Spirtli ichimliklar ming yillar oldin ixtiro qilingan va shundan beri insoniyatga zavq va kulfat baxsh etgan.
Ichish odatlari, xarajatlari va qonunlari mamlakatlar o'rtasida juda farq qiladi. Ba'zi joylar alkogolli ichimliklari bilan hamma narsadan yaxshiroq tanilgan bo'lsa, boshqa joylar spirtli ichimliklarni butunlay taqiqlaydi. Shuning uchun sayohatchiga mahalliy ichimlik urf-odatlarini bilish va unga moslashish kerak.
Tushuning
| “ | Avval siz ichimlik ichasiz, so'ngra ichimlik ichadi, keyin ichimlik sizni oladi. | ” |
—F. Skott Fitsjerald | ||
Alkogolli ichimliklar qadim zamonlardan beri eksport qilinib kelinmoqda va bugungi global iqtisodiyot sharoitida dunyoning ko'p joylarida eng taniqli pivo, sharob va distillangan ichimliklarni sotib olish oson. Ammo, agar siz kichik uzumzorlarda mahalliy va xususiy sotish uchun ishlab chiqariladigan ko'plab sharoblardan birini sinab ko'rishni istasangiz, pivo faqat ma'lum pivo uylarida, Kentukki tashqarisida topish qiyin bo'lgan kichik burbonli viskilarda pishiriladi; agar siz rom-lik spirtli ichimliklar zavodiga yoki sakse pivo zavodiga tashrif buyurib, ichimliklar qanday tayyorlanishini bilmoqchi bo'lsangiz; yoki zavq olishni xohlasangiz Asturiya a sidreriya - sidrga alohida e'tibor qaratadigan bar - yoki a Manxetten yilda Manxetten, ichimliklar ishlab chiqarilgan joyga sayohat qilish va mahalliy ichimlik madaniyatini boshdan kechirish uchun hali ham o'rnini bosuvchi narsa yo'q. Shuningdek, spirtli ichimliklar tez-tez ishlatiladigan har qanday joyda ichimlik madaniyati haqida biron bir narsani bilish muhimdir.
Spirtli ichimliklarni o'z ichiga olgan ichimliklar topilishi tarixga qadar bo'lgan va bu, albatta, baxtsiz hodisa edi; ko'p marta kimdir bir necha kun davomida bir piyola gruel yoki meva krujkasini tashlab chiqib, yoqimli ruhiy holatni keltirib chiqaradigan ichimlikni topish uchun qaytib kelgan bo'lishi kerak. Ammo qasddan alkogol ishlab chiqarish insoniyatning ovchilar yig'adigan jamiyatdan qishloq xo'jaligiga o'tishi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, taxminan miloddan avvalgi 10000 yilda - ba'zi olimlar hatto pivo tayyorlash jarayonini oziqlantirish uchun qo'shimcha donga bo'lgan talab odamlarni qishloq xo'jaligiga undagan asosiy omil bo'lgan deb taxmin qilishadi. Tarkibida to'g'ri shakarlar bo'lgan suyuqlikni qoldirib ketish yovvoyi holda etishtirishning bir usuli hisoblanadi xamirturushlar (bir hujayrali zamburug'lar), bular uni mustamlakaga aylantiradi va shakarni alkogolga aylantira boshlaydi - lekin u ko'plab boshqa yovvoyi bakteriyalarni ko'paytiradi, ularning aksariyati xamirturush uni pivo yoki sharobga aylantirgandan ko'ra tezroq buzadi. Prehistorik odamlar xamirturushni simbiyotik to'plam va sut kislotasini ishlab chiqaradigan yovvoyi bakteriyalarni etishtirish orqali qanday qilib xamirturush qilishni, xamirturushga yaroqli, ammo boshqa parchalanuvchilar uchun yaroqsiz muhitni yaratishni aniqladilar. Bu ikkala xamirturushli nonni va pivoni ishlab chiqarishga imkon berdi. Xuddi shunday sharob ham topilgan bo'lar edi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan pivo ishlab chiqaruvchilari tejashni o'rgandilar trubka yoki piyoz (demlangandan keyin qolgan cho'kindi, bu aslida o'lik xamirturush xujayralari va tiriklarning bir qismi) ular yordamida keyingi partiyani yoki pivo yoki sharobni ishonchli ishlab chiqarishi mumkin. Spirtli ichimliklar turli xil madaniyatlar tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va muntazam ravishda iste'mol qilingan.
Bugungi kunda barcha spirtli ichimliklar xamirturush tomonidan ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Spirtli ichimliklarni turli toifalarga bo'lish mumkin:
- Fermentlangan yoki pishirilgan ichimliklar xamirturushdan kraxmal va shakarlarni (arpa, guruch, mevalar yoki asal kabi) alkogolga fermentatsiyalash uchun ishlatadi, undan keyin ichimlik asosan to'liq bo'ladi; karbonatlanish, qarish yoki vaqti-vaqti bilan ko'proq lazzat qo'shish kabi qo'shimcha qadamlar ichimlikni sezilarli darajada o'zgartirmaydi. Bunga pivo, sharob, sidr, mead va сакni misol keltirish mumkin.
- Distillangan ichimliklar avval spirtli ichimliklarni achitadi, so'ngra uni distillash orqali suvning bir qismini olib tashlaydi va spirtni konsentratsiyalashadi. Odatda bu issiqlik bilan amalga oshiriladi (alkogol suvdan pastroq haroratda qaynab ketishini hisobga olgan holda), ammo muzlash kabi boshqa usullar mavjud (applejack va muzli pivo tayyorlash uchun ishlatiladi).
- Spirtli ichimliklarning eng keng tarqalgan turlari, masalan aroq, jin, rom, tekila, viski va konyak - bularning barchasi nisbatan aralashtirilgan mahsulotlardir. Ular odatda asosiy kraxmal yoki shakarlardan (masalan, don, kartoshka yoki shakarqamish) fermentatsiyadan oldin qo'shilgan juda cheklangan lazzatlari bilan tayyorlanadi. Distillashdan keyin yana ozgina yoki hech qanday lazzat qo'shilmaydi, yog'och bochkalarda qarish bundan mustasno, bu esa ba'zi bir qattiq lazzatlarni yumshatadi va karamel rang va shirinlik qo'shadi.
- Likyorlar esa shakar, mevalar, o'tlar va ziravorlar kabi qo'shimcha atirlar bilan tayyorlanadi. Ushbu turkumga ko'plab turdagi aperitivlar, hazm qilish, krem-likyorlar va o'simliklardan tayyorlangan likyorlar kiradi.
- Xushbo'y ichimliklar orasida bir joyda joylashgan; ular oddiy spirtli ichimliklarga qo'shilgan tabiiy yoki sun'iy aromatizatorga ega (ko'pincha aroq yoki oq rom, lekin ba'zida tekila yoki brendi kabi yanada mazali asoslar), lekin ular likyorlardan farqli o'laroq shakarga ega yoki umuman yo'q. An'anaviy misollarga absintey, akvavit, zirakli jin va ziravorli rom kiradi, bugungi kunda ko'plab barlarda kamalak rangidagi aroqlar mavjud, ular tarkibida krema yoki pastırma kabi ixtiro aromatizatorlari mavjud.
- Mustahkamlangan sharob bu ikki toifani aralashtirish yo'li bilan ishlab chiqariladi: konyakka o'xshash distillangan suyuqlik (o'zi sharobdan distillangan), fermentatsiyalash jarayonini muddatidan oldin to'xtatish uchun sharobga qo'shiladi, oddiy sharoblarga qaraganda o'rtacha darajadagi alkogolli ichimliklar va tarkibidagi shakar miqdori yuqori bo'ladi. Bunga port, sherry va Marsala kiradi. Vermut kabi xushbo'y vinolarni ishlab chiqarish uchun yoki amaro kabi likyorlar uchun asos sifatida ziravorlar bilan boyitilgan sharobni xushbo'ylashtirishi mumkin.
Spirtli ichimliklarning ayrim turlarida muhim bo'lgan keyingi qadam qarish. Aroq, jin va pivoning yoshi kamdan-kam uchraydigan bo'lsa, tekila, rom va sharob singari ba'zi ichimliklar ixtiyoriy ravishda har xil muddatlarda, boshqalari esa viski kabi har doim bir necha yil qariydi. Ko'pgina spirtli ichimliklarda qarish lazzat qo'shish uchun qilingan. Ichimlikni saqlash orqali yog'och bochkalar bir necha oy yoki bir necha yil davomida suyuqlik yog'ochdan vanilin va yog'och taninlari kabi birikmalarni ajratib oladi, yog'och esa ba'zi bir kiruvchi spirtli birikmalarni o'zlashtiradi va shu bilan likyorning ta'mi va rangini o'zgartiradi. Effektlarni tekilada ko'rish oson, bu turli yoshlarda blanko ("aniq", boshqarilmagan yoki yoshi juda oz) to reposado (2-11 oy davomida bochkalarda "dam olgan") ga anjo (kamida bir yil "qarigan"). Sharob qarishni ikki xil usulda o'tkazadi. Yog'och bochkalardan lazzatlanish uchun foydalanish mumkin, ammo boshqa spirtli ichimliklardan farqli o'laroq zanglamaydigan po'latdan yoki plastmassa bochkalardan foydalanish mumkin, bu ataylab lazzat uchun hech qanday hissa qo'shmaydi. Buning sababi shundaki, sharob o'ziga xos qarish jarayonini boshdan kechiradi, unda sharob (tez buziladigan) aslida uning lazzati va hidini yaxshilay oladigan murakkab kimyoviy jarayonlar natijasida yomonlashadi.
Himoyalangan ismlar
Parmigiano Reggiano pishlog'i yoki Vidalia piyozi kabi ba'zi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarida bo'lgani kabi, bir qator alkogolli ichimliklar mavjud himoyalangan ismlar. Himoyalangan nomdan foydalangan holda qonuniy ravishda sotish uchun mahsulot ma'lum bir geografik hududda ishlab chiqarish, belgilangan ingredientlar va texnikadan foydalanish yoki minimal qarish kabi boshqa jarayon talablariga javob berish kabi talablarga javob berishi kerak.
Geografik jihatdan muhofaza qilinadigan spirtli ichimliklar misollariga Evropadan ko'plab sharoblar kiradi (Barolo va Barbaresco kabi Italiya, Burgundiya va shampan Frantsiya, va Rioja Ispaniya), ko'plab mustahkamlangan vinolar (masalan, port shimoliy Portugaliya, sherry dan Xerez, Ispaniya va Marsala Sitsiliya), tekila va har xil turdagi viski.
Shunga qaramay, boshqa joylardan o'xshash mahsulotlar ba'zan yaxshi yoki yaxshi bo'lishi mumkinligini esga olish kerak. Bu 1976 yilgi Parijdagi sharobni tatib ko'rishda (2008 filmida tasvirlangan) namoyish etilgan Shishani zarbasiunda Kaliforniyalik sharoblar himoyalangan yorliqli (Bordo va Burgundiya) frantsuz sharoblari orasida yuqori o'rinni egallagan. Taxminan teng narxlarda tekila, mezkal va "agava spirtli ichimliklar" butilkalarini hisobga olgan holda, ichimliklar bir xil bo'lib qolgan taqdirda ham talab tufayli narxlar o'zgarishi sababli qaysi biri yaxshiroq ekanligini taxmin qilish qiyin bo'lardi. Bundan tashqari, spirtli ichimliklar odatda ichkilikbozlik qilishini unutmasligingiz kerak zavq. Shishaning mazmuni, uning yorlig'i bilan emas, balki dunyoning turli qismlarida o'xshash ichimliklarni ishlab chiqarishdagi farqlar iste'molchini chalg'itgandan ko'ra zavqlantiradigan narsadir. Turli xil ichimliklarni o'rganishdan va o'zingizga yoqadigan narsalarni kashf etishdan qo'rqmang.
Pivo
- Shuningdek qarang: Pivo (ichimlik)
Pivo hajmi bo'yicha dunyodagi dominant alkogol ichimlik hisoblanadi. Pivo ishlab chiqaradigan eng taniqli mamlakatlarning ba'zilari Germaniya (ayniqsa, Janubiy, bilan Franconia va Bavariya eng xilma-xillikka ega), the Chex Respublikasi, Belgiya, Gollandiya, Birlashgan Qirollik va Irlandiya, ammo boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlar pivo ishlab chiqaradilar, ularning ba'zilari juda mashhur. Shimoliy va markaziy Evropa mamlakatlarida o'z pivosini ishlab chiqaradigan va ularga xizmat ko'rsatadigan, ba'zida ikki yoki uch xil (masalan, engil pivo, qora pivo va Hefeweizen [bug'doy pivosi]) pivo ishlab chiqaradigan uylar mavjud.
"Hunarmand pivolari" AQShda birinchi bo'lib 1970-yillarning oxirida mashhur bo'lib, shundan keyin butun dunyoga tarqaldi. Hozirgi kunda ko'plab kichik pivo zavodlari turli xil atirlar bilan tajriba o'tkazmoqdalar va hatto ba'zi yirik o'yinchilar o'zlarining yirik brendlarini chalg'itishi uchun hattoki hattoki har xil nomlar ostida pivo ishlab chiqarish bilan shug'ullanishdi. Hindiston Pale Ale (IPA) eng keng tarqalgan turidir, chunki uning tarkibida sho'rva tarkibidagi yuqori miqdordagi tarkib va alkogolning miqdori ancha yuqori bo'lganligi uchun turli xil lazzatlarni o'rganishga imkon beradi. Ba'zi bir kichik pivo zavodlari o'z mahsulotlarini deyarli hamma joyga pochta aloqasi xizmati orqali jo'natishsa, boshqalarini faqat mahalliy sotib olish mumkin, nafisligi (va ba'zida narxlari) ko'pincha mayin vinolarnikiga to'g'ri keladi. Pivo ta'mga yoki sog'liqqa hech qanday aloqasi bo'lmagan ikkita sababga ko'ra tez-tez filtrlanadi: Optikasi va saqlash muddati. Umuman olganda, filtrlanmagan pivo tarkibida ko'proq mikroelementlar, oqsillar va qiziqarli lazzatlar bo'ladi, ammo u tezroq buziladi va ma'lum bir "ko'rinishga" o'rganib qolgan iste'molchilar oldida osonroq bo'lmaydi.
Misrga asoslangan fermentlangan ichimliklar
Ko'pchiligida Janubiy va Markaziy Amerika makkajo'xori (makkajo'xori) asosida fermentlangan ichimliklar odatiy holdir va asosan "chicha" nomi bilan mashhur. Biroq, mintaqaga qarab, "chicha de maíz" kabi aniqroq atamani, ayniqsa, makkajo'xori asosidagi ichimlikka nisbatan ishlatish kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Mahalliy navlar aralashmaning tarkibiga meva sharbatlari yoki boshqa ingredientlarni qo'shib, turli xil lazzatlarga ega. Alkogolsiz navlar ham mavjud, shuning uchun "chicha" nimani anglatishini aniq so'rash tavsiya etiladi. Chichaning ba'zi navlari pivoga o'xshash tarzda ishlab chiqariladi, shu jumladan kraxmalni shakarga aylantirish uchun malt pog'onasi, boshqalari esa ko'proq sakga o'xshaydi (quyida ko'rib chiqing) yoki kraxmal tupurikdagi fermentlar tomonidan o'zgartiriladi. Spirtli ichimliklar miqdori odatda ichimlikning yoshi oshgani sayin, u yaxshi saqlanmaydi yoki tashilmaydi va shuning uchun ko'pincha mahalliy joylarda mavjud bo'ladi.
Vino
- Shuningdek qarang: Vino
Vino ko'pchilik tomonidan eng zamonaviy ichimliklar deb hisoblanadi. Dunyo bo'ylab ko'plab vinochilik mintaqalari mavjud. Sharob bilan eng mashhur bo'lgan ba'zi mamlakatlar Frantsiya, Italiya, Ispaniya, Germaniya, Portugaliya, Vengriya, sobiq Sovet respublikasi Gruziya, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Avstraliya, Kanada, Yangi Zelandiya, Argentina, Chili va Janubiy Afrika, va boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlarda yaxshi vino zavodlari mavjud. Iqlim o'zgarishi tufayli sharob hozirda ba'zi mumkin bo'lmagan joylarda etishtirilmoqda, masalan Angliya va janubiy Shvetsiya. Evropa mustamlakachiligi va merkantilizmi ham sharobni G'arbiy va O'rta Sharq markazlaridan tashqariga yoydi Xitoy va Yaponiya endi G'arb uslubidagi sharob ishlab chiqaruvchisi ham.
Sake, ixtisosligi Yaponiya, ishlab chiqarish usuli bilan pivo bilan chambarchas bog'liq, lekin odatda guruch vinoi hisoblanadi va yuqori sifat darajasida teng darajada tozalangan va murakkabdir.
Makgeolli (막걸리, ba'zan sifatida tanilgan takju) qayta ishlanmagan guruch sharobidir, ba'zan guruchdan tashqari makkajo'xori, bug'doy, tariq va boshqa ingredientlar bilan tayyorlangan koreys ichimliklaridir. Uyda osonlikcha pishiriladi, bu Koreyada shisha ichimliklar keng tarqalgunga qadar eng keng tarqalgan ichimlik bo'lgan va Janubiy Koreyaning har bir mintaqasida o'ziga xos mahalliy navlari mavjud. Gangvon-dedi gangnaegni yeotsol bu guruch bilan birga makkajo'xori va malt bilan tayyorlangan shirinroq o'zgarishdir; Anyangniki ongmiju jigarrang guruch, makkajo'xori, shirin kartoshka va malt bilan tayyorlangan o'zgarishdir. Jeju"s omegisul guruchdan ko'ra tariqdan tayyorlangan shunga o'xshash ichimlik. Okcheon, yilda Shimoliy Chungcheong, zerdeçal, Okcheon Ulguem Makgeolli bilan tayyorlangan turga ega. Koreyadagi makgeoli bilan eng mashhur shahar Jeonju, lekin do'konlar hamma joyda.
Geumsanning ginseng sharobini osongina taniysiz, insamju, ginsengning ildizi sarg'ish rangli likyorda ko'rinadi - lekin shunchaki spirtga namlangan ginseng ildizi bo'lgan arzonroq ichimliklarga aldanmang.
Distillangan ichimliklar
Distillangan ichimliklar pivo yoki sharobdan kuchli. Ular odatda kokteyllarda aralashtiriladi, ammo ularni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, ozroq miqdorda iste'mol qilish mumkin.
Ichkilik O'rta asrlarda ixtiro qilingan va zamonaviy zamonaviy davrda muhim savdo tovariga aylangan. Yuk tashish qimmat bo'lganligi sababli, spirtli ichimliklarni eksport qilish, u ishlab chiqarilgan katta hajmli ekinlarga qaraganda ancha foydali bo'lgan. U norasmiy valyuta sifatida va ishchilar, askarlar va dengizchilarga to'lov sifatida ishlatilgan. Distillash shuningdek Amerikadagi birinchi yirik sanoat tarmoqlaridan biri bo'lgan va bugungi kunda ko'plab shaharlar distillash zavodlari atrofida paydo bo'lgan.
Viski yoki viski (turli mamlakatlar va hattoki brendlar qaysi imlodan foydalanish borasida har xil imtiyozlarga ega) ilgari mintaqaviy ixtisos bo'lib kelgan Britaniya orollariva Skotch va Irland viski distillashlari bugungi kunda ham mashhur va foydali. Biroq, viski hozirda dunyoning ko'plab boshqa joylarida ham ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Viskilarning ingliz yoki irlandiyalik bo'lmagan uslublaridan biri burbon, dan kelib chiqqan va hozirgacha asosan ishlab chiqarilgan Amerika holati Kentukki. Tennessi viski - bu taniqli amerikalik uslub, bu bozorda sotilmasa ham, burbon viskisi uchun qonuniy talablarga javob beradi va ba'zi qo'shimcha talablarga bo'ysunadi. U erda ham bor javdar viski (qisqacha "javdar" deb nomlanadi), chunki bug'doy, makkajo'xori va / yoki arpa pyuresi o'rniga javdar pyureidan distillanganligi sababli, ta'mi boshqacha (ko'pincha biroz kuchliroq yoki "achchiqroq") ta'mga ega.
- Shuningdek qarang: Kentukki Burbon distilleri turlari
Skotch viskisi, boshqa viskilar bilan taqqoslaganda, juda aniq ta'mga ega, chunki u turli darajadagi torlik xususiyatiga ega, bu viskiga asosan unda ishlatiladigan arpa torf tutuniga ta'sir qiladigan darajada beriladi; torfli skotchlar juda mazali. Ba'zi skotchlar juda nozik torfli, boshqalari esa juda yuqori darajada.
Viskilarning vagoniga o'tib ketgan va hozirda yuqori sifatli viski ishlab chiqaradigan boshqa mamlakatlar Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya va Tayvan.
Aroq, ko'pincha deyarli faqat spirtli ichimliklar va suvdan iborat kuchli ruh odatda toza xizmat qiladi Sharqiy Evropa, Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari, Rossiya, Markaziy Osiyo, va Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar. Boshqa sohalarda bu ko'pincha kokteyllarning bir qismidir. Shuningdek, aroq meva yoki o'tning siropi yoki mohiyati (masalan, klyukva, horseradish) qo'shilishi bilan xushbo'ylashtirilishi mumkin.
In Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar, akvavit, snaps yoki brnnvin/brennivin (lit. "yondirilgan sharob") - xushbo'ylashtirilmagan yoki xushbo'y aroq, odatda stakanlarda iste'mol qilinadi. Meva nemisidan farqli o'laroq schnapps, ziravorlar odatda achchiq yoki aromatik ziravorlar, masalan, arpabodiyon, arpabodiyon yoki shuvoq.
ROM an'anaviy ravishda pekmez yoki qamish siropidan distillangan Karib dengizi. Markaziy Amerika kabi mamlakatlar Gvatemala va Nikaragua shuningdek, jahon standartidagi rom ishlab chiqaradi Gayana yilda Janubiy Amerika. Cachaça, qamish siropidan distillangan tegishli ichimlik, a Braziliyalik mahsulot. Bundan tashqari, Amerikadan tashqarida ba'zi mashhur romlar va romga asoslangan likyorlar mavjud, ular orasida avstriyalik ham bor Stroh yoki umuman ko'proq "Inländer-Rum" (ichimlikning keng tarqalgan tarkibi) Jagertee, u sharob kabi issiq ichadi va ko'pchilik ongida chang'i bilan madaniy jihatdan bog'liq bo'lgan) va Estoniya likyor Vana Tallin (lit. Old Tallin). Inländer-Rum qand qamishidan olinadigan "oddiy" romdan farqli o'laroq, lavlagi shakar ishlab chiqarish mahsulotlaridan tayyorlanadi yoki ishlab chiqarilgan. Bundaberg ROM xalqaro miqyosda eng taniqli avstraliyalik spirtli ichimliklardan biridir.
Jin, Britaniya orollarining an'anaviy ichimliklari, ammo boshqa joylarda ham ishlab chiqariladi, asosan, archa mevalaridan fermentlanadi. U eng ko'p mexnatda ishlatiladi, ammo uning tirik ajdodi, Jenever, ichida mashhur bo'lgan Kam mamlakatlar va Frantsiya va Germaniyaning ba'zi joylari, ko'pincha toza mast bo'ladi.
Mezkal va Tekila, ikkalasi ham agave navlaridan distillangan (navbati bilan maguey va moviy agave) an'anaviy mahsulotlardir Meksika. Tekila ishlab chiqarishning boshlang'ich bosqichi agavaning yuragini (piya) bug 'bilan pishirishdir, pina esa mezkal ishlab chiqarishning dastlabki bosqichida ko'mir ustiga pishiriladi, shuning uchun mezkallar tutunli ta'mga ega bo'lib, torfli skotchni eslatishi mumkin .
Soju (Koreya) yoki Shochu (Yaponiya) bu an'anaviy ravishda guruchdan tayyorlangan, ammo hozirda shirin kartoshka va boshqa narsalardan tayyorlangan ruhdir. U sharobdan kuchliroq (ko'pincha spirtning miqdori 30% atrofida), ammo boshqa spirtli ichimliklar kabi kuchli emas. Koreyada sojuning ko'plab navlari mavjud (ularning barchasi hamma joyda ishlatiladigan butilkalar kabi arzon emas). Andong soju tarkibida alkogolning miqdori 45 foiz atrofida, afsonalarga ko'ra uni Xubilay Xon Yaponiyaga hujum qilishga tayyorlanayotganda ixtiro qilgan. Gamhongno guruch, tariq, jo'xori, solod va quritilgan apelsin po'stlog'i, doljin va zanjabil kabi xushbo'y moddalar bilan ishlangan pushti-binafsha rang rang. Igangju armut sharbati, shuningdek zanjabil, doljin, zerdeçal va asal bilan tayyorlangan sojuning yana bir turi. Munbaeju, ilgari faqat qirol uchun saqlangan ichimlik, Goryeo sulolasidan beri bitta oila egasi bo'lgan maxfiy retseptdan tayyorlanadi. Insamju an'anaviy koreys va xitoy tibbiyotida juda qadrlanadigan koreys ginsengidan tayyorlangan. Orol Jindo ning manbai honju, "qizil alkogol" degan ma'noni anglatadi, gromvel o'simlikining ildizi bilan tayyorlangan sojuning olcha-qizil navi. Yaponiyaning orolida Okinava, deb nomlangan mazali ichimlik awamori Tailand yasemin guruchidan distillangan.
Koreys spirtining yana ko'p turlari mavjud. Samxeju bu yiliga atigi bir marta amalga oshiriladigan Seul ixtisosligi, dastlab Goryeo va Chuson sulolalari qirollik saroyi uchun. Agar siz bozorga tushganidan keyin darhol shisha olmasangiz, kelgusi yilgacha kutishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
Bayjiu dan kelib chiqqan donga asoslangan ruhdir Xitoy va u erda juda mashhur. U juda ko'p turli xil va alkogol tarkibida doimiy ravishda yuqori (40-65%). Ikkala narx va sifat ham arzon va keng sotuvga ega bo'lgan holda ishlaydi Erguotu xitoylik ishchilarning sevimlisi, ammo ko'pincha G'arb mehmonlari uchun yoqimsiz. Damlari yanada nozik bo'lganlar uchun eng mashhur baijiu turlarining qimmatbaho premium turlari ham mavjud Maotayichida ishlab chiqarilgan Guychjou viloyat va Xitoyning milliy spirtli ichimliklar deb hisoblangan, Vuliangye, yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Yibin, Sichuan, ba'zi bir yuqori navlari chakana savdosi bilan bir shisha uchun bir necha ming AQSh dollari va Kinmen Kaoliangorolida qilingan Qarindoshlar va milliy likyor sifatida qabul qilingan Tayvan.
Shimoliy Germaniya - mamlakat Korn - Germaniyaning shimoliy qismlarida pivodan ham mashhur bo'lgan aniq don ruhi. Nordxauzen korni ishlab chiqarish markazi sifatida haqli ravishda mashhurdir. Korn ko'pincha alkogolsiz ichimliklar yoki sharbat bilan aralashtiriladi; ayniqsa, mashhur variantlardan biri olma sharbati bilan ishlangan - Apfelkorn, uni oldindan aralashtirib sotib olish mumkin.
Ning umumiy toifalarida kuchli fermentlangan ichimliklarning ko'p turlari mavjud aperitivlar (ovqatdan oldin ichiladigan ichimliklar) yoki hazm qilish (ovqat hazm qilishda yordam berish uchun mo'ljallangan ovqatdan keyin ichiladigan ichimliklar), bu mintaqaviy ixtisoslashgan va ko'pincha butun dunyoga eksport qilinadi. Masalan, ning har bir mintaqasi Germaniya o'ziga xos turiga ega Obstlerdeb nomlangan Schnaps - meva yoki o'tlardan fermentlangan kuchli ichimlik. Vengriya uchun juda yaxshi ma'lum Palinka, ko'pincha o'rikdan tayyorlangan brendi. Kalvados bu olma brendi Quyi Normandiya. Armagnak, janubi-g'arbiy tomondan Frantsiya va Konyak, bo'limlaridan Charente va Sharente-Maritime g'arbiy Frantsiyada, ikki xil brendi, sharobni distillash orqali ishlab chiqarilgan. Grappa va Chacha, mahsulotlari Italiya va Gruziya navbati bilan, sharob barglarini (terilari, poyalari, urug'lari va boshqalarni) fermentatsiyalash orqali ishlab chiqariladi va konyakdan farqli o'laroq juda qiziqarli uzumga o'xshash ta'mga ega. Slivovits - olxo'ri brendi - ko'pchilikda ishlab chiqariladi Markaziy va Sharqiy Evropa mamlakatlar. Kampari, mashhur qizil rang, achchiq hazm qilish vositasidir Milan o'simlik poydevori bilan yaqindan saqlanadigan maxfiy retseptdan tayyorlanadi. U toshlarda mast bo'lishi mumkin va ko'pincha mexnatda ishlatiladi. Raki, qizilmiya bilan xushbo'y va odatda uzumdan fermentlangan, ning mahsulotidir kurka va Bolqon. Ismlar ostida Arak va Ouzo, u (yoki juda yaqin munosabat) da ham hosil bo'ladi Levant va Gretsiyanavbati bilan. AbsintheFrantsiyada ishlab chiqarilgan va "Yashil peri" laqabini olgan bu ichimlik ichimlik, lekin shuvoq mohiyati va boshqa botanika vositalarini ham o'z ichiga oladi. Pastis Fransiyada, Sambuka Italiyada va Anisette turli xil g'arbiy O'rta er dengizi mamlakatlarida ham qarindoshlar, lekin shakar qo'shgan va shu bilan likyorlar.
LikyorlarShakar qo'shilgan distillangan alkogolli ichimliklar alkogolli ichimliklarning qo'shimcha toifasini tashkil etadi. Ba'zilar ko'pincha toza bo'lib ichishadi va deyarli barchasi kokteyllarda asos sifatida yoki / va shakarsiz ichimliklar bilan birgalikda ishlatiladi. Likyorlar bu erda ro'yxatga olish uchun juda ko'pdir, ammo yuqorida aytib o'tilgan anis asosidagi o'simliklardan tashqari, ayniqsa, taniqli bo'lganlar Limoncello, an'anaviy ravishda hunarmandchilik bilan tayyorlangan limonli likyor Italiya va ovqat hazm qilish vositasi sifatida kechki ovqatdan keyin taklif qilingan va Amaretto, shuningdek, Italiyadan bodom yoki o'rik yadrosi asosidan fermentlangan (Disaronno Originale dan Saronno ayniqsa mashhur). Frantsiyada ishlab chiqariladigan juda ko'p likyor-likyor turlari mavjud. Ko'pincha kokteyllarda va pishirishda ishlatiladigan muhim narsa Uch sek, shuningdek, tovar nomlarida mavjud bo'lgan to'q sariq likyor Cointreau va Grand Marnier, boshqalar qatorida - har biri biroz boshqacha ta'mga ega. Likyorlarning quyi to'plami Krem likyorlaribu tarkibida ruh bilan boyitilgan sut kremi mavjud. Krem likyorlarining taniqli misollari kiradi Baileys Irish kremi Irlandiyadan va Amarula Janubiy Afrikadan. Likyorlarning yana bir kichik qismi - bu o'simlik likyorlari, shu jumladan nemislar Jägermeister (Evropaning ko'p qismida mashhur) va Riga Balzam 1752 yildan beri ishlab chiqarilgan.
Boshqa ichimliklar
Sidrichida "qattiq sidr" deb nomlangan Qo'shma Shtatlar va qismlari Kanada, olma sharbati va po‘stlog‘idan fermentlanadi. Odatda pivo kabi alkogolli ichimliklar yoki biroz kuchliroqdir. Odatda sidrlar 4-6 foizni tashkil qiladi, ammo ba'zilari 7,5% yoki undan yuqori. Ko'pgina joylarda sidr ishlab chiqariladi, xususan Angliya (ayniqsa G'arbiy mamlakat mintaqa); Shvetsiya; Normandiya; Bretan, bu erda an'anaviy ravishda galetlarga (mazali kreplar) hamrohlik qilish mast bo'ladi; Asturiya va IspaniyaBasklar mamlakati. In Xesse "Bbblwoi"mashhur ichimlik. Sidr AQShda mustamlakachilik davrida va hatto mustaqillikning birinchi asrida eng mashhur alkogolli ichimlik bo'lgan, ammo keyinchalik u pivo, sharob va spirtli ichimliklar uchun o'z o'rnini yo'qotgan. Buyuk Britaniyada sidr juda mashhur. Angliyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida va Herefordshirda.
Mead shimoliy Evropadan asalga asoslangan ichimlik. Mahalliy ishlab chiqariladigan buqalar Markaziy Evropaning ayrim mamlakatlarida ham mavjud Slovakiya, qaerda u chaqiriladi medovina. Tej, o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lgan asal sharob Efiopiya, yaqindan bog'liq ichimlik.
Kumiz (yoki Mo'g'ulistondagi Airag) - engil taniqli alkogolli ot suti sharobidir Markaziy Osiyo va Mo'g'uliston. Gazlangan, nordon ichimlik yoz oylarida ko'p miqdorda ichiladi.
Vermut, shirin va quruq navlarda ishlab chiqarilgan, mustahkamlangan sharob (ya'ni shakar qo'shilgan sharob), unga bir oz ko'proq spirt va xushbo'y moddalar aralashmasi qo'shiladi. U Italiyada ham, Frantsiyada ham ishlab chiqarilgan va ba'zida aperitiv sifatida toza ichiladi, lekin tez-tez kokteyllarda ham qo'llaniladi.
Kokteyllar
Kokteyllar odatda qattiq sirka (masalan, viski, rom, jin yoki aroq) asosida aralashtirilgan ichimliklar bo'lib, ba'zi miqdordagi oddiy sirop (suvda erigan shakar) yoki shirin likyor bilan birlashtiriladi va ko'pincha achchiq yoki achchiq likyor va meva yoki sabzavot odatda meva, barg yoki zaytun bo'lagi bilan bezatilgan sharbat. Mumkin bo'lgan kombinatsiyalar deyarli cheksizdir va kokteyl barlari dunyoning ko'plab joylarida topish mumkin. The Xalqaro barmenlar uyushmasi barmenchilik musobaqalarida ishlatiladigan rasmiy mexnat va retseptlar ro'yxatini yuritadi, garchi ko'plab barlarda o'zlarining mexnat kokteyllari mavjud, ular boshqa joyda mavjud emas. Kokteyllar AQShda taqiqlanish davrida mashhur bo'lgan, chunki spirtli ichimliklar achitilgan ichimliklarga qaraganda tez-tez kontrabanda qilingan va spirtli ichimliklarni aralashtirish quyi darajadagi ta'm va sifatni niqoblash va / yoki yuqori tarkibidagi spirtli ichimliklarni suyultirishning keng tarqalgan usuli edi.
Hozirgi kunda kokteyllar ayniqsa mashhur Britaniya orollari va qismlari Amerika, ba'zi mahalliy mutaxassisliklar mavjud bo'lgan joyda. Bu erda taniqli kishilarning bir nechtasi (quyida keltirilgan kokteyllarning tavsiflari qiziqqan sayohatchiga nimani kutish kerakligi haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lishi va to'liq ingredientlar ro'yxati bo'lishi shart emas):
Qora rus besh qismli aroq va ikki qismli kofe likyoridan tayyorlanadi. 1949 yilda ixtiro qilingan Bryussel, Buning bir nechta variantlari bor, eng muhimi Oq rus bu sut va / yoki qaymoq qo'shilgan qora ruscha.
The Qonli Meri - bu ixtiro qilingan mazali, ba'zan achchiq kokteyl Nyu-York shahri va pomidor sharbati va boshqa har xil aromatlar bilan aroq bazasini ishlatadi. In mashhur variant Kanada bo'ladi Qonli Qaysar, bu mol go'shti bulonini qo'shadi.
Caipirinhas kachachani ohak va shakar bilan asos qilib oling va milliy mexnat hisoblanadi Braziliya.
Fernet Branca juda mashhur Argentina, va norasmiy milliy ichimlik bu Fernet con coca. Fernet singari, u ham o'ziga xos ta'mga ega va Fernetning ikki qismi va Coca Cola ning oltita qismi bilan tayyorlangan.
The Jin va tonik yilda ixtiro qilingan Hindiston davomida Britaniyalik Raj o'sha kunlarda xinin miqdori ancha yuqori bo'lgan, bezgakni oldini olish uchun dori - tonikli suv aralashmasi sifatida, uni ingliz askarlari uchun mazali qilish uchun jin bilan. Hozirgi kunda bu mashhur Britaniya, Irlandiya, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Kanada, Ispaniyava boshqa turli mamlakatlar.
Irlandiyalik qahva, spirtli ichimlik qo'shilgan kofening bir nechta turlaridan biri (bu holda, irlandiyalik viski) juda mashhur Irlandiya. Haqiqiy Irlandiyalik qahvalarda qahva tarkibiga irland viskisi va jigarrang shakar qo'shilgan, uning ustiga quyuq qaymoq qo'shilgan, ammo ba'zi zamonaviy navlar viski va qaymoqni Beylining Irish kremi bilan almashtiradi.
Jagertee - apres-chang'ida mashhur ichimlik Alp tog'lari mamlakatlari, Stroh rom, qora choy va ziravorlar kombinatsiyasi bilan tayyorlangan (turli xil retseptlar mavjud, ammo doljin, qizilmiya va chinnigullar keng tarqalgan).
May tais romga asoslangan va shuningdek Kyurasao likyoridan foydalanadi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, ular ixtiro qilingan Kaliforniya lekin qadimdan mexnat barlarining asosiy mahsulotlari bo'lgan Gavayi va boshqa qismlari Polineziya.
Manxettenlar burbonga asoslangan, shirin vermut va achchiq bilan, kelib chiqadi Manxetten.
The Margarita, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida keng tarqalgan bo'lib Meksika ichimligi deb hisoblangan, ammo har xil tarzda ixtiro qilingan deb aytilgan Meksika yoki Texas, odatdagidek tuz bilan ishlangan stakan bilan uch sekund va ohak sharbati bilan birlashtirilgan tekilani asos qilib oladi.
The Martini da ixtiro qilingan Qo'shma Shtatlar, aniq qaerda sir. An'anaviy ravishda ginga asoslangan - garchi aroq ba'zan almashtirilsa ham, hozirgi kunda - vermut bilan birlashtirilgan va zaytun bilan bezatilgan.
Yalpiz sharbati burbonga asoslangan va ularning o'ziga xos xususiyati Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, ayniqsa Kentukki. Ular Kentukki Derbisining rasmiy ichimliklari deb hisoblanadilar, ehtimol bu AQShdagi eng taniqli ot poygasi va Amerikaning Triple Crown-ni tashkil etadigan uchtadan biri. ot poygasi.
Mojitos ohak va yalpiz barglari bilan, ularning asosi sifatida oq romdan foydalaning va o'ziga xos xususiyatdir Kuba.
The Negroni, o'ylab topilgan deb o'ylayman Florensiya va juda mashhur Italiya, odatda jin, vermut rosso va Campari bilan tayyorlangan va to'q sariq rang bilan bezatilgan biroz achchiq kokteyl. Bu kelib chiqadi Americano tarkibida jin o'rniga sodali suv bor.
The Eski moda, yozib olingan eng qadimgi mexnatlardan biri ixtiro qilingan Nyu-York shahri. Bu an'anaviy ravishda burish yoki to'q sariq tilim bilan bezatilgan achchiq, shakar va suv bilan birlashtirilgan burbon yoki javdar viskisidan foydalanadi.
The Piña kolada, rom, kokos yong'og'i kremi va ananas sharbatining kombinatsiyasi rasmiy ichimlik hisoblanadi Puerto-Riko.
The Pisco nordon, ixtisosligi Peru va Chili, uning asosi sifatida pisco - mahalliy brendi - Key ohak sharbati va boshqa ingredientlar, shu jumladan o'ziga xos ko'pikli ko'rinishni beradigan tuxum oqi bilan birlashtiriladi.
The Sazerac ning ixtisosligi Yangi Orlean. Bu achchiq va absintey yoki Herbsaint (ikkalasi ham qizilmaga asoslangan ruhlar) bilan birlashtirilgan konyak yoki javdar viskisidan foydalanadi.
A Tornavida aroqning bir qismi va apelsin sharbatining ikki qismi bilan tayyorlanadi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, bu nom ichimlikni aralashtirish uchun tornavidalardan foydalangan muhandislar tomonidan ixtiro qilingan.
Plyajdagi jinsiy aloqa rasmiy versiyada shaftoli shnapps, apelsin sharbati va klyukva sharbati bilan aroq bazasidan foydalanilgan bo'lsa ham, stakan to'q sariq tilim bilan bezatilgan.
The Singapur Slingdastlab gilos brendi ishlatilgan, gin asosidagi ichimlik apelsin, ananas va ohak sharbati bilan birgalikda ixtiro qilingan. Singapur va xalqning imzosi bo'lgan kokteyl hisoblanadi. U Singapur aviakompaniyasining barcha reyslarida va orol bo'ylab ko'plab barlarda mavjud, ammo asl nusxasi faqat mashhur Raffles mehmonxonasidagi Long Barda sotiladi. Singapurdan tashqarida topilgan versiyalar asl nusxaga o'xshash bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas.
Ning asl nusxasi Tekila Sunrise yilda yaratilgan Feniks, Arizona, ammo u ixtiro qilingan apelsin sharbati va grenadin siropi bilan tayyorlangan zamonaviy versiyaga deyarli o'xshamaydi. Kaliforniya, ikkalasi ham tekilani asosi sifatida ishlatadigan yagona umumiy narsa.
Sharob bazasi bo'lgan kokteyllar
Mulled sharob (turli xil nomlar bilan atalgan, shu jumladan Glögg in Shvetsiya, Gluhwein Germaniya va Avstriya va Vin Chaud Frantsiya) - bu shakar va ziravorlar bilan birlashtirilgan qizdirilgan sharob. Rojdestvo mavsumida Shimoliy Evropaning ko'p qismida va undan tashqarida juda mashhur. Shuningdek, u eng ko'p sotiladigan (alkogolli) ichimlikdir Rojdestvo bozorlari.
Sangriya, sharob bazasini tug'ralgan yangi mevalar, tatlandırıcı va ko'pincha bir oz brendi bilan birlashtirgan mashhur Ispaniya va Portugaliya.
Pivo asosidagi ichimliklar
Pivo ishlab chiqaradigan yirik kompaniyalar deyarli har soatda yangi pivoga asoslangan aralash ichimliklar ishlab chiqarishni taklif qilayotganlarida, ko'plab pivo ichuvchilar eng sodda, ammo oddiy aralashmalarni masxara qilishadi:
- Radler (Shandy nomi bilan ham tanilgan), pivo va limonga asoslangan alkogolsiz ichimlik. Kanadada radlerlar pivo va greyfurt sharbatining teng qismidir, shandislar pivo va zanjabil alining teng qismidir.
- Cola-Weizen (koks va bug'doy pivosi)
Sotib oling
Ba'zi mamlakatlarda alkogolli ichimliklar katta soliqqa tortilganligi sababli, xususiy import va bojsiz xarid qilish sayohatchiga yanada tejamli bo'lishi mumkin. Kabi yuqori soliqli mamlakatlarning ko'plab sayohatchilari Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar arzon spirtli ichimliklarni sotib olishning yagona maqsadi.
Ko'pgina mamlakatlar spirtli ichimliklarni sotish uchun korxonalarni litsenziyalashni talab qilmoqdalar, ya'ni sizning restoraningiz sizga ovqatlanish paytida spirtli ichimliklar bilan xizmat qilishiga ruxsat berilishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin. Agar uning spirtli ichimliklar uchun litsenziyasi bo'lmasa, siz o'zingizning alkogolli ichimliklaringizni ovqat bilan birga olib kelishingizga ruxsat beriladimi yoki yo'qmi. Ba'zi restoranlarda "o'zingni olib kel" qoidasi bor, bu qonuniy yoki shunchaki muhosaba qilinishi mumkin, ammo ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, hech qachon taxmin qilish mumkin emas.
Barlar / pablar
Dunyo bo'ylab turli xil mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan bar va pablarning ko'p turlari mavjud.
Britaniyada, Irlandiyada va Germaniyada pablar va pivo ishlab chiqaradigan uylarda (Brauhäuser) pivo bilan birga to'liq ovqatlanish mumkin, ko'pchilik esa ishdan keyin pablarga kechki ovqat va ichimlik uchun borishadi. Ko'pgina ingliz pablarida yaxshi ob-havo sharoitida ochiq bo'limlar mavjud bo'lib, ular oilalar uchun mos deb hisoblanadi. Yakshanba kuni qovurilgan go'sht - qovurilgan mol go'shti va Yorkshir pudingi, tovuq go'shti, qo'zichoq yoki boshqa bir nechta qaynatilgan sabzavotli go'shtning katta ta'mi - bu an'anaviy pab ovqatidir.
Italiyada ko'p odamlar ertalabki kofe, choy yoki issiq shokolad va kruvasanni peshtaxtada turib barda olishadi. You can purchase alcoholic drinks if you want to, but there is often no expectation that you will.
In Spain, especially Andalusiya, an entire cuisine of small dishes — tapas — grew around the daily drinking of wine. Traditionally, tapas are eaten in the early evening after work, with dinner eaten much later at night. Also in Spain is the region of Asturias, which produces 80% of the country's cider and has sidrerías, bars dedicated to cider-drinking.
In Japan, there are sake bars that, like tapas bars, serve small dishes that are meant to be a good accompaniment to the alcoholic drinks of the house.
In Janubiy Koreya you can find tented restaurants (usually in a bright orange color) on the street called pojangmacha, open from the early evening to the late morning. Here stressed out Koreans of all classes go to enjoy street food and no small measure of soju (Korean liquor). You can make friends very easily, and patronizing such establishments is a great way to try some basic Korean food such as tteokbokki.
In the United States, there are a number of speakeasies, modern bars that try to evoke the Prohibition period when alcohol was illegal and bars had to operate in secret, often requiring you to find a hidden door or know a password in order to gain entry.
In the United States and Canada, people who are not of age to drink alcohol are often forbidden entry to bars. Many American bars do not serve food, though in that case, you are usually permitted to bring your own food in. However, even gastro pubs in the US generally bar entry to underage people. Wine bars, at some of which you can have a very good meal accompanied by excellent wines, have become fashionable in American cities.
Sog'lom bo'ling
Health studies show that there is no safe limit for alcohol, and being completely sober is best for your health. But if you drink, drink moderately. Alcohol affects everyone differently, and knowing your limit is very important. Possible long term health events from excessive drinking can include liver damage and even blindness and death. The potential danger is increased when consuming illegally produced alcohol. Illegal spirits can contain various dangerous impurities including methanol, which can cause blindness or death even in small doses.
In some countries such as Rossiya, Yaponiya, Xitoy va Janubiy Koreya, colleagues and business partners are encouraged to drink excessively at after work events. Exercise caution if you are inexperienced at this. Civil liability may also be incurred by every participant if such binge-drinking causes anyone in the group to die or get into an accident.
Various experiments on mice and rats have measured the LD50 — the dosage that kills 50% of subjects — for ethyl alcohol; results have ranged from 3500 to 7000 mg/kg. Assume, to be safe, that the lower number applies for humans. Hard liquor is typically around 40% alcohol and the usual bottle is 750 ml (26 oz.), so it has has 300 ml of alcohol, or about 300,000 mg. That is enough that — if taken quickly, not much diluted, and on an empty stomach — it would have a 50% chance of killing an 85 kg (187 lb.) man. The Finnish Alko used to sell vodka only in smaller bottles, deemed improbable to kill a man on their own.
Beer and wine are much less risky for either drunkenness or alcohol poisoning because they have a lower percentage of alcohol; wine is typically around 10-15%, beer around 5% in most countries though that varies greatly by brand.
Mixing alcohol and drugs (including prescribed medications) is ill-advised. In certain combinations (such as with barbiturates and other depressants or with medication that puts an increased strain on the liver) the combined effect can be fatal. Check the label carefully. Also some otherwise edible mushrooms have bad effects when alcohol is consumed simultaneously – or even within a few days.
While there are many remedies to the symptoms of a hangover (such as kofe or cold showers) there is no way to speed up the digestion of alcohol. Part of the cause of hangovers is dehydration, since alcohol tends to make you urinate more. Drinking large amounts of water before going to bed and as soon as you get up alleviates some symptoms in many cases. Cures based on drugs may have the above mentioned dangers; don't blindly follow advice.
Pregnant women kerak qochmoq alcoholic beverages, as alcohol causes permanent deformities and brain damage in the developing foetus. This condition is known foetal alcohol syndrome, and while some symptoms can be managed, there is no cure.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Don't drink and drive. Your ability to drive is adversely affected by alcohol, and the risk of accident is far greater. There are also legal prohibitions against driving under the influence of alcohol in most countries; some hunt impaired drivers as criminals (see "Stay legal" below).
Sport, or any strenuous physical activity, should not be undertaken after drinking alcohol. This is for both physical reasons (dehydration) as well as impaired judgement. Watching sports while impaired is a bad idea, especially when attending a sports event in the stadium. Stadium security is very no-nonsense about disorderly conduct under the influence and anything up to and including a lifetime ban may result.
Qimor is also risky when drunk, owing to impaired judgement.
Intoxication makes you a more vulnerable target for various forms of jinoyat. Qarang theft, common scams va talonchilik.
Many people have been raped or robbed while impaired or even temporarily incapacitated by the intake of alcohol. If you have reason to believe your judgement, senses or reflexes could be adversely affected by a visit to a bar or nightclub, make sure you are with people you know and trust, who will be sober and dependable enough to look out for you.
Alcoholic drinks are also more likely to be "spiked" with some substance or other that further diminishes judgement and enables rape or robbery. To avoid someone slipping something into your drink without you noticing it, keep an eye on your drink all the time and don't leave your drink behind when going to the toilet. If you had a blackout and are sure it wasn't caused by alcohol but rather something you were tricked into taking, go to the police as fast as possible; such drugs (notably "K.O.-drops") often decay to the point of becoming undetectable within 24 hours, and having proof you were drugged enhances your chances in court.
Hurmat
To be a good guest, it's important to respect teetotalers and people who drink every day alike, and it's good to understand how it is that some peoples and nations typically drink lustily and often, while others abstain.
Although drinking alcohol is legal in many countries, you should be sensitive to the local customs. Countries with large Muslim populations may take exception to foreigners publicly consuming alcohol, even if it is legal.
Many Christians reject excessive consumption of alcohol, and some denominations (such as Southern Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists and Mormons) are prohibited from drinking alcohol altogether. Abstaining for religious reasons is especially common in the USA, parts of the UK (notably Wales and Scotland), and countries affected by their Evangelical missionaries. Islamic Law prohibits Muslims from consuming alcohol, with many regions in the Muslim world taking this prohibition extremely seriously, even if limited exceptions are made for visitors and non-Muslim residents. Some Hindu sects, most notably including the Hare Krishnas, prohibit alcohol consumption for their followers.
By contrast, Jews and more traditional Christian denominations use wine sacramentally, though grape juice is often used for the same purposes. In Japan, sake is used in Shinto rites and ceremonies while in China, baijiu was traditionally drunk in various Confucian and Taoist ceremonies. Particularly in Europe, it is very common for practicing Christians to consider it perfectly normal to drink wine and beer, and many of the most famous wines and beers are to this day produced by monks as a source of income for monasteries; the Olivetan monks in the Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore in Chiusure produce wine commercially. In Germany, Brauhäuser may adjoin or be directly opposite a church and, after high masses, the Archbishop and numerous members of their congregation may be seen there enjoying food, drink and conviviality.
Of course drunkenness is no excuse to behave in an unacceptable manner and some countries that have no problem with drinking have a taboo against getting drunk.
There are special conventions about many drinks, drinking at special occasions or drinking in general, at least partly varying from one region to another. Toasting before drinking (sometimes before every sip) is common. You might not be supposed to have a drink unless you offer a round. Qarang Kyrgyzstan#Vodka for one example.
In some countries there is a social taboo regarding drinking "without a reason" and thus it may be customary to make a toast before drinking even if only "to the health of the people".
If you are invited to the home of a practicing Jew, a gift of a good kosher wine will be much appreciated. In cities with substantial Jewish populations, any large wine store should have a good selection of artisanal kosher wines from countries like Isroil, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Frantsiya, Italiya, Ispaniya, Janubiy Afrika, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya.
Stay legal
Countries where alcohol is illegal
With the exception of extremely limited medical conditions (and in some cases, such as Iran, allowances for Jewish or Christian religious services), the production, sale and consumption of alcohol is illegal in:
- Saudi Arabia
- Quvayt
- Sudan
- Eron
- Libya
- Bruney
- Maldiv orollari (except on tourist resort islands)
- Specific states in Hindiston kabi Gujarat va Mizoram
There are also some "dry" towns in the Canadian Arctic and some Amerika small towns, counties and Indian reservations that prohibit the sale of alcohol.
Countries where the consumption of alcohol in public places is prohibited
,_October_2009.JPG/220px-Belfast_(034),_October_2009.JPG)
"Public places" in this context means drinking on the street, in the park, et al. and does not apply to drinking in restaurants and bars with licenses to serve alcohol:
- The majority of locations in the Qo'shma Shtatlar
- Litva
- Chili
- Pokiston
- Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari
- Singapur (from 10:30PM to 7AM)
Many countries set the rules on public drinking at a local level, such as in Avstraliya, Ispaniya, Irlandiya, Shvetsiya va Birlashgan Qirollik. You should check locally first.
Although in many countries consuming alcohol in public is allowed, being very drunk (or noisy) in public is an offense that can get you arrested.
And while alcoholic beverages are legal and common in some Muslim-majority countries (such as kurka), consuming alcohol in public during Ramazon is frowned upon and may cause you problems with locals.
Minimum drinking age
There is often a minimum age, below which you cannot legally buy alcoholic beverages. In most of Evropa it is 16, 17 or 18, and may differ for beer and wine vs. hard liquor (the alcohol content as such is usually not the determining factor, as for example a 5% alcohol by volume product that contains rum would be illegal for people under 18 years old, whereas a beer with the same alcohol content would be OK for a 16-year-old in Germany), and levels of enforcement vary by country. In most Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar you need to be 20 to buy anything with an alcohol content of 22% or above (which in any case cannot be attained by fermenting alone). In East Asia, the drinking age is slightly higher than in Europe: 19 in Janubiy Koreya and 20 in Yaponiya. In Kanada, the minimum is 18 or 19 (depending on province) to buy anything above 0.5% alcohol. In Qo'shma Shtatlar, the minimum drinking age for all alcoholic beverages is 21 and generally strictly enforced. If you are of drinking age and plan to go to a bar, make sure to bring a valid form of identification that includes your date of birth, especially if you look close to underage - being asked for this ID is called "being carded" in the USA and Canada, and you should expect to be carded if you look to be younger than 25 even in places where the legal drinking age is 18. The drinking age can also affect the rest of the party: In some places, giving a minor alcohol may be a bigger offense than the minor drinking.
Driving while impaired
Not only is it unsafe to drive under the influence of alcohol, it is also generally illegal, and often subject to harsh punishment, which could in some instances include a heavy fine, suspension or revocation of your driver's license, impounding of the vehicle that was being driven, imprisonment, deportation, and permanent loss of permission to enter the jurisdiction where the crime took place. Some places won't allow you to enter if you have a drunk driving conviction even if it was in some other place entirely. In some places, you can even be publicly flogged for the crime. Moreover, in certain jurisdictions, a very small percentage of alcohol in your blood is considered to be impairing under the law, so don't assume you will be safe from legal trouble if you drive after having one glass of wine or beer. Drunk driving on non-motorized vehicles such as bicycles may be subject to the same restrictions, lesser sanctions or none at all. In some countries the (much higher) alcohol limit for bikes is seldom enforced, possibly in part to discourage drunk use of motor vehicles. If you get into an accident or drive "suspiciously", you may still be prosecuted even if your blood alcohol level is below the nominal limit for drunk driving, and insurance and liability are also often affected by your blood alcohol content at the time of the accident.
In many countries (notably the US, UK, Australia and Nordic countries), law enforcement will mount regular patrols to catch what is termed in the US "driving under the influence" (DUI). Such patrols also have authority to request you provide a breath sample, which will be used as evidence of your intoxication. Failure to provide such a sample (if not an offence in itself) will often be treated as suspicion of intoxication, and further more detailed questioning.
If you know that you will be drinking enough to be over the legal limit or otherwise too impaired to safely drive, make sure to take public transportation or a taksi, or arrange for a sober person to pick you up or act as your "designated driver." Make those arrangements oldin you or any member of your party has the first drink.
In some places, for example much of Canada, many bars will serve a designated driver all the soft drinks he or she wants, free.
If it is unsafe to drive under the influence, then it is also unsafe to operate a boat or indeed even a bike. Despite the folkloric image of a drunken sailor – dating back to an era of impressment, when getting people drunk and loaded onto a boat that was at sea when they woke up was a common "recruitment tactic" – they are best left ashore.