The Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar g'arbiy qismning eng shimoliy qismini tashkil etadi Evropaga kengaytirilgan Arktika. Ular o'z ichiga oladi Daniya, Finlyandiya, Islandiya, Norvegiyava Shvetsiya, Farer orollari, Allandiya va ko'pgina ta'riflarda Grenlandiya, chunki uzoq yillik siyosiy va lingvistik aloqalar mavjud.
Ushbu qo'shnilar, hech bo'lmaganda, oldingi merosga ega Viking yoshi, o'tmishda bir nechta kasaba uyushmalari va bugungi kunda yaqin hamkorlik. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlari qariyb 1,2 million km² (463 000 kvadrat milya) Evropaning eng yirik mintaqalaridan birini tashkil qiladi, ammo atigi 24 million odam yashaydi, bu uning aholisining atigi 4 foizini tashkil qiladi. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar Evropaning eng ajoyib tabiiy mo''jizalarini o'z ichiga oladi va mukammal turmush darajasi bilan maqtanishadi.
Mamlakatlar
| Daniya Eng kichik Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatida yuzlab orollar, dala-dala qishloq xo'jaligi erlari, cheksiz plyajlar va kontinental muhit mavjud. |
| Finlyandiya Sharqdagi ushbu ko'prikda kashf qilish uchun yuz ming orol va ko'l mavjud. Evropa Ittifoqining eng kam aholi yashaydigan mamlakati va shimoliy german tili faqat ozchilikning birinchi tili bo'lgan evroni ishlatadigan yagona shimoliy mamlakat. |
| Islandiya Shimoliy Atlantika orolidagi vulqonlar, muzliklar, geyzerlar va palapartishliklarning ajoyib manzarasi. |
| Norvegiya (shu jumladan Svalbard) Chuqurligi bilan mashhur fyordlar, tik tog'lar, son-sanoqsiz sharsharalar, yog'och cherkovlar, Shimoliy chiroqlar va ming yillik dengiz an'analari. Norvegiyaning relyefi va tabiati o'ziga xos mintaqaviy xilma-xillikka ega. |
| Shvetsiya Maydoni va aholisi bo'yicha eng yirik Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakat - bu cheksiz o'rmonlar, tiniq moviy ko'llar va uning qirg'oqlari bo'ylab chiroyli arxipelaglar. |
| Farer orollari Atlantika okeanidagi Daniyaning avtonom hududi juda o'ziga xos madaniyatga va milliy o'ziga xoslik tuyg'usiga ega. Ayniqsa, dramatik tabiiy manzaralari va noyob qushlar hayoti bilan mashhur. |
| Allandiya Boltiq dengizidagi Finlyandiyaning arxipelagi va avtonom hududi, bu erda shved tilida so'zlashadigan aholi o'ziga xos madaniyatga va kvazi-milliy o'zlikni anglashga ega. |
- Grenlandiya Daniyaning avtonom hududi; ning geografik qismi Shimoliy Amerika. Inuitlar, mahalliy aholi madaniy va lingvistik jihatdan mahalliy Amerikaga yaqin, ammo zamonaviy shimoliy shimoliy ta'sir mavjud.
- Da Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar bilan juda ko'p umumiy tarixga ega va ayniqsa Estoniyaliklar o'z mamlakatlarini Nordic deb da'vo qiladilar, ular Shimoliy Shimoliy Kengashning a'zolari emas va ular Vikivoyajda alohida mintaqa bilan qamrab olingan.
Shaharlar
- 1 Orxus - Daniya bo'ylab shahar va shaharlarning tarixiy binolarini o'z ichiga olgan yorqin Ochiq havo muzeyi, 1800-yillarning ko'plari
- 2 Bergen - ajoyib yoqimli yog'och binolar, muhtasham tog'lar, turli xil tungi hayot va tonna atmosferaga ega qadimgi Gans savdo markazi.
- 3 Kopengagen - madaniy tajribalar, xaridlar va Daniya dizayn an'analarining ilhomi uchun juda ko'p takliflar. So'nggi paytlarda u mintaqaning gastronomik markaziga aylandi va buning natijasida ko'plab yangi restoran va barlar bilan "Yangi shimoliy oshxona" tamoyillarini boshqarmoqda. Shuningdek, qayiq avtobuslari bosib o'tgan chiroyli kanallar mavjud.
- 4 Gyoteborg - Shvetsiyaning g'arbiy sohilidagi port va sanoat shahri, hajmi bo'yicha Shvetsiyada ikkinchi o'rinda turadi
- 5 Xelsinki - "Boltiqbo'yi qizi", Finlyandiyaning poytaxti va o'zining taniqli sobori bilan eng katta shahar
- 6 Oslo - milliy ahamiyatga ega muzeylar, chiroyli muhit, tungi hayot va madaniy sahna
- 7 Reykyavik - dunyodagi eng shimoliy milliy poytaxt
- 8 Stokgolm - Skandinaviyaning eng go'zal shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan bir qator orollarga tarqaldi
- 9 Turku - Arxipelag dengiziga kirish eshigi; ulkan qal'a va sobor - bu tarixiy Turkuning ikkita qutbidir, ular orasida shaharning deyarli barcha muhim joylarini topish mumkin.
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Gotland - Boltiq dengizidagi eng katta orol, YuNESKO merosiga ega asosiy shahar Visbi va yozda ajoyib ziyofatlar
- 2 Jostedalsbreen - Evropa materikidagi eng katta muzlik
- 3 Laponiya - Shvetsiyaning shimoliy qismida joylashgan Evropaning eng yirik cho'l zonalaridan biri
- 4 Myvatn - Islandiya shimolidagi Akureyri yaqinidagi ko'l mintaqasi
- 5 Nordkapp - bu jarlik Evropaning eng shimoliy nuqtasidir
- 6 Nuuksio milliy bog'i - Xelsinkidan atigi 35 km uzoqlikda pint o'lchamdagi mo''jiza
- 7 Saariselkä - Finlyandiyaning Laplandiyadagi ulkan qo'shni qishki sport turlari markazi Urho Kekkonen milliy bog'i
- 8 Stevns Cliff - Daniyadagi qumtosh qoyalar
- 9 Sydfynske Øhav - 55 orol va orollar, Daniyaning eng tabiiy joylaridan biri
- 10 Velingvellir milliy bog'i - bu nafaqat dunyodagi eng uzoq davom etgan parlamentning asl sayti, balki Shimoliy Amerika va Evropaning kontinental tokcha plitalari ham parchalanib ketgan joy.
Tushuning
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarni oxirgi muzlik davrida, miloddan avvalgi 10000 yilgacha muz qoplagan. Muz sahna ko'rinishiga belgi qo'ydi. Yer po'sti pastga surilgan va hozirgi kunda ham Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaning shimolida har yili bir santimetrgacha ko'tarilmoqda. Muzlikdan keyingi tiklanish doimiy ravishda qirg'oq bo'ylab harakatlanadi; Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyadagi aksariyat zamonaviy aholi punktlari va qishloq xo'jaligi erlari bir necha ming yil, hatto 1000 yildan kamroq vaqt oldin dengizda harakatlanadigan dengiz edi. Bu harakat keksa odamlarga boshqa qirg'oqni eslab qolishlari uchun etarli. Muz manzarada boshqa izlarni qoldirdi, masalan, tekislikdagi ulkan toshlar va vodiy og'zidagi yuz metr balandlikdagi qumli teraslar. The Norvegiya fyordlari muzlik eroziyasi natijasida hosil bo'lgan, ammo uzoqroq vaqt miqyosida. Ko'tarilgan er ba'zi fyordlarning ba'zi qismlarini dengiz sathidan ko'targan va shu bilan go'zal ko'llar yaratgan. |
Skandinaviya faqat shu jumladan geografik atama Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya. Atama Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar shuningdek o'z ichiga oladi Finlyandiya va Islandiya, garchi bu atamalar ko'pincha tashrif buyuruvchilar tomonidan bir-birining o'rnida ishlatiladi. Grenlandiya geografik jihatdan Shimoliy Amerikaning bir qismidir, ammo Daniya qirolligining ajralmas qismi va Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning siyosiy qismi sifatida ham bog'liqdir. Shimoliy Shimoliy Kengash, kooperativ tashkilot.
Norvegiya va Shvetsiya Skandinaviya yarim orolini tashkil qiladi, chunki Daniya ikkitadan Boltiq dengiziga kirish yo'li bilan ajralib turadi. "Fennoskandiya" - bu Skandinaviya materigi va Finlyandiya uchun kamdan kam qo'llaniladigan texnik atama, Yutland yarimoroli (Daniyaning materik qismi, ammo uning asosiy aholisi emas) Germaniyaning bir qismini ham o'z ichiga oladi. Shlezvig Xolshteyn. Siyosiy va madaniy atama sifatida "shimoliy mamlakatlar" uzoq vaqtdan beri siyosiy va lingvistik aloqalar mavjud bo'lganligi sababli Atlantika orolidagi Islandiya, Farer va ko'pgina ta'riflarda Grenlandiya kabi orollarni o'z ichiga oladi. Estoniya o'zini hech bo'lmaganda qisman Nordic deb hisoblaydi, ammo boshqalar uni har doim ham shunday deb bilishmaydi.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar ko'plab madaniy xususiyatlarga ega, shu jumladan o'xshash bayroqlar va ularning aksariyat tillari qarindosh. Ular umumiy tarixga ega va iqtisodiy jihatdan bir-biriga bog'liqdir. Daniya, Finlyandiya va Shvetsiya Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo; Norvegiya va Islandiya Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zolikni rad etishdi, ammo EFTAga (Evropa Ittifoqi bilan erkin savdo-sotiqga ega) tegishli Shengen zonasi. (Nordic pasport ittifoqi 1950-yillarda tashkil topgan va qo'shimcha huquqlarni beradi.) Grenlandiya Evropa Ittifoqidan 1985 yilda asosan baliq oviga oid nizolar bo'yicha chiqib ketgan.
Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan keyin Shimoliy Shimoliy davlatlar yuqori daromadli mamlakatlarga aylandilar. Norvegiya va Islandiya, ayniqsa, mo'l-ko'l tabiiy resurslardan foyda ko'rishdi. Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaning ham ulushi bor, ammo xalqaro bozorda ular asosan Ikea, Volvo, Saab, Ericsson va Nokia kabi kuchli brendlar bilan mashhur. Garchi Daniya bir qator sohalarda murakkab biznesni rivojlantirgan bo'lsa-da, u eng avvalo shimolning etakchi qishloq xo'jaligi mamlakati, ayniqsa cho'chqa go'shti mahsulotlari bilan mashhur. Minimal ish haqi va soliqlarning yuqori darajasi tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun yuqori narxlarga aylanadi.
Murakkab ijtimoiy davlatlar Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning umumiy xususiyatidir. Aksariyat narsalar yuqori darajada tashkil etilgan va tashrif buyuruvchilar hamma narsani rejalar, qoidalar va jadvallarga muvofiq ravishda davom etishlarini kutishlari mumkin. Skandinaviya mamlakatlari Kanada, Yangi Zelandiya va Singapur bilan birgalikda dunyodagi eng kam korrupsiyaga ega va jinoyatchilik darajasi nisbatan past. Bundan tashqari, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlari gender tengligi bo'yicha dunyodagi eng yuqori reytingga ega bo'lib, dunyoda etakchi lavozimlarda ayollarning eng yuqori ulushi, shuningdek, saxiy otalik va onalik ta'tillari va bolalarni tarbiyalashda teng mas'uliyat madaniyati mavjud. Qisman gender tengligi an'analari tufayli Shimoliy Shimoliy terma jamoalar ayollar sport musobaqalarida, ayniqsa, futbol va gandbolda o'z vaznidan yuqori darajada mushtlashadi. Garchi neoliberalistik to'lqin bu erdagi siyosatga ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, odamlar orasida ijtimoiy davlatni qo'llab-quvvatlash kuchli.
Tarix
- Shuningdek qarang: Vikinglar va qadimgi Norse, Nordic tarixi
Miloddan avvalgi 10000 yilgacha Skandinaviya va Finlyandiyani muz qatlami qoplagan. Muz erni pastga itarib yuborganida, u dengizdan yiliga 1 sm ga yaqin ko'tarilmoqda. Muzlar erishi bilan shimoliy german xalqlari janubiy qirg'oq mintaqalarida aholi yashar edilar va Finlar va Sami Ural tog'laridan ko'chib ketishgan. Shunday qilib, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar Evrosiyoning odamlar tomonidan joylashtirilgan so'nggi qismlaridan biri edi.
8-11 asrlar Vikinglar asri sifatida tanilgan. "Viking" - bu qabila yoki millatning nomi emas, balki qadimgi norscha so'z "dengizchi". Norvegiyaliklarning aksariyati Skandinaviyada qolgan va ta'rifi bo'yicha dehqonlar edi emas Vikinglar, ammo ba'zi norsemanlar (va ba'zi hollarda ayollar) Atlantika va Evropa daryolarida suzib, dengizgacha etib borishdi. Kanada va Markaziy Osiyo, ba'zida manzilga joylashib, kabi xalqlarning poydevorida ishtirok etish Angliya, Frantsiyava Rossiya. Ekspeditsiyalar tinch savdo-sotiqdan tortib, qaroqchilar reydlariga qadar davom etdi, ikkinchisi esa Norvegiyaga Evropa bo'ylab yomon obro'ga ega bo'ldi.
Islandiya Vikinglar davrida asosan G'arbiy Norvegiyadan kelgan muhojirlar tomonidan joylashtirilgan. Mustamlakachilikning dastlabki o'n yilliklari "erlarni tortib olish yillari" deb nomlangan (Ilandiya: Landnámsöld). Ayollar yoki qullarning katta qismi Shotlandiya va Irlandiyadan kelib chiqqan bo'lsa-da, madaniy va siyosiy aloqalar asosan Skandinaviya bilan bo'lgan va qadimgi Norvegiya tili Islandiyada lingvistik jihatdan shu qadar barqaror bo'lib qolganki, qadimgi Norse Sagasning ba'zi ijrolari ularni zamonaviy Island talaffuzi bilan ifodalaydi. haqiqiy narsaga etarlicha yaqin. Islandiyaning qadimiy dostonlar Norvegiyaning o'rta asrlar tarixi va adabiyotining muhim qismlarini o'z ichiga oladi.
Miloddan avvalgi 1000 yil davomida Norvegiya xalqlari birlashib, xristianlashgani sababli. Vikinglar bosqini boshlandi. XIII asrda Finlyandiya suvga cho'mdi va Shvetsiya tomonidan qo'shib olindi. Skandinaviya birlashishi g'oyasi 19-yilda tiklanguniga qadar Shimoliy mamlakatlar Kalmar Ittifoqida XIV-XV asrlarda birlashdilar, ammo XVI asrda Shvetsiya ajralib chiqqanligi sababli, keyingi 300 yil davomida Daniyaga qarshi o'n bitta urush olib bordilar. asr. Daniya ostida bo'lgan yillar davomida Norvegiyada Daniya siyosati va tili katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi va yozma Daniya ham Norvegiyaning tiliga aylandi. 1814 yilda Daniyadan mustaqillikka erishgandan so'ng, Norvegiyada etakchi odamlar tezda dunyodagi eng qadimgi demokratik qonunlarni tuzdilar. Norvegiya Shvetsiya bilan ittifoq davrida (1814-1905) yuqori darajadagi avtonomiyaga ega edi va tinch yo'l bilan ajralib chiqdi.
Norvegiya, Finlyandiya va Islandiya 20-asrning boshlarida mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritdi yoki tikladi. Oxiridan beri Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning beshtasi demokratik farovonlik davlatlariga erishdilar. Ular Norvegiya va Islandiya Evropa Ittifoqini rad etgan holda, xalqaro hamjamiyatda turli yo'llarni bosib o'tganliklari va Finlyandiya Evropani qabul qilgan yagona Shimoliy Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakat bo'lganligi bilan, Shimoliy Shimoliy Shimoliy xalqlar o'rtasidagi birodarlik faqat do'stona raqobat bilan ifloslangan.
Geografiya
Daniya chegaradosh Germaniya, Finlyandiya va shimoliy Norvegiya chegarada Rossiya, ammo aks holda Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarni qo'shnilaridan Boltiqbo'yi, Shimoliy dengiz yoki Atlantika o'zi ajratib turadi. Daniya odatda Evropaning qit'a qismi sifatida qaraladi, qolgan Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar esa bunday emas. Daniya Shimoliy Evropa tekisligining bir qismi - asosan tog'larsiz pasttekislik, shuningdek Belgiya, Gollandiya, Germaniyaning shimoliy qismi va Polshaning katta qismlarini o'z ichiga oladi.
Ko'pligi quruqlik, suv va cho'l Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning umumiy xususiyatidir. Daniya asosan qishloq xo'jaligi erlari yoki cho'llari unchalik katta bo'lmagan aholi punktlari bo'lsa-da, quruqlikda hali ham dengiz hukmronlik qiladi va aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan joylar orollarda joylashgan; siz doim dengizdan bir soatdan kam masofada turibsiz. Islandiya va Norvegiyada aksariyat odamlar dengizga yaqin joyda yashaydilar. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar ko'pincha Evropaning kichik mamlakatlari qatoriga kiradi, ammo bu asosan ularning oz sonli aholisi bilan bog'liq va ular ajablanarli darajada katta erlarni egallaydilar. Rossiyadan tashqarida Shvetsiya Evropaning to'rtinchi, Norvegiya esa beshinchi o'rinda turadi. Norvegiyaning hududi bo'yicha eng katta munitsipaliteti (Kautokeino) Lyuksemburgdan deyarli to'rt barobar katta, ammo atigi 3000 aholisi bor va hududi bo'yicha eng katta tuman (Troms og Finnmark) Irlandiya Respublikasidan kattaroqdir. Shvetsiya Daniyadan o'n baravar katta.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda katta darajada shimoliy-janubiy mavjud. Masalan, Daniyaning eng janubiy nuqtasidan ikkitasiga teng masofa mavjud Nordkapp materikning eng shimoliy qismida Norvegiya yoki to Sirakuza janubda Sitsiliya. Grenlandiyasiz ham Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar kattaroq Birlashgan Qirollik, Frantsiya va Germaniya birlashtirilgan. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning aksariyat hududlari aholisi kam, shimoliy qismlari esa Evropa Ittifoqida eng kam aholiga ega. Troms og Finnmark okrugi bo'ylab yurish taxminan 1000 km ni tashkil etadi, bu Londondan Invernessgacha uzoqroq. Faqat Bergen-Oslo-Stokgolm-Xelsinki yo'nalishining atrofida va janubida kontinental Evropa bilan taqqoslanadigan aholi mavjud.
Norvegiya va Shvetsiya 1600 km (Evropadagi eng uzunlaridan biri) chegarasiga ega bo'lib, avtomobil yo'llari orqali 70 ga yaqin o'tish punktlari mavjud. Norvegiya va Finlyandiyaning avtomobil yo'llari orqali 15 ta o'tish punktlari bilan 730 km uzunlikdagi qo'shma chegaralari mavjud.
Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaning shimoliy qutb doirasidan shimoliy qismi ko'pincha shunday ataladi Nordkalotten (Shimolning qopqog'i), bu asosan mos keladi Sapmi an'anaviy uy Sami xalqi. Shimolning qopqog'i 300,000 km² dan ortiq bo'lib, Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning uchdan bir qismini tashkil etadi. Shimolning qopqog'i Germaniyaning kattaligiga teng, ammo eng shimoliy mintaqada 1 milliondan kam odam yashaydi.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda landshaftlar va tabiat juda farq qiladi. Daniya Gollandiya va Shimoliy Germaniya singari tekislikdir. Islandiya ham vulqon, ham Arktika. Norvegiya va Shvetsiya Atlantika sohilida eng baland bo'lgan va Shvetsiya Boltiq dengizi bilan uchrashguncha asta-sekin pastroq bo'lgan Skandinaviya yarim orolini baham ko'rishadi. Skandinaviya tog'lari Atlantika tomonida chuqur va qo'poldir fyordlar Sharq tomonida muloyim toshni kesib. Ular Norvegiyaning aksariyat uzunligi va Shvetsiyaning bir qismi bo'ylab o'tib, Evropaning eng uzun tog 'tizmalarini tashkil etadi. Finlyandiya nisbatan tekis va butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarqalgan ko'llar bilan ajralib turadi. Chuqur qarag'ay o'rmonlari Sharqiy Norvegiyadan Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaning katta qismi bo'ylab cho'zilib, buyuk rus taygasining g'arbiy uchini tashkil etadi. Galdxopiggen Norvegiyada Jotunxaymen milliy bog ', 2469 m (8100 f) da Alp tog'larining shimolidagi eng baland Evropa tog'idir, Kebnekaise esa Shvetsiyaning 2104 m (6902 f) balandlikdagi eng baland tog'idir.
Iqlim
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar iqlimning keng doirasini qamrab oladi va ob-havoning kengligi kenglik, balandlik, okeanlardan masofa va landshaftga bog'liq. Norvegiyada, ayniqsa tog'lar va vodiylar tufayli ob-havo qisqa masofada sezilarli darajada farq qilishi mumkin. Qishda okeandan masofa eng muhim omil hisoblanadi. Ob-havo ham haftadan haftaga sezilarli darajada o'zgarib turadi, chunki G'arbiy va Arktika ob-havo tizimlari yuqori va past bosimlarni ta'qib qiladi. Xususan, Finlyandiyada sharqiy shamollar yozda issiq havo yoki qishda sovuq bo'lishi mumkin, yoki g'arbiy shamollar yumshoq va nam havo keltirishi mumkin.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda Arktika iqlimi mo''tadil, bir xil kenglikdagi boshqa joylarga qaraganda ancha yumshoq. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning katta qismi arktik doiraning shimolida joylashgan (Norvegiya: polarsirkelen), mahalliy aholi asosan "Arktika" atamasini Svalbard va Shimoliy qutb kabi haqiqiy arktik iqlimi bo'lgan hududlar uchun ishlatishadi. Skandinaviya tog'lari va Fennoskandiyaning shimolidagi keng hududlar alp-tundradir, alp-arktik iqlimi bilan. Aksariyat mahalliy aholi "tundra" atamasini ishlatmaydi va buning o'rniga bu salqin, beparvo hududlarni "snaufjell", "vidde" yoki "fjäll" (inglizcha: yiqildi). Janubiy Norvegiyaning baland tog'larida abadiy muzli joylar va Shimoliy Shvetsiya / Norvegiyada past balandliklarda ba'zi joylar mavjud. Finnmark sharqidagi Vardo - Arktika iqlimi bo'lgan kam sonli shaharlardan biri.
Daniya va Janubiy Norvegiya, Islandiya va G'arbiy Shvetsiyaning qirg'oqbo'yi hududlarida qish paytida faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan sovuq va qor yog'adi. Daniya, Shvetsiya, Norvegiya va Finlyandiyada yoz juda yoqimli, kunduzgi harorat 15-30 ° S gacha. Tog'larda va g'arbiy sohillarda ob-havo odatda beqaror. Finlyandiya yozda eng barqaror quyoshli ob-havoga ega. Umuman olganda, quruqlik qanchalik uzoq bo'lsa, yoz va qish o'rtasidagi farq shunchalik katta bo'ladi. G'arbiy Norvegiya va Atlantika orollari harorati faqat yoz va qish o'rtasida o'rtacha darajada farq qilayotgan bo'lsa, Finlyandiyada harorat vaqti-vaqti bilan hatto janubda -20 ° C dan pastga tushadi, shimolda -50 ° C (-55 ° F) dan pastroq bo'lgan yozuvlar bilan - Norvegiya va Shvetsiyaning shimoliy ichki hududlari bir xil darajada sovuq qishga ega.
Norvegiya qirg'og'iga butun Evropada eng ko'p yog'ingarchilik tushadi. Kuz ho'l mavsumga moyil bo'lsa-da, ob-havo yil davomida tez o'zgarishi mumkin. Sohil bo'yida bahor va yozning boshlari odatda eng quruq fasllar hisoblanadi.
Shimoliy tomon qanchalik katta bo'lsa, ning o'zgarishi shunchalik katta bo'ladi kunduzi yoz va qish o'rtasida. Arktika doirasining shimolida, Yarim tunda quyosh yozning o'rtalarida ko'rish mumkin va Arktika kechasi qishning o'rta qismida boshdan kechiradi. Qishda uzoq shimolda, hatto ba'zi kun yorug'i bo'lgan soat juda oz va qimmat; erta tongdan oldin ochiq havoda bo'lishga harakat qiling. Oslo, Stokgolm va Xelsinki (shimol atrofida 60 daraja) zavqlanmoqda oq tunlar iyun oyida, ammo dekabrda faqat olti soat kunduzi.
Gapir
Shimoliy german tillari barcha shimoliy mamlakatlarda tarqalgan. Skandinaviya bilan doimiy aloqada bo'lgan odamlar, odatda, o'zlarining daniyalik, norvegiyalik yoki shved tillarini "Skandinaviya" ga qanday qilib sozlashni biladilar, shunda boshqalar buni osonroq tushunishadi. Biroq, chegaralar bo'ylab kamroq aloqada bo'lganlar (va shu sababli kamroq o'qitilgan quloqlar) o'rtasida o'zaro tushunarlilik cheklangan va Finlyandiya, Grenlandiya va Sami umuman aloqasi yo'q (garchi yaqinlik va umumiy tarix ko'plab qarz so'zlariga olib kelgan bo'lsa ham va so'zlarning o'zlari farq qilganda ham so'zlarning o'xshash ma'nolari).
Daniya, Norvegiya va Shved standart shakllari bilan chambarchas bog'liq va ozmi-ko'pmi o'zaro tushunarli, ayniqsa yozma ravishda. O'rta asrlardan XIX asr oxirigacha (Norvegiya uchun yozuv me'yorlari yaratilganda) Daniya Norvegiyaning yozma tili edi. Ular nemis tillari bo'lganligi sababli, nemis va golland tillarining ko'plab qarindoshlari mavjud va hatto ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar fonetik imlo atrofida boshlarini aylantirgandan so'ng, g'alati so'zni taniy olishadi: masalan. Ingliz tili maktab shved skola va Daniya / Norvegiya skole, esa birinchi bo'ladi först / først. "Ochiq", "xona", "avtobus" va "taksi" kabi kundalik so'zlar deyarli ingliz tiliga o'xshashdir. Ko'pgina oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, masalan, "non" - "brød / bröd", "sut" - "melk / mjölk".
Norvegiya va shved tillari ko'pincha bu tillarga Latviya va ba'zi janubiy slavyan tillari singari "qo'shiq kuylash" sifatini beradigan, ammo aksariyat boshqa Evropa tillaridan farqli o'laroq, baland ovozli aksent yordamida tan olinadi. Shvetsiyalik va norvegiyaliklar bir-biriga juda o'xshash tuyulishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, lug'at boyligi va chalkashliklar va o'yin-kulgiga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan bir nechta soxta do'stlarning farqlari bor. Masalan, shvedlar muzqaymoq istaganlarida "stakan" deyishadi, norvegiyaliklar "iskrem" yoki shunchaki "is" - shved tilida shunchaki muz degani. Shvedlar "rolig" deganda ular kulgili yoki kulgili, norvegcha "rolig" esa tinch yoki oson degan ma'noni anglatadi. Shvetsiyadagi norvegiyaliklar (yoki Norvegiyadagi shvedlar) tez-tez o'zlarini tushunishlari uchun ba'zi mahalliy so'zlarni yig'ib, "Svorsk" ("Sworegian") nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan aralashma hosil qilishadi.
Bir nechta arxaik lahjalarni faqat mahalliy aholi tushunsa-da, deyarli har bir kishi o'z mamlakatining standart milliy tilida gaplashadi, ammo Norvegiyada faqat shevalar mavjud va norveg tilida standart nutq yo'q. Har ikkala yozuv me'yorlari (Nynorsk va Bokmal) har qanday norvegiyalikning ona tili emas, balki turli xil "o'rtacha lahjalar" ning taxminiy ko'rsatkichlari. Bokmal va yozilgan daniyaliklar deyarli bir xil. Oslo shahrining g'arbiy qismida yashovchilar tomonidan aytilgan bokmal til standartlashtirilgan Sharqiy Norvegiyaning bir turi va norveg tilida norasmiy so'zlashuv. Milliy televidenie va radioeshittirishlar standart Sharqiy Norvegiya yoki shunga o'xshash standartlashtirilgan G'arbiy Norvegiyaga yaqin narsalardan foydalanadilar.
Esa Islandcha va Faro shuningdek, shimoliy german tillari bo'lib, ular XIII asrdan beri lingvistik muzlatgichda bo'lgan va boshqa nemis tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun asosan tushunarsizdir. Ular orollar asosan norvegiyaliklar tomonidan mustamlaka qilinganligi sababli ular qadimgi Norvegiyadan (Qadimgi G'arbiy Norse deb ham ataladi) rivojlangan. Norn, taxminan 1500 yilgacha Shetland va Orkneyda gaplashadigan Norvegiya varianti farer bilan chambarchas bog'liq.
Ko'pgina qarindoshlar, ayniqsa G'arbiy Norvegiyadan kelgan mehmonlar uchun taniqli bo'lishadi. Islandiyaliklar va farobiylar maktabda daniy tilini o'rganadilar va nazariy jihatdan Skandinaviya qarindoshlari bilan shimoliy shimoliy tilda gaplasha oladilar, ammo amalda Daniya tilini bilish islandiyaliklar orasida cheklangan.
Haqiqiy ustunliklar Finlyandiya va Sami, Fin-ugor oilasiga tegishli va GrenlandiyalikEskimo-Aleut. Bular nemis yoki hatto hindu-evropa tillari emas, shuning uchun ularni boshqa Evropa tillarida so'zlashuvchilar uchun o'rganish ancha qiyinlashadi. Boshqa tomondan, Finlyandiya taxminan 5% shved tilida so'zlashadigan ozchilikni tashkil qiladi va fin va shvedlar teng huquqiy mavqega ega. Finlyandiya spikerlari maktabda shved tilini o'rganishadi va taxminan 45% shved tilida katta yoshga to'lgan. Biroq, aksariyat finlar shved tiliga qaraganda ingliz tilini yaxshiroq o'zlashtiradilar, shaharlik shvedlar esa har ikkalasini ham yaxshi bilishadi. Fin tili estoniya bilan chambarchas bog'liq, venger esa tushunarli bo'lishiga yordam berolmaydigan darajada uzoqroq. The Sami tillar ham fin-ugor oilasiga mansub bo'lib, Sami ba'zi munitsipalitetlarda rasmiy til hisoblanadi Laplandiya va Finnmark shuningdek, Shvetsiyada tan olingan ozchiliklarning tili. Odamlar Allandiya shved tilida gaplashish (fin tilini har xil darajada bilish bilan). Grenlandiyada ko'pchilik Daniya bilan ikki tilli.
Shimoliy alifbolarda ba'zi bir maxsus harflar mavjud: å, ä / æ va ö / ø (oxirgi versiyalari daniya va norveg tillarida). Ko'pgina boshqa tillardagi diakritik harflardan farqli o'laroq, bu alifbo oxirida buyurtma qilingan, o'zlariga xos harflar; tafsilotlar uchun til birikmalariga qarang. Icelandiyada bundan tashqari "þ" harfi, islandiyalik va farer tilidagi "ð" harfi mavjud bo'lib, ular ilgari ingliz tilida mavjud bo'lgan va hozirda ular tarkibida bo'lgan so'zlarda asosan "th" bilan ifodalanadi - va ikkala tilda ham unlilar aksentli, harfning talaffuzini o'zgartiradigan. Sami tillarida ham o'ziga xos harflar mavjud.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda eng yuqori darajalar mavjud Ingliz tilini bilish ingliz tili rasmiy yoki birinchi til bo'lmagan davlatlar orasida. Jamoat ma'lumotlari (masalan, jamoat transportida yoki davlat idoralarida) ko'pincha tumanning rasmiy tiliga qo'shimcha ravishda ingliz tilida chop etiladi. Turistik ma'lumotlar ko'pincha boshqa tillarda, odatda nemis yoki frantsuz tillarida chop etiladi.
Deyarli 1945 yildan beri tug'ilganlarning barchasi hech bo'lmaganda boshlang'ich ingliz tilida so'zlashadi va yosh odamlar ravon bo'lishadi. Aksariyat talabalar, masalan, uchinchi asosiy Evropa tilini o'rganadilar Nemis, Frantsuz va borgan sari Ispaniya. Chet tilidagi televizion dasturlar, shuningdek, chet tilidagi mahalliy dasturlarning segmentlari (masalan, chet elliklar bilan suhbatlar) odatda o'z tillarida subtitr bilan namoyish etiladi, faqat bolalar dasturlari ba'zan mahalliy tilga dublyaj qilinadi, hattoki DVD va kinoteatrlar shuningdek subtitrlar bilan asl tilni taklif eting.
Chiqinglar
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning aksariyati Shengen zonasi (istisnolar Grenlandiya, Farer orollari va Svalbardni o'z ichiga oladi), shuning uchun Evropa Ittifoqi aholisi va mehmonlari bu erga kam byurokratiya bilan kelishlari mumkin. Svalbardga havo yo'li bilan kirish faqat Norvegiya materikidan mumkin. Shuni e'tiborga olingki, Islandiya, Norvegiya va Shengenga tegishli bo'lmagan hududlar Evropa Ittifoqi tarkibiga kirmaydi, shuning uchun bu erda ham bojxona chegarasi mavjud. Ular uchun maxsus talablar ham mavjud uy hayvonlari bilan sayohat qilish (Evropaning markaziy qismida keng tarqalgan ba'zi kasalliklar Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda yo'q). Chegaradan o'tish odatda kechikishsiz yoki minimal kechikish bilan davom etadi.
Samolyotda
Katta masofalar va atrofdagi suvlar tufayli havo qatnovi ko'pincha Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarga kirishning eng amaliy usuli hisoblanadi. Barcha yirik shaharlarda xalqaro aeroportlar, hattoki shunga o'xshash shaharchalar mavjud Xagesund va Alesund ba'zi xalqaro reyslarga ega bo'ling. Deyarli barcha Evropa aviakompaniyalari kamida bitta Nordic aeroportiga xizmat ko'rsatishadi.
- SAS Skandinaviya aviakompaniyalari (Daniya, Norvegiya, Shvetsiya) Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya bayroq tashuvchisi va dominant aviakompaniyasi. Kopengagen aeroporti (CPH IATA) asosiy uyadan iborat, ikkilamchi markazlari esa Stokgolm-Arlanda va Oslo-Gardermoen. Qit'alararo parvozlar San-Fransisko, Chikago, Vashington, Kolumbiya, Nyu York, Bangkok, Pekin, Shanxay va Tokio
- Finnair (Finlyandiya) Finlyandiyaning bayroq tashuvchisi bo'lib, Xelsinkidagi asosiy bazasidan uchib chiqadi (HEL IATA) Evropa va Osiyo o'rtasida tranzit reyslar uchun sharqiy joylashuvidan foydalangan holda. Qit'alararo parvozlar Nyu York, Dehli, Bangkok, Pekin, Shanxay, Gonkong, Seul, Tokio, Nagoya, Osaka va Singapur.
- Islandiya (Islandiya) - Islandiya bayroq tashuvchisi o'zining asosiy markazi bo'lgan Shimoliy Amerika yo'nalishlarida kuchli ishtirok etish uchun Evropa va Shimoliy Amerika o'rtasida strategik joylashuvidan foydalanadi. Keflavik aeroporti (KEF IATA). Qit'alararo parvozlar Sietl, Minneapolis-Sent-Pol, Orlando, Boston, Nyu York, Toronto, Galifaksva Filadelfiya xalqaro aeroporti
- Atlantic Airways (Farer orollari) - Shimoliy Atlantika, shu jumladan Buyuk Britaniya va Islandiya va ularning sheriklari bo'lgan aviakompaniyalarga uchadi Island Island (Flugfélag orollari) Shimoliy Atlantika tarmog'ini kengaytirib, bir nechta yo'nalishlarni o'z ichiga oladi Grenlandiya.
- Norvegiya (Skandinaviya) bu nomga qaramay, faqat Norvegiyadan uchib ketmaydigan byudjet tashuvchisi. Oslo, Stokgolm va Kopengagendan parvoz qiladi, ammo ular qit'alararo operatsiyalarini 2021 yilda tugatgan.
Bundan tashqari, ko'plab xalqaro aviakompaniyalar Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'nalishlarni taklif qilishadi. Amirliklar, Gulf Air, Air Canada va Singapur havo yo'llari Kopengagenga uchib, Air China Stokgolmga. Shuningdek PIA (Pokiston), Tailandcha, Qatar Airways, American Airlines, Deltava United Airlines barchasi Skandinaviyaga boradigan bir necha qit'alararo yo'nalishlarga xizmat ko'rsatadi.
Mintaqadagi alternativa arzon aviakompaniyalar qatoriga quyidagilar kiradi Norvegiya Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Daniyada. Ko'pgina arzon aviakompaniyalar asosan sovuqroq Skandinaviya va quyoshli O'rta er dengizi o'rtasidagi yo'nalishlarda xizmat qiladi; shuning uchun siz Shimoliy Shimoliy qishni boshdan kechirishni xohlasangiz, tez-tez Ispaniya, Italiya va boshqalardan arzon narxlardagi parvozlarni topishingiz mumkin.
Poyezdda
Daniya Germaniya temir yo'l tarmog'iga yaxshi bog'langan. Kopengagenga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ulanish, ammo Puttgarden-Rodbi paromi orqali amalga oshiriladi (suv osti tunnelidagi qattiq aloqa 2020 yil oxirida ochilishi kutilmoqda). Shvetsiya Daniya temir yo'llari bilan Kopengagen va Malmö o'rtasidagi Øresund ko'prigi orqali va Germaniya poytaxtiga kuniga ikki marta ulanadi. shpal poezdi yoz davomida Daniyani chetlab o'tib Trelleborg–Rostok parom - bu Markaziy Evropa va Skandinaviya o'rtasidagi bir paytlar ulkan tarmoqning so'nggi tarmog'i, chunki Germaniya temir yo'llari biznesdan chiqib ketgan. Sharqdan faqat temir yo'l aloqalari janubga bog'langan Finlyandiya dan Sankt-Peterburg va Moskva yilda Rossiya.
Bolaliq va Shimoliy dengizlarni kesib o'tadigan paromlarning ko'pchiligida Interrail yo'lovchilari chegirmalarni taklif qiladilar (25-50%), lekin faqat Skandlayn paromlari o'tish joyiga to'liq kiritilgan (qarang. Paromda quyida).
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Paromda
- Shuningdek qarang: Boltiq dengizi paromlari
Norvegiyaga Daniya va Germaniyadan paromlar qatnaydi. Shvetsiyaga Daniya, Germaniya, Finlyandiya, Estoniya, Latviya, Litva va Polshadan paromlar bor. Islandiya Daniya va Farer orollari bilan parom bilan bog'langan. Finlyandiyaga Estoniya va Germaniyadan paromlar bor.
¹Stokgolmdan janubga 1 soat atrofida shahar atrofi poezdida
Mashinada
Markaziy Evropadan yagona quruqlik aloqasi - Daniyaning Germaniya bilan qisqa chegarasi. Daniyaning asosiy orollari Fyn (Funen) va Silland (Kopengagen, shu jumladan Zelandiya) Jilland (Yutland) bilan ko'prik orqali bog'langan. Zelandiya, o'z navbatida, Oresund ko'prigi orqali Skandinaviya yarimoroli bilan bog'langan. Finlyandiya Rossiya bilan uzoq muddatli quruqlik chegarasiga ega, garchi ularning aksariyati uzoq bo'lsa ham, bir nechta chegara o'tishlari mavjud. Shuningdek, Norvegiyaning shimoliy-sharqida Rossiya bilan quruqlik chegarasi mavjud.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarga paromlarning aksariyati avtoulovlarni, shu jumladan Germaniya va Estoniyadan kelgan yo'nalishlarda olib ketishadi.
Daniya qit'a yo'llari tarmog'iga ulangan. Daniyadan Oresund ko'prigi orqali Shvetsiyaga o'tish mumkin (bu pullik yo'l, qarang) rasmiy sayt narxlar bo'yicha - 2017 yilga kelib taxminan 50 evro). Daniyadan Shvetsiyaga ko'plab parom aloqalari mavjud, ularning aksariyati avtoulovlarni olib ketishadi. Oresund ko'prigiga yagona quruqlik alternativasi Rossiya orqali Finlyandiya yoki Norvegiyaga kirishdir. Bir necha qisqa yo'llarni saqlang, siz Stokgolm yoki Osloga qadar Germaniya magistral yo'lida borishingiz mumkin, ammo Shvetsiyaga borish uchun o'tishingiz kerak bo'lgan Daniya magistral ko'prigidagi yo'llar og'irligini unutmang, va parom bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'nalish bo'yicha mashinada pul va kilometrlarni tejashingiz mumkin. Shimoliy shimoliy yo'llarning deyarli barchasi bepul, ammo ba'zi yirik shaharlarda (xususan, Stokgolm, Gyoteborg va Oslo) markazda harakatlanayotganda tirbandlik to'lovlari joriy qilingan, uzoqroq ko'priklar va tunnellarning bir qismi ularni qurish uchun pul to'laydi.
Yaxta bilan
- Shuningdek qarang: Boltiq dengizida qayiqda yurish
Islandiya, Farolar va Grenlandiya Atlantika okeanida, shuning uchun u erga borish dengizda jiddiy tajribani talab qiladi, ammo Daniya, Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaga shimoliy Evropaning qolgan qismidan osonlikcha erishiladi. Gollandiyalik va ingliz kemalari muntazam ravishda Finlyandiya marinalarida ham ko'rishadi. Norvegiya ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun Shimoliy dengizning orqasida, ammo Daniya yoki Shvetsiya orqali qirg'oqqa etib boradi, Daniya bo'g'ozlari esa Kiel kanali va Go'ta kanali g'arbdan Finlyandiya yoki Shvetsiyaga tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun asosiy imkoniyatlardir. Boltiq dengizi, shuningdek, Evropaning aksariyat mamlakatlaridan ichki suv yo'llari orqali o'tish mumkin.
The Nordic countries have a huge number of yachts compared to the population, so the infrastructure is good – and the archipelagos and fjords offer an endless coastline to explore.
Atrofga boring
Rahmat Shengen zonasi and the Nordic passport union, you seldom have to worry about border crossings. The main exception is travel to Greenland, the Faroe Islands or Svalbard, which are not part of Schengen.
Iceland, Norway and the non-Schengen territories are not part of EU, and Åland not part of the EU customs union, so there are still customs borders. Agar sizda bo'lsa pets, arms or other special goods, you might have to contact customs whether or not there is a customs station where you cross or any actual checks.
An ID may also be needed to board ferries and aeroplanes on international routes. The one land border where checks are common is the one between Denmark and Sweden, where "temporary checks" have been the rule rather than the exception since 2015. Keep your passport or ID ready.
Paromda
- Shuningdek qarang: Boltiq dengizi paromlari
"Our level of drunkenness was normal for a cruise of this kind." The managing director of shipping company Tallink gave an interesting quote after his and the entire board's drunken rampage on one of Tallink's cruise ships in 2006. (The accusations against the VIP's included sexual harassment against female staff, beating up a bartender and causing a fire by putting a fish in a toaster.) The director's explanation clearly shows the main PR problem about the cruise ships on the Baltic Sea: they have a reputation as trashy booze boats, far from the glamour of other international cruises. This is largely due to the fact that the tickets can be dirt cheap – sometimes less than 50 SEK – and that tax-free alcohol shopping is among the main attractions. Still, some of the ships are really pretty, and it is an easy and cheap way to get a glimpse of a country on the other side of the Baltic Sea. Also, not all cruises include obnoxious drunks trying to toast fish. Stokgolm is the main port in Sweden for the cruises, and the main destinations are Xelsinki, Allandiya va Turku yilda Finlyandiya, Tallin yilda Estoniya va Riga yilda Latviya. Ships are operated by Viking Line, Tallink-Silja, Birka Cruises va MSC cruises. To get the cheapest tickets, try to go on a weekday in low season, share a four-bed cabin with some friends and make sure to keep your eyes peeled for last minute offers. |
Major coastal cities of the Baltic Sea are often connected with ferry lines, e.g. Turku–Stockholm and Helsinki–Tallinn, and ferries are a natural part of many journeys for Scandinavians. The larger long-distance ferries are in effect cruise ships, with behemoths like the Silja Europa featuring 13 decks stacked full of shops, restaurants, spas, saunas etc. Longer routes are nearly always scheduled to sail during the night, so you arrive fresh to continue the often long journeys required here. If you travel by ferry to Norway or via Allandiya, there are Tax Free sales on board, since Norway is not part of the EU and Åland is subject to special regulations. For the same reason some of these lines, especially the Stockholm–Helsinki ferries, are known as party boats – alcohol is heavily taxed on shore.
In addition to major lines listed below, the Hurtigruten ferries, running all along Norways amazing jagged coast line, and through spectacular fjords, from Bergen janubda to Kirkenes in the Arctic north, docking in many small hamlets and villages on the way, offer a unique and very Scandinavian experience. More than a hundred car ferries are an integral parts of Norway’s roads, most crossings are short and frequent.
Minor ferries connect many inhabited islands to the mainland in also the other archipelagos, and tour boats cruise e.g. the archipelagos of Stockholm and Helsinki, and lakes such as Päijänne and Saimaa. Particularly in the Finnish Lakeland there are cable ferries across lakes, often part of the public road system. In Archipelago Sea ferries are the only way for getting around (for those without their own boat), and the same goes for minor islands of Denmark.
| Kimdan | Kimga | Operator |
| Kopengagen, (Daniya) | Oslo (Norvegiya) | DFDS dengiz yo'llari, 16.5 hr |
| Grenå, (Daniya) | Varberg, (Shvetsiya) | Stena liniyasi 4.5 hr |
| Frederikshavn, (Daniya) | Göteborg, (Shvetsiya) | Stena liniyasi 2-4 hr |
| Hirtshals, (Daniya) | Larvik, (Norvegiya) | Colorline, 4 hr |
| Hirtshals, (Daniya) | Kristiansand, (Norvegiya) | Colorline, 4 hr |
| Hirtshals, (Daniya) | Bergen, (Norvegiya) | Fjordline, 19.5 hr (via Stavanger - 11.5 hr) |
| Hirtshals, (Daniya) | Seyðisfjörður, (Islandiya) | Smyril line, 69 hr (via the Farer orollari - 44 hr yoz) |
| Hirtshals, (Daniya) | Tórshavn, (Farer orollari) | Smyril line, 44 hr (qish) |
| Strömstad, (Shvetsiya) | Sandefyor, (Norvegiya) | Colorline, 2.5 hr |
| Stokgolm, (Shvetsiya) | Xelsinki, (Finlyandiya) | Tallink Silja line & Viking line, 16.5 hr (via Allandiya islands) |
| Stokgolm, (Shvetsiya) | Turku, (Finlyandiya) | Tallink Silja line & Viking line, 11 hr (via Allandiya islands) |
| Umea, (Shvetsiya) | Vaasa, (Finlyandiya) | Wasaline, 3.5 hr |
Poyezdda
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropada temir yo'l bilan sayohat
Trains are an adequate way of travelling around the Nordic countries, except the island nations and the far north. International connections between Denmark, southern Sweden and southern Norway are good, but up north services are sparse, and Iceland and the Faroe Islands have no trains at all. Norway’s rail network is limited and mostly centered on Oslo with lines to main cities in other parts of the country. Finnish railways use the Russian broad gauge, so while there are connecting rails, no regular passenger trains cross the border.
The previous night train connection between Copenhagen and Oslo has been retired, and this route now requires a change in Gothenburg, on the other hand day time connections have become much more frequent after the opening of the Øresund bridge (8.5 hr). Up to seven daily X2000 express trains run directly between Copenhagen and Stockholm (5.5 hr), and the daily night train only requires an easy change in Malmö (7.5 hr). Further north there are two daily connections between Oslo and Bodø (17 hr, via Trondxaym) – the northernmost stop on the Norwegian railway network, and two daily night trains (regular and express) between Stockholm and Umea/Lulea (16–20 hr) in the northernmost part of Sweden. The Norwegian port of Narvik is connected to the Swedish network via the impressive Iron Ore Railway through Kiruna, also served by passenger train. In Finland the daily night trains between Helsinki and Turku in the south and Rovaniemi (yoki Kolari) in the north also take cars.
The ScanRail pass was retired in 2007, but visitors not resident in Europe can opt for the very similar Eurail Scandinavia Pass, which offers 4 to 10 days of travel in a 2-month period for €232–361. For residents of Europe, the all-Europe or single-country Interrail passes are also an option.
Major railway companies in Scandinavian include DSB va Arriva in Denmark, NSB in Norway, SJ, Transdev Shvetsiyada va VR in Finland.
Avtobusda
If you are not using a rail pass, long distance buses will often be a cheaper alternative, especially for longer journeys. Bus is also needed to get to many smaller towns or the countryside. Since highways are almost exclusively centred around the southern half of Scandinavia, journeys become increasingly time consuming as you get further north. On the other hand, rail services also get increasingly sparse in northern Scandinavia.
There is no dominant company like Greyhound is in North America or Flixbus is in Germany, but a host of local, regional and national bus companies. The major national intercity bus companies are Abildskou in Denmark, Nor-Way va Nettbuss in Norway. Big companies also include GoByBus, Evrolinlar va Swebus, which all service routes in the Scandinavian triangle between Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm. In Finland there are many regional companies, but timetables and tickets to nearly all lines can be obtained through Matkahuolto. Onnibus, which provides cheaper services on many intercity routes, does not participate in that cooperation.
Mashinada
- Shuningdek qarang: Driving in Sweden, Driving in Norway, Islandiyada haydash
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A self-drive is a good way to explore the Nordic countries outside to cities, particularly the rugged landscapes of Norway and Iceland. Driving is easy and traffic is mostly light, but distances are long and services limited in many less populated areas. For a self-drive in the northern section Norway, Sweden and Finland should be considered as one area. For instance, the shortest route from south Norway to Finnmark is through Sweden and Finland.
Driving in the Nordic countries is costly, even by European standards. Rentals are often expensive, fuel price is among the world's highest, and distances are long. In Norway, in particular, distances that seem short on a map can be juda long and tiring if you need to drive along twisty fjord roads. Collisions with wildlife, particularly moose, deer and, mostly north of the Arctic circle, reindeer, are quite common and can be fatal. On the other hand, roads are generally in good condition, traffic is disciplined, and per capita fatalities are among the lowest in the world, for instance the US has four times higher accident rates than Norway (per 2017) ̣—̣ Norway and Sweden are aiming for nol fatalities.
From November until end of March (and well into May in the northern regions), expect qishda haydash conditions and have proper equipment – particularly winter tyres, as roads are treacherously slippery. People will drive nearly as in summer, so with summer tyres you will either block the traffic or cause an accident. Nordic type winter tyres (studded or unstudded) are the best, although other types with enough tread depth are permitted. Black ice in the morning and occasional snowfall are possible also quite early in the autumn, and then mess up traffic worse than in winter, as not everybody is prepared. Leave your car alone such days (many locals who had not yet switched to winter tyres do), at least in the morning, until things have settled, especially if you were not prepared for winter driving. Studded tyres are allowed from November to sometimes in April, except in some parts of a few city centres.
Speed limits are reduced in winter on some major roads, but not enough for bad conditions; you and your travel mates can get seriously injured if you drive ill prepared or too fast. Study the regulations carefully; you can get fined for not having winter tyres in some countries in certain periods and conditions and driving with studded tyres might either cost you a fee or be limited to certain periods:
- In Denmark studded tyres are allowed from 1 November to 15 April.
- In Finland studded tyres are allowed from 1 November to one week after Easter, and otherwise with good reason (i.e. icy or snowy roads expected here or at the destination). Winter tyres are mandatory from 1 December through the end of February if conditions require (i.e. on many small roads and everywhere every now and then).
- In Iceland studded tyres are allowed from November to April.
- In Norway studded tyres are allowed from 1 November; there is a fee for using studded in cities: 30 kr per day. Winter tyres are mandatory November–April.
- In Sweden winter tyres are mandatory in winter conditions from 1 December to 31 March (for cars registered in Sweden; foreign cars with summer tyres are not allowed to drive in bad conditions). Driving with studded tyres is forbidden in certain streets.
Speed limits are uniform; 50 km/h (31 mph) in cities and 80 km/h (50 mph) (70 km/h in Sweden) on rural roads unless otherwise indicated. Motorways range from 100 km/h (62 mph) or 110 in Norway (only when signposted, otherwise 80), 110 in Sweden, 120 in Finland to 130 in Denmark, again unless other speed limits are signposted. Keep in mind that while many Scandinavians routinely exceed speed limits slightly, fines are heavy, so you will in essence probably be gambling with your holiday budget. Speeding in city zones is considered a severe offence, and there are many unmarked automatic speed traps installed in such zones.
Within Norway there are many car ferries across fjords and straits. These are not separate means of transport but an integral part of the road network. On main roads ferries are mostly frequent (2–3 per hour) and most crossings are short (10–25 minutes).
Some main routes are the E75 (Highway 4, "Nelostie") through Finland, E4 Shvetsiya orqali, E6 Shvetsiya va Norvegiya orqali ("Eseksen"), the Finlyandiya va Norvegiya orqali E8, E10 through Sweden and Norway, E18 Stockholm-Oslo-Kristiansand, and the E45 through Denmark and Sweden.
Qayiqda
- Shuningdek qarang: Boltiq dengizida qayiqda yurish
There is a boat for every seventh person in each of Finland, Norway and Sweden, so facilities for yachts as well as availability of boats, through a local friend or by rent or charter, are good. These countries also have large archipelagos and many lakes, with ample opportunities for boat trips. Norway's coastline is around 100,000 km when fjords and islands are included, and there are more than 100,000 islands, offering endless opportunity for sailing in sheltered waters. Figures are similar in the other two of these countries. The sea is important also for Denmark, Faroe Icelands, Greenland and Iceland.
Bosh barmog'i bilan
Hitchhiking is not too common in the Nordic countries. In some regions it is quite easy to get a ride – once there comes a vehicle – in others only a small fraction of cars take hitchhikers. If trying to hitchhike in autumn or winter, remember it can get quite (or very) cold, and hours with daylight are limited. There are large sparsely inhabited areas; avoid having a ride end in the middle of nowhere in the evening, unless you are prepared to stay the night there. In addition to the normal places, it is possible to approach drivers on ferries and ask for a ride.
Velosipedda
Bicycle infrastructure varies from country to country and from town to town, but is generally at least decent.
Helmet, lights (at least from August), reflectors and lock are mandatory or strongly advised.
The best developed bicycle infrastructure is in Denmark (see Cycling in Denmark), where bike lanes are ubiquitous in cities and common also in the countryside, with a good network of routes. In the other countries there are usually some kind of bike lane network in the cities, but the routes may not be obvious or complete, and they are not always maintained in winter. The main roads outside of towns do not always have bike lanes or usable shoulders, and not all drivers are careful when passing by.
It is usually easy to find places to rent a bike, and municipal short-time rental systems have been introduced in some cities.
It is usually possible to take the bike on coaches and trains for moderate fees, which is recommended for most to do on some stretches because of the long distances. In Sweden only folding bikes can be taken on trains. Short-haul ferries are often free or nearly free for cyclists, Baltic ferries take a small surcharge. In general the price for a cyclist will be the same as for a "pedestrian" or slightly higher, and much lower than for hauling around a ton of metal box.
In Finland and Sweden there are often minor roads that make good routes for long-distance cycling, provided you have a map allowing you to navigate them. Most cities have decent bike lane networks.
In Iceland there are few bike lanes outside Reykjavik, but cycling is quite safe because of low traffic (except on the roads out of Reykjavik). The weather and the distances between towns can be challenging.
In Norway cycling is popular and a fine way to see the varied landscape. The mountainous landscape, often quite narrow roads and sometimes less respectful drivers makes cycling a challenge. Some main roads and mountain passes have 7–10% slopes and there are countless tunnels, some of them very long. In many areas there is only one road and no alternative local road. Also here there are some old roads usable as (or transformed to) cycling routes. Following major roads, check whether bikes are allowed in the tunnels. Even if cycling is allowed in a tunnel, it is often uncomfortable. Norway has many subsea tunnels and these are often steep. Bike lanes are not too common, even in towns, but speeds are usually quite low. Bicycle visitors should plan carefully and consider using train, bus or express passenger boat on some difficult stretches.
Bir-ikkitasi bor EuroVelo velosiped marshrutlari through the countries (mostly developed but not yet signed):
- 1) The Atlantic Coast Route from Nordkapp southwards along the coast
- 3) The Pilgrim Route from Trondxaym towards Santiago de Compostela
- 7) The Sun Route from midnight sun of Nordkapp through Sweden towards Malta
- 10) Baltic Sea Cycle Route (Hansa circuit) around the coasts of the Baltic Sea
- 11) East Europe Route from Nordkapp through Finland towards Athens
- 12) North Sea Cycle Route from the British islands with ferry and to Germany by the coasts
- 13) The Iron Curtain Trail from the Barents Sea and Kirkenes along the Russian border in Finland and via St. Petersburg towards the Black Sea
Qarang
There is a constant and long-standing rivalry between Copenhagen and Stockholm over which city can claim the title as Scandinavia's unofficial capital. Depending on how you count, both cities are the largest, most visited, and the target of most investment. However, after the completion of the Øresund bridge, and subsequent integration of Copenhagen and Malmö – Sweden's third largest city – this region is fast emerging as the main urban centre in Scandinavia, while Stockholm arguably grabs the title as the most beautiful.
- Visit the unusual free city of Christiania yilda Kopengagen
- Visit the famous Tivoli Gardens theme park in Kopengagen
- See the amazing Vasa Museum yilda Stokgolm, displaying an entire flagship that sunk in the harbour nearly 400 years ago
Sceneries
King of the woods
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Da fjords of Norway might be the most spectacular Nordic sceneries, the other countries have their fair share of beautiful nature as well, e.g. The Stokgolm arxipelagi va Archipelago Sea in the Baltic Sea, the thousand lakes of Finland (and quite some in Sweden), quiet forests and wide open landscapes of Iceland and of the north.
The Nordic countries also give opportunities to see Evroosiyo yovvoyi tabiati.
Shimoliy chiroqlar
The Shimoliy chiroqlar (Latin: Aurora Borealis; Scandinavian: Nordlys/-ljus; Swedish: Norrsken; Finnish: Revontulet) can be seen in Iceland and in the northern parts of Finland, Norway and Sweden, and at rare occasions as far south as in Denmark. With a bit of bad luck they are obscured by clouds, so take local weather into account if planning to watch for them – and they do not appear every night. In cities they are usually masked by light pollution, so unless you aim for the outdoors, villages or minor towns, you should make some effort to see them.
Viking heritage
- Shuningdek qarang: Vikinglar va qadimgi Norse
Before AD 1000 Norse people only wrote short rune carvings, and most literature about the Viking Age was either authored by the Viking's enemies, or written down centuries later. Since most of their buildings have perished, the Viking Age is shrouded in mystery. Still, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden all have archaeological sites and Viking-themed museums.
While traces from the Viking Age are of modest size, they are numerous, especially runestones and burial mounds, everywhere in Scandinavia. Some good places to see Viking age artifacts are the Swedish History Museum ("Historiska museet") in Stokgolm, Birka yilda Ekerö, Settlement Exhibition Reykjavík 871±2 ning Reykjavik City Museum ("Minjasafn Reykjavíkur") in Reykyavik, Viking Ship Museum ("Vikingeskibsmuseet") in Roskilde, Viking Ship Museum yilda Oslova Old Uppsala yilda Uppsala.
Daniya, Shvetsiyava Norvegiya are all monarchies, although the royal families only have a ceremonial role. They remain part of society and are, more or less, popular among the population. They remain public figures often portrayed in the media and taking part in all sorts of events. Wherever they will show up, something interesting is likely going on. But more importantly, royal palaces and mansions are dotted throughout the region and make for some quality sightseeing, and knowing they are actual homes of some of the longest continuously running royal families in the world just makes it better.
Nordic design
Scandinavia is famous for its design and architecture, which are often characterised by a minimal and functional approach. Kopengagen va Xelsinki are the best places to experience it with some excellent, interactive museums and some live samples throughout the streets. Actually, the design and architecture are some of the strongest, most important assets of these cities, but there are interesting opportunities elsewhere as well.
Sami madaniyati
The northern parts of Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya are home to the Sami, an indigenous people.
Fiction tourism
- Astrid Lindgren tourism: Astrid Lindgren is one of the world's most read children's authors. Most of her books, and their motion picture adaptations, are set in Sweden.
- Hans Christian Andersen, a Danish writer famous for his fairy tales such as The Ugly Duckling and the Little Mermaid.
- Shimoliy Nor: Nordic crime fiction is acclaimed for its melancholic spirit, with titles such as Millennium, The Bridge, Pusherva Wallander.
- Tove Jansson: there is a Moomin theme park in Naantali and a Tove Jansson museum in Tampere. Her summer cottage is in the outer archipelago of Porvoo (open for small groups one week yearly).
Yo'nalishlar
- Archipelago Trail, a route around the Archipelago Sea, using the inter-island ferries
- Finland in ten days by car, suggested route showing some of the most important sights in Finland
- Helsinki itineraries, suggested itineraries for stays of different length
- Hurtigruten, steamer along the Norwegian coast
- King's Road (Finland), a historic road through cultural landscapes with long traditions along Finland's southern coast
- Kungsleden, popular hiking trail in Sweden
- Nils Holgersson's Journey Across Sweden, tracking the route around Sweden laid out by Selma Lagerlöf
- Nordkalottleden, hiking trail through Arctic Finland, Norway and Sweden
- Route 1-Ring Road, around Iceland
Qil
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish – also for events in Advent etc.
| “ | It is better to go skiing and think of God, than to go to church and think of sport. | ” |
—attributed to Norwegian explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen | ||
The great outdoors
The sparse population and the kirish huquqi makes the Nordic countries a great place for tashqi hayot.
- Boring piyoda yurish va foraging in endless taiga forests, in fells and (in Norway) in alpine mountains.
- Cruise a Norwegian fyord, Geirangerfjord is a world-famous beauty while Sognefjord is the largest.
- Cruise the endless Norwegian coast with myriads of islands and wild cliffs.
- Cruise around the thousands of scenic islands in the Swedish and Finnish arxipelag, masalan. The Archipelago Sea.
- Qishki sport, kabi Tog'dan chang'i yoki snoubord in some of Europe's most civilized and family friendly chang'i kurortlari.
- Boring cross country chang'i
Saunas
- Go skinny dipping from a sauna ichida Land of a Thousand Lakes (Finlyandiya), with winter swimming for the boldest
Family friendly amusement parks
Music acts
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy musiqa
The Nordic countries have a tradition of musiqa across several genres, with church choirs in seemingly every parish, classical composers such as Edvard Grieg and Jean Sibelius, pop music acts such as ABBA, Björk and Swedish House Mafia, as well as a dominance of the heavy-metal scene. The countries, in particular Denmark, are known for its many music festivals during the summer months. The largest in each country are:
- Roskilde festivali (Denmark, early July). One of the world's most famous rock festivals, with 70,000 tickets for sale and 30,000 volunteers.
- Skanderborg Festival (Denmark, mid August). Second biggest festival in Denmark. A beautiful setting in a forest area hosting many Danish as well as international names. Roughly 50,000 tickets for sale.
- Ruisrock (Finland, July). Finland's largest music festival, held on an island in Turku, with around 70,000 spectators.
- Shvetsiya rok festivali (Sweden, June). Sweden's main heavy rock festival, takes place in southern Sweden and has an attendance of ~33,000.
- Øya (Norway, August). Norway's main rock festival although deliberately intimate; located centrally in an Oslo park and using the whole city as a stage in the night.
- Hove (Norway, June-July). Hove Festival mixes large international acts with Norwegian bands in the unique setting of an island outside Arendal city. 50,000 tickets sold.
- G! Festival (Faroe Islands, July). The Faroes' main (and arguably only) event, with around 10,000 participants and 6,000 tickets sold every year. Mainly local and Scandinavian bands.
- Iceland Airwaves (Iceland, October). A progressive, trendsetting, music festival that attracts around 2000 visitors every year, besides the many locals showing up.
Sotib oling
As of the 2010s, the Nordic countries are known for being relatively expensive for foreigners, particularly when it comes to services, renting a car, eating out, taxis, alcohol and tobacco, sometimes on par with world cities like Tokyo, Hong Kong, New York City and London. Prices also vary between countries, with Norway and Iceland in particular being more expensive than the other Nordic countries. That said, there's plenty of nature and wildlife that's free. Many public museums and galleries have moderately priced tickets or are free of charge. Public transport is often moderately priced at least if various discounts are taken into account. Students and seniors are often entitled to 50% discounts on public transport and in museums, while children up to 6–11 years are often for free. The Nordic countries have a fine selection of architecture (entrance to public buildings is often free of charge) and outdoor sculptures. Luxury items may even be cheaper in the Nordic countries than elsewhere. Tipping is not expected, as menus and bills include taxes and service.
Finland is the only Nordic country which uses the evro. Denmark's currency is pegged to the euro within a narrow band.
Iceland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden each has a national currency, all known as krona yoki krone (ko‘plik) krónur/kronor/kroner), often shortened kr. The centessimal subdivision is øre, although only Denmark has coins smaller than 1 kr; bills are rounded when paid in cash (so "kr 1,95" means 2 kr in practice). The national currencies are distinguished by the initials DKK, ISK, NOK va SEK.
Outside currencies are generally not accepted, except in border towns. euro may be taken in some shops in the cities. ATMs are common in cities. Most establishments accept credit cards (at least VISA and Mastercard) so carrying large amounts of cash is unnecessary; in fact, a few establishments only accept payment cards and not cash.
Some suggested shopping items are traditional handicraft, and modern Nordic design. Neither is cheap, though.
As the Nordic countries were relatively unharmed by modern wars, antique furniture are easy to find. Craft furniture from the early 20th century are too ubiquitous to be recognized as antique, and can usually be bought cheaper than modern pieces.
Yemoq
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy oshxona
The cuisines of all Scandinavian countries are quite similar, although each country does have its signature dishes. Dengiz mahsulotlari features prominently on restaurant menus, although beef, pork and chicken are more common in everyday dishes. Potatoes are the main staple, most often simply boiled, but also made into mashed potatoes, potato salad and more. Spices are used sparingly, but fresh herbs are used to accentuate the ingredients.
Famous pan-Scandinavian dishes include:
- Herring, especially pickled
- Meatballs, served with potatoes, berries and creamy sauce
- Salmon, especially smoked or salt-cured (gravlax)
- Smörgåsbord, a popular lunch option with bread, herring, smoked fish, cold cuts and more
Bread comes in dozens of varieties, with dark, heavy rye bread a speciality, and Scandinavian pastries are so well known that the word "danish" has even been imported into English.
Although derived from German sausages, the hot dog has been adapted for local tastes, with Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Iceland each having their own unique national styles. Danish røde pølser in particular are seen as an important part of national culture and cuisine.
Since the early 21st century, there has been a focus on revitalizing the Nordic kitchen by focusing on local produce and generally raising the quality of gastronomy in the region, in an approach often called New Nordic yoki Modern Scandinavian oshxona. This has influenced both everyday cooking and fine dining. As a result, excellent high end restaurants have developed in the region's cities, especially Kopengagen va Stokgolm. Kopengagenniki Noma, opened in 2003, was ranked as the best restaurant in the world by Restoran magazine in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 and stood in the magazine's 2nd place as of 2019.
As in most of Europe, internationalized fast food and ethnic cuisines are popular in major Nordic cities. Denmark and Sweden have a particularly large number of Yaqin Sharq, Xitoy and other Asian diners. Norway has a large number of Asian cafés and restaurants.
Awareness about dietary restrictions is high, at least in big cities. Most restaurants have vegetarian options, although often not very special. Good vegetarian restaurants are found in many cities. Halal meat is more difficult to find in mainstream establishments.
Ichish
Vikings were famously heavy drinkers, and despite continuing government efforts to stamp out the demon drink through heavy taxation, today's Scandinavians continue the tradition. Bring in your full tax-free allowance if you plan to indulge, since in Norway you can expect to pay up to 60 NOK (7€) for a pint of beer in a pub, and Sweden and Finland are not far behind. Alcohol in Denmark is significantly cheaper, although still more expensive than elsewhere in Europe. To reduce the pain, it is common to start drinking at home before heading out to party. The drinking age is generally 18 (20 in Iceland), but many bars and clubs have their own higher age limits.
Denmark is the only Nordic country where stronger alcoholic beverages can be bought in supermarkets. The other countries restrict most retailing to government-operated stores. Vinmonopolet in Norway, Vinbuđin on Iceland, Systembolaget Shvetsiyada va Alko in Finland. Age limits and closing hours are strict.
The main tipples are beer and vodka-like distilled spirits called brännvin, including herb-flavored akvavit. Spirits are typically drunk as snaps or ice-cold from shot glasses.
Uyqu
As expected, hotels are quite expensive. Some money can be saved by timing (business hotels are cheaper in the weekends etc.), but it may be worthwhile to check other options.
In the countryside, hotels are sparse except at resorts, but there are usually guesthouses or similar instead, often very nice. Another option (at resorts and in the countryside) is a cottage, some of them very reasonably priced for a group, at least off season – but check what to expect, the facilities vary wildly.
With so much incredible nature outside the doorstep, it should be no surprise that the Scandinavian countries have a well developed hostel network, named Vandrerhjem/Vandrarhem in the Scandinavian languages – literally translating into "wanderers' home" or "hikers' home". While the rules are often quite strict, it is much cheaper than hotels, and with almost 800 hostels available, you can often find one. The respective national organisations are called Danhostel in Denmark, STF yoki SVIF in Sweden, Norske Vandrerhjem in Norway, SRM in Finland and finally Farfuglar in Iceland.
Throughout Scandinavia, with exception of densely populated Denmark, Allemansrätten, or "Every Man's Right" in English, is an important underpinning of society, and guarantees everyone the right to stay or camp on any uncultivated land for one or two nights, as long as you respect certain norms, stay out of sight of any residents, and leave no traces of your visit when you leave. If you enjoy the great outdoors, this can help make the otherwise expensive Scandinavian countries become quite affordable. In national parks and similar, and in the Norwegian mountains, there are also wilderness huts, with price of lodging varying from free (open wilderness huts in Finland) to cheap or reasonable (Iceland, Norway and Sweden, reservation huts in Finland)
Avtomobil lagerlari (yoki shunchaki lager) can be an economic option; there are camping sites also near many cities.
In cottages and hostels you are often supposed to bring your own linen, with linen provided for a fee otherwise, or in some cases, like some wilderness huts, not provided at all. If using primitive facilities, a sleeping bag may be handy or even needed. Sleeping bags for summer use are often enough also when camping in season (and not much too warm indoors), but night temperatures close to freezing are possible most of the year; early and late in the season, and in the north and the mountains, a three-season sleeping bag can be a good choice.
Ish
The Nordic countries are in EEA and thus fully participate in the free movement of labour, so EU citizens can take jobs on basically the same conditions as locals. While English is good enough for some types of jobs, most careers require fluency in the national language. Language is less of a barrier for intra-Nordic migrants, as Swedish, Norwegian and Danish are mutually intelligible, and many Icelanders and Finns speak one of those languages.
The Nordjobb is a scheme for summer jobs (with housing and activities) for the youth. Proficiency in Danish, Norwegian or Swedish and Nordic or EEA citizenship is required.
Salaries tend to be high; but so are consumption taxes and costs of living (income taxes are on par with other countries in western Europe). Albatta soliqlar ko'plab ijtimoiy va sog'liqni saqlash dasturlari va asosan bepul ta'lim uchun to'laydi; oilani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi siyosat va bolalarni parvarish qilish muassasalari tomonidan kichik bolalarni tarbiyalashda ishlash osonlashadi. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda tug'ruq ta'tilidan tashqari otalik uchun saxiy ta'til beriladi va odatda otalar farzandlar tarbiyasida onalar bilan teng mas'uliyatni o'z zimmalariga olishadi.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
- Shuningdek qarang: Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish
Jinoyat stavka odatda past, ammo mastlik, vandalizm va boshqa holatlardan qochish uchun aqlni ishlating talonchilik, ayniqsa katta shaharlarda. Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlari odatda dunyodagi eng kam korruptsiyaga uchragan mamlakatlar qatoriga kiradi.
Sovuq havo qish paytida asosiy xavf omilidir; va yil bo'yi tog'li va Arktika mintaqalarida. Shamol yoki yomg'ir bo'lsa, gipotermiya muzlashdan ancha oldin sodir bo'lishi mumkin va ayniqsa, uyga kira olmaganingizda, masalan, piyoda yurish paytida xavf tug'diradi. Kechasi shaharlarda ayniqsa sovuq havoda shunga o'xshash muammo bo'lishi mumkin, agar siz adashib qolsangiz yoki taksi topolmasangiz, lekin kamdan-kam hollarda bunday holatga bir necha soat chidashingiz kerak.
Shahar va qishloqlarda kunduzgi mashg'ulotlar uchun sovuqqonlik xavfli emas, chunki agar kerak bo'lsa, siz uyga kirishingiz mumkin, ammo etarli kiyim qishki ob-havodan bahramand bo'lishingizga imkon beradi - va qattiq sovuqda siz o'zingizni ichki ishlar bilan cheklanib qolasiz. kiyim-kechak etishmayapti.
Sog'lom bo'ling
In Daniya, Finlyandiya, Islandiya (vulqon hidiga qaramay), Norvegiya va Shvetsiya The musluk suvi asosan juda sifatli, ko'pincha shisha suvdan yaxshiroqdir. Müslüm suvi xavfsiz bo'lmagan joylarda (masalan, poezdlarda), ogohlantirish bo'lishini kutishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek, soylardan yaxshi ko'rinadigan suv ko'p joylarda yaxshi. Muhim er osti suv zonalarida suzishda cheklovlar bo'lishi mumkin va boshqalar.
Hurmat
| “ | Att komma i tid ar att komma för yuborildi. "O'z vaqtida namoyish etish, kechikib ko'rsatiladi." | ” |
- Shvetsiyalik burg'ulash ofitseriga topshirilgan. | ||
Nordic odamlar odatda kosmopolit va dunyoviy. Ularning umumiy fazilatlari bor:
- Tenglik: jinsi va lavozimidan qat'i nazar, odamlarga teng munosabatda bo'lish.
- Kamtarlik: maqtanish yoki boylikni namoyish qilish mashhur emas.
- O'z vaqtida bajarish: uchrashuvlar va ish uchrashuvlari uchun daqiqada ko'rsating. Belgilangan vaqtdan besh-o'n daqiqa oldinroq turish - odob-axloq.
- Maxfiylik: Nordic odamlar juda ko'p shaxsiy maydonga muhtoj va jamoat joylarida begonalar bilan kichik suhbatlardan qochish uchun haqli obro'ga ega. Do'kon sotuvchilari va boshqa xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlarni beparvo deb bilish mumkin.
Tamaki chekish barcha mamlakatlarning yopiq joylarida taqiqlangan. Shimoliy shimoliy odamlarning chekishi cheklangan; kabi tutunsiz tamaki snus keng qo'llaniladi. Ish joyida va rulning orqasida hushyor holda, ichkilikbozlik spirtli ichimliklar dam olish kunlari kamdan-kam holatlar, mast holda mushtlashish xavfi mavjud.
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarning liberal qiyofasiga qaramay, giyohvand moddalar shu jumladan nasha aksariyat yosh va qariyalar orasida taqiqlangan va politsiya tomonidan hech qanday toqat qilmaslik. Hatto shaxsiy foydalanish miqdorlarini egallash besh mamlakatning barchasida jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan. Qolganlarga qaraganda ancha erkinroq bo'lgan Daniya, giyohvand moddalar bilan kurashishda qiyinroq yo'l tutmoqda Xristianiya, va Daniya qonuni okrugda qo'llanilmoqda. Hudud hali ham qismi sifatida tanilgan Kopengagen bu erda giyohvand moddalarga osonlikcha erishish mumkin.
The siyosiy har kimga g'amxo'rlik ko'rsatadigan jamiyatning obro'si, ba'zida Nordic xalqining turmush tarzi bilan murosaga kelish qiyin ko'rinadi. uzoq bo'lishga moyil va begonalarga nisbatan saqlanib qolgan. Masofangizni saqlang, boshqalar ham sizni bezovta qilmaydi. Baland ovozlar qoshlarini burishtiradi. O'zidan ajratilgan holda, agar yordam so'ralsa, Shimoliy Shimoliy mintaqadagi odamlar samimiy va foydali bo'lishadi, hatto qishloqda va cho'lda ham. Hukumat muhtojlarga yordam ko'rsatishi kerak degan fikr odamlarni yordamni taklif qilishni istamasligini kuchaytiradi.
Nordic odamlar berishdan bosh tortishi mumkin ne'matlar va sovg'alar begonalarga yoki yangi tanishlarga. Belgilangan qiymatdan ko'proq sovg'a olish mustaqillikni qadrlaydigan shimoliy shimoliy odamlar uchun og'irlik kabi tuyulishi mumkin. Restoranda odatdagidek har kim o'z ovqatini va ichimliklarini to'laydi (garchi biron kishini restoranga taklif qilishda bu qoida aniq bo'lmasa ham, ayolni romantik kechki ovqatga taklif qiladigan erkak, unga va shunga qarab, uni har qanday tarzda xafa qilishi mumkin). holatlar).
Nordic obro'si erkin ko'rinishga ega yalang'ochlik va shahvoniylik qisman to'g'ri. Nordic odamlar gomoseksual va jinslararo iboralarni qabul qilishadi. Ommaviy emizish haqida gap ketganda; agar kattalar biron bir joyda ovqatlanishiga ruxsat berilsa, chaqaloqlar ham bor. Biroq, kichkina bolalar (faqat kichkintoylar) faqat xususiy jamoalarda, belgilangan nudist plyajlarida yoki uzoq cho'lda qabul qilinadi. Ochiq yalang'ochlash taqiqlangan emas, ammo "odobsiz" xatti-harakatlar, ya'ni siz xafa bo'lishingiz mumkin bo'lsa (va ajnabiyga sud qarori qiyin). Shvetsiya, Norvegiya va Islandiyada fohishani yollash jinoiy javobgarlikka tortiladi (shuningdek, Finlyandiyada, agar ular odam savdosi qurboniga aylangan bo'lsa), pornografiya qonuniy (shu jumladan striptiz klublari) ham bu taqiqlangan narsa.
Ovchilik va yovvoyi tabiatni boshqarish - nozik mavzular, bu erda qishloq aholisi, ayniqsa, ayiq va bo'ri populyatsiyasi uchun yoki ularga qarshi kuchli fikrlarga ega. Norvegiya va Islandiya munozarali kit ovlashga yo'l qo'yadigan kam sonli mamlakatlar qatoriga kiradi.
Nordic odamlar afzal ko'radilar salom qo'l siqish bilan yangi tanishlar; ular yaqin do'stlarini quchoqlashi mumkin. Yoqlaridan o'pish eshitilmagan bo'lsa-da, ko'pchilik Nordic odamlar buni chalkash deb bilishadi.
Esa siyosiy munosabatlar Shimoliy Skandinaviya mamlakatlari o'rtasida yaxshi, ko'plab shimoliy odamlar vatanparvar - bu nafaqat zamonaviy, o'z mustaqilligi uchun kurashgan norvegiyaliklar va finlar. Tashrif buyuruvchilar o'zlari yashayotgan mamlakatning o'ziga xos xususiyatlarini tan olishlari kerak. Mamlakatlar o'rtasidagi do'stona raqobat tufayli ko'pchilik o'z mamlakatlari haqidagi har qanday mulohazalarni qo'shnilariga qaraganda yaxshiroq baholashadi.
Har bir mamlakatda, Lyuteranizm yoki davlat dini, yoki imtiyozli maqomga ega. Shunga qaramay, amalda ular kundalik hayotda dunyoviy bo'lib, cherkovga muntazam ravishda boradiganlar qoidadan ko'ra istisno hisoblanadi. Umuman olganda, shimoliy shimoliy odamlar har qanday dindagi odamlarga nisbatan bag'rikengdirlar, ammo prozelitizmga urinishlar ma'qul kelmaydi.
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