ya'ni Finlyandiya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiyaning shimoliy qismlarida keng tarqalgan holat. Populyatsiyalari mavjud yovvoyi kiyik kabi sohalarda Janubiy Norvegiyada o'rmon chizig'idan yuqori Xardangervidda, Reinheimen, Setesdal-Ryfylke va Dovrefjell-Rondan. Yovvoyi bor o'rmon kiyiklari yilda Kaynuu va Suomenselkada (hozirda ushbu mintaqadan tashqarida ham tarqalgan). Bug'u ilgari juda muhim o'yin bo'lgan va tarixdan oldin tuzoqqa tushgan quduqlar shimolda hali ham keng tarqalgan ko'rinishdir. Finlyandiya o'rmon kiyiklari so'zi (peura) ko'plab joy nomlarining bir qismidir, uning ahamiyatini ko'rsatadi. Sayohatchilar kiyikni bezovta qilmasligi kerak.
Elks (Amerikalik: moose; norvegcha: elg, Fincha: xirvi), "o'rmon qiroli", barcha o'rmonli hududlarda mavjud bo'lib, ularni dalalarda va maydonlarda eng oson ko'rish mumkin. Bug'doy sayohatchilar tomonidan eng ko'p ko'riladigan katta o'yin, chunki u qizil kiyikka qaraganda kamroq uyatchan. Qizil kiyik G'arbiy Norvegiya va Shvetsiya janubida ko'p sonli yashash, kiyik shimoldan tashqari barcha mintaqalarda tegishli yashash joylarida. Qizil kiyik asosan o'rmonlarda yashaydi va yoz va kuzda ham o'rmon chizig'i atrofida uchraydi. Elkalarni pasttekisliklardagi fermalar va aholi punktlari atrofida tez-tez uchratish mumkin. Amerika oq dumli kiyik Finlyandiyada keng tarqalgan (1930 yillarda kiritilgan). Biron bir omad bilan siz ulardan ba'zilarini ko'rasiz, hech bo'lmaganda najasni ko'rasiz.
Mysk ho'kizlari 9000 yil davomida Evropada bo'lmaganligi sababli, 1940-yillarda Dovrefjellda qayta tiklangan va hozirda yana bir nechta boshqa joylarda podalar mavjud.
Qo'ng'izlar (Shvedcha: vildsvin) juda keng tarqalgan Götaland va Svealand Shvetsiyada va Finlyandiyaning janubida. U erdan ko'chib kelayotgan cho'chqalarni vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa mintaqalarda ko'rish mumkin (masalan, Norvegiyaning Ostfold va Xedmarkdagi chegara hududlari bo'ylab), ammo ular shimol tomon qattiq qish paytida omon qolishlarida muammolarga duch kelishadi.
Boshqa quruq sutemizuvchilar
Evropa porsuqlari juda keng tarqalgan, ammo tungi. Sovuq joylarda ular butun qishni uxlashadi. Ular eng shimoliy hududlarda yo'q.
The suvsiz yana Finlyandiyada tez-tez uchraydi, ehtimol Norvegiya va Shvetsiyada kamdan-kam uchraydi. The qunduz Finlyandiya va Shvetsiyada yo'q bo'lib ketgan, ammo Finlyandiyada yana amerika qunduzlaridan foydalangan (keyin bir xil turdagi deb o'ylagan).
Lemmings yiqilgan joylarda va ularning yaqinida juda ko'p uchraydi, aks holda ular kamdan kam uchraydi. Lemming populyatsiya cho'qqilari "lemming yil" deb nomlanadi (lemenår) va vaqti-vaqti bilan tog'larda va tog'larda olomonga olib kelishi mumkin. Ushbu dalgalanma boyqushlarga va ibodat qushlariga katta ta'sir qiladi, ba'zilari ko'chib yuradi yoki kemiruvchilar kam bo'lsa, uya qilmaydi. Lemming kichkina hamsterning kattaligiga teng va tahlikaga uchraganda tajovuzkor munosabati bilan mashhur.
The sincap Taiga va janubda tez-tez uchraydi, kamdan-kam hollarda yiqilgan qayin o'rmonlarida uchraydi. Sibir uchadigan sincap asosan tahlikali biotop bo'lgan eski aralash o'rmonda yashaydi va kamdan-kam hollarda tungi kabi ko'rinadi, ammo shunga qaramay Finlyandiyada keng tarqalgan bo'lishi mumkin (ular to'g'ri yashash joylarida axlatni qidirish orqali topiladi).
Ikkita turi mavjud quyon: tog'li quyon aksariyat hududlarda keng tarqalgan, Evropa quyonlari esa Finlyandiyaning janubida keng tarqalgan va Shvetsiyada kamroq joriy qilingan populyatsiya mavjud. Birinchisi kichikroq (ammo oyoq panjalari katta, chuqur qorga moslashish), qishda quloq tepalaridan tashqari oq rang va chalkash yo'llarni (usta oldinga va orqaga yugurish, yon tomonga sakrash va h.k.) yurish ustasi.
Boshqa yirtqich hayvonlar Rakun iti (Finlyandiyada, Arktika doirasidan janubda), qarag'ay suvari, mink (dastlab mo'ynali fermer xo'jaliklaridan qochib ketgan, hozirda keng tarqalgan), Evropa polekati (Finlyandiyada Laplandiyadan tashqari, Janubiy Shvetsiya va janubi-sharqiy Norvegiyada), ermine va eng kam ziravor. Amerikaliklar bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lmagan Evropa minkasi bu erda yo'q bo'lib ketgan, qisman ikkinchisi tomonidan tanilgan deb tasniflanadi.
Qushlar
Bundan tashqari, siz juda ko'p turli xil narsalarga duch kelasiz qushlar, va bahorda va yozning boshida siz kukuni tez-tez eshitasiz. Qushlarni tomosha qilish uchun ko'pincha yaxshi durbin kerak bo'ladi.
Islandiya va Norvegiyaning qirg'oq bo'yida tik qoyalar bor, u erda minglab suv parrandalari uyasi joylashgan. Norvegiya qirg'oqlari eng ko'p qushlarga ega, ichki tog'larda esa kamroq sonli qushlar mavjud - ko'pincha qorli boyqush yoki qo'pol oyoqli shovqin kabi nodir qushlar (ikkinchisi shimolda qulab tushgan joylarda hamma joyda uchraydi).
Norvegiyaning qirg'oq chizig'i eng katta Evropa dengiz burgutiga ega (shuningdek, oq dumli burgut deb ham ataladi). Katta qush qonun bilan himoyalangan va uni faqat uzoqdan kuzatish mumkin. Burgutlarning ko'pligi, ayniqsa Bodoning atrofida, ularni tez-tez uchratishlarini anglatadi. Ulkan tabiatni muhofaza qilish dasturlari tufayli, ayniqsa DDT va simob kabi kimyoviy moddalar 1970 yilda yo'q bo'lib ketgandan so'ng, Finlyandiya qirg'oqlarida burgut keng tarqalgan. Fyordlar tomonidan, Skandinaviya tog'larida va Finlyandiyaning shimoliy ichki qismida (asosan Suomenselkädan shimolga qarab), shuningdek, oltin burgut (fin va shved tilida "qirol burgut" deb nomlanadi) mavjud.
Dag'al oyoqli shov-shuv hamma joyda qulagan joylarda uchraydi. Qorli boyqush kamdan-kam tushgan tanada uyalar. Shuningdek, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon (ikkalasi ham Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda xavf ostida) va merlin kabi lochinlarni ko'rish mumkin. Shimoliy o'rmonlarda katta kulrang boyo'g'li uyalar, qulab tushgan qayin o'rmonlarida yoki boshqa siyrak shimoliy o'rmonlarda shimoliy qirg'iy-boyo'g'li, Taylanddagi Ural boyqush, Evroosiyo burgut boyqushlari haddan tashqari shimoldan tashqari aksariyat hududlarda cho'llarning yashash joylarida joylashgan. . Tog'li boyqush janubiy o'rmonlarda keng tarqalgan. Goshawk va Evropa chumchuqlari mintaqaning aksariyat qismida o'rmonlarda keng tarqalgan. Oddiy shov-shuv qishloq xo'jaligi hududlarida keng tarqalgan.
Ko'pgina qushlar botqoqli joylarda uyalar yoki boqishadi. Ko'plab qushlarning qo'riqxonalarida o'rdak taxtasi va tomosha minoralari yaxshi ko'rinishga ega, ammo mamlakatdagi suv-botqoqli joylar ko'pincha juda ko'p fidoyilikni talab qiladi, chunki ular ozmi-ko'pmi ta'rifi bo'yicha millionlab chivinlardan o'tib ketish va yashash uchun qiyin (va siz qanday qilib ehtiyot bo'lishingiz kerak) uyalayotgan qushlarni bezovta qilish uchun juda ko'p). Siz suv-botqoqli joylarning qirg'og'idan yoki boshqa joylaridan tashqarida ba'zi botqoqli joylarning yaxshi ko'rinishini olishingiz mumkin.
Sassiz oqqush janubda keng tarqalgan. Yovuz oqqush - Finlyandiyaning milliy qushi, Norrland qushi, Shimoliy Shimoliy hamkorlikning ramzi va ekologik toza mahsulotlarning ramzi. U shimoliy cho'ldagi kichik ko'llarda uyaladi, garchi u Finlyandiyaning markaziy qismiga va janubiy Skandinaviyaga tarqalib ketgan bo'lsa-da. Yrjö Kokkoning yo'q bo'lib ketishi haqidagi kitobi 1950 yillarda tabiatni muhofaza qilishga hissa qo'shgan muhim ko'z ochuvchi vosita edi.
Cho'ldagi ko'llarda yoki uning yonida uyalayotgan boshqa cho'l qushlariga qizil va qora bo'g'zilar, qizil bo'yinli falarop, shimoliy pintail, Evroosiyo cho'chqasi va oq g'ozlar kiradi.
Suv
Suv havzalarida, shuningdek, dengizda yashovchi kitlar, muhrlar, baliqlar va bir qator mayda jonivorlarni ko'rishingiz mumkin bo'lgan Atlantika okeanida hayvonlar bor. Dengiz qushlarini ham ko'rish mumkin, ular gulladan tortib oq dumli burgutgacha. Kamdan-kam uchraydigan uchrashuvlardan biri - tanqid ostida qolish xavfi ostida bo'lgan Saimaa halqali muhr (saimaannorppa), faqat Sayma ko'lida yashovchi muhr.
Qil
Suzish mintaqaning yuzlab minglab ko'llarida yoki dengiz va daryolarda deyarli hamma joyda ruxsat etiladi va mumkin. Uylar, kottejlar va xususiy tengdoshlaringizga o'rtacha masofani saqlashingiz kerak (Norvegiyada turar-joy binolaridan kamida 50 metr masofada). Ko'pgina hududlarda qumli plyajlar kam uchraydi, ammo Finlyandiya va Shvetsiya qirg'oqlari qirg'oq bo'ylab silliq jarliklar keng tarqalgan (rundhall) va Norvegiyaning ba'zi qismlarida (svaberg), ba'zan esa mahalliy aholi tomonidan afzal ko'riladi. Oqimlarga, yarim suvga botgan loglarga va silliq toshlarga e'tibor bering. Yozning ikkinchi yarmiga yaqin ko'llar va dengiz (xususan, Boltiq dengizi) siyanobakteriyalar bilan zararlanishi mumkin ("alg gullari"), neyrotoksinlarni ishlab chiqaradi. U holda siz u erda suzmasligingiz kerak. Aks holda suv odatda toza (jigarrang rang ko'p joylarda keng tarqalgan va tashvishlanadigan narsa yo'q).
Shimolga borgan sayin, suv soviydi va Arktika dengizida yoki uzoq shimoldagi ko'lda yoki soyda suzish yozda ham biroz sovuq voqea bo'lishi mumkin. Shunga qaramay, mahalliy aholining ba'zilari qishda muzlagan joyda ham sovuq suvda suzishni yaxshi ko'radilar. Muzda teshik ochilgan (shvedcha: vak, Fin avanto) shundan so'ng muzlatib qo'yadigan suvda suzish mumkin. Atrofda qishda ko'plab tadbirlar mavjud qishki suzish.
Finlyandiyada bu ko'pincha a bilan birga keladi sauna hammom oldin va keyin isinish uchun, garchi saunaga borish butun yil davomida keng tarqalgan. Ko'pgina fin mehmonxonalari va kottejlarida va ba'zi kulbalarda (shuningdek, Shvetsiyada) saunalar mavjud, ular pullik yoki bepul. Ko'proq ibtidoiy binolarda siz ko'pincha saunani o'zingiz isitishingiz, suv tashishingiz va o'tin qilishingiz kerak.
Bu mumkin o'zingizning ovqatingizni yig'ing sahroda. Yozdan kuzgacha siz mevalar va qo'ziqorinlarni terishingiz mumkin (qarang Yemoq Bo'lim). E'tibor bering, qo'ziqorinlar aslida siz o'rmonlarda ko'radigan eng xavfli narsa bo'lishi mumkin; siz yig'ayotgan qo'ziqorinni va mahalliy doppelgangerlarni bilishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Ov va baliq ovlash qishloqda juda mashhur mashg'ulotlardir, ammo ma'lum sharoitlarda baliq ovlash bundan mustasno, odatda sizga er egasi, hokimiyat yoki ikkalasining ruxsati kerak bo'ladi (qarang: To'lovlar Bo'lim). Qishda muzdan baliq ovlash keng tarqalgan.
Yurish piyoda yurish bilan shug'ullanadigan bo'lsa-da, aylanib o'tishning boshqa usullari ham bor, ularning ba'zilari o'zlari tajriba. Agar siz qor bo'lsa, o'rmonda (yoki boshqa joyda) aylanib o'tishni xohlasangiz, chang'i chang'i yaxshi alternativ bo'lishi mumkin. Daryolar, ko'llar va dengiz joylardir kanoeda eshkak eshish, baydarka va yaxtalash (qarang Atrofga boring Bo'lim). Agar sizga yoqsa alpinizm, sizning eng yaxshi imkoniyatlaringiz Norvegiyada yoki Shvetsiyadagi Norvegiya chegarasi yaqinida. Ushbu mashg'ulot uchun sizga odatiy piyoda yurishdan ko'ra ko'proq vosita kerak, va ba'zi hollarda - masalan. uchun muzlik sayohatlar - ko'rsatma ham. Boshqa joylarda tog'lar odatda pastroq va unchalik tik emas, shuning uchun cho'qqilarga shunchaki piyoda yurish orqali erishish mumkin. Qoyalarga chiqish sporti mintaqaning aksariyat qismida bu erda va u erda mumkin.
Shuningdek, oltinni tozalash kabi maqsadga yo'naltirilgan boshqa tadbirlar mavjud Lemmenjoki va Tankavaara Finlyandiya Laplandiyasida.
Yemoq
Sizga ruxsat berilgan rezavorlar va qo'ziqorinlarni yig'ib oling (bir nechta qo'riqxonalardan tashqari) va siz baliq ovlash uchun ruxsatnomalarni sotib olishingiz mumkin (ba'zi baliq ovlari bepul, ammo bu mintaqalarga qarab farq qiladi) va ba'zan hatto ov qilish uchun (kerakli hujjatlarni oldindan to'ldirishingizga ishonch hosil qiling). Qabul qilgan narsalaringiz taomlaringizni xilma-xil qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin va ba'zida sizga qo'shimcha kun berilishi mumkin, ammo bunga ishonmang. Qulupnaylarni yoki qo'ziqorinlarni boshqalarning yonida yoki ularning uylari va kottejlarini yig'ish qo'pol deb hisoblanishi mumkin.
Har qanday joyda bo'lgani kabi, bir necha kunlik ovqatni ham osonlikcha olib yurish mumkin, ammo uzoqroq sayohatlarda siz yaxshilab rejalashtirishingiz kerak. Safarning katta qismi cho'lda bo'lsa ham, siz to'ldirishingiz mumkin bo'lgan joylardan o'tishingiz mumkin. Food is sold at many huts: selvbetjent hytte (with dried and canned food) and betjent hytte in Norway and many fjällstuga in Sweden. In Finland, Iceland and northernmost Norway such "huts" are rare, you will have better luck trying to pass by a camping ground with a well equipped kiosk or a village with a shop, the smallest ones sometimes serving you on request outside normal hours as well, some even delivering purchases to or nearby the trail on agreement.
You can also get meals at some destinations: food is served in the fjällstation in the Swedish fells and betjent hytte in the Norwegian outdoors. In Finland some tourist businesses serve meals also in the wilderness on request (if not too far from usable roads or off-road routes; you could ask them to bring replenishment as well), otherwise you could at least have a good meal before or after your hike – or have a guide catering for the meals. The normal way is to cook one's own food, though, at least most of the time.
You should keep your food (and edible waste) away from rodents, especially at wilderness huts, campfire sites and similar, where they might get accustomed to finding food of hikers, and when staying a longer time at some location.
Pishirish food over an open fire is nice and you may have plenty of opportunities, but open fires are not allowed when there is a risk of forest fire, and not everywhere. Wilderness huts have stoves, where you can cook your meals, but you are advised to also carry your own camping stove. Check in advance that fuel is available for your stove, in the right package if you use gas; locals typically use denatured alcohol (Sweden: "T-sprit", Finland: "marinoli" or "sinoli", note that also other products sold under the last name) or propane (or propane/butane/whatever), in Iceland mainly the latter [check!].
If you plan picking mushrooms, do make sure you pick only edible ones and treat them correctly, and if you have any doubt in your ability to avoid eating poisonous mushrooms, don't pick any. Beware that some deadly mushrooms may resemble edible ones growing where you come from. Be especially cautious about anything that can be mixed with Amanita species such as Death cap and European destroying angel or with Deadly webcap. The false morel Gyromitra esculenta is regarded a delicacy, but is potentially deadly unless carefully prepared the right way. "Safe" mushrooms that are often picked include chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) and many species of ceps (Boletus), e.g. porcini (Boletus edulis). Most mushrooms are extremely perishable, so handle them with care. Mushroom picking trips with an expert guide are arranged at many locations, or you might have a knowledgeable friend who could give you advice.
Commonly picked berries include bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bog bilberry (V. uliginosum), strawberry, raspberry, lingonberry (cowberry), cranberry, cloudberry and crowberry. There are also poisonous berries, but they should be easy to distinguish from these. The berries can be eaten untreated, although some of them are at their best as juice or jam. Picking cloudberry may be restricted in northern Norway and northern Finland, so check before picking large quantities (eating as much as you want on the spot is always allowed). In Iceland berries may be picked only for immediate consumption.
Choice of food varies very much depending on the length of the journey and possibilities of replenishment – and personal preferences. Also, the season affects choices: in cool weather you might not need a fridge, but many fruits and vegetables dislike freezing temperatures (heard at a winter camp: "may I have a slice of milk, please").
In Finland, a common choice for hiking breakfasts is oat porridge with soup made from berry powder (kissel, fruit soup; Finnish: kiisseli, Swedish: kräm). Lunch should be easy to prepare, an extreme variety being to heat water at breakfast and put soup powder in it at lunch. Sandwiches are common on shorter hikes. If weather and terrain permits, a somewhat more time-consuming lunch can be made. The heaviest meal is usually eaten in the evening (contrary to local practice at home) — often freeze-dried stews or meals with dehydrated mashed potato or pasta combined with e.g. suitable tins. On longer hikes crispbread (näkkileipä/knäckebröd) is often used as snack and accompaniment. Fresh fish made by open fire is a luxury, as is self-made bread or wild herbs as complement. Some prefer to avoid the industrialised food altogether, using home-dried ingredients.
Wash up dishes some distance from the water source and pour used water on land, not in the stream (there is no bear problem here). Washing-up liquids are often unnecessary if you can use hot water. Have somewhere to put used tins and other packages.
Ichish
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In the wilderness you can usually drink good-looking suv from springs and streams without treatment, and most hikers do. In the Norwegian mountains above the forest line one can often see where water is coming from which makes it easy to assess quality. There is no guarantee, however. A dead elk or reindeer upstream can make you severely ill with no warnings. In general, streams from high ground have the best water, particularly from areas too high for animals to graze. In the high mountains, free-flowing streams offer superb water quality, and lakes in the high mountains also have good water. However, water directly from glaciers including glacial melt water rivers has lots of particles and should be avoided. In periods of warm weather, water in minor slow-running streams can easily become unhealthy. Heavy rains, although they increase the flow, also increase the amounts of unhealthy elements from the ground. Massive reindeer movements, such as at the round-ups in June, can make water in the affected area unhealthy for a few weeks – check your map and take your water upstream.
You might be advised to boil your water for a few minutes unless tested (and it is wise to do so if you have any doubts about the quality; boiling seems to be more effective than filtering) – but drinking the water fresh from a stream is one of the pleasures. Water with visible amounts of cyanobacteria is unusable also as boiled, but you would probably not drink that anyway.
Where natural water (or snow) can be used, you do not want to carry excess water. Half a litre to one litre per person is usually enough for breaks between water sources. On the Norwegian mountains there is generally plenty water throughout summer, except on ridges and high plateaus. In wintertime you might prefer a thermos bottle.
When planning where to eat or stay overnight, remember that the smaller streams running off fells without glaciers may be dry in hot summers. Have a backup plan with more reliable sources if in doubt.
In populated areas the water is more likely to be unhealthy, e.g. because of roads, settlements or grazing cattle upstream. Also in some boggy areas, and in certain types of terrain in Iceland, good water is hard to find. Tap water is nearly always potable (except in trains, boats and similar); you can expect there to be a warning if it is not.
At lodgings and cooking sites there are usually wells, unless a nearby stream can be used. The water may or may not be usable untreated. If the water is supposed to be good, there should be official test results confirming the quality. The snow is usually clean if it looks so, and can be melted on the stove (if there is both a gas stove and a wood heated one, the wood stove should mostly be used for this, to save gas).
Private wells may not be used without permission, but if you are polite, people at any house will probably be happy to give you water.
Uyqu
You are probably going to carry a tent, at least as a safeguard. Using it is free in the wilderness, but when camping at a site with facilities, you may have to pay for the service.
There are also lodging facilities of varying standards, especially at "official" destinations and maintained trails. In northern Finland there are open wilderness huts (in the south lean-to shelters are more common), where small parties can stay overnight for free. In Sweden and Norway you usually have to pay for the lodging, but the huts have a more hostel like standard, sometimes B&B or hotel like. The "huts" are usually cottages, but some resemble the traditional goahti (kota, kammi, gamme, kåta). Some facilities are meant only for those moving by foot or ski (check separately, if you e.g. are using a snowmobile).
In many wilderness huts there is a wood fired stove for heat and a gas stove for cooking. Do not use gas for warming or for melting snow for water. It takes some time to get the cabin warm in the cold season, but you have warm clothes, don't you.
If you have a dog, check where it is allowed. Usually it is allowed in Finnish wilderness huts if the other users agree, but not in the reservation huts. In Norway there usually is a separate apartment for those with dogs, or a special place for the dogs.
In Finland most wilderness huts are maintained by Metsähallitus, the governmental forestry administration. Many huts in Norway are maintained by "dugnad" (common work) by local clubs of the non profit DNT, Den Norske Turistforening, or administered by DNT. Within the Norwegian DNT-system there are more than 500 lodges available. Svenska Turistföreningen (STF) administers many of the huts in Sweden. There are often discounts for members of the tourist associations involved, and possibly of their sister organisations in other countries. You will also need the key of DNT to access its unmanned huts (deposit of 100 kr for members of DNT, STF, Suomen Latu va Ferðafélag Íslands).
Nowadays most Metsähallitus wilderness huts have a page at the nationalparks.fi site, most huts in or near Norway have one at the DNT site ut.no (in Norwegian, but the summary information is in a consistent format), often with links to the official page if any, and many huts in Sweden have a page at the operators site, sometimes also elsewhere. These pages provide basic information, but are sometimes generic. "Overnatting: lite egnet" ("hardly suited for overnight stay") on ut.no may just mean that the hut is not up to DNT standards – the reason may e.g. be lack of mattresses and blankets as in the Finnish open huts. A somewhat more comprehensive description is provided (e.g. "... med sovepose ... er det greitt å overnatte": with sleeping bag ... fine), but may require proper knowledge of Norwegian. STF appends a general description of their huts, which may or may not apply.
In Iceland wilderness huts are maintained by Icelandic travel clubs, with most of them being maintained by The Icelandic touring association va icelandic travel club útivist.
You might want to stay at a hotel or some other non-wilderness facility before or after your hike. There is also the possibility to rent a cottage as a tayanch for your hikes, either by the roads, with service in reach, or in the backwoods.
Sleeping bags
There are accommodations with sheets and pillows in some areas, but unless you know you are going to get to use such service every night, you will need to have sleeping bags and hiking mattresses. Mostly the "three season" version, with "comfort" temperature around freezing and "extreme" temperature about -15°C to -25°C ( 5 to -15°F), is the right choice. Freezing night temperatures are possible all the year in the north and in the mountains, most of the year elsewhere, although also night temperatures of 10–15°C (50–60°F) are possible. Sleeping bags for "summer" use are adequate in summer with some luck (sometimes even slumber party bags suffice), but use your judgement before trusting one for a certain hike. A sheet and the right pyjamas will go a long way in making a borderline sleeping bag warmer. In cold weather it is common to use also a cap and possibly other additional garment, but try to reserve dry clothes for that. The clothes used in the day are usually damp, and will give you a colder night than necessary (but it is a judgement call, sometimes you want to dry them in the bag). And note the difference between a borderline sleeping bag and one totally inadequate: your ability to withstand cold is seriously diminished while laying down; a cold winter's night is really incredibly cold. You do not want night temperatures anywhere near the "extreme" figures of the sleeping bag (where most fit men survive a short night, not necessarily unharmed).
If hiking in cold weather, the hiking mattress is not just a luxury, but as essential as the rest of the gear. It need not be expensive, but should be good enough. Double cheap ones are often as good as one expensive, if you sleep between others (the expensive ones are usually wider and less slippery). Air-filled hiking mattresses are not warmer or more comfortable than the ordinary ones, they just save a little space and weight, at the cost of being less reliable.
Unless having some experience or going for extreme adventures, you probably do not intend to sleep outdoors in winter. A good sleeping bag allows sleeping in a tent (sometimes even without) also in cold winter nights, but not in all conditions without quite some skill; fire can make the night warmer, but building and maintaining it is not necessarily easy. For mountain hikes and for winter hikes in the north, unless you have an experienced guide in the company (friend or professional), you should make sure you have some understanding of the worst case scenarios and appropriate survival techniques.
Sleeping bags for the winter are unnecessarily warm indoors. A version with double bags (use only one when in a hut) is probably a good choice. Some use a pair of sleeping bags the other way round: two lighter sleeping bags can be used as one for the winter, given the outer one is big enough. The latter solution allows saving money, at the cost of more weight.
Tents
Even when you plan to use huts, a tent may be a necessary safeguard. Local hikers mostly use tents with waterproof roof and bottom and a mosquito proof but breathing inner layer. The typical size is "2–3 persons". Larger tents are often clumsy and heavy. Good ventilation is key to avoid excessive moisture, but you also want to keep the wind and snow out. In winter moisture is hard to avoid, and often the tent should be dried in a cottage after use. In the fells the tent should be usable also in hard winds (learn how to cope). In warm weather, the sun shining at the tent from three o'clock in the morning can turn it into a sauna. Choose a place with shade in the morning if you want to avoid that.
There are tents warmed by fire, either with a stove (typically the same types as the military uses) or constructed for an open fire (the Sámi lávvu, the Finnish laavu or loue or similar). They are quite commonly used, but weight or need of firewood make them impractical on many wilderness hikes. In some of these, three season sleeping bags are adequate also in cold winter nights.
In spring and autumn, when the nights are not too cold and the mosquitoes are absent, a laavu, loue or tarp tent can be a real alternative also where you cannot keep an overnight fire: lighter than tents, giving shelter in the evening and getting you closer to the nightly nature. With some tents it is possible to use just the inner layer (for mosquitoes) or the outer layer (for wind and moisture), to likewise get closer to the environment.
You might get away without a tent in areas where extreme conditions are unlikely. In Norway, where light packings are the norm, bivvy bags or similar are commonly carried instead, but you should know how to survive in any foreseeable conditions with the equipment you choose.
There are no fees for using the tent in national parks and similar in Finland. There may be a fee in Norway and Sweden, if you want to use facilities of non-free huts (toilets etcetera – which you are supposed to intend to use if you camp nearby).
You are often allowed to camp freely in the backcountry. In minor protected areas, where there is no true backcountry, camping is often restricted to designated campsites, possibly outside the area proper. Camping by infrastructure such as campfire sites and lean-to and cooking shelters is usually allowed (put the tent up at a small distance, so that also others can use the facilities).
Outside protected areas the kirish huquqi allows camping, as long as you keep the distance to people and do not disturb. If you are staying in the same place for more than one night (or a few, if far enough from people), you should make sure the landowner does not mind. Probably you should ask for permission and give something to show appreciation.
Camping sites do have fees. If you are planning to stay near a camping site you should probably use it and pay the fee – but you are free to find a suitable place for your tent somewhere farther from people, if you prefer.
Lean-to shelters
Lean-to shelters (Finnish: laavu, kiintolaavu; Norwegian: gapahuk; Swedish: vindskydd, skärmskydd) are structures with a leaning roof and three walls, often of timber, with a campfire place near the missing front wall. They are common in Finnish national parks and usually primarily intended for breaks, but can be used for spending the evening or even the night. There is often a pit toilet, a woodshed and some water source nearby.
Although the lean-to shelters are constructed also for overnight stay, you might sleep more comfortably in your tent nearby. The shelters are usually designed so that the fire will be of little use to persons sleeping, to avoid massive consumption of firewood. In Sweden some, but not all, shelters are meant for overnight stays.
There are similar shelters made from tent fabric (Finnish: laavu), which can be carried instead of a tent. Where keeping a big enough fire through the night is possible, they offer a lighter and warmer solution than normal tents – but the firewood is hardly available in non-emergencies unless you know the landowner. Traditionally these, or similar shelters made from spruce branches, were used with a log fire, which would burn steadily through the night (rakovalkea, nying; the dimensions of the logs: an inch an hour, the length of an axe handle per person). Lone Finnish wanderers would use an even lighter loue yoki erätoveri (a kind of tarp tent) in the same fashion.
Day huts
Day huts (in Sweden: rastskydd, in Finland päivätupa, raststuga) are wilderness huts not meant for staying overnight. They can be nice locations for a lunch break and similar and in emergencies they may be used also for overnight stay.
In many Finnish national parks there are so called "Lap pole tents", primarily used as day huts, but at least some suitable also for overnight stay. They are much more primitive than the normal wilderness huts, their construction inspired by the Sámi timber or peat goahtis.
The Norwegian emergency huts (nødbue) are also commonly used as day huts.
The Icelandic day huts are generally emergency huts (neyðarskýli), run by the local search and rescue teams. Road signs with an red house and a blue border will lead you to the emergency huts.
Open wilderness huts
Open wilderness huts are unmanned and unlocked cottages open for use without any fee. They are typical for the Finnish national parks and wilderness areas, but open wilderness huts exist also in other countries.
Most wilderness huts in Finlyandiya Metsähallitus tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. Wilderness huts maintained by others (typically by reindeer herders, fishers, hunters or the border guard) work much in the same way, but are usually not marked as such on official maps. Nowadays many of these other huts are locked, especially at popular destinations.
The wilderness huts may be very primitive, but typically provide at least beds (without mattresses or blankets; traditionally one wide bunk bed for all to share), a table and benches, a stove for heat and cooking (often separate, the latter with gas), firewood, a well or other water source and a guest book. There may be a folder with instructions. There should be a pit toilet nearby (use your own toilet paper). You usually get light by your own candles and torch (flashlight). As heating is by the wood fired stove, it will take some time to get the hut warm in the winter. The capacity varies, with beds for six to twelve persons being typical; sleeping on the floor is not unusual.
Wilderness huts may not be used for commercial overnight stays, but may otherwise be used for one or two nights by anybody moving by foot. In some huts you are explicitly allowed to stay somewhat longer. The ones arriving last have an absolute right to the facilities: if there is no room left, earlier guest have to leave, be it in the middle of the night (such latecomers are probably in dire need of the shelter). Usually there is room for everybody, with proper consideration, but larger parties coming early should go to sleep in their tents instead (or use a reservation hut), to avoid hassle.
If you stay for more than one night, you should put up your tent and keep the hut tidy, so that you easily can leave it for another party turning up (still having some equipment drying and making food indoors is usually no problem). Otherwise the newcomers will probably themselves put their tent up. If the area is busy, you should leave the hut after one night, unless there are special reasons for you to stay (drenched equipment, snowstorm, what have you).
Much of the responsibility for maintaining wilderness huts is by their guests (regular maintenance being done only biennially at many remote huts). Check the stove before using it and report any faults that you cannot repair yourself. Make sure there is dry firewood ready for use (the next party may arrive late, wet and cold).
In Shvetsiya similar wilderness huts can have a fee, paid after the visit by giro forms available at the hut. Unlocked compartments of manned huts (or a small unlocked hut nearby), available for emergencies when the hut is closed outside season, work in a similar way.
In Islandiya too you are supposed to pay for using unlocked wilderness huts. Some of the huts are intended for use in summer only and may lack a stove. There are also emergency huts (usually painted red or orange), where you are not supposed to stay in normal circumstances. If you do use the hut, sign the guest book and tell if you used any of the supplies.
Also in Norvegiya there are open huts for overnight stay in emergencies (nødbue), often used as day huts otherwise. The standard resembles that of Finnish open wilderness huts. In some areas of Norway (particularly those not covered by the trekking association) there are also very basic huts maintained by regional mountain councils.
Locked wilderness huts
Some wilderness huts are locked, with the key available from a park visitor centre or similar location. In Norway the key of DNT is used for most of these, but not all. A few of the Norwegian huts are closed in midwinter, in the hunt season in autumn or in the reindeer calving season in May–June. In Finland booking is compulsory, in Norway typically not possible.
Ubetjent hytte in Norway resembles the open wilderness huts in Finland, but has mattresses, blankets and pillows (use your own sheet bag/sheets). Extra mattresses are available, so that everybody gets a place to sleep even when the hut is crowded. The price is typically 300–500 kr per person for a night, less if you have bought a membership in DNT. Nowadays many of the huts have solar panels for light (the 12V symbol on ut.no pages usually signifies this, not that phones can be charged).
Selvbetjent hytte is also unmanned (except possibly in season), but with possibilities to buy food, which is paid together with the accommodation. The food item selection is intended to be sufficient (but no perishables).
Reservation huts in Finland are often available at popular destinations, meant for larger or commercial parties and those wanting a guaranteed bed. They are often located by an open wilderness hut (and may consist of a separate locked department of this). They are like the open wilderness huts, but often have mattresses, blankets, pillows and cooking utensils. The fee is about €10 per person for a night.
Wilderness huts in Iceland have sleeping bag accommodations (use your own sleeping bags), a WC and either a kitchen or a stove. The huts are open during the summer, closed during the winter. To ensure a place in the hut you should reserve in advance. The price is typically 4500–7000 ISK for a night. Some of the wilderness huts are manned during the summer.
Manned wilderness cottages
In Sweden and Norway it is common to have bigger staffed wilderness cottages in popular areas. You may or may not be able to reserve a bed beforehand and there may be service available, such as food to buy or meals served. The standard is sometimes like that of a hostel or even a hotel.
Fjällstuga in Sweden are often located by trails at 10–20 km distances, equipped with mattresses, blankets, pillows and kitchen utensils. There may be a sauna and a kiosk for buying food (quite limited assortment). The guests are supposed to fetch water, make firewood, clean up etcetera themselves. Booking beds may or may not be possible. Larger parties or persons with dogs should announce their arrival beforehand. Prices vary, typically 150–400 SEK/night/person.
If the cottage is closed outside seasons, there may be an unlocked room available for emergencies (see open wilderness huts above).
The Swedish fjällstation are larger establishments, with both hostel and hotel like lodging, restaurant, self-service kitchen, sauna and other facilities. In season booking beds is recommended. Outside season the fjällstation may be closed, with an unlocked space available for emergencies (see open wilderness huts).
Covid-19 information: Advance reservation is mandatory at staffed Norwegian wilderness huts. For information about how to make a reservation, refer to the hut's page on ut.no.
Betjent hytte in Norway often offer electricity (by the grid or a local source), dinner and breakfast, bedrooms for a few persons each and dormitories, showers and drying rooms. Their web pages usually show weather forecasts for the area. The price for room and meals might be around 800 - 1000 NOK/night/person for members (dormitory prices are often in the range of unmanned huts, i.e. 200–300 NOK).
Off season they may function as unmanned self-service (selvbetjent) or serviceless (obetjent) hytte. Some close entirely.
Rental huts and cottages
If you want a base for exploration of an area you might want to rent a hut or cottage. Some may be available for a single night also. The cottages may be maintained by governmental agencies, tourist businesses, associations or private people. The standards and prices vary wildly.
Statskog in Norway has some 80 cottages for rent across the country for NOK400 per night.
Many former border guard huts, little used open wilderness huts and similar in Finland have been transformed to rental huts. These are usually maintained by Metsähallitus.
Motorhomes, caravans
It is not legal to park a motor-home on most parking places. Usually it is legal to spend the night on a rest area along the roads, but especially in southern Sweden, there have been thefts there. It is recommended to stay at camping sites if having a motorhome. In Finland, using rest areas for caravans is possible at least while visiting some wilderness areas.
Hotels
Hotels and other high standard accommodation is used by many hikers before or after a long journey, to get a good rest and as a way to become ready for the civilisation (or for the hike). There are often hotels and other high level accommodation available near "official" hiking destinations. Often most guests are staying at the hotel, enjoying just local facilities, possibly making day trips or the odd overnight trip.
Sotib oling
You might want to buy an all-round hiking and handicraft knife, either a Finnish "puukko" or a Sami "leuku" or "niibi", and a Sami wooden cup "guksi" (Finnish: kuksa, Swedish: kåsa). Quality varies from cheap import to masterpieces by local craftsmen – and the price accordingly.
The literature for sale at park visitor centres may be interesting – and a postcard is never wrong. There are some souvenirs to buy, but you probably want to look in real shops also.
Some shops in the country side have an impressing collection of things, worth investigating if something breaks or you lack something essential. They may also be willing to order things for you. Buying food here instead of in supermarkets will help these shops survive, but hiker's specialities, such as freeze-dried foods, may not be available. Opening hours are often short (but sometimes very flexible) and some shops are closed off-season.
You might want to check beforehand where to get products of local artists, craftsmen and craftswomen. Tourist shops may have quite a limited assortment of the real thing, with lots of (possibly imported) kitsch instead.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
As the Norwegian mountains have been "discovered" by the world, even people without mountaineering experience have come to think "I have to go there". Countless rescue operations frustrate local authorities and volunteer rescue services, and fatal accidents have not been avoided. The other Nordic countries have similar risks, although the numbers of careless adventurers are smaller.
Nordic hikers usually grow into the hiking tradition from childhood, and often have a great deal of experience and understanding of the dangers before going on their own. When you know what you are doing, most risks can be avoided or given due attention without even thinking twice about it. This is not necessarily the case for tourists. Do heed warnings even when not emphasized, and make sure you are up to your planned adventure.
If you are at all unsure about your skills and fitness or the difficulties on the intended route, talk with somebody who can make an assessment. There are many easy routes, but some routes are easy only for those with enough experience, and that may not always be apparent from the descriptions.
- You are on your own.
- Check the route on a good map and evaluate it. Do not expect stairs, rails or foolproof markings – or any guarantee about the weather. If you head for wilderness views, expect to have to handle the wilderness, whatever that means, sometimes even on busy trails.
- Be aware that in general there are no guards on duty and mostly no fences. Also warning signs are used sparingly in the Nordic countries – do not expect any in the wilderness. People are supposed to have enough experience and to use their own judgement; if something looks dangerous, it probably is. The rare cases of warnings are really serious.
- You do not have immediate help available on your hike, you have to be able to help yourself for quite a while. While cell (mobile) phones add to safety, hikers can not rely on them; in some areas there is no phone coverage in the lowlands and valleys. The obvious minimal precaution is to never go alone and never without experienced enough company.
- Somebody knowing your plans and calling for help if you do not return on time is a good life insurance (if you are delayed, do tell the person or, if that fails, the emergency service).
- Stay warm and dry
- The main hazard in the Nordic countries is cold weather, which can turn minor mishaps into emergencies. Hypothermia can happen even in summer at above freezing temperature. Water and wind increases cooling tenfold and can turn an easy hike into an unpleasant and even dangerous situation. At high altitudes (such as in Jotunheimen) strong wind and snowfall can occur even if there is nice weather in the valleys beneath. Bring basic winter clothing (beanie, gloves, scarf, warm jumper, wind proof jacket) even in summer for higher altitudes and longer hikes.
- Frostbite is a risk at temperatures considerably below freezing, particularly when wind adds to the cooling effect. Frostbite occurs first or primarily in extremities (fingers, toes) and exposed areas of the face. Hypothermia and frostbite are related because hypothermia causes the body to withdraw heat and blood from the limbs to protect the body core. Alcohol, smoking, medical conditions, fatigue and insufficient food and water increase the risk.
- When crossing rivers or lakes in the winter, mind ice safety.
- Wind warnings are given for quite moderate winds – for a reason. In open terrain in the mountains hard winds will make everything more difficult. In the lowland already gale force winds can take down trees and branches.
- In mountainous areas there are all the usual risks, including fog, high waters, avalanches (lavin(e)/snøras/snöskred/lumivyöry), and snowstorms even in the summer at sufficient altitudes. Heed the advice and you will be reasonably safe. Shuningdek qarang Snow safety va Alpinizm. Avalanche warnings are given for the slopes of ski resorts and for the general mountain areas. Check them and make sure you understand the implications, especially if you are going off season or off marked trails.
- Know where you are
Signs are helpful and convenient, but no substitute for a map and compass. Raggsteindalen in Buskerud.- It is easy to get lost at ridiculously short distances in unfamiliar terrain. Take a careful look even if you are going only for a minute. Dense forest, fog and open plateaus with no clear landmarks are the most difficult.
- Always take a map and compass with you when leaving the immediate vicinity of your camp (electronics is no substitute, only a supplement – instead of checking battery status you should create a good mental map). Learn to use a compass for navigation and learn to match your map with the terrain.
- If you do get lost, admit it and stop immediately. A few minutes of good rest is surprisingly effective at making you think clearly again. Lines in the terrain can be used to find way back, for instance rivers (rivers can lead you to settlements or to lakes and other points that can be identified on the map), power lines and slopes. But beware of slopes making you change direction and leading you only to a local depression, rivers leading you to hard-to-walk wet terrain, etc. Check the map for what lines are usable.
- Bugs va animals
- Mosquitoes and black flies are a nuisance in June and July, especially in Lapland and Finnmark. They do not carry diseases, but repellents, long sleeves, long pants and perhaps a mosquito hat in the worst areas are recommended. Avoid keeping doors and windows open in the evening.
- Shomil can carry Lyme disease and TBE in some areas (especially south Norway to south-west Finland). The risk is small for a casual visitor, but you may want to take precautions.
- There are big predators like bears, wolves, lynxes and wolverines in the Nordic countries, but they are generally no threat to people, as they will flee in most circumstances once they smell or hear humans. Back out if you encounter bear cubs, as their mother will protect them. Also musk oxen, elks and boars can be dangerous if you go too close.
- If you are hiking in the hunting season (the autumn), in areas where hunting is allowed, you should wear some orange or red clothing. Ask for local advice about whether any areas should be avoided. Hunting season varies by species. Moose hunting is common in the forest areas of Sweden, Finland, East Norway and Trøndelag. Red deer hunting is common in West Norway. Reindeer hunting occurs mostly in the barren mountains.
- Be careful in sun
- Clear Nordic air, high altitude and snow patches can multiply the effect of the sun, which hardly sets during the Nordic summer. Snow blindness is a serious risk, so bring UV-resistant sunglasses, and preferably mountain goggles. Bring sun cream or sun block (sun protection factor). Light can be strong in the highlands even if the sun is not visible.
- Glaciers
Do not go on your own. Jostedalsbreen glacier.- Glaciers are one of the most dangerous places for visitors to the Norwegian outdoors. Never underestimate the power of the glacier. Observe warning signs. Never approach the front of the glacier. A glacier is not a stable piece of ice, it is constantly moving and huge chunks regularly fall off. Snowbridges can obscure crevasses.
- The sun's rays get reflected from the white snow, so it necessary to use sunscreen and sunglasses to protect your skin and eyes. Bring warm clothes for tours on the glacier.
- Qil emas enter a glacier without proper equipment and a skilled local guide.
Rules of mountain conduct
Norway's trekking association has compiled a set of rules or guidelines for sensible hiking, "fjellvettreglene":
- Don't go for a long hike without training.
- Tell where you are going.
- Respect weather and forecast
- Be prepared for storm and cold weather even on shorter hikes. Bring a rucksack with the kind of gear needed.
- Listen to experienced hikers.
- Dont hike alone.
- Use map and compass
- Turn back in time, it is nothing to be ashamed of.
- Don't waste your energy. Dig into snow if necessary.
Volcanic eruption
Out of the Nordic countries, Iceland is the only one with active volcanoes.
As a precautionary mesure carry a cell phone and a battery powered radio, and heed to warnings from the Icelandic civil protection about hazardous areas. Listen to either the radio station Rás 1 or Bylgjan. Rás 1 is on the LW frequencies 189 kHz and 207 kHz. For the FM frequencies see the frequency map of Ras va frequencies of Bylgjan. Pay attention to any SMS messages you get, as the Icelandic civil protection does send out SMS messages in Icelandic and English to phones in hazardous areas.
Should an eruption occur the ash can spread throughout the whole country depending on the wind direction. Eruptions increase the chance of lightnings and a glacial eruption will generate n flood in rivers with sources at the melting glacier.
Regardless of where you are in the country during an eruption, consider the wind direction and consider whether the wind can spread the ash to you. As an alternative you can use the mobile website of the Icelandic met office. If so, walk high up in the landscape to avoid poisonous gases, cover your nostrils and mouth with a cloth. Should the ash get thick or if you have an asthma, go into the next day or wilderness hut, close windows on the side that the wind blows at, close the chimney and stay there until the wind direction changes.
Should you be in close proximity of an eruption walk opposite to the wind direction to get out of the area. If you have concerns that you cannot abandon a hazardous area in time, do not hesitate to call the emergency number 112.
Hurmat
Many people you meet on remote trails are there to be with nature only. They might not be interested in socializing and will probably frown upon noisy behaviour. It is common, though, to stop and exchange a few words, e.g. about the terrain ahead, and at least some kind of greeting is usually expected when you meet people on (or off) the trail. Some might of course be interested in where you come from. People are often less reserved with strangers when they are in the wilderness.
Smoking is disliked by many and can be a serious hazard. In hot and dry periods a cigarette butt can cause a forest fire (even if "extinguished"), so just like with other litter, avoid leaving them in nature. Smoking indoors is mostly prohibited. Where locals smoke you might follow their example, but otherwise try to be a good example yourself.
Even if there is right of access, wilderness is often privately owned. In Norway only barren high mountains are public (government) property. Trails and bridges are usually maintained by volunteers (the trekking association for instance) or by landowners for the visitors' benefit. Shuni yodda tutingki, siz birovning shaxsiy erida mehmonsiz. Boqish uchun hayvonlar va katta ov bo'lishi mumkin, ular bezovtalanmasligi kerak. Axlatni orqada qoldirmang. Cho'lda, toshli plyajlar va tog 'dovonlarida tosh qafaslarni qurish mehmonlar orasida tobora ommalashib bormoqda. Tosh qafaslari yo'llarni belgilash uchun ishlatiladi va aslida sayyohlarni yo'ldan ozdirishi mumkin. Cairnlarni quradigan mehmonlar ko'pincha tosh to'siqlardan toshlarni yig'ib olishadi, ularning ba'zilari aslida madaniy meros yoki foydalanishda. Bu kabi tabiatni o'zgartirish, hatto oddiy tosh bilan bo'lsa ham, noqonuniy hisoblanadi.
Xuddi shunday mulohazalar jamoat erlarida ham qo'llaniladi. Sami bir xil egalik tushunchasiga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli Laplandiyaning katta qismi hukumatga tegishli. Aholisi xuddi erga egalik qilganidek, sahroga bog'liqdir. Ob'ektlar soliq to'lovchilarning mablag'lari hisobidan ta'minlansa, ular umumiy irodaning natijasidir, ular shaxsiy xayr-ehsonlardan kam bo'lmasligi kerak.
Joy nomlari va foydali so'zlarni joylashtiring
Xaritalar va belgilardagi ismlar odatda topografiyani ko'rsatganligi sababli, ba'zi landshaft so'zlarini tushunish foydali bo'lishi mumkin. Agar siz oldindan katta hajmdagi xaritalarni o'rganish imkoniga ega bo'lsangiz, eng tez-tez uchraydigan prefiks va qo'shimchalarning ma'nosini tekshirishingiz mumkin, ammo ba'zilari bu erda keltirilgan. Ular tez-tez xaritadan ko'rinmaydigan narsalarni erning xususiyati haqida aytib berishadi yoki hudud tarixi to'g'risida maslahatlar berishadi.
Sami hududida joy nomlari odatda sami kelib chiqishidan kelib chiqadi, shuningdek, agar bu aniq bo'lmasa. Masalan, Lemmenjoki dastlab "iliq daryo" (sami tilidan: leammi; fin. lämmin), "sevgi daryosi" emas (fin. lempi, lemmen). Hududning relyef xususiyatlari ko'pincha sami so'zi bilan ataladi (masalan, "jåkk", johka, oqimlar uchun shvedcha so'zlar o'rniga).
Tillarda aralash ismlar ishlatiladi. Ismlar odatda qo'shma so'zlar yordamida yaratiladi, bu erda oxirgi qism qanday landshaft xususiyati ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Masalan; misol uchun Jostedalsbreen dan yaratilgan ism Jostedal (Joste vodiysi) va bre (muzlik), boshqacha qilib aytganda, Jostedaldagi muzlik. Ko'pincha so'zlar ko'plik va / yoki genitiv bo'lib, bu so'zlarni biroz o'zgartiradi, fin va samiy tillarida har doim ham oz emas.
Bundan tashqari, Norvegiya va Shvetsiyada aniq artikl ("the") so'zga qo'shilgan qo'shimchalar shaklida ko'rinadi, shuning uchun yashil degani muzlik.
Bir necha xil Sami tillari mavjud va ularning orfografiyasi atigi bir necha o'n yillar oldin standartlashtirilgan, demak, qaysi tillar ishtirok etishidan qat'i nazar, imlo farqlari mavjud.
Shvetsiya ä va ö harflari island tilida æ va ö, norveg tilida æ va ø yoziladi; å Finlyandiya va Sami tillarining ko'pchiligida yozilgan. Shvedcha ä ko'pincha e ga yaqin bo'lib talaffuz qilinadi va ko'p hollarda norveg tilida e yoziladi. Yozilish yoki talaffuzdagi ushbu va boshqa ozmi-ko'pmi muntazam farqlarni anglash, boshqa tillardan biladigan so'zni, masalan, Sami hududlarida joylashgan joki / jåkk / jåkkå / johka (fin, shved va sami imlolari) ni tushunishga yordam beradi.
Shved va norveg
- kart / karta
- xarita
- fjell, fjäll
- tog ', cho'qqilar, cho'qqilar (daraxt chizig'i ustida cho'zilgan landshaftni bildiradi, ma'lum bir cho'qqiga yoki umuman tog'larga murojaat qilishi mumkin)
- vidde
- baland, ochiq plato (daraxt chizig'i ustida)
- innsjø, vann, vatn, sjö
- ko'l, ko'l
- tjern, tjärn
- suv havzasi, kichik ko'l, tarn
- skog
- o'rmon, o'rmon
- mir, kar
- botqoq, botqoq
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- ur, taluskon
- tosh, talus konlari
- bre / glaciär, fonn, skavl
- muzlik, qor yog'ishi
- dal
- vodiy
- juv, kløft / klyfta, ravin
- darasi, jarligi, darasi
- elv, bekk / alv, å, bäck
- daryo, irmoq, daryo
- bro / bru, sommarbro, helårsbru
- ko'prik, qishda tortib olingan ko'prik, yil bo'yi ko'prik
- vad
- ford
- stuga / stue, hytte
- kulba, idishni
- yiqilish
- chirigan
- snaufjell / kalfjäll
- qaqragan tog'lar
- tregrense / trädgränsen
- daraxt chizig'i
- skyddsområde
- qo'riqlanadigan hudud
- sti / stig
- yo'l, iz
- ruskmärkning
- qorda filiallar ko'rinishidagi belgilar
- øy / ö, holme, skär
- orol, adacık
- foss / fors, vattenfall
- palapartishlik, tez oqim
Islandcha
- kort
- xarita
- yiqildi, fjall
- tog
- heiði
- baland ochiq plato
- vatn, tjörn
- ko'l, ko'l
- miri
- botqoq, botqoq
- fyördur
- fyord, dafna
- jokull
- muzlik
- dalur
- vodiy
- gjá, gljufur
- darasi, jarligi, darasi
- á
- daryo
- fotoalbom
- sharshara
- eyja, sker
- orol, adacık
Finlyandiya va Sami
- kartta
- xarita
- vuori, tunturi / tuodtar, vaara / várri (várre, várrie, vaerie, vare)
- tog; vuori - bu fin tilidagi umumiy so'z, navbati bilan tunturi va vaara daraxt satridan o'tmaydi - ammo Samida várri - tepalik yoki tog 'uchun umumiy so'z (ko'pincha katta tiklar haqida), ko'pincha "tarjima qilingan" vaara; tunturi / duottarmailbmi daraxt satridan yuqorida joylashgan barcha mintaqalarda ham ishlatiladi
- kaisa / gaissa; kero / tseärru; oaivi; kielas / gielas, kaita / skäidi; rova / roavvi
- turli shakldagi tog'lar: baland qor bilan qoplangan tepalik; daraxt chizig'i ustidagi tepalik shaklidagi tog '; daraxt chizig'i ustidagi dumaloq tog '("bosh"); tizma; siyrak o'rmonli tosh tepalik
- cohkka (tjåhkkå, tjåhkka, tjahkke, tjåkkå)
- cho'qqisi, yig'ilish
- mäki, kallio, harju / puoldsa
- tepalik, (tepalik) qattiq tosh, esker
- skäidi, selkä / cielgi
- tog 'yonbag'ridagi suv havzasi (selkä dengiz yoki katta ko'lning kengligi) / qayin bilan tizma
- paxta / pahte
- baland va tik tog 'yonbag'ri
- järvi / jávri (járré, avrre, havrre, javrrie, jaevrie, jävri, jäu'rr, jauri, jaure, jaur)
- ko'l, ko'l
- vesi
- suv, ko'pincha ismlarda "ko'l" degan ma'noni anglatadi
- lähde, kaltio / galdu
- bahor
- lampi
- suv havzasi, kichik ko'l, tarn
- lahti / luokta (luoktta, loekte)
- dafna
- niemi / njárga (njárgga, njarka)
- pelerin
- suo, rahka, räme, aapa / aaphe, jänkä / jeäggi, vuoma / vuobme
- botqoq, botqoq; suo - umumiy so'z, boshqalari har xil turlari; vuoma / vuobmi ham vodiy
- palsa
- muzli uyum (botqoq yoki botqoqda)
- jäätikkö
- muzlik, qorli qor
- laakso
- vodiy
- rotko, kuru / autsi, ävdzi, gorsa
- darasi, jarligi, darasi
- joki / johka (jåhkå, juhka, johke, jekkå, jekk), eno / eädnu, puro, oja / ája,
- daryo, irmoq, irmoq; joki / johka - umumiy so'z, eno juda katta, puro kichik, oja mayda
- qahlaamo
- ford
- metsä; kuusikko, männikkö, koivikko va boshqalar.
- o'rmon, o'rmon; turli xil daraxt turlarining so'nggi o'rmonlari (kuusi = archa, mänty = qarag'ay, koivu = qayin)
- raja
- chegara, chegara
- pueraja
- daraxt chizig'i
- rajavyöhyke
- chegara zonasi
- kuusimetsän raja
- (shimoliy) archa ("kuusi") o'rmonlarining chegarasi
- polku, reitti
- yo'l, iz
- mokki, pirtti, tupa; kammi / gamme
- kottej, kulba; maysazor kulbasi
- siida
- Sami qishlog'i yoki jamoasi
- seita / sieidi
- ruh, muqaddas narsa
- saari, luoto
- orol, adacık
- koski, niva, kurkkio, kortsi / gorzze
- tez, ikkinchisi tik va toshli
- suvanto, savu
- gazsiz suv (tez suv ostida)
- konggs
- tik tezliklar, kichik sharshara
- (vesi) putous
- sharshara
- latu (pl. ladut) / láhtu
- chang'i trassasi
Ulanmoq
Salyangoz pochta
Do'konlarda va sayyohlik korxonalarida pochta qutilari va shtamplar mavjud bo'lishi mumkin. Poste restante o'rniga siz mos keladigan narsadan foydalanishingiz mumkin c / o manzili. Mahalliy amaliyotlar haqida so'rang.
Telefonlar
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda odatda yaxshi uyali telefon aloqasi mavjud, ammo bu sizga kerakli joyda bo'lishi shart emas. Ba'zi bir sahro kulbalarida favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun telefonlar mavjud (Finlyandiyada bundan buyon emas; Shvetsiyada ular tez-tez uchraydi va ular sizning favqulodda vaziyatlarda emas, balki sizning kechikishingiz haqida gapirish va kerak bo'lganda maslahat olish uchun ham ishlatilishi kerak).
Tog'li hududlarda vodiylarda ko'pincha signal bo'lmaydi. Uzoq hududlarda qulagan tepaliklardan boshqa signal bo'lmasligi mumkin. Siz oldindan muhim Internet xizmatlarini past tezlikli (hatto 9600 bit / s) ulanish bilan sinab ko'rishingiz mumkin. SMS-ob-havo xizmatlari mavjud. Ilgari 3G faqat yirik shaharlar va muhim turistik kurortlar yaqinida va ba'zi bir asosiy yo'llar bo'ylab mavjud edi, ammo endi Finlyandiyada hatto cho'lning ko'p qismida ham mavjud.
Har bir provayderda qamrov farq qiladi. Agar kompaniyada bir nechta telefoningiz (SIM-kartangiz) bo'lsa, siz turli xil provayderlarga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin. E'tibor bering, eng yaxshi signal qo'shni davlatdan bo'lishi mumkin va shuning uchun siz telefonga provayderni tanlashga ruxsat bergan bo'lsangiz, hatto xalqaro SIM-kartalar orqali xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun haq to'lashingiz mumkin.
Qaerda signal yomon bo'lsa, qo'ng'iroq qilishga urinmang, balki SMS-dan foydalaning: xabarlar bir necha soniya davomida signalga muhtoj va shu bilan ham ishonchli bo'ladi, hamda kam quvvat sarflaydi.
Telefoningizni quruq holda saqlang. Yodda tutingki, batareyalar yomon signal bo'lgan joyda tezroq ishlatiladi. Telefoningizni ko'pincha o'chirib qo'ying. Elektr energiyasi odatda orqa mamlakatda mavjud emas, hatto uylar va uylarda ham bo'lmaydi.
Favqulodda vaziyat chaqiruvlari
The shoshilinch raqam 112 barcha shimoliy mamlakatlarda ishlaydi. Ba'zi favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun maxsus raqamlar bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ☏112 ularning barchasini uddalay oladi. "112" raqamiga qo'ng'iroqlar bepul va ko'pchilik telefonlarning qulflari hisobga olinmasdan ishlaydi. Raqamni kiriting yoki favqulodda vaziyat tugmachasidan foydalaning (ba'zi aqlli telefonlarda). Aslida, siz ba'zi hollarda telefon mavjud bo'lgan eng yaxshi ulanishdan foydalanganligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun SIM-kartani olib tashlashni xohlashingiz mumkin. Afsuski, Shvetsiya 112 telefoni "5" tugmachasini bosguncha SIM-kartasiz qo'ng'iroqlarni to'xtatib qo'yadi. Finlyandiyada bunday qo'ng'iroqlarga javob berilishidan oldin yarim daqiqa kutib turiladi.
Uchun sun'iy yo'ldosh telefonlari favqulodda vaziyat xizmatining raqami ☏ 46 63-107-112 (Shvetsiya), 358 9 2355-0545 (Finlyandiya), 354 809-0112 (Islandiya tekshiruvi!). Inmarsat-14 sun'iy yo'ldoshlari janubiy ufqdan atigi 15 daraja balandlikda va shu bilan erning balandligi yoki boshqa to'siqlar bilan osongina to'sib qo'yilgan. Iridiumda bunday muammo yo'q.
Favqulodda vaziyatga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan muammolar haqida favqulodda yordam xizmatiga aytib berishdan tortinmang. Xavfsizligingizni aytish uchun ularga qo'ng'iroq qilganingizga ishonch hosil qiling, shuningdek kechikkaningizda va kimdir qutqaruv operatsiyasini boshlash uchun qo'ng'iroq qilishi mumkin. Xarajatlar beshta raqamli raqamga ega - soatiga evro (odatda soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan to'lanadi, ammo siz tizimni suiiste'mol qilishni xohlamaysiz).
Joylashuvni ETRS89 / WGS84 koordinatalari sifatida aytish mumkin (oldindan xaritada ishlatilishini tekshiring). Xaritangizdagi taniqli joydan yoki har qanday koordinatalar tizimidan yo'nalish va masofadan ham foydalanish mumkin. Xatolikka yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun joy nomiga yaqin ismlarni ham ayting. Kompaslarda 360 ° va bir necha mil tizimlari (aylana uchun 60, 63 yoki 64 gektomil) ishlatilishini va ba'zi nomlar, masalan Ailigas ("muqaddas yiqilish"), noaniq. Finlyandiyada favqulodda yordam xizmati munitsipalitet va manzilni so'rashi mumkin (ular ulkan hududlarga xizmat qiladi), lekin siz ularga bilmasligingizni aytganingizda oqilona bo'ladi.
Sun'iy yo'ldosh navigatorlari (GPS va hokazo.; Ko'pincha smartfonlarga, ba'zida kameralarga qo'shiladi) juda ko'p quvvat sarflaydi, shuning uchun ular ko'pincha o'chiriladi, lekin favqulodda vaziyatlarda aniq koordinatalarni berishi mumkin. Sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni topish uchun biroz vaqt talab etiladi va ular shu vaqtgacha noto'g'ri koordinatalar berishlari mumkin. Ularning sozlamalari va xatti-harakatlarini tushunganingizni tekshiring.
Engish
Chiqindilar
Ko'pincha kulbalarda, boshpanalarda va gulxan yoqiladigan joylarda axlat qutilari mavjud. Ayniqsa, yo'l bo'lmagan joyda siz ularni ishlatishdan qochishingiz va o'rniga mahsulotingizni to'plashingiz kerak. Orqa mamlakatda chiqindi qutilarini bo'shatish keraksiz va qimmat trafikni anglatadi. Tez orada bo'shatilishini bilmasangiz, oziq-ovqat qoldiqlari va shunga o'xshash narsalarni axlat qutisiga qo'ymang. Oziq-ovqat qoldiqlari kabi oz miqdordagi organik chiqindilar chuqur hojatxonalariga joylashtirilishi mumkin (va yanada rivojlangan kompostli hojatxonalar). Ba'zi joylarda alohida komposterlar mavjud. Qayta ishlash punktlarida qog'oz, metall va shisha alohida parvarish qilinishi mumkin. Agar kerak bo'lsa, organik chiqindilar ham ko'milishi mumkin, ammo ayniqsa torfda va trassadan yuqori qismida parchalanish ko'p yillar davom etishi mumkin. Sof qog'ozni gulxanlarda va pechkalarda yoqish mumkin, ammo metall yoki plastmassa bilan qoplangan qog'ozni yig'ib olish kerak. Boshqalarning kuyishi uchun chiqindilarni qoldirmang.
Hojatxonalar
Yo'llar bo'ylab kulbalarda va ko'pincha boshpana joylarida va gulxan joylarida hojatxonalar mavjud, odatda bu xizmatlardan foydalansangiz, sizning ehtiyojlaringiz uchun etarli bo'ladi. Ular odatda quruq hojatxonalardir: skameykada teshik bo'lgan tashqi uy va hijob, talaş yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar bilan najasingizni qoplash uchun. O'zingizning tualet qog'ozingizdan foydalanishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Qo'lingizni yuvish, odatda, o'zingizning muammoingizdir (odamlar ichimlik suvini oladigan joyning yuqori qismida yoki ichimlik suvi paqiriga yaqin joyda qilmang). Yo'llardan tashqarida va kulbalar orasida, maslahat Lagerni izsiz qoldiring ta'qib qilinishi mumkin.
Yuvish
Mamlakatlarning aksariyat qismida ko'plab soylar va ko'llar yoki dengiz qirg'oqlari mavjud, shuning uchun o'zingizni yuvish uchun suv topish juda kamdan-kam hollarda muammo tug'diradi, lekin ayniqsa shimolda va iyul-avgust oylaridan tashqari bu juda salqin. Shunchaki o'zingizni qabul qiling yoki saunalardan foydalaning. Qo'lingizni yuvish uchun pechkangizda oz miqdordagi suvni isitish mumkin, ammo ko'pincha sovuq suv etarli. Ko'p joylarda siz ko'lda yoki daryoda axloqsizlik yoki sovun olishdan saqlaning, aksariyat quruqlikda yuving. Dengiz suvi Boltiqbo'yi qismida juda sho'r emas va fyordlarda kamdan-kam hollarda.
Dushlar odatda cho'ldagi kulbalarda mavjud emas, ammo ba'zi bir kabinetlarda va agar siz ularga duch kelsangiz, haqiqiy lagerlarda mavjud bo'lishi mumkin. Buning o'rniga ko'plab kulbalar va kabinalarda joylashgan saunalardan foydalaning. Uchun sauna protsedura, ushbu maqolani ko'ring (Finlyandiyada bo'lmaganida, kutilgan xatti-harakatlar boshqacha yoki yo'qligini tekshirib ko'ring), lekin to'g'ri yuvish odatda yuvinish idishida issiq va sovuq suvni aralashtirish va undan foydalanish. Chayish uchun yangi to'plamni yoki ikkitasini aralashtiring.