Lar bor keng tarqalgan firibgarliklar sayohatchi bilishi kerak bo'lgan ko'p joylarda sodir bo'ladi. Ular sizning pulingizni yoki ishingizni yolg'on bahonalar bilan sizdan olish uchun mo'ljallangan. Ular uchta toifaga bo'linadi: ortiqcha to'lov, sizni aldash yoki sizni istamagan xizmat uchun to'lashga majbur qilish va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'g'irlik.
Dolandırıcılık, albatta, a emas jinoyatva politsiya jabrlanganlarga yordam berish uchun iroda yoki huquqiy qobiliyatga ega bo'lmasligi mumkin. Eng yomon holatda, ular bunga aloqador bo'lishi mumkin va mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilishning ba'zi usullari haqiqatan ham axloqiy toifaga kirishi mumkin bo'lgan turli xil tuzoq yoki hiyla-nayranglar bilan ishlashi mumkin, bu ro'yxatdagi ba'zi firibgarlardan farqli o'laroq emas.
Oldini olish bilimga asoslanadi: boradigan joyingizni o'rganish sizni ushbu hududdagi firibgarliklar to'g'risida oldindan ogohlantiradi va odatdagi narxlar va haqiqatan ham yaxshi joylar haqida xabar beradi, shuning uchun siz zaif bo'lganingizda foydali odamlarning yondashuvlariga kamroq ishonasiz. .
Shu bilan birga, agar siz qoqilib qolsangiz, o'zingizga juda qattiq munosabatda bo'lmang: siz bu joyni sizdan ko'ra yaxshiroq biladigan va sizni aldash uchun kelgan odamlar bilan muomala qilardingiz. Ba'zi hollarda siz qattiq jinoyatchilar bilan ish tutdingiz. Agar siz bilan sodir bo'lgan voqea noqonuniy deb hisoblasangiz va politsiya ishonchli bo'lsa, bu haqda xabar bering; aks holda, tajriba uchun shunchaki tebeşir qiling. Agar siz o'g'irlik bilan bog'liq da'vo qo'zg'ashni istasangiz sug'urta 24 soat ichida politsiya hisobotini tuzishingiz va uning sug'urta kompaniyasida nusxasini saqlashingiz kerak bo'ladi. Kabi ba'zi o'g'irlangan shaxsiy hujjatlarni almashtirish uchun sizga politsiya hisoboti kerak bo'ladi pasportlar.
AQSh Davlat departamentida a sahifa sayohatchilarda qo'llaniladigan firibgarliklar to'g'risida ogohlantirish.
Firibgarlardan saqlanish
| “ | Meni bir marta aldab qo'y, uyat senga. Meni ikki marta aldang, uyat. | ” |
- inglizcha maqol | ||
Bir nechta sog'lom fikrlar qaysi sohalarda qanday firibgarliklar sodir etilishini aniq bilishingizga hojat qoldirmasdan muammolardan qochishingizga yordam beradi:
Tayyorgarlik
- Agar sizning hamrohlaringiz bo'lsa, bir-biringizni kun rejalaringizning umumiy rejalari to'g'risida xabardor qiling
- Keraksiz miqdordagi naqd pul yoki qimmatbaho buyumlarni (masalan, Louis Vuitton hamyonlari, iPhone va boshqalar) yoningizda olib yurmang.
- Xavf darajasi yuqori bo'lgan joylarda siz mahalliy bo'lmaganligingizga e'tiboringizni qaratmang. Sayohat yorug'ligi, bo'yningizdagi kameralar ipini yo'qoting, mahalliy aholi kabi kiyin. Odatda "sayyohlik" aksessuarlaridan, masalan, xaritalardan yoki ryukzaklardan saqlaning. Yovuz odamlar sizning ularga qarshi guvohlik berish uchun qaytib kelishingiz uchun uzoq safarga borishingizni yoki hatto til to'sig'ini tushunganligi sababli, uzoqdan kelgan raqamli raqamli transport vositasi va taniqli ijaraga beriladigan avtomobil firmalarining logotiplari buzilib ketish yoki o'g'irlash uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa, ajablanmang. .
- Sizning ismingiz bilan kimdir sizga murojaat qilsa, sizni taniganga o'xshab murojaat qilsa, sumkangizning tashqarisida ismingizni yozib qo'ymang (agar kerak bo'lsa, shaffof bo'lmagan yuk yorlig'idan foydalaning)
- Spirtli ichimliklar va boshqa giyohvand moddalar sizning fikringizga ta'sir qiladi va faqat siz ishonishga asosli bo'lgan odamlar orasida qabul qilinishi kerak.
- Belgilangan manzil, uning umumiy rejasi va odatdagi narx oralig'ini o'rganish ko'plab firibgarlardan qochish uchun foydalidir. Qachon yangi shaharga kelish, qaerga borishni rejalashtiring va aeroportlar, temir yo'l stantsiyalari va shunga o'xshash narsalar ko'pincha tout va konmenlar o'zlarining "yordamlarini" taklif qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan joylarni kutish joylari ekanligidan xabardor bo'ling.
- Qaerga borishni xohlayotganingizni va nima qilishni xohlayotganingizni bilib, keyin ushbu rejaga sodiq qolsangiz, yirtilib ketmaslikning yaxshi usuli
- Tilni bilish - hatto oddiygina asoslar ham sizni "begona" ko'rinishga olib keladi va ba'zi qonunbuzarliklarning qurboni bo'lganingizda mahalliy aholi yordamiga yordam beradi.
Ogohlantirish belgilari
- Har bir mamlakatda jinoyatchilik darajasi yuqori bo'lgan turli hududlar mavjud. Umuman olganda, kam ta'minlangan hududlar, sayyohlik zonalari, temir yo'l va boshqa jamoat transporti stantsiyalari va tungi hayot tumanlari boshqa hududlarga qaraganda jinoyatchilik xavfi yuqori. Aeroportlarning o'zi ko'pincha xavfsiz bo'lsa-da, atrofdagi hamjamiyat xavfli bo'lishi mumkin; Bu, shuningdek, shaharning markazidan uzoqda bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'plab yo'nalishlarda a motel ilgari shaharga olib boruvchi asosiy yo'l bo'lgan yo'l bo'ylab; chunki ushbu yo'llar avtoyo'llar tomonidan chetlab o'tilganligi sababli, turar joylar (yoki hatto mahalliy hudud) tanazzulga uchrashi yoki jinoyat magnitiga aylanishi mumkin. Har bir hamjamiyat turlicha bo'lganligi sababli, qaerda qolish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishdan oldin, Vikivoyaj shahar maqolasining "xavfsiz qolish" bo'limini tekshiring.
- Ajablanarlisi bitimlar va ajabtovur yutuqlar ular ko'rinadigan darajada kamligini va ehtimol bu firibgarlikning bir qismi bo'lishi mumkinligini unutmang.
- Sizni uzoq vaqt davomida alohida e'tibor bilan kutayotgan begona odamdan ehtiyot bo'ling, ayniqsa ular sizni do'stlaringizni tark etishga yoki ularni noma'lum joyga olib borishga ishontirishmoqchi bo'lsa.
- Hech kimdan qoching tilanchilik, ayniqsa, agar ular bolalarni o'z nomidan tilanchilik qilish uchun ishlatayotgan bo'lsa (keng tarqalgan firibgarlik). Xitoyda, agar siz tilanchilik qilayotgan bolani ko'rsangiz, iltimos, ularning rasmini Internetga joylashtiring, chunki bu bolalar ko'pincha o'g'irlash qurboniga aylanishadi va rasmni Internetga joylashtirish bolalarning joylashishini osonlashtirishi mumkin.
- O'zingizni emas, balki hammangiz bir-biringizni biladigan begonalar guruhi orasida bo'lgan har qanday vaziyatda bo'lish, ularga sizning ustingizdan katta kuch beradi.
- Siz bilmagan odamlar yoki ishbilarmonlarga Western Union yoki shunga o'xshash xizmatlar orqali pul yuborishdan saqlaning.
- Jinsiy hissiyotlarni ko'tarishga intilayotgan jozibali ko'rinishga ega begona odamlardan, shu jumladan jinsiy aloqa bilan shug'ullanadiganlar, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi mehmonxonalar va xodimlardan ehtiyot bo'ling.
Reaksiya
- Har qanday mahsulot, xizmat yoki turar joyni qabul qilishdan oldin har doim narxni muhokama qiling va rozi bo'ling va har doim to'lovni tasdiqlovchi hujjatga ega bo'ling.
- Sizdan iltimos qilganingizda sizni yolg'iz qoldirishdan bosh tortgan har bir kishiga xushmuomalalik va do'stona munosabatda bo'lish talab qilinmaydi.
- Sizdan tasodifiy odamlarning tanish-bilish savollariga javob berish ham talab qilinmaydi. Bu shunchaki do'stona mahalliy aholi bo'lishi mumkin, lekin ular o'zlari uchun foydali ma'lumotlarni qidiradigan firibgarlar ham bo'lishi mumkin.
- Biron bir "aql bovar qilmaydigan shartnoma" taklif qilinganda yurish qo'pol bo'lib tuyulishi mumkin, ammo bu haqiqatan ham kurs uchun tengdir va ko'plab mahalliy aholi buni rad etishadi. Ulardan o'rganishga harakat qiling.
"Foydali" mahalliy aholi
Ushbu firibgarliklar sizga firibgarning "mahalliy bilimlariga" ishonishingizga ishonib, sizga aslida aldamchi bo'lgan yordam yoki maslahat taklif qilish g'oyasiga asoslangan. Ular, odatda, siz istamagan narsangiz uchun pul to'lashingizga yoki siz istamagan joyga borishingizga olib keladigan maslahatlarni berishni o'z ichiga oladi. Ba'zi foydali firibgarliklar, sizga foydali bitimni qisqartirishni taklif qiladigan firibgarliklar, masalan, soxta toshlarni sotib olishga ishontirish kabi aniq firibgarliklar bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ko'pchilik sizni ushbu hududni yaxshiroq bilsangiz, siz to'lamagan narsangiz uchun to'lashga majbur qiladi. .
Ushbu turdagi firibgarlikning eng katta tuzoqlaridan biri bu sizga xushmuomala va do'stona bo'lgan odamlarga xushmuomalalik bilan munosabatda bo'lish istagi; va firibgarlar buni bilishadi. Siz qattiq burunli yomon odam bo'lmasligingiz kerak bo'lsa-da, sizga xushmuomalalik bilan yordam so'ralmagan takliflarni qabul qilishingiz kerak va agar sizni aldashayotganingizga amin bo'lsangiz, uni himoya qilishda xushmuomalalikka hojat yo'q: his eting erkin yurish yoki odamga qattiq gapirish. Yordam uchun baqirish kerak bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu ko'pincha ko'proq (kiruvchi) e'tiborni jalb qiladi. Ko'z bilan aloqa qilmaslik, tezroq yurmaslik, "salom" yoki "yo'q" demaslik kabi narsalarni o'zlarini yo'q deb ko'rsatish, ko'pincha ularni xo'rlaydi yoki charchatadi. Agar ular sizning e'tiboringizni jalb qilish uchun sizni irqchi deb atashsa, javob bermang. Yana bir keng tarqalgan xato - bu "yo'q rahmat" deyish, bu holda ular "eshik oldida oyoq" taktikasini ishga tushirishadi va siz bilan suhbatga kirishishlarini his qilishadi.
Yana bir tuzoq - bu "haqiqat bo'lish uchun juda yaxshi" takliflar: ular deyarli aniq emas.
Turar joy bo'yicha tavsiyalar
Sizning haydovchingiz yoki yo'riqchingiz sizga boradigan joyingiz yopiq, yaxshi yoki juda qimmat emasligini va u biron bir joyni yaxshiroq bilishini aytadi. Bu haqiqat bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, ehtimol "yaxshiroq" joy unga yo'llanmalar uchun komissiya beradi va uning komissiyasi sizning xonangiz narxini oshirmoqchi.
Siz rejalashtirilgan manzilga borishni talab qilishingiz kerak. Ba'zi hollarda haydovchi sizni talab qilsangiz ham sizni mehmonxonangizga olib bormaydi. Ba'zi joylarda taksichilar sizni noto'g'ri mehmonxonaga olib borishadi va bu siz so'ragan mehmonxonada turib olishadi! To'g'ri ismni oling, chunki ularning ismlarida juda ko'p nusxalar va o'xshashliklar mavjud.
Yollanma taksida garovga olinmaslik uchun, yukingizni orqa o'rindiqda ushlab turing, shunda siz chiqib ketaman va pul to'lamayman deb qo'rqitishingiz mumkin. Eshikni ochishni boshlaganingizda ular odatda orqaga qaytishadi - agar bunday bo'lmasa, yangi haydovchi oling.
Siz qila oladigan eng yaxshi narsa - bu taksidan foydalanishdan saqlanish. Oldin yangi joyga kelish turar joyingizni oldindan band qilib qo'ying, xaritada uning qaerdaligini bilib oling va turar joyingizga yoki yaqiningizga borish uchun mahalliy avtobuslar kabi muqobil transport mavjudligini tekshiring. Agar sizga kelgandan keyin turar joyni bron qilish kerak bo'lsa, mahalliy sayyohlik agentligi yoki turistik ofis kabi ishonchli manbadan buyurtma bering.
Ko'rgazma yopildi
Siz yirik sayyohlik manziliga kirish joyi yaqinida juda foydali mahalliy odamni topish uchungina borishingiz mumkin, bu siz borishni istagan joyda tartibsizlik / bayram / rasmiy tashrif borligini va u yopiqligini tushuntiradi. (Ba'zida taksi haydovchilari ushbu foydali mahalliy aholi bilan aloqada bo'lib, sizni qabul qilish uchun sizni qasddan tashlab ketishadi.) Keyin mahalliy aholi sizni taniqli bo'lmagan, ammo cheksiz go'zalroq manzilga yoki yaxshi do'konga olib borishni taklif qiladi. Umuman olganda, boradigan joy aslida biznes uchun ochiq: shunchaki taklifdan bosh torting va borib ko'ring. Haqiqatdan ham kamdan-kam uchraydigan holatlarda ham, ular ko'rinadigan darajada foydali bo'lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun o'zingizning zaxira rejangiz bilan shug'ullanganingiz ma'qul. Ulardan yiroqlashing va ular sizni ta'qib qilishni to'xtatadigan asosiy sayyohlik eshigi tomon piyoda boring.
Buning aksi, aksincha, mashinada kelganda yuz berishi mumkin, ayniqsa Rio-de-Janeyro kabi joylarda, firibgarlar "mashinangizning xavfsizligini ta'minlash" uchun haq talab qilishlari mumkin (Braziliyada keng tarqalgan firibgarlik). Ba'zida sayyohlik ob'ektlari aslida yopiq yoki texnik xizmat ko'rsatishda bo'lsa-da, firibgarlar ularni ochiq deb e'lon qiladi va oldindan ozgina pul talab qiladi. Taksi haydovchilari, shuningdek, ba'zan bir joyga uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tishadi va bu joy yopilishini eslashni "unutishadi", keyin asl joyidan uzoqroqda alternativ diqqatga sazovor joylarni taklif qilishadi.
San'at maktabi
Sizni ko'chada san'at talabasiman degan odamlar uchratishadi. Ular ingliz tilida yaxshi gapirishadi va sizni o'z maktablariga tashrif buyurishga taklif qilishadi. Shunda ular sizni o'z asarlaridan birini ortiqcha narxga sotib olishga majbur qilishadi. "Talabalar" odatda jozibali yosh ayollar bo'lib, ular galereyada xaridorlarni jalb qilish va mijozlarga "o'z" asarlarini sotib olish majburiyatini his qilishlari uchun ularni rag'batlantirish va do'stona munosabatlari uchun pul to'lash uchun jalb qilish uchun yollanadilar.
Ushbu firibgarlik amalda Xitoy, xususan Pekin va Sian.
Qat'iy yordam
Ba'zan mahalliy aholi sizni chiptalar mashinasi, metro xaritasi yoki yo'nalish bo'yicha yordam berishga majbur qilishga majbur qiladi. Ular shunchaki haddan tashqari foydali bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ular majburiy yordam uchun kichik maslahat izlashlari va talab qilishlari mumkin. Umuman olganda, sizning shaxsiy makoningizga kirishga majbur qiladigan va sizga kerakmi yoki yo'qligini so'ramasdan siz uchun biron bir narsa qila boshlagan har qanday kishiga ehtiyot bo'ling. Agar siz yordam olgan bo'lsangiz, keyin biron bir tangadan pul talab qilinsa, uni to'lash osonroq bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo, bunday holat sizni o'g'irlik holatiga olib kelishi mumkin, shuning uchun odamga hozir yaxshi ekanligingizni va ular sizni yolg'iz qoldirishlari kerakligini aytib, muloyim, ammo qat'iyatli bo'ling, so'ngra shunchaki qat'iy bo'ling.
Sizni suratga olishga "yordam berishni" ishtiyoq bilan taklif qilgan mahalliy aholi kamerangizni qaytarib berishni xohlamasligi yoki uni qaytarib berish uchun pul talab qilishi mumkin; xuddi shunday, sizning yuklaringizda sizga "yordam berishni" juda istagan har kim o'zingiz uchun qimmatbaho buyumlarni o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lishi mumkin. Mahalliy kishi fotosuratga tushishni ham taklif qilishi mumkin; faqat siz suratga tushgandan so'ng, ular pul talab qilishadi.
Chegaradan o'tish
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Poipet (orasidagi chegarada Tailand va Kambodja) ning klassik namunasidir chegaradan o'tish qalloblik. "Foydali" odamlar foydasiz xizmatni amalga oshirganingiz uchun (masalan, arizangizni to'ldirish kabi) sizdan haq olishadi; "do'stona" odamlar sizdan viza olish uchun odatdagi to'lovdan ikki baravar undirishadi (buni o'zingiz qilishingiz mumkin), firibgarlar sizga pulni o'zlarining dahshatli kurslari bilan almashtirishingiz kerakligini aytishadi (ular sizga hech qanday joyda bankomatlar yo'qligini aytishadi) va tuk-tuk haydovchilari sizni 100 metrga olib borganingiz uchun sizdan ahmoqona miqdorni talab qilishadi.
Davolash juda oson: chegarani kesib o'tishdan oldin uni o'qib chiqing, ayblovlarni oldindan bilib oling va forma kiymagan odamga ishonmang yoki to'lamang. Shunda ham, forma kiygan boshqa odamdan siz ham o'sha voqeani bilib olasizmi, deb so'rashga harakat qiling.
Odatda Vikivoyaj mamlakat maqolalarida "kirish" bo'limida barcha (asosiy) chegara o'tish joylarida odatdagi tartib-qoidalar tasvirlangan. Ulkan mamlakatlar misolida siz mintaqalar va shaharlardagi maqolalarni ham ko'rib chiqishingiz mumkin.
Tilanchilarning sovg'alari
Tilanchi sizni ko'chada to'xtatib, bilagingizga "omadli joziba" bog'lash kabi "sovg'a" beradi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ular ko'chadan uzukka o'xshash narsani "topib" berishadi. Bir necha lahzali suhbatdan so'ng, ular pul talab qila boshlashadi va siz ularga pul berguningizcha sizning orqangizdan yurishadi.
Ushbu hiyla-nayrangdan qochish juda oson: onangizning siz bolalar bog'chasida bo'lganida aytganlarini eslang va begonalarning "bepul" sovg'alarini qabul qilmang. Ushbu firibgarlik ayniqsa Misr va Buyuk Britaniyada keng tarqalgan. Ba'zan Kanada, Amerika va Yaponiyaning yirik shaharlarida uchraydigan variantlardan birida, tilanchilar ushbu "xayr-ehsonlar" ni so'rash uchun soxta rohiblar kabi kiyinishadi.
Shunga o'xshash yana bir hiyla-nayrang xayriya uchun pul yig'ish bilan shug'ullanadigan haddan tashqari odamlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu, ayniqsa rivojlangan mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan. Odatda keksa ayol sizga yaqinlashib, kichkina gulni ko'ylagingizga bog'lab, pulni "xayr-ehson" qilishingizni kutadi. Ular hech qachon aniq xayriya yordamini aytmaydilar, ko'pincha "bolalar uchun" deyishadi. Ularning "xayr-ehsonlari" ning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari haqida so'rash, ularni qo'rqitishga yordam beradi. Odatda, ularning nom nishonlari va hatto xayriya tashkilotlari bo'lmasa, ehtimol bu haqiqiy xayriya emas.
Qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishingiz mumkin bo'lgan vaziyatga kirishdan oldin, o'zingiz bilan qanday qilib va qachon pul sarflashingiz bo'yicha qoidalarni belgilang, qoidalarga rioya qiling va boshqalarga xabar bering.
Nopok poyabzal firibgarligi
Poyafzal tozalovchi sizning poyabzalingizni tozalash kerakligini aytadi va u sizning poyabzalingizda axloqsizlik borligini ta'kidlaydi. Qarasangiz, poyabzalingizda chindan ham najas yoki boshqa har qanday axloqsizlik bor (odatda ko'p). U ularni juda yuqori narxga qayta tozalashni taklif qiladi. Ehtimol siz tanimagan narsa shu tozalovchi yoki yordamchidan bir necha metr oldin sizning oyoq kiyimingizga shuncha kirni tashlaganidir.
Ushbu firibgarlikni ham birlashtirish mumkin talonchilik yoki chalg'itadigan o'g'irlik, Qohira va Dehlida kuzatilganidek. Buenos-Ayresdagi variantlardan biri paltoingizga xantal yoki boshqa xamir tashlagan, so'ngra yordamchi yoki uchinchi shaxs sizni talon-toroj qilgani va vaqti-vaqti bilan sumkangizni o'g'irlashi mumkin.
Hokimiyat firibgarlari
Soxta politsiyachilar
Sizni militsiya mashinasi kabi ko'rinadigan, ko'pincha belgilanmagan transport vositasi tortib oladi. Taxminiy ofitser sizga katta miqdorda jarima va litsenziyangizga tegishli ballarni olmoqchi ekanligingizni aytadi, ammo siz naqd pul bilan unchalik katta bo'lmagan to'lovni to'lab, bundan qochishingiz mumkin. Buning bir varianti (soxta) ofitser sizga biron bir ozgina kichik huquqbuzarlik sodir etilgan deb da'vo qilib, hibsga olish va boshqalarni jarimani darhol to'lash orqali oldini olish mumkin. Bu emas huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari tomonidan deyarli hamma joyda qo'llaniladigan rasmiy taktika (lekin buzilgan politsiya baribir buni amalga oshirishi mumkin). Korrupsiyaning yuqori darajasi bo'lmagan mamlakatlarda qonuniy politsiyachilar oladigan pullari haqida emas, balki qonunga rioya qilishlari haqida g'amxo'rlik qilishadi. Politsiya yoki pochta orqali yoki bank o'tkazmasi orqali (yoki shaxsan bo'limga) to'lash kerak bo'lgan haqiqiy chiptani taqdim etadi, bunda hech qanday pul to'lamaslik kerakligi to'g'risida ogohlantirish beriladi yoki ular sizni butunlay bepul qo'yib yuborishadi.
Boshqa bir variantda, aeroportda notanish kishi bexosdan yonidan turib, sumkasini yoki sumkasini tomosha qilishni so'raydi. Begona odam jo'nab ketmoqda, politsiya xodimi (yoki o'zini o'zini o'zi ko'rsatgan kishi) bilan qaytib, sumkada giyohvand moddalar yoki kontrabanda borligini da'vo qilgan va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaslik uchun pora talab qilmoqda.
Noma'lum shaxslarning noqonuniy yoki kulrang zonadagi faoliyatni taklif qilishlari, shuningdek, pasportingizni ko'rishni yoki sizni tekshirishni istagan (va hamyonini yoki uning tarkibidagi qismini) o'g'irlashni istagan pora yoki "jarima" so'ragan politsiyachilar ishtirokidagi ko'plab variantlar mavjud. Quyidagi Maradonaga qarang.
Politsiya xodimini taqlid qilish juda oson. Politsiya transport vositalari odatda oddiy fuqarolarga sotiladigan modellardir va bu modellarning aksariyati ko'p yillar davomida qayta ishlab chiqilmagan, shuning uchun yoshi ulug 'avtomobillarni arzon narxlarda sotib olish mumkin. Belgilanmagan politsiya transport vositalarining panelida topilgan kabi aylanuvchi chiroqlarni elektronika yoki sevimli mashg'ulot do'konlarida, politsiya formasi va nishonlarini esa kiyim do'konlarida sotib olish mumkin. Haqiqiy ofitser bu farqni bilsa ham, sodda fuqaro (chet ellik mehmonni u yoqda tursin) bilmaydi.
Serbiyada, hech bo'lmaganda, haqiqatan ham ba'zi hollarda yo'l harakati politsiyasi xodimiga naqd pul bilan 50% to'lash yoki 100% keyinroq bank yoki pochta bo'limida to'lash mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, politsiyadagi korruptsiya jiddiy masala ekanligi ma'lum bo'lgan mamlakatlarda sizni tortib olgan haqiqiy politsiyachi pora talab qilmoqchi bo'lishi mumkin - agar siz shunday bo'lsa, o'zingizning qaroringizdan foydalanishingiz kerak va nima qilishni hal qilish uchun mamlakat haqidagi bilim.
Yo'l haqlari
Qonuniy pullik mavjud tuzilmalardan foydalaning. Ammo ba'zi qishloq joylarda sayyohlar tez-tez boradigan ozgina sayohat qilinadigan yo'llarda ibtidoiy vaqtinchalik eshiklar o'rnatiladi va o'tish evaziga pul talab qilinadi. Tashqi ko'rinishiga ko'ra, bu "pullik" yoki parkga kirish uchun to'lov bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pgina hollarda sizda to'lash va norozilikdan tashqari bir nechta imkoniyatlar mavjud, ammo vaziyat haqida rasmiylarga xabar berish tahdidi ba'zi hollarda mo''jizalar yaratishi mumkin.
Maradona
Maradona - bu juda keng tarqalgan firibgarlik Ruminiya, ayniqsa poytaxtda Buxarest. Kimdir sizga murojaat qiladi va sizni (ingliz tilida) suhbatga jalb qilishga urinadi, odatda noaniq noqonuniy narsa haqida. Bir necha soniyadan keyin oddiy kiyimda, lekin qonuniy ko'rinishda bo'lgan militsiya nishonlarida miltillovchi ikki erkak paydo bo'ladi. Ular sizni va "yangi tanishingizni" ba'zi bir noqonuniy ishlarda ayblashadi (odatda "valyuta almashinuvi") va sizning hamyoningiz va / yoki pasportingizni ko'rishni talab qiladi.
Bu narsalarni ularga topshirmang! Hujjatlaringizni va narsalaringizni cho'ntagingizda va ko'rinmaydigan joyda saqlang.
Keting yoki baqiring yoki ularga politsiya ekanligiga ishonmasligingizni ayting yoki hammangizni hamyoningizni yoki qog'ozlaringizni olib chiqib ketishga qulay emasligingiz sababli yaqin atrofdagi mehmonxonaning (yoki politsiya bo'limining) qabulxonasiga borishingizni maslahat bering. ko'cha. Ushbu konmenlar gullab-yashnaydi, chunki politsiya zo'ravonliksiz jinoyatchilikka qarshi qonunlarni bajarolmaydi va ba'zi chet elliklar osonlikcha aldanib qolishadi. Ular sizga jismoniy hujum qilishmaydi: zo'ravonlik bilan jinoyatchilarga nisbatan muomala juda og'ir (bu odamlar professionallar va ular hech qachon jismoniy hujumga duchor bo'ladigan darajada aqlsiz bo'lishmaydi). Tahdid qilmang yoki ularga qarshi kurashishga urinmang.
Bu erda kuzatilgan yanada shafqatsiz variant mavjud Kartagena (Kolumbiya), u erda siz sotib olish uchun dori-darmonlarni taklif qilasiz. Agar shunday qilsangiz, darhol soxta politsiyachilar paydo bo'lib, sizdan katta miqdorda jarima to'lashingizni talab qilishadi. Ular sizni eng yaqin bankomatga olib borishadi va imkon qadar ko'proq pul olib qo'yishingizga va hatto o'g'irlab ketishingizga imkon beradi.
"Rasmiy" esdalik sovg'asini so'raydi
Amaldor yoki kimdir sizga o'xshash kiyingan kimdir sizga aeroport yoki temir yo'l stantsiyasi kabi tranzit stantsiyasida yordam bergandan so'ng, u kishi sizning mamlakatingizdan esdalik uchun pul so'raydi. Agar siz ular istagan narsadan kamroq narsani tortib olsangiz, ular haddan tashqari do'stona, ammo qat'iyatli usuldan foydalanib, ko'proq miqdorni talab qilishadi, odatda eslatmalarda. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda amaldorga pul berish pora sifatida noto'g'ri tushunilishi mumkin va sizni chuqur suvga tushirishi mumkin. Yaxshisi suhbatni iloji boricha cheklab qo'ying va pul so'ralganda, jaholatda yoki naqd pulda bo'lmang. Bu Malayziya va Xitoyda sodir bo'lgan.
Muhtoj mahalliy aholi
Faqat o'g'irlangan
Ushbu hiyla-nayrang sizga politsiya uchastkasining qaerdaligini bilasizmi yoki yo'qmi deb so'rab murojaat qilgan shaxslarni jalb qiladi. Ular qo'rqib ketganday tuyuladi va sizni uyga qaytish uchun kerak bo'lgan pulni o'g'irlab ketishganini, boshqa shaharda yoki hatto mamlakatda bo'lish ehtimoli borligini xabar qilishadi. Shunga qaramay, ular hissiyotga duchor bo'lishadi va politsiya katta yordam bermasligi mumkin va ular sizga yordam so'rab murojaat qilishadi. Garchi ular sizdan baxtli ravishda ozgina miqdorni topshirishingizni kutishsa-da, qancha ko'p odamlar o'zlari ko'proq pul ishlashadi. Ushbu hiyla-nayrang urush paytida o'lgan qochqinlar, kasal bolasini ko'rish uchun kasalxonaga borishi kerak bo'lgan ota va boshqa ko'plab variantlar ko'rinishida ham bo'ladi.
Kasal oila a'zolariga dori-darmon so'rab
Ushbu hiyla-nayrang Afrikaning ba'zi joylarida qo'llaniladi, bu erda sayyohlar penitsillin yoki bezgakka qarshi dorilar kabi o'zlarining dori-darmonlari bilan sayohat qilishlari ma'lum. Tilanchilar ko'chada yaqinlashib, bezgak yoki boshqa biron bir kasallikdan o'layotgan kichkina qizi yoki o'g'li haqida qayg'uli ertak aytib berishadi. Keyin ular sizni qutqarish uchun sizning dori-darmoningiz bormi, deb so'rashadi. Yig'layotgan voqea bu so'rovni rad etishni qiyinlashtiradi va ular sizni irqchilikdan tortib, begunoh bolani o'ldirishga tayyorlik bilan ayblashlari mumkin. Ular sizning dorilaringizni olishlari bilan, ehtimol qizlarini qutqarish uchun qochib ketishadi, lekin aslida ular sizning dorilaringizni sotish uchun mahalliy dorixonaga murojaat qilishadi. Malarone kabi qimmatbaho dorilar har bir tabletka 10 AQSh dollarini tashkil qilishi mumkin.
Ushbu firibgarlik jabrlanganlarga juda ko'p hissiy stresslarni keltirib chiqaradi, ammo esda tutingki, agar bola chindan ham kasal bo'lsa, otasi sayyohlardan dori so'rab ko'chalarda yugurishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Bolani mahalliy dispanserga olib kelishgan bo'lar edi, agar haqiqatan ham giyohvand moddalar tanqisligi bo'lsa, ehtimol sizga boshqacha murojaat qilishardi. Shuni ham yodda tutingki, retseptsiz beriladigan dori-darmonlarni almashtirishdan voz kechish, agar siz o'zingiz biron bir kasallikka duch kelsangiz, o'zingizga xavf tug'dirishi mumkin. Davolash - yumshoq odam bo'lmaslik, shunchaki odamni e'tiborsiz qoldiring va keting.
Haddan tashqari zaryadlash
Ushbu firibgarliklar sizning hududingizni bilmasligingizga asoslanadi va tovar yoki xizmatlar uchun bozor stavkasidan yuqori to'lovlarni amalga oshirishingizga ishonadi. Ba'zilar sizga foydali mollarni boshqarishda yordam beradigan mahalliy odamga ishonishadi, boshqalari esa sizga shunchaki yuqori narxni taklif qilishni o'z ichiga oladi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda bu institutsionalizatsiya qilingan: chet elliklar asl diqqatga sazovor joylari uchun ko'proq pul to'lashlari kerak.
Turar joy narxlari va shunga o'xshash narsalar haqida umumiy tasavvurga ega bo'lish ortiqcha to'lovni oldini olishning eng yaxshi usuli hisoblanadi. Ba'zi joylarda siz ortiqcha narxlarni arzonlashtirasiz deb taxmin qilishadi, boshqalarda siz shunchaki piyoda yurishingiz yoki tovarlarni to'lashingiz kerak bo'ladi, ammo xizmat narxi oshib ketgan bo'lsa, siz hali ham uning narxiga e'tiroz bildirishingiz kerak.
Ijaraga olingan avtoulov zararni talab qilmoqda
Qachonki mashina ijaraga olish yoki boshqa transport vositasi, siz tezda shikastlanishlarni, shu jumladan chizishlarni tekshirish jarayonida shoshilasiz; agent buni amalga oshirishga vaqtingizni ajratganingizdan unchalik xursand bo'lmasligi mumkin. Avtotransport vositasida allaqachon chizish yoki chuqurlik bor, shuning uchun ularning barchasini sizning ko'zingiz ushlashi mumkin emas.
Avtotransport vositasini qaytarib berganingizda, sizni qo'pol uyg'onish bilan urishadi. Agentlik sizni transport vositasiga zarar etkazganlikda ayblamoqda va endi sizni javobgar qiladi. Agentlik sizga transport vositasining sezilmasligi qiyin bo'lgan qismining shikastlanishiga ishora qildi va ehtimol u ilgari ham bo'lgan. Ammo ular buni sizga aytmaydilar. Buning uchun joyida kredit kartangizga yuzlab, hatto minglab dollar olinadi. Ehtimol, ular buni bir nechta mijozlarga to'lashgan bo'lishi mumkin, garchi uni ta'mirlash uchun pul bir martagina kerak bo'lsa va ular oladigan mablag 'haqiqiy ta'mirlash narxidan ancha yuqori bo'lsa. Aslida, ular, ehtimol, uni hech qachon ta'mirlamaydilar va vaqt o'tganidan keyin transport vositasini sotadilar yoki sotadilar. Soha xodimlarining xabar berishicha, zararni 'sezdirgan' agentlarga komissiya to'lanadi, shuning uchun ular kichik zararni sezmaslik uchun juda yaxshi rag'batga ega, keyin qaytib kelganda uni topishadi.
Bunday taktika avtotransport vositalarini ijaraga berish sohasidagi barcha tovar belgilarida keng tarqalgan, bunda Buyuk Britaniyaning Europcar, Budget Canada va Hertz Australia kompaniyalarining mahalliy operatorlari vijdonsiz xatti-harakatlari va noto'g'ri talqin qilinganligi uchun mijozlarga etkazilgan zararni etkazish yoki ta'mirlash xarajatlarini oshirib yuborishgani uchun javobgarlikka tortilgan.
Variantlarga mijozlardan hech qachon amalga oshirilmagan ta'mirlash uchun haq olish yoki oshirilgan narxlarda ta'mirlash uchun haq olish kiradi. Ba'zi hollarda, ta'mirlash ustaxonasi va ijaraga beriladigan avtoulovlar ikkalasini ham bitta shaxs yoki tashkilot tomonidan boshqarilishi mumkin, bu esa hech qachon amalga oshirilmagan, oldingi oynani almashtirish uchun 1000 dollar kabi da'volarga imkon beradi.
Avtotransport vositasini olib ketayotganda (ichki va tashqi) ko'plab rasmlarni olish orqali o'zingizni himoya qilishingiz mumkin. Agar siz transport vositasini qaytarib berayotganda etkazilgan zarar bo'yicha kelishmovchilikka duch kelsangiz, fotosurat dalillari ijara do'konining orqaga qaytishiga olib kelishi mumkin va agar siz shikoyatingizni korporativ idoraga etkazishingiz kerak bo'lsa.
O'zgarishsiz hiyla-nayrang
Agar siz o'zgarishni talab qiladigan to'lovni amalga oshirsangiz, ular buni rad qilishadi va aniq miqdorni to'lashingizni talab qilishadi. Agar siz juda ehtiyot bo'lmasangiz, ular sizning dastlabki to'lovingizni qaytarishni "unutishadi". Buni sezmaslik g'alati tuyulishi mumkin, ammo tezkor va chalkash muhitda, bu siz o'ylaganingizdan osonroq ro'y beradi, ayniqsa, siz charchagan yoki mast bo'lgan bo'lsangiz. Bunday hodisalar, shuningdek, savdo markazlari va aeroport do'konlari kabi yaxshi ko'rinadigan muassasalarda ham sodir bo'ladi. Yaqinlashib kelayotgan muammolarning aniq belgisi shundan iboratki, kassir to'satdan ingliz tilida so'zlashish yoki tushunish qobiliyatini yo'qotadi. Agar siz hali ham barcha pullaringizni qo'lingizda ushlab tursangiz, eng yaxshi yo'l bu mollaringizni tashlab ketish va yurishdir.
Boshqa bir o'zgarishda, sotuvchi siz sotib olgan narsada o'zgarish yo'qligini va sizning almashtirishingiz o'rniga (ko'pincha sifatsiz) tovarlarni qabul qilishingizni talab qiladi. Agar siz savdo-sotiqni "bekor qilish" va pulingizni qaytarib olishni so'rasangiz, sotuvchi tovarni olib ketishingizni yoki sizni o'zingizni aybdor his qilishga urinib ko'rishingizni talab qilishi mumkin, chunki uning oilasi yoki ishi uchun pul kerak emas. Agar katta hisob-kitoblar bilan to'layotgan bo'lsangiz, eng yaxshisi pulingizni topshirishdan oldin sotuvchining o'zgarganligini so'rang.
Yana bir turistik narsa sayyohlik joylarida chipta oynalarini o'z ichiga oladi. Chipta sotuvchilar sizning pulingizni olib, uzoq vaqt davomida chiptangizga muhr bosish va hamkasblar bilan suhbatlashish, shaxsiy guvohnomangizni audio qo'llanmalar uchun xavfsizlik sifatida olish va hokazolarni oladi va shunchaki sizga pulingizni berishni "unutib qo'yadi". Ular sizga qisqa ma'lumot berishlari, tabassum qilishlari va "yaxshi!" Deyishlari mumkin. sizni chalg'itib, yo'lingizga jo'natish uchun. Derazadan chiqqandan so'ng, sizda o'zgarishlarni olish imkoniyati yo'q, shuning uchun uni so'rab, ularning "foydali ma'lumotlari" bilan chalg'imasligingizga ishonch hosil qiling.
Tangalarni yig'uvchi
Restoran yoki avtobus bekati kabi jamoat joyida kutib turganingizda, suhbatlashish uchun do'stona va yaxshi so'zlashadigan mahalliy odamlar sizga murojaat qilishadi. Biroz suhbatlashgandan so'ng, shaxs siz bilan tanga kollektsioneri ekanligini baham ko'radi va uning kollektsiyasini ko'rishni xohlaysizmi, deb so'raydi. Jismoniy shaxs o'zining cho'ntagidan kichik tangalar kollektsiyasini ishlab chiqaradi va har bir tanga ishlab chiqarilgan mamlakatni katta qiziqish bilan tushuntiradi. Suhbatga sizning mamlakatingizda ishlatadigan pul turiga oid savollar va ko'proq bilishni istagan ko'rinadi. Maqsad natija shuki, o'zlari bilmagan sayyoh uyida bo'lgan cho'ntak pulini ko'rsatadi va agar suhbat etarli darajada aldanib qolsa, mahalliy odam uni yig'ish uchun saqlab qo'yishi mumkin. Suhbatdan so'ng "tanga yig'uvchi" pulni mahalliy valyutaga almashtiradi.
Komissiya do'konlari
Butun dunyoda, ayniqsa Osiyoda, sizning haydovchingizga yoki sayohatchingizga sayyohlarni jalb qilish uchun komissiya beradigan do'konlar; ba'zi ekskursiyalar ushbu do'konlarda haqiqiy diqqatga sazovor joylarga qaraganda ko'proq vaqt sarflashadi. Ko'pincha, ushbu do'konlarda sifatsiz tovarlar haddan tashqari yuqori narxlarda sotiladi; ular o'z qo'llari bilan qurilgan kottej mahsulotlarini sotish yoki bolalar mehnati talab qilinmaydigan deb da'vo qilishlari mumkin, ammo bunday da'volar ko'pincha yolg'ondir. Ulardan biror narsa sotib olishdan saqlanish qat'iyan tavsiya etiladi, ayniqsa sizni kimdir do'konga yo'naltirgan bo'lsa.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, nima istayotganingizni hal qiling va keyin haydovchisiz qaytib keling va savdolashish katta chegirma uchun. Quddusda bu kamida 35% bo'lishi kerak, taxminan haydovchi oladi, ba'zi xitoylik turistik tuzoq do'konlarida bu kamida 60% bo'lishi kerak; buyumlar "belgilangan narxlar" bilan belgilanadi, lekin xizmatchilarga 20% gacha chegirmalar berishga ruxsat beriladi va qo'llanma sotish narxining 50% ni oladi, shuning uchun "haqiqiy" narx belgilangan narxning 40% tashkil etadi.
Bu joylarda ko'pincha toza, g'arbiy uslubdagi hammom mavjud, aks holda ularni topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.
Ga qarang Xarid qilish ko'pincha ushbu do'konlardan yaxshiroq bo'lgan ba'zi alternativalar uchun maqola.
Valyutani almashtirish
Agar siz ko'chada sotayotgan odamlardan esdalik sovg'alarini yoki boshqa narsalarni sotib olishga ishonsangiz, uni hamyoningizga qo'yishdan oldin sotuvda sizga berilgan o'zgarishlarni ko'rib chiqing: u o'xshash tashqi ko'rinishdagi boshqa valyutada bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan, ichida Xitoy, ko'cha sotuvchisi ¥ 50 o'rniga 50 rubl o'rniga pul almashtirishni topshirishi mumkin; birinchisi ikkinchisiga qaraganda o'ndan biriga teng. Ba'zi hududlarda siz aniq soxta valyutani olishingiz mumkin. Shuningdek, siz olgan yozuvlar yirtilib ketmasligi yoki buzilmasligi uchun ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki ular boshqa joyda qabul qilinmasligi mumkin. Shuningdek, sotuvchi pulni "almashtirish" jarayonida sizdan hisob-kitoblarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'g'irlashi mumkin.
Ko'pincha yomon pul yaxshilikni haydab chiqaradi. Zamonaviy valyutaga o'xshash nomlangan ko'plab eskirgan valyutalar rasmiy ko'rinishga ega, ammo hech narsaga yaroqsiz; hukumatlar inflyatsiyani haddan tashqari ko'p pul bosib, keyinchalik "yangi" valyutani yaratadilar, bu shunchaki befoyda "eski" valyutaning denominatsiyasida bir nechta so'nggi nollarni aylantiradi. Hukumatlar, shuningdek, maxsus notalarni "demonetizatsiya" qilishdi va ularni ataylab yaroqsiz holga keltirdilar. Shuningdek, ba'zi mamlakatlar mavjud (masalan Kuba) rasmiy ravishda ikkita valyutaga ega bo'lgan (yoki ega bo'lgan) - kubalik konvertatsiya qilinadigan peso (CUC) odatdagi kubalik pesodan (CUP) qimmatroq bo'lib, baxtsiz sayohatchini o'lja uchun imkoniyat yaratadi.
"Yaxshi" valyuta kursi
- Shuningdek qarang: Pul
Mahalliy aholi rasmiy banklarga yoki vakolatli valyuta almashtirish do'konlariga qaraganda yaxshiroq valyuta kursini taklif qilishi mumkin. Yaxshisi ushbu takliflardan saqlaning, chunki siz soxta veksellarni yoki hukumat bekor qilgan va endi hech qanday qiymatga ega bo'lmagan eskirgan valyutalarni olayotganingizni bilmasligingiz mumkin.
Hisoblangan narx
Oltin bilaguzuk kabi qimmatbaho metall buyumlar ba'zi mamlakatlarda "gramm uchun dollar" sifatida sotiladi. Do'konlar orasidagi narxni, so'ngra amaldagi oltin narxiga taqqoslash amaliyotni ochiq va oshkora qiladi, shu sababli siz hisob-kitob qilishda sotuvchiga ishonishingiz mumkin. Keyinchalik, agar siz umuman olganda, sizdan olingan narx hisoblangan narxdan ancha yuqori ekanligini tushunsangiz.
Adolatli almashinuv
A vendor may claim to be willing to accept your home currency for a purchase (and most travel venues on an international boundary do so) but their exchange rate is at least 10% worse than any local bank or a dedicated bureau de change. For instance, "US dollars accepted here" by a merchant at $1.10 (when the local currency is trading below eighty cents on the open market) is no bargain. Sub-prime cheque cashing businesses are also infamous for deliberately unfavorable rates on currency exchange.
One pitfall in this respect is dynamic currency exchange: the vendor on a card-paid transaction offers to do the conversion for you and bill your card in your home currency. In most cases, it's best to say "no" and refuse to complete the transaction if the vendor insists, as the exchange rate offered by the merchant is almost invariably worse than whatever's offered by default by your card's issuing bank or credit union. This is a common scam in Europe. The card terminal may be handed to you with the choice of local or your home currency. Always pay in the local currency as your credit card company will invariably provide the better exchange rate. If the vendor has already selected your home currency, cancel the transaction (red key) and ask them to enter again in local currency.
This scam is also often perpetrated by online vendors. For instance, if you buy online and pay with PayPal in a country that doesn't use the euro or US dollar, you'll have to manually opt out of currency conversion on every transaction, because you're always getting a worse rate than what your bank will charge you. For some currency pairs PayPal's fee can be as much as 10%, while the corresponding bank fee when the customer's account is charged in a different currency, would be only in the neighborhood of 2-4%.
Gem and other resale scams
You are taken to a jewelry shop and offered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to purchase gemstones or jewels at special discount prices. Another customer in the shop, well-dressed and perhaps from the same country as you, tells how he made incredible profits last year by reselling the gems and is now back for more but to hurry as the sale ends today and you have to pay cash.
Of course, once you get back home and try to sell your booty, it turns out to be low-grade and worth only a fraction of what you paid for it. This scam is particularly prevalent in Bangkok, but variations on the theme with other products that can supposedly be resold for vast profits are common elsewhere too. Another variation involves you exporting the gems for a supposed 'commission' in exchange for the scammer taking a photocopy of your ID cards and/or credit cards, which can of course be used to make a tidy profit via identity theft.
Counterfeit items
Unfortunately for the traveller, counterfeiting isn't limited to the manufacture of "Relox" watches or knock-offs of random overpriced luxury goods from CD's and DVD's to watches, clothing, bags and cosmetics. In some regions, branded prescription medicines are prone to being copied by rival manufacturers. Knock-offs vary from legitimately useful generics to poor copies with the wrong amount of an active ingredient; many are diluted and some don't work at all. Outdated medications, which can be unreliable, have a knack for turning up at inopportune moments in out-of-the-way places. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates indicate one million deaths are tied to bogus medicine, with fake anti-malaria tablets in Africa of particular concern.
American import law prohibits bringing more than one of any counterfeit item into the country and requires the items be declared. This is especially important when travelling back from Asia, where most counterfeit goods originate. It's assumed that if you are buying more than one, it's for illegal resale. One counterfeit Rolex for your possession is legal, but two fake Rolexes are illegal and subject to thousands of dollars in fines.
Counterfeit currency is also an issue in some regions, particularly in Asia. North Korea is accused by the CIA of printing very convincing (but bogus) US currency, known as "supernotes", for export within the region.
Cruise ship art auctions
Cruise passengers are lured to auctions of supposedly investment-grade, collector painting, which are actually industrial inkjet printed copies, euphemistically called giclée. Free champagne flows like water. The auctions may or may not be conducted by licensed auctioneers and may not adhere to standard auction practices. Since the sales take place at sea, it is difficult for buyers to do due diligence and research on internet prior to making decision. Buyers may have little recourse if the art is misrepresented. Furthermore, in traditional auctions the bidder buys the actual piece on display, whereas cruise ship auctions sell the art on display, but the winning bidder actually receives a different (but supposedly equivalent) piece which is shipped from the auction company's warehouse. Many art buyers at cruise ship auctions have later found that their shipboard masterpieces were worth only a fraction of the purchase price and will never appreciate in value. One major player in cruise ship auction is Park West Galleries.
Art auctions on cruise ships are not investment grade. To prevent being scammed, carefully read any terms and conditions prior to signing anything.
Non-exportable antiques
Buying expensive antiques anywhere is risky. Even experts can sometimes be deceived by fakes, and a naive buyer is at great risk of being overcharged nearly anywhere. An additional complication arises in the many countries which, quite understandably, have various restrictions on export of relics of their culture. Misr va Hindiston, for example, have strict rules on export of antiquities and China requires a license for antiques. In Peru it is forbidden to export relics and to buy a relic requires a license of the Ministry of Culture, so always check in the official tourist information office (iperu).
Check the laws in any country you visit before buying antiques. Otherwise, you might have your purchases confiscated at the border and be hit with a hefty fine as well. In some countries, licensed dealers can provide paperwork that allows export for some items, but bogus documents are sometimes provided. Try to deal with someone respectable and traceable.
In some countries, the whole thing becomes a scam. Instead of preserving the confiscated "heritage" items, corrupt border police may sell them right back to the tourist shops so that the shops then sell them to another unsuspecting traveler.
Your own country may also apply import restrictions to items such as animal pelts (for a long list of species, some of which are not actually endangered) or anything containing ivory. Know before you go.
Plastic bag code
In some countries where haggling is common, people at markets may have an arrangement where they will put purchases in different colored bags to signal how much a customer has paid, allowing other vendors to charge accordingly. For instance, at a certain market, a white bag may indicate that a customer paid the usual price whereas a blue bag may indicate that they paid a higher amount - vendors will ask a higher price if they see someone carrying a lot of blue bags. Different markets have different color codes, and some may have several stages of overcharging.
To avoid this, try to figure out how much the usual prices for things are before making your purchase and haggling the price aggressively if they are charging too much, and putting purchases in a backpack or durable shopping bag rather than using the plastic bags provided.
"Low cost" airlines
Esa low cost airlines are legitimate and often genuinely cheaper operations, some of their (usually totally legal) business practices are similar to scams. A thing that is so common that it shouldn't surprise you is the quoting of prices "from" a certain amount of money. Sure the ticket for London to Milan "from" €19 sounds tempting, but those prices usually refer to a small contingent of tickets that you have to be quite lucky to ever see, let alone get. Besides that prices are almost always quoted for one-way fares (whereas traditional airlines often quote round trip ticket prices) and don't include a variety of fees and taxes. If you really want to go one way on a day of the week that sees little traffic and have little or no luggage and are willing to take it with you carry-on, you may well get the fabled low rates, but otherwise you should read the fine print very carefully.
Some low cost airlines are notorious for outrageous fees, such as €50 for printing a boarding pass or US$100 for half a pound of excess baggage. Another common trick is for "low cost" airlines to fly out of secondary or tertiary "airports" (often converted former military airbases) that - especially in Europe - are not well connected to any sort of public transport and more or less in the middle of nowhere and then proceed to give them deceptive names like "Barcelona"-Girona, "Düsseldorf"-Weeze, "München"-Memmingen, or "Frankfurt"-Hahn, even though those cities are a hundred or more kilometers from "their" low cost airports. In the US low cost airlines often fly to airports closer to the city they are named after, but ridiculous surcharges may apply as well. That being said "legacy" airlines have now copied several of the low cost airlines' business practices, especially on short distance routes and especially in the US.
In short: read the fine print carefully, don't order any "extra services" you won't need (a €10 insurance for a €20 flight is getting ripped off and €15 seat reservation for a 50-minute flight is most likely not worth it) and for god's sake jump through all the hoops the airline makes you jump through, lest you be charged ridiculous amounts for paying with the wrong kind of debit card or sitting in the wrong seat or failing to print out a boarding pass in the right format on the right type of paper.
Coercion
These scams rely on trapping you in a bad situation and forcing you to pay money to get out of it. They're best prevented by avoiding the situation; once you're in it, you may well have no option but to pay whatever it takes to get out of it safely. Many of these scams are bordering on illegal.
Bepul ekskursiyalar
You are offered a "free tour" of a shop or factory way out of town. Your driver may then suggest that you'll need to buy something if you want a ride back. The best prevention is avoidance as if you're stuck out there you might well be compelled to do as he 'suggests'. Don't accept any kind of lift or offer of a tour without having a basic idea of where you're going and how you will be able to get back if your driver deserts you. Of course, if you are strong and assertive from the beginning in dealing with any suspicious characters, you can limit your chances of being involved in this kind of sting. However, always bear in mind that the perpetrator may be carrying a knife or be willing to assault you if the situation arises.
Passport as security for debt or rental
- See also Theft#Passport and identity theft
You rent equipment like a jet ski or motorbike. You are asked to give your passport as a security guarantee. After returning the rented goods, the owner claims you damaged them and will ask for exaggerated prices to compensate or claim to have "lost" your passport (later the police or lost property office want a substantial "donation" for its return). If you do not agree, they threaten to keep your passport. This scam is used in almost all tourist resorts in Tailand and is very effective.
Never hand over your passport as a security or guarantee in any circumstances. Pay cash (and get a receipt), or hand over something comparatively worthless, like your library card. You can also try going elsewhere (often the threat will be enough).
Note that most passports include wording such as this (direct quote): "This passport is the property of the government of Canada ... If your passport is surrendered to any person or agency outside the Canadian government (e.g. to obtain a visa) and is not promptly returned, report the facts to [an embassy or consulate]." At least in principle, no-one — except a foreign government, a travel agent or an employer who needs it to arrange a visa, or someone like a hotel or airline who want it briefly to check you in — can take a passport away, and anyone who does is in violation of international law. Your government can press the host government to fix the problem, and that government in theory has no choice but to do so. Of course, in reality it is far more complex; your government may not be helpful, the host government may ignore them, local cops may ignore a request from the capital, or they may not have an effective way to pressure whoever has the passport.
Overpriced street vendors
You decide on a whim to buy a piece of one of the massive cakes covered in nuts and fruits that are a fairly common sight in the tourist-laden parts of cities in China. You ask the price, and the man tending to the cake tells you it depends on how much you want. You show him how much. Immediately, he slices the cake, weighs it out, and gives you an extremely high price. He tells you that since he already sliced the cake, you have to buy it.
The best thing to do in this or any similar situation is probably to leave your purchase and just walk away. If they hassle you, threaten to call the police. Like the art school scam, this ruse depends on using your guilt to coerce you out of your money.
Solicitation of money by photographic subjects
- Shuningdek qarang: Travel photography#Stay safe, Video recording#Stay safe
A local in a colorful costume offers to pose for a photo with a traveller, persistently asking "Want to take a picture?". The visitor takes one picture. The local then starts aggressively demanding money. The traveller objects, only to be met with a string of obscenities at best and physical force at worst.
The scam is that neither the price nor the intent to demand money is disclosed up front. Payment is only demanded after the visitor has taken the photo and it's "too late".
The operators are not licensed street vendors (they evade regulations by mischaracterizing their fee for service as a "tip" or gratuity, only to become rude, aggressive or violent when the victim refuses to pay). While they may appear as anything from bogus Sesame Street characters (who typically demand $2-5) to scantily clad women wearing little other than a thong and body paint (who take $10-20), they invariably do not have permission from the creators of any trademarked, copyrighted characters they're impersonating. As solicitations occur most often in high-traffic, touristed areas like Nyu-York shahri whose visitors are already subjected to begging, aggressive panhandling and various scams, their conduct reflects poorly on the city to outsiders.
While the best response to "Want to take a picture?" in some places is simply to walk away, parents travelling with children may find it very awkward to explain to tiny tots why the Cookie Monster was arrested in Times Square for pushing a two-year-old child to the ground (his mother refused to pay for a photo) or why officers carried an emotionally disturbed Elmo out of Central Park Zoo screaming obscenities (he was ejected for begging from the zoo's visitors).
Rigged gambling games
This comes in many forms, from the three-card monte cup shufflers of Europe's city streets to dodgy gambling dens in the backstreets of South-East Asia. In most cases, the target is alone. The conman strikes up a conversation and then claims to have family in the target's home country. After some "friendly" conversation, the target is then invited to a card game or some other type of gambling: just for "fun" of course.
The target is taken somewhere far from the tourist area. After doing a few "practice" games, then they start to play for real. Of course, the game is totally rigged. After losing, the target will find his "friend" not so friendly anymore, and then a massive amount of money will be demanded (often totaling in the thousands of dollars). Violence might be used to settle the debts. In some jurisdictions gambling of any kind is illegal.
Tourists are by no means the only targets for this. Professional Chinese-Canadian scammers routinely take huge amounts from Chinese overseas students in crooked mah jong games, for example.
Do not gamble for money with strangers or outside of licensed and well-regarded gambling venues.
Cash on the sidewalk
As you stand on the sidewalk studying your map or guidebook, a passerby will point to a roll of bills, wallet, or gold jewelry on the ground nearby and ask if it is yours. They pick it up and offer to split the stuff with you. If you agree, a couple of heavies will soon appear demanding their money back, much more than you originally "found" of course. This scam is most common in Russia and Ukraine but it's also used in France.
Free hair salon treatment
Most commonly in Asian countries, a good-looking hair dresser would stand outside the salon and pass out coupons for a "free" shampoo hair wash and "free" head massage. Even if you decline, they will continue to be persistent. As soon as they succeed in seating you down in a salon chair and start wetting your hair, they'll explain how damaged your hair is and which specific products will help. The prices are absurdly set and often 2 to 3 times more expensive than in the US for a similar salon treatment. It will be much more difficult to refuse then after they've stroked up a friendly conversation and compliments. The best way to avoid this is simply tell them you've just had a haircut and are not interested.
Theft
Various scams are outright theft:
- Distraction theft, in its various forms, usually involves one villain distracting the victim while an accomplice steals items of value.
- Payment card thefts include various schemes to steal credit card numbers (card skimming) or copy the PINs and magnetic strips of ATM/cash-point cards. In some schemes the card itself is stolen, in others the card information is stolen and used to make fraudulent transactions.
- Pickpockets steal items (usually wallets, passports or other valuables) from people's clothing and bags as they walk in a public place.
See the main articles on pickpockets va theft.
A few scams involve putting you in a position where someone can take your money by force.
Friendly locals wanting to go out for a drink
While walking down the street you may be approached by attractive friendly locals wanting to go out for a beer or a drink. Then they tell you the drink costs way more than it actually does. Or worse, they just wait for you to become inebriated (or tamper with your drink to drug you in some manner) and take your money. See also clip joints, below.
Car trouble
People will approach you on the street and tell you that their car just ran out of fuel or is broken down and is only a few blocks away. They'll usually first ask for money for gas. If you don't believe them or try to walk away, they may beg you to come with them to the car to see that they are telling the truth. They may offer you some kind of security such as their jewelry and be well-dressed and plausible seeming.
Do not give people money in these and similar scenarios. Do not follow them to where they claim their car is. If you suspect they are really in trouble, you could report their predicament to police.
Street brawl
You are walking down the street alone and all of a sudden you see many people attacking one person (sometimes an old man or a woman). When you want to help, people will take photos of you and will blackmail you afterwards to go to the police. Now you find out that the attacked person, the attackers and the photographer are a group. They will blackmail you for large amounts of money, because if they go to the police, you most likely need to leave the country (for example in China).
Avoid this scam by following this piece of common sense: It is never wise to engage in fights. If you witness a fight, your best bet is to either walk away or alert the police if they're trustworthy. NEVER get involved yourself. Laying your hand on a local may result in deportation in some countries.
Payment card scams
- Shuningdek qarang: Theft#Payment card theft
Your credit card number, your debit card PIN, or even the card itself is an obvious target for theft and fraud. Some of these scams are distraction thefts (one person distracts you while the other steals your card), some switch a merchant's debit keypad for a tampered or fake version, some add extra hardware to ATM cashpoints to skim the magnetic stripe from payment cards.
In one variant (which appears occasionally as a taxi scam) a vendor asks for payment by debit card and presents a keypad to enter a PIN. The vendor then hands back a card that looks like the one the voyager originally provided... but it's the wrong card. The scammer now has your card, the keypad was rigged to steal your PIN and the thieves go on a spree from cashpoint to cashpoint, emptying your account. Another variant is the restaurateur who wanders off with your credit card, either to secretly copy your card number or to take out a cash advance at your expense.
Counterfeit tickets and stolen goods
There are multiple variants; someone on-line claims "50% off" WestJet tickets to attendees of a particular convention, but the tickets were purchased with a stolen credit card which is quickly red-flagged by the airline; someone lists hard-to-find tickets to a rock star's concert on Craiglist, but these were printed as an elaborate forgery and fifty other unhappy fans are gathered outside the stadium with their equally worthless "tickets"; someone lists a mobile telephone on Kijiji which a mobile carrier soon places on a national blacklist, so that its electronic serial number (IMEI) can't be subscribed anywhere. If the item was purchased from a web listing and handed off in a public place, the seller is later conveniently nowhere to be found. Another variant is an otherwise-valid ticket which the original issuer won't allow the original buyer to transfer (such as a Disneyland multi-day pass with a few days left, which turn up outside the parks often). The items don't have to actually be stolen; it is not unheard of for a mobile provider to place an IMEI on a blacklist in an attempt to get leverage against a subscriber in a billing dispute, with the subsequent owner of the handset victimized.
Event scams
Scammers don't rest during the holidays. Sometimes an event organiser will pop up just long enough to announce a big Halloween yoki New Year's Eve bash, with pricey tickets for admission sold in advance. The buyers of these tickets only find the event doesn't exist, isn't as advertised or that the tickets are counterfeit on the day of the event; at that point, because the vendor was a short-lived seasonal, pop-up operation, they're nowhere to be found. Another variant is a mail order vendor peddling seasonal merchandise (such as Halloween costumes) that either doesn't arrive, are not as advertised or only turn up after the event is over. Try to return the two sizes too small Halloween garb that didn't arrive until November, and the seasonal pop-up merchant is conveniently gone — closed for the season.
There's nothing inherently tying these scams to one specific time of year; the various holidays just provide convenient marketing opportunities.
Sex workers
Sex workers are a common sight in many cities, and you may find yourself interested in hiring one. Many sex workers are honest and committed to doing their work safely and consensually for all parties involved. However, in some cases, those working in this industry can be involved in a variety of crimes:
- leading you into an armed robbery
- having a confederate go through your clothes while you are out of them
- taking your hotel room key, which is turned over to burglars or thieves
- "cash and dash", where a provider accepts payment for services that are never provided, then leaves
- advance fee scams, where the pimp (or a thug) arrives without the service provider and demands the cash up front - before vanishing with the victim's money in pocket and no service provided
- a bogus "outraged family member" (or cop) appearing and needing to be bought off; alternately, this person's arrival is carefully timed to occur immediately after the provider has accepted payment and before any service is rendered, as effectively a "cash and dash" scheme
- hidden cameras and eventual blackmail
In some instances, the sex workers may have been coerced by human traffickers or organized crime, or have substance abuse issues that make them vulnerable to exploitation.
In almost all cases, the presumption is that victims will not call police; the clients are either ashamed to have to pay for a 'companion', afraid to be outed to a spouse on whom they are cheating, fearful of violent retribution by those running the scams or afraid of legal prosecution as even jurisdictions which nominally do not criminalize solicitation may still outlaw a long and arbitrary list of related activities.
Even if you do not allow one to lead you anywhere, "streetwalkers" (sex workers who solicit clients on the street, rather than online or through a service) can pose risks. Some of those engaged in sex work may be tempted to steal cash or other valuables from a client. In some countries, such as China or 48 states of the USA, prostitution is illegal and hotel staff may have the local police arrive at your room door not long after you check in.
In countries where prostitution is not fully legalized (and even in some cases where it is), such establishments may have links with other forms of criminal activity, notably various types of gangs, drug dealers and money laundering. A few are clip joints; as legal restrictions in many jurisdictions make providers claim to sell "massage", "companionship" or just about anything except actual "full-service" prostitution, these folks will gladly take the victim's money, then claim the payment was "just for the massage" and demand more money repeatedly. The mark is unceremoniously ejected from the premises (with no actual service provided) once his wallet is empty.
Taxi scams
- Shuningdek qarang: Taxis
Airports, stations and other places where people arrive in a new city are favorite places for all kinds of touts offering their (often overpriced) services. This includes taxi drivers and people pretending to be taxi drivers and if you're dealing with a dishonest person, the least bad thing that could happen is that you'll be driven to your destination but at an outrageous price. Therefore; if you need to travel by taxi from there, go to the official taxi line.
Scenic taxi rides
Since you don't know the area, taxi drivers can take advantage of you by taking a long route to your hotel and getting a large metered fare. The best prevention is knowledge: it's hard to learn a new city well enough to know a good route before you arrive for the first time. Always ask your hotel roughly what the taxi fare should be when you book or to arrange a pickup with them if they offer the service. Often you can negotiate a fixed price with a taxi before you get in and ask what the range of fare to your hotel will be. Good taxi drivers are on the route to your hotel every day and can give you a very accurate price before you or your luggage get into a cab.
Taxis not using the meter
In cities where the Taksilar have fare meters, drivers will often try to drive off with tourists without turning the meter on. When you arrive they'll try and charge fares from the merely expensive (2 or 3 times the usual fare) to fares of hundreds of US dollars, depending on how ambitious they are. If you're in an area known for this scam and you know where you're going and want them to use the meter (rather than arrange a fixed fare), ask them to turn the meter on just before you get in. If they say that it is broken or similar, walk away and try another taxi. They will often concede: a metered fare is better than no fare.
However, an ambitious traveler can actually work this scam in their favor, as in certain countries where meters are required (China) the passenger cannot be forced to pay for an "informal" (that is, unmetered) taxi ride. A tourist is therefore free to walk away after the ride without paying anything at all: once you step out of his vehicle, the driver will have no proof of transaction to show the police. This tactic is, however, not recommended for use by the weak of heart but can save you money as a last resort.
Using the wrong metered rate
A related scam is using the wrong metered rate: setting it to a more expensive late-night setting during the day. You need location-specific information to prevent this one. A typical rip-off scenario involves a device known as "turbine". By pressing specially installed button (usually on the left of the steering wheel, or next to the clutch pedal) the driver starts the "turbine" and fools the meter to charge much faster than the usual speed. The change in the charging speed is obvious, so dishonest drivers talk and show around a lot, to make their passengers keep an eye off the taxi meter. The best way to prevent the driver from starting the turbine is to keep an eye on the meter at all times.
When suspicious, ask the taxi to drop you off at your (or any) hotel lobby. Security at most hotels can intervene if you are being overcharged.
Luggage held hostage
Watch your luggage as it is loaded! Get into the cab after your luggage is loaded and out before it is out of the trunk. If you put your luggage in the trunk, they might refuse to give you your luggage back unless you pay a much higher price the actual fare. Remember to always write down or remember the taxi number or driver's number in case of problems and keep your luggage in your hand at all times if possible. Often, just writing down the taxi number will make them back down if they are keeping your luggage hostage, but be careful that they are not armed or are trying to rob you by other means than just driving away with your luggage.
"Per person" taxi charge
Taxi, tuk-tuk, or auto-rickshaw drivers will agree on a price. When you arrive at your destination, they may or may not tell you that the vehicle is a share vehicle, and they will tell you that the price quoted is per person. The tricky thing is that a per-person charge (or a flat rate plus a per person charge) is standard in some cities and countries, so it's important to research the destination beforehand and make sure you and the driver are both clear on what the price means before you start riding. If you know the driver is trying to scam you, you can almost always just give them the agreed-upon fare and walk away. Just make sure that you have the correct change before departing as in many places drivers are known to come up with any excuse it takes to charge you extra.
Food and beverage scams
From the barkeeper who charges full price for watered-down drinks to the restaurateurs who give themselves generous tips using their diner's payment cards, there are various schemes in which travellers are overcharged for food and beverage service.
A bar or restaurant gives you a menu with reasonable prices and takes it away with your order. Later they present a bill with much higher prices. If you argue, they produce a menu with those higher prices on it. This scam is known in Ruminiya and in bars in China among other places. The best way to avoid this is to stay out of sleazy tourist bars. Another option is to take a picture of the menu with your phone camera. If the restaurant argues, you can always tell them that you want to send it to your friends because they otherwise wouldn't believe the prices are so low. You can then proceed to take a picture of the food for your foodie-blog (which might come in handy if the items on your bill don't match the items you ordered or were served).
You could also try hanging on to your menu or paying when your drinks or food are delivered, preferably with the right change. Watch out for asking for a menu in English, as the prices on the menu are sometimes higher than the menu in the native language, although because of the difficulty of navigating a foreign-language menu and the likelihood that the price even with the foreigner surcharge is still pretty low, non-Mandarin-readers may want to write this off as a translation fee. Another variant is the venue which lists an absurdly-inflated price, then claims to offer a "discount for locals". In some places where there is a common parallel currency (usually US dollars or euros) there might be a menu with prices quoted both in local currency and the parallel currency. Prices in the local currency may be significantly lower, especially if there is high inflation, so know the up to date exchange rate. A general rule of thumb is: unless inflation is rampant you will be better off paying lower prices and using local money. In some rare cases "hard" currency may get you things that local money can't buy, but in some of those countries using foreign money or exchanging at the black market rate may be various shades of illegal.
A variation of this scam is ordering off the menu, where your waiter will offer you a "special" that is not shown on the menu. The meal will not be very special but will come with a price considerably higher than anything else on the menu. Also, touts and barkers might advertise low-price offers - or an attractive discount is prominently announced by signage outside the restaurant, but then the bill is calculated with normal prices. If an offer seems suspiciously cheap, read the fine print and once again: If it sounds too good to be true, it probably isn't.
Pane e coperto
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A restaurant indicates one price on the menu, but when the bill arrives there's an extra undisclosed cover charge. Restaurants in Italy, where cover charges are common, call them "pane e coperto", an extra charge for bread ("pane") and service ("coperto" or "servizio"). Cover charges are normal in some countries, but they should be disclosed up front. Otherwise, they're generally illegal (and some restaurateurs will try to slip this past by burying a one-line "service not included" in a lengthy menu); it also never hurts to check whether the restaurant is giving you a proper receipt for this extra money (and, presumably, paying the taxes on it). Often, a restaurant will attempt to slip extra charges onto the bill for visitors, but not for locals.
Unlisted cover charges
A fast-talking man (or attractive woman) standing outside a strip club will offer you free entry, complimentary drinks and/or lap dances to get you inside the club. They'll often speak very fluent English, are able to pick your accent, and be very convincing. Of course, they are good to their word with the free drinks and dances, but what they won't tell you (and what you won't know until you try to leave) is that there's a "membership fee" or "exit fee" of at least €100. There'll also be security waiting at the door for non-payers.
A variant of this is practiced in Bangkok, where touts with laminated menus offer sex shows and cheap beer. The beer may indeed be cheap, but they'll add a stiff surcharge for the show. Similarly in Braziliya, expect to pay an extra 'artistic couvert' if live music is playing. No-one will warn you of this because it's considered normal there. Ask how much it is before you get seated.
Clip joints
You're approached by an attractive, well-dressed, local gentleman or woman, who suggests going for a drink in a favorite nightspot. When you arrive, the joint is nearly deserted, but as soon as you sit down some scantily clad girls plop down next to you and order a few bottles of champagne. Your "friend" disappears, the bill runs into hundreds or even thousands of dollars, and heavies block the door and flex their muscles until you pay up. A variant is the "B-girl" or bar girl scam, where organized crime recruits attractive women to go into legitimate bars, seek out rich men who display expensive shoes and watches and lure them into "after-hours clubs" which are not licensed (or not otherwise open to the public) and which charge thousands of dollars to the drunken victims' payment cards. Often, the victims are too intoxicated to remember exactly what happened.
This is particularly common in Europe's larger cities, including London, Istanbul va Budapest. Florida is problematic due to a state law which directs police to arbitrarily force victims to pay all disputed charges and then attempt to recover the money by filing a dispute with the credit card issuers—an uphill battle. The best defense is not to end up in this situation: avoid going to bars with people you just met, pick the bar yourself, or at least back out immediately if they want to go somewhere that is not packed with locals. In Istanbul this scam is also common with places packed with locals, where they scam the tourists, but not the locals, as it is a difficult and time consuming process to get the police to do anything. It is best to pay by credit card, so have one ready so that if you do end up in this situation, you can pay by credit card to get out and then cancel your card and dispute the bill immediately. While police in some jurisdictions are unlikely to be of much assistance, filing a report may make it easier to get the charges reversed.
A variety of this scam is extortionate tea ceremonies in Beijing and other cities in China. You will be approached by women who speak very good English, spend 30 minutes in conversation with you and invite you to have tea with them. The tea house they take you to will be empty, and you will end up in a situation of having to pay a huge amount of money for a few cups of tea. This is incredibly easy to fall into, as the scammers are often willing to spend considerable time "chatting you up" before suggesting going for tea. The best way to avoid this would be to not engage in conversation in the first place. Failing that, refuse to go with them to have tea, or if you find yourself having been fooled as far into going to the tea house with them, insist on leaving as soon as you can (e.g. fake receiving an urgent phone call from your friend), and ask for the bill (as each different variety of tea you drink will doubtless add up to the final cost).
Lodging scams
Some hotels and motels may be unscrupulous. While independent establishments may be a higher risk (there is no franchiser to whom to complain), there are cases of individually owned franchises of large companies engaging in unscrupulous practices. More rarely, the chain itself is problematic or turns a blind eye to questionable hidden charges; in one 2014 incident, the US Federal Communications Commission fined Marriott International US$600,000 for unlawful, willful jamming of client-owned Wi-Fi networks in one of its convention centres.
Most hotels are honest, and you will not encounter these problems. These are the minority, but the customer should be watchful, and should be aware of what signs to look out for.
It is not uncommon for a guest to check into a hotel when they are tired after many hours of travel, or to check out when they are in a hurry to catch a plane or get to another destination. At these times, a customer is unlikely to argue and therefore more likely to be suggestible or to cave. Guests in the middle of a stay are also unlikely to argue about being cheated due to fear of retaliation from management.
Advance fee scams
You book a room in advance, presuming that you will pay for it on arrival. Soon after, an inquiry arrives - presumably from the hotel - asking that you pay in advance, usually by wire money transfer. You pay, you later show up to find that the hotel denies all knowledge of having requested the wire transfer and demands to be paid again, in full. A less extreme form is that even when you book the hotel in advance, the hotel may attempt to charge for more nights than originally agreed to. They may also insist on payment in cash.
Odds are the hotel or middleman has breached confidential data, either through deficient security or a dishonest worker, giving a scammer the opportunity to hit travellers up for money in advance, take the cash and run. The scammer, officially, does not represent the hotel and the hotel glibly denies that it was their (or their reseller's) negligence which compromised the data; the longer they deny everything, the lower the chance of their being sued. Not only are you out the money, but some scammer likely has your home-country address and info (maybe even the payment card used to make the initial reservation) and can steal from you knowing that you are abroad and unable to do anything about a theft from your home or your payment cards until you return.
In another variant, you see an attractive cottage for rent in an on-line advert, pay to reserve it in advance and then show up — luggage in hand — to see Papa Bear, Mama Bear and Baby Bear seated at their breakfast table wondering why some scammer on Kijiji just rented the cottage they're living in to Goldilocks (you, the unsuspecting traveller) in an advance fee scam. As the scammer placing the ads has no tie to the property, they conveniently are suddenly nowhere to be found and the money is gone. Somewhat more audacious scammers rent out nonexistent cottages, often next to such small roads that they don't show up on Google Street View. Once you're there, you'll find out that there's only wilderness where the cottage is supposed to be, and the photo of the cottage was copied from somewhere else.
Amenity fees
It is the norm to receive amenities already in the room at the quoted rate, regardless of whether or not they are used. But some facilities have been known to charge customers additional fees for use of certain amenities, such as a refrigerator, microwave oven, coffeemaker, iron, or safe by surprise. Often WiFi access is advertised on the website, but its high fee is not mentioned. Some will charge if it has been used; others will charge even if it has not been used. In any case, this is a way to nickel-and-dime the customer. This should be clearly advertised before the reservation has been made; unfortunately, groups representing hoteliers (such as the American Hotel & Lodging Association) have lobbied governments aggressively to avoid a crackdown on so-called "resort fees".
Hoteliers are infamous for padding invoices with "incidentals", hidden charges for anything from telephone calls at inflated prices, to high charges for parking, to overpriced pay-per-view television programming to single servings of bottled water at a few dollars each. It is not unheard of for a hotel to charge high fees to call toll-free numbers or block services like "Canada Direct" that let you reach an operator in your home country; some even redirect the number to a competing provider who immediately asks for a credit card number. Some venues may illegally jam mobile telephone data connections to force you to use their overpriced services.
Services ordered from external vendors through the hotel desk, such as car rental, can be from less reputable vendors that overcharge the customer or practice bait-and-switch.
Claims of damage
At check-in, you are required to provide a credit card, and you sign a contract that you can be held accountable for any damages. You do not think anything of this. It seems like routine procedure anywhere. Ammo tekshirib ko'rganingizdan ko'p vaqt o'tgach, sizning kartangiz mehmonxona tomonidan katta miqdorda hisob-kitob qilinganligini aniqlaysiz. Siz bu haqda bahslashish uchun kredit kartangiz kompaniyasiga murojaat qilasiz, ammo mehmonxona kredit karta kompaniyasiga zarar etkazilishi mumkin bo'lgan rasmni va uni tuzatish uchun pudratchining taxminiy hisob raqamini yuborib javob beradi. Buni zamonaviy printerlar tomonidan osongina xayoliy ravishda ishlab chiqarish mumkin, ammo kredit karta kompaniyasi buni haqiqiy dalil va mehmonxonaning yon tomonlari sifatida qabul qiladi. Siz ayblovlarni ponyatsiya qilishda davom etmoqdasiz, shuningdek, nizo davrida hisoblangan foizlar.
Boshqa bir variant - mehmonxonani sayohatchilarni sochiq yoki boshqa kichik narsalarni o'g'irlashda ayblashi; mijozning yuziga ayblov o'rniga, ayblov faqat jimgina kredit karta hisobvarag'iga qo'shiladi. Sayohatchining ta'kidlashicha, mehmonxona orqaga chekinadi ... faqat keyingi sayohatchilarga qarshi huddi shunday firibgarlikni amalga oshirish uchun.
Mulklarni yo'q qilish
O'zingizning motelingizga so'nggi yashash kechangizga qaytasiz, faqat kalit ishlamaydi. Siz ofisga borasiz va sizga bir kecha kamligi uchun pul to'laganingiz to'g'risida xabar berishadi. Shuningdek, sizga ma'muriyat xonani tozalab, qoldirgan mol-mulkingizni tasarruf etishini aytishadi. Darhaqiqat, menejment sizning mol-mulkingizni saqlab qoldi va qimmatbaho narsalarni sotishni rejalashtirmoqda, bularning barchasi g'azablangan va ojizsiz.
Erta ko'chirish
Siz mehmonxonada uzoq vaqt turishingiz uchun pul to'ladingiz, ammo u tunlarning ko'pida bo'lishdan oldin rahbariyat sizni ba'zi bir kichik huquqbuzarliklar uchun uyingizdan chiqarib yuborilganingizni, noto'g'ri ekanligini bilganingizni, ijro etilishini kutmaganligingizni yoki kutmaganligingizni bildiradi. umuman qilmoq. Ammo menejment qat'iy va sizni tark etishingizni talab qiladi yoki siz buzg'unchilik qilyapsiz. Rahbariyat sizning qolgan vaqtingizni qaytarishni rad etadi. Sizdan xizmat ko'rsatmasdan pul olish ularning hiyla-nayrangidir. Ehtimol, siz pulni qaytarib berishni rad etish to'g'risida huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralariga murojaat qilishingiz mumkin, ammo ular yordam bera olmaydi. Nufuzli mehmonxonada turishingizni bilmasangiz yoki taniqli kompaniyaning paketli shartnomasi doirasida buyurtma qilingan bo'lsangiz, davo uchun bir kechada to'lashingiz mumkin.
Soxta bron qilish sayti
Onlayn bron qilish saytlari bugungi kunda mehmonxonalarni bron qilishning odatiy usuliga aylandi. Odatda ma'lum bo'lgan saytlarga Hotels.com, Expedia va CheapTicket kiradi.
Ammo unchalik taniqli bo'lmagan boshqa saytlar xuddi shu mehmonxonalarni reklama qilishadi va bron qilgandan so'ng sizga odatdagidek ko'rinadigan hamma narsani, shu jumladan tasdiqlash raqamini beradi va pulingizni olib qo'yadi. Ammo etib kelganingizdan so'ng, muassasa sizga sizning buyurtmangiz yo'qligini va bunday kompaniya bilan biznes qilmasligini aytadi. Sizning zahirangiz hurmatga sazovor bo'lmaydi va sizning pulingiz yo'qoladi.
Bunga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun faqat taniqli bron kompaniyalarining saytlari orqali band qiling - yoki yaxshiroq bo'lsa, biror narsani bron qilishdan oldin mol-mulk bilan bevosita bog'laning. Bronlash kompaniyasining veb-manzilini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri brauzerning manzil satriga yozing, boshqa saytdagi havolani emas, balki havfsiz veb-saytga yo'nalishi mumkin.
Umumiy qizil bayroqlar - siz ilgari kompaniya haqida hech qachon eshitmagansiz va narxlar obro'li buyurtma kompaniyalaridan pastroq bo'lgan bir xil mulk uchun haqiqat bo'lishi uchun juda yaxshi. Shunga qaramay, hatto yirik bron kompaniyalari (Internetda qidiruv natijalarida ko'zga ko'ringan) o'z mavqeini nozik, ammo zararli yo'llar bilan suiiste'mol qilishi mumkin. Tripadvisor muntazam ravishda mulkning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqa ma'lumotlarini foydalanuvchi tomonidan taqdim etilgan sharhlardan olib tashlaydi; bir nechta mehmonxonalar Expedia o'z mulklarining tavsifini namoyish qilishadi, ammo mehmonxonada joy yo'qligi yoki bu xonalar haqiqatan ham bo'sh bo'lganida xonalar mavjudligini aniqlashga qodir emasligi haqida xabar berishadi. Bronlash saytlari vositachi sifatida sayohatchini mol-mulk bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqa qilishni to'xtatib qo'yadi yoki hatto foydalanuvchini boshqa mehmonxonaga yo'naltirish uchun komissiya yoki haq to'lashni xohlaydi.
Yana bir variant - bu yashirin vositachi, bu erda siz mehmonxonaga murojaat qildim deb o'ylaysiz, lekin aslida o'zlari uchun komissiya olgan sotuvchi bilan gaplashasiz. Masalan, 1-800-HOLIDAY (465-4329) - bu yirik mehmonxonalar tarmog'i; 1-800-H0LIDAY (405-4329) mehmonxonalar tarmog'i emas, balki aloqador bo'lmagan sotuvchidir. Yaratilgan rezervasyonlar asl mehmonxonada yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatchida haqiqiydir, ammo qonuniy va an'anaviy vositalar bilan reklama qilish uchun reklama o'rniga kimdir typosquatter bilan ishlash eng yaxshi stavkani ololmasligi mumkin, chunki yana bitta vositachi to'lash kerak.
To'lovni qabul qilgandan keyin, lekin mehmonxonani to'lashdan oldin buzilgan vositachi sayohatchiga ham katta muammo tug'dirishi mumkin. In shunday voqealardan biri, KanadaConquest Vacations 2009 yilda bankrot bo'lib, sayohatchilarini tark etdi Meksikalik jismoniy xavfsizlik garovida bo'lgan mehmonxonalar xonalarni yana minglab dollarga to'laguniga qadar.
Uyda qolish tarmoqlari
Internet o'sishni tezlashtirdi mehmondo'stlik almashinuvi va ta'tilni ijaraga berish uy egalariga ijaraga beriladigan xonalarni yoki butun kvartiralarni nisbatan osonlik bilan ro'yxatlashiga ruxsat berish orqali. Ehtiyotkorlik bilan va halol ishlatilsa, bu pulni tejashga qodir bo'lishi mumkin, ammo sayohatchida ham, uy egasida ham xavf-xatarlar mavjud.
Asosiy saytlar foydalanuvchilarga o'zlarining xostlariga (yoki ularning mehmonlariga) baho berishga ruxsat berish va platformaning o'z veb-sayti orqali to'lovlarni amalga oshirish orqali suiiste'mol qilishni cheklashga harakat qilmoqda. Ushbu ehtiyot choralarini turli xil sxemalar yordamida chetlab o'tish mumkin.
Firibgarlar ko'pincha qonuniy foydalanuvchining kirish ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlashadi va profilni o'zlariga tegishli qilib o'zgartiradilar va ijobiy fikr bildirgan foydalanuvchi ko'rinishini berishadi. So'ngra ular ijaraga beriladigan uyni ro'yxatga olishadi, so'rovlarga javoban foydalanuvchilarni asl saytidan soxta saytga yo'naltirishadi (shuning uchun ularning elektron pochta xabarlari airbnb.com saytidagi sizning so'rovingizga javoban sizni airbnb.some-bogus-domain.com , rasmiy ko'rinishga ega, ammo siz yuborgan har qanday bank o'tkazmasi "100% xavfsiz va himoyalangan" degan soxta kafolatlarga ega. Agar siz haqiqiy uyda qolish sayti tomonidan taqdim etilgan tizimdan tashqarida to'lovni amalga oshirsangiz? Hech narsa himoyalanmagan, firibgarda sizning naqd pulingiz bor va u yo'qolgan. Agar ular butun operatsiya birovning o'g'irlangan shaxsidan foydalangan holda, o'g'irlangan narsadan tortib amalga oshirilgan bo'lsa, ularni topishda omad tilaymiz to'lov kartasi soxta veb-saytni joylashtirish uchun pul to'lash.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, firibgarlar sizning uyingizda turadigan veb-sayt ma'lumotlarini yoki to'lov kartalari ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlashadi, siz kabi ta'tilni ijaraga olishni tekshiradilar, uy egasi yo'q bo'lguncha kutib turadilar va kvartiraning barcha tarkibini yuk mashinasiga yuklashadi - boshqa hech qachon ko'rinmaydi. Yoki ular zararni to'lash uchun boshqalarni qoldirib, joyni axlatga tashlaydilar. Yoki ular giyohvand moddalar yoki fohishabozlik kabi qisqa muddatli turar joylardan tijorat biznesini yuritishga harakat qilishadi. Yoki ular o'zlarini ijaraga olingan xonadon egasi deb da'vo qiladilar va ijaraga olinmaydigan kvartira uchun istiqbolli uzoq muddatli ijarachilardan birinchi va oxirgi oylarda ijara haqlarini yig'ishni boshlaydilar. Umumiy maxraji? Politsiya yomon odamlarni qidirishga kelganda, ular sizning eshik ostonasida sizni noto'g'ri yo'naltirishadi, chunki firibgarlar sizning shaxsingizni ishlatmoqda.
Ushbu barcha firibgarliklar, avans to'lovi firibgarligidan tortib, shaxsni o'g'irlashgacha, vaqtinchalik yashash joyidagi xostlardan o'g'irlikgacha bo'lgan narsa yangi narsa emas. Internet shunchaki barchasini osonlashtirdi.
Nozik bosma nashrlarda yuqori ko'rsatkichlar
Turar joy muassasasi past bosma nashrni katta nashrlarda e'lon qiladi. Ammo ko'pchilik ushbu ko'rsatkichga mos kelmaydi. Bu, masalan, a bo'lishi mumkin yuqori stavka faqat ma'lum bir yoshdan katta bo'lgan odamlar uchun mavjud yoki takroriy mehmonlar yoki muassasa tomonidan belgilangan ba'zi bir elita guruhiga kiradiganlar uchun ajratilishi mumkin. "Bir kishiga, ikki kishilik" so'zlari ingichka nashrga tushib qoldi, bitta xonaning haqiqiy narxi katta bosma reklama nusxasida ikki baravar ko'p degan ma'noni anglatadi. Siz to'lashingiz kerak bo'lgan haqiqiy stavka adabiyotni chuqur o'rganib chiqqandan keyingina yaxshi bosma nashrlarda topiladi. Shunga qaramay, shunchaki kerak bo'lgan sayohatchilar a turar joy g'or bo'ladi.
Yana bir variant - bu muassasa o'zlariga a maslahat yoki sovg'a jimgina sizning roziligisiz sizning hisobingizga qo'shib. Restoranlar buni katta guruhlarga ajratish bilan mashxurdir, ammo, agar siz oldindan to'lovga rozi bo'lmasangiz, uning qonuniyligi shubhali. Bundan tashqari, soliq qonunchiligi har qanday "majburiy maslahat" ni asosiy narxning amaldagi qismi deb hisoblaydi, bu esa mehmonxonani yoki restavratorni ushbu pulga daromad va savdo soliqlarini to'lashi kerak.
Majburiy yangilash
Mehmonxona yoki motel shaharni "40 dollardan xonalar" reklama reklama taxtasi bilan bezatadi yoki ushbu bozor uchun sun'iy ravishda past narx. Motelda bitta (yoki juda kam) xonada shunday narx mavjud, yoki u faqat qishning qattiq kunlarida chorshanba kuni kechqurunlarda mavjud. Ushbu bo'sh ish joyi to'ldirilgandan so'ng, qolgan hamma narsa qimmatroq, masalan, Monrealdan Torontoga ketadigan ikki qavatli avtobus yon tomonida katta harflar bilan "$ 1 plyus va 56 sentlik bron to'lash" yozilgan, ammo juda kam odam aslida bu narxni olgan avtobus kompaniyasi hali ham ish olib bormoqda.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, siz Internetda yoki sayohat ko'rsatmasida topgan arzon narxda mehmonxonani bron qilasiz; kelganingizdan so'ng, sizga xona mavjud emasligini aytmoqdasiz va agar qolishni istasangiz, yuqori narxdagi xona uchun ko'proq pul to'lashingiz kerak. Sizga yuqori narxdagi xonani to'lash yoki boshqa yashash joyini topish tanlovi qoldi, agar siz notanish joyda bo'lsangiz, bu qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.
Sayohatchining so'ragan xonasi hali tozalanmagan yoki tayyor emasligini da'vo qilish uchun yanada nozik o'lja - bu ularni sotish shakli sifatida xonaning boshqa sinfiga ancha yuqori narxga o'tkazishni taklif qilishdir. Qo'shimcha xarajatlarni rad etgan sayohatchilar, ayniqsa ular erta kelgan bo'lsa, kerakli xonani soatlab kutib turishadi.
Garovga olingan yuk yoki hujjatlar
Voyager xonadagi seyfda yo'qolgan valyuta, nikoh uzuklari yoki boshqa qimmatbaho buyumlarni qayd etib, rahbariyatga shikoyat qiladi. Dam olish maskanida "tergov" o'tkaziladi, unda ular jabrlanuvchining narsalarini qidirishadi (yo'qolgan narsalar, taxmin qilish mumkinki, u erda topilmaydi) va keyin ularga xonada hamma narsani, shu jumladan pasportlarni qoldirishni buyuradi. Mijoz kurortning boshqa qismiga ko'chiriladi, keyin asl o'g'irlik to'g'risidagi shikoyatni uydirganlikda ayblanib, o'zlarining narsalarini olish uchun xonaga ko'chib o'tishlari mumkinligi to'g'risida faqat asl nusxasi o'g'irlangani haqida xabar olinsa.
Qaytarishni rad etish
Siz past sifatli mehmonxonaga kirib, hech kimga o'xshamagan sharoitlardan norozi ekanligingizni sezasiz. Pulni qaytarib berishni so'rab, darhol ofisga qaytasiz. Ammo menejment sizga pulni qaytarishni rad etadi va sizga o'sha erda qolish va qattiqqo'llik qilish yoki pulingizni tashlab ketish va yo'qotish imkoniyatini beradi.
Bu bir qator mamlakatlarda aldov emas, odatiy amaliyot deb hisoblanadi, xususan, mehmonlarga kirish (bron qilish shart emas). Mehmonxonada qolish yoki qolmaslik to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishdan oldin har doim xonani ko'rishni so'rashingiz kerak. Ko'plab yomon motellar silliq reklama yoki veb-saytlarda ishlaydi, ular mulkni eskirgan yoki juda sinchkovlik bilan tanlaydi. Bundan tashqari, avvalroq tekshirib ko'rsangiz, yanada chiroyli xonada bo'lish ehtimoli katta.
Nufuzli boshqaruv
Onlayn sharhlar sayohatchiga bebahodir; norozi sayohatchilar safi bo'lgan mehmonxonani jahldor sharhlovchilar manzilga etib borgan mahalliy aholi (mehmonxonada qolmaydiganlar) yangi egasi bir vaqtlar hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan joy vaqtincha yashaydigan uyqusiga aylanib ketishiga yo'l qo'yganidan ancha oldin fosh qiladilar. Afsuski, har qanday kuchli vosita singari, ko'rib chiqish veb-sayti manipulyatsiya va suiiste'molga moyil.
Masalan, mehmonxona poklik me'yorlarini pasayishiga imkon beradi; g'azablangan sayohatchi "Bu axlatxonada bir marta qolib, meni qattiq kasal qildi. Endi hech qachon imzo chekmang, A. Hamamböceği" deb qattiq tanqidni yuboradi va darhol mehmonxonani mahalliy sog'liqni saqlash bo'limiga xabar qiladi. Mehmonxona egasi, biznesga zarar etkazayotgan salbiy sharhlarni ko'rib, mehmonxonaga besh yulduzli sharh berish uchun o'zlarini ko'rib chiqish saytiga o'tib, raqib mehmonxonalar uchun sharmandali sharhlarni qoldiradi va shu yo'l bilan do'stlarini yoki oilasini yollaydi - yoki soxta sharhlar yuborish uchun spamerlarga pul to'laydi. Agar sayt ko'rib chiqilayotgan mehmonxonalardan pullik reklamalarni qabul qilsa, mehmonxona salbiy sharh yo'qolsa yoki shikoyatlar onlayn bo'lib qolsa, mavjud reklamani bekor qilish bilan tahdid qilsa, reklamani sotib olishni taklif qiladi. Muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagandan so'ng, mehmonxona egasi "tuhmat uchun sud ishlarini ko'rib chiqishi mumkin", deb tahdid qilgan, ammo sog'liqni saqlash inspektori aslida mehmonxonani hayratda qoldirgan jirkanchlik bilan tark etganmi yoki yo'qmi, deb so'rashga beparvo qarashgan advokatlardan qo'rqinchli so'zlar bilan yozilgan, ammo rasmiy ko'rinishga ega xat. Tahdid ostida bo'lgan sud ishlari odatda hech qachon amalga oshmasa ham, yuqori oqimdagi Internet-provayderlar ko'pincha soxta da'volarga javob berish uchun advokat uchun qimmatga tushadigan to'lovlardan qochish uchun ushbu talablarni qondirishadi (qonuniy, qimmatli ma'lumotlarni olib tashlashadi) - bu ularning foydasiga juda katta xarajatlarni keltirib chiqaradi.
Aksincha, yomon mijoz beg'ubor mehmonxonaga zarar etkazish uchun boshqa yaxshi tizimni suiiste'mol qilishi mumkin (va ba'zida shunday qiladi). Mijoz mehmonxonada mehmonxonaga tashrif buyuradi, yigirma mast do'stini mehmonga taklif qiladi; qo'shni mehmonlar mehmonxonachiga shikoyat qiladilar, u mast bo'lganlarni tashlaydi yoki politsiya xodimidan buni so'raydi. Ertasi kuni mehmonxona egasi boshqa sayohatchilar yaxshi, sokin mehmonxona sifatida kutib olgan narsalarini on-layn tarzda qattiq tanqid ostiga oldi. Ajablanarli joyi yo'q, lekin navbatdagi sayohatchi kimga ishonish uchun ushbu aralash sharhlarni o'qib chiqmoqda?
Taxminan 1-16% sharhlar soxta; milliy regulyatorlar faqat eng ashaddiy pullik sharhlovchilarga qarshi cheklangan kirishuvlarni amalga oshirdilar - ular minglab soket qo'g'irchoq foydalanuvchi akkauntlarini boshqaradilar. Yelp kabi saytlardan sharhlarni olib tashlaydigan avtomatlashtirilgan vositalar ko'pincha tegishli izohlarni garovga qo'yilgan zarar sifatida olib tashlaydi. Reyting saytlari, hech bo'lmaganda, o'ziga xos manfaatlar to'qnashuvida; sayohat qiluvchilarni reklama qilish yoki biznes modeli sifatida sotishga tayanib, sayohatchilarga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risida ogohlantirish qiyin. 2017 yilda Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel TripAdvisor-da yo'qolgan jinsiy tajovuzlar haqidagi ma'lumotni shafqatsizlarcha ochib bergan 2010 yildayoq; qisqacha AQSh Federal savdo komissiyasi g'azab bildirdi ammo oxir-oqibat har qanday yirik platformalar faqat o'z egalariga javob beradi.
Bir necha holatlarda, mehmonxonachilar, agar ular (yoki to'yxonalar uchun, guruhdagi har qanday kishi) salbiy sharh qoldirsa, sayohatchining ba'zi bir oshirilgan jarimani to'lashga "rozi bo'lganligi" haqida da'volarni yozib qo'yishadi. Ushbu amaliyotlar oshkor bo'lganda, ular odatda mehmonxonaning obro'siga ko'proq zarar etkazadilar.
Oldindan yoki oldindan bandlovsiz kelganlar
Agar siz juda erta tongda kelgan bo'lsangiz, masalan. 2AM, sizning mehmonxonangizda, ro'yxatdan o'tish vaqti peshin, shuning uchun sizning tanlovingiz tushgacha biron bir narsa qilishni xohlaysiz, aks holda mehmonxona sizga o'sha kecha uchun juda qimmat xonani ijaraga beradi. Agar siz ertalab soat ikkilarga etib kelsangiz, avvalgi kecha uchun xonangizni bron qilishingiz shart, shuning uchun ular sizni yangilashga va erta tongda kelganingiz uchun ortiqcha haq olishga harakat qila olmaydi.
Rezervasyonsiz mehmondan ham oshib ketgan narx talab qilinadi (xuddi fabrikalar tovarlarning ko'tarilgan chakana narxlarini ro'yxatiga o'xshash, chakana sotuvchilar real narxga "belgilab qo'yishadi"), bunda 15% gacha bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilinadi. sayohat agentligi komissiyalari yoki vositachilar. Keyin ular onlayn buyurtmalar uchun yoki avtoulovlar uyushmasi a'zolari, yoki nafaqaga chiqqan shaxslar, yoki korporativ mijozlar yoki guruhlarning uzoq ro'yxati uchun 10% chegirma taklif qilmoqdalar - shunda ishlab chiqaruvchining taklif qilingan chakana narxini faqat baxtsiz bir necha kishi to'laydi. Agar sizda mobil telefon bo'lsa Internet siz bilan birga bo'lgan qurilma, old stolda narxingiz mehmonxonaning veb-saytidagi narxdan haqiqatan ham yuqori yoki yo'qligini tekshirib ko'ring - stiker zarbasiga duch kelishingiz mumkin.
Ba'zi yurisdiktsiyalarda, qoidalar mehmonxonani xonada, viloyat / shtat bo'ylab sayohat qilish yo'riqnomasida yoki ko'zga ko'ringan joyda stack stavkalarining standart to'plamini joylashtirishga majbur qiladi va (kamdan-kam holatlar bundan mustasno) qonuniy ravishda ushbu joylashtirilgan narxdan ko'proq haq olish taqiqlanadi. ular kamroq haq olishlari mumkin.
Suv ichish xavfsiz emas
G'arbliklar tomonidan tez-tez tashrif buyuradigan xorijiy mamlakatlardagi ko'plab mehmonxonalarda xonalarda suv ichish xavfsiz emasligi va ichimlik suvi old stoldan yoki minibardan sotib olinishi kerakligi to'g'risida yozuvlar qoldiriladi. Ushbu mamlakatlarning aksariyatida suv mehmonlar tomonidan iste'mol qilish uchun juda xavfsizdir va mehmonxona sizga shisha suvni sotish uchun buni aytib beradi. Ba'zi hollarda, ular sizga suv idishlarini berishlarini, shunda ular bepul ekanliklarini bildiradilar, ammo keyin uni yashirin zaryad sifatida qo'shadilar. Xavfsiz bo'lish uchun supermarketlardan shisha suv sotib oling. Müslüm suvi biron bir joyda ichish mumkinmi yoki yo'qligini bilish uchun o'zingizning mustaqil tadqiqotlaringizni olib boring va sizga ushbu ma'lumotni taqdim etish uchun mehmonxonaga ishonmang. Vikipediya haqidagi maqolada bir nechta mamlakatlardagi suv to'g'risidagi umumiy ma'lumotlar keltirilgan suv shuningdek, alohida mamlakat yoki mintaqadagi maqolalarning ichimlik qismidir.
Bandlik va xayriya firibgarliklari
Chet elda ishlashbilan shug'ullanish ko'ngilli sayohat yoki ehtimol ingliz tilini o'qitish ba'zi bir uzoq mamlakatlarda boshqa madaniyatni boshdan kechirishning foydali usuli bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki dalada bir nechta aniq firibgarliklar, keng ekspluatatsiya sharoitlari va ko'plab tuzoqlar mavjud. Chet elda ishlash paytida zarar ko'rgan sayohatchilar uchun ozgina manbalar mavjud.
Ba'zi takliflar avans to'lovi bilan bog'liq firibgarliklardir yoki faqat shaxsiy ma'lumotlaringizni o'g'irlash uchun ma'lumotlarni yig'ish uchun mavjud. Ishga kirishingizdan oldin taxmin qilinayotgan ish beruvchi viza, transport, advokatlar, o'quv mashg'ulotlari, kiyim-kechak, qayta sotish uchun tijorat mollari yoki boshqa biron bir narsa uchun minglab dollar olishni xohlaydi ... lekin, kelgandan so'ng, va'da qilingan ish reklama qilinganidek emas (yoki umuman mavjud emas) va sizning pulingiz yo'qoladi. Variant - bu "pul xachiri", u ish beruvchi o'g'irlangan pullar, jinoyatlardan olingan pullar, soxta cheklar yoki pul o'tkazmalari bilan to'laganidan keyin yoki to'lov bankni tozalamaganidan keyin xarajatlarni qoplaydi.
Ba'zi takliflar shunchaki soxta; ism rasmiy ko'rinishga ega, ammo boshqa kompaniyani taqlid qiladigan bo'lib chiqadi, manzillar - bu bepul xizmatga elektron pochta yoki salyangoz pochta qutisi yoki tijorat pochta qabul qilish agentligi bo'lib chiqadigan pochta. Har bir inson mavjud bo'lmagan firma uchun ishonchli veb-sayt yaratishi mumkin.
Ushbu firibgarlikka yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun, izlaning ish qabul qilishdan oldin, biron bir pulni qo'yishdan yoki biron bir muhim ma'lumotlarni almashishdan oldin. Amaldagi xodimlar bilan suhbatlashishni so'rang va kompaniyani onlayn ravishda qidirib toping - agar uning obro'li ekanligini ko'rsatuvchi uchinchi tomon manbalarini topmasangiz, aniqroq qiling. Yaxshisi u reklama berishga ruxsat beradigan kompaniyalarni tekshiradigan manbadan ish ro'yxatlarini qidirib toping.
To'liq firibgarliklar bilan bir qatorda, ba'zi ish beruvchilar viza tizimini yoki ish bilan ta'minlash to'g'risidagi qonunni suiiste'mol qiluvchilarga mahalliy ishchilar hech qachon toqat qilmaydigan sharoitlarni yaratish uchun suiiste'mol qiladilar. Ular bitta ish beruvchiga bog'liq bo'lgan ish vizalaridan foydalanishlari mumkin, boradigan joyida turar joy narxi yoki boshqa harajatlar juda katta ekanligini esdan chiqarishni unutishadi, soatiga o'rtacha ish haqi va'da qiladilar, ammo xarajatlaringizni to'lash uchun sizga etarli ish soatlarini berolmaydilar. , pasportingizni yoki boshqa hujjatlaringizni garovga oling yoki noto'g'ri viza ostida noqonuniy ishlashingizni so'rang. Uzoq soatlik ish haqi, (yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ish haqini o'g'irlash), ishchilarning narxi oshib ketgan va sifatsiz bo'lgan uylarda yashashlari, xavfli ish sharoitlari, ehtimol jismoniy yoki jinsiy zo'ravonlik jazosiz davom etishi mumkin, chunki ish beruvchi vizani bekor qilgandan keyin shikoyat qilgan ishchi shunchaki deportatsiya qilinadi. . Eng yomon holatlarda, ish bilan ta'minlashning ayrim sxemalari o'lja yoki hatto odam savdosi jabrlanuvchiga chet elda restoran yoki mehmonxonada ishlashni taklif qiladigan sxemalar, faqat reklama qilingan lavozimni topish uchun mavjud emas, yollovchilar uyushgan jinoyatchilar to'dasining bir qismi va kelajakdagi chet ellik ishchi fohishalikka yoki boshqa qullik shakllariga majbur qilingan.
Tuzoqlarning to'liq ro'yxati ushbu maqola doirasidan tashqarida; qarang Chet elda ishlash qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun va agar shubhangiz bo'lsa, ishlash yoki ixtiyoriy ravishda chet elga sayohat qilishni o'ylamasdan oldin maxsus maslahat oling.
Tanishuv firibgarlari
Ushbu bo'limda jabrlanuvchi uchun "u" va firibgar uchun "u" so'zlari ishlatiladi, chunki sayohatchilar bunday firibgarlikni kam daromadli mamlakatlarda ayollarni ta'qib qilayotgan chet ellik erkaklarga qarshi ishlatilishini ko'rishlari mumkin, ammo firibgarliklar har qanday jins va ayolning kombinatsiyasi uchun mumkin har qanday joy. Ba'zi tanishuv firibgarliklari fohishabozlik yoki hatto odam savdosi uchun qopqoq; moliyaviy yo'qotish xavfidan tashqari, bunga aralashgan har qanday chet el fuqarosi qattiq qonuniy jazoga tortilishi mumkin.
Ko'pgina firibgarlarga qarshi yaxshi qoidalar agar haqiqat bo'lishi juda yaxshi bo'lsa, ehtimol bu haqiqiy emas.
Misollardan biri, yoshi kattaroq odamga juda qiziqqan qiz kabi qiz. Bu haqiqiy bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ba'zi qizlar turli sabablarga ko'ra keksa erkaklarni afzal ko'rishadi; xususan, ayniqsa kam ta'minlangan mamlakatlarda, halol ayollar boy er yoki shakar dadasini xohlashi mumkin va yoshi ulug 'odamni yaxshiroq istiqbol deb bilishi mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, bu quyida aytib o'tilgan ba'zi firibgarliklar uchun odatiy o'rnatishdir va agar u haqiqatan ham yosh bo'lsa, u sizni shantaj qilish uchun sozlashi mumkin.
Onlayn
Sayohatchilar har qanday jins, yosh guruhi va turga mansub mahalliy aholi bilan tanishish uchun Internet tanishuv saytlaridan foydalanishlari odatiy holdir. Bu juda foydali ish bo'lishi mumkin; bunday saytlardagi odamlarning aksariyati chinakam, ba'zilari esa juda yoqimli. Biroq, turli xil firibgarlar ham bor.
Asosiy qoida Internetda ko'rgan narsangizga ishonmang; aslida u odam bilan tanishguningizcha bilmayapsiz. Fotosuratda ajoyib issiq lass aks etishi mumkin va onlayn suhbat u sizga aniq qiziqishini va siz bilan juda qiziqishini ko'rsatishi mumkin. Biroq, na fotosurat va na suhbat haqiqiy bo'lishi shart; "u" boshqa birovning fotosuratidan foydalanayotganini bilasiz, va sizning suhbatdoshingiz siz ko'rgan xotin emas, balki sizning va yana o'nlab odam bilan yurish bilan shug'ullanadigan, har qanday yosh va jinsga ega bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan professional firibgar.
Bu firibgarliklar orasida quyidagilar bo'lishi mumkin:
- U siz bilan uchrashishni juda istaydi, lekin boshqa shaharda; unga yo'l haqini yubora olasizmi?
- Albatta sizda u shunchaki pulni cho'ntakka urib ketmasligiga kafolat yo'q.
- Uning boshidan kechirgan biron bir murakkab voqea bor - u ishini yo'qotdi va ijara haqini to'lay olmaydi, buvisi kasal, ... Siz yordam bera olasizmi, azizim
Bu erda qoida pul yubormang aslida tanimaydigan kishiga.
Yana bir qoida juda ko'p narsalarni oshkor qilmang. Siz onlayn video chat identifikatoringizni lassga berdingiz deylik. Keyin u veb-kamerada bir nechta seksual o'yinlarni taklif qiladi. Shundan so'ng u sizning yalang'och va / yoki onanizm qilayotganingizni tasvirlaydigan videoga ega; u katta miqdordagi pulni to'lamasangiz, uni barcha Facebook do'stlaringizga yuborish bilan qo'rqitmoqda. Bu ko'pincha G'arbiy erkaklar tomonidan Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo uchun tanishish saytlaridan foydalangan holda xabar qilinadi. Xuddi shu firibgarlikning ayniqsa hiyla-nayrang varianti o'spirin qizga "menga ko'kraklaringizni ko'rsating" degan iltimos bilan boshlanadi, keyin uni jinsiy aloqada shantaj qilmoqchi bo'ladi; bu ba'zi hollarda o'z joniga qasd qilish bilan yakunlandi.
Shaxsan
Bir necha firibgarlikda odam bor va u aslida uchrashishga va ba'zi hollarda yotishga tayyor, ammo ularning sizga bo'lgan qiziqishini faqat pul boshqaradi. Ular hatto allaqachon turmush qurgan bo'lishi mumkin ... boshqasiga.
Variantlardan biri "pro-dater"; u sizning mamlakatingizda bor va siz bilan uchrashishni xohlaydi, lekin unga kun uchun tarjimon (siz to'laysiz), taksi va haydovchi (siz to'laysiz), tushunarsiz restoranlarda juda qimmat kechki ovqat kerak bo'ladi. mahalliy aholi ovqatlanadigan joyda emas (siz to'laysiz), qimmatbaho zargarlik buyumlari, elektronika yoki bezak (siz majburiy ravishda to'laysiz) va ro'yxat davom etmoqda. Ushbu buyumlarning sotuvchilari ushbu sxemada va turli xil zarbalar mavjud; siz jo'nab ketishingiz bilan zeb-ziynatlar do'konga qaytariladi. Keyingi boy xorijlik keladi va tsikl yangidan boshlanadi.
Shuningdek, qiz "Do'stim hech qachon chet ellik yigitga ega bo'lmagan va u qiziquvchan. Siz ham buni xohlaysizmi?" Kabi bir narsa aytishi mumkin. Bu ba'zi erkaklar uchun deyarli chidamsiz, ammo agar u sizni boshqasi bilan suratga oladigan bo'lsa, shantaj qilish uchun sozlash bo'lishi mumkin, yoki bitta qiz sizni kiyimingizdan olib chiqib, boshqasi o'tib ketganda sizni tutib turishni rejalashtirishi mumkin sizning cho'ntaklaringiz.
Hatto oddiy kechki ovqat sanasi ham noto'g'ri ketishi mumkin; bitta "dine and dash" firibgarligida yolg'iz erkak sherigini kechki ovqatga taklif qiladi, menyudagi eng qimmat mahsulotlarga buyurtma berishni davom ettiradi, keyin telefon orqali qo'ng'iroq qilish yoki transport vositasidan biron bir narsani olishni talab qiladi. U hech qachon qaytib kelmaydi, shubhasiz "xurmo" ni ikkala taom uchun ham restavrator oldida javobgar qoldiradi.
Yana bir variant - "sanky-panky", mahalliy erkak, ehtimol, boy ayol sayohatchini hissiy yoki romantik zaiflikka yo'l qo'yib, yo'ldan ozdirmoqchi. Bu atama asosan Karib dengizi mintaqasida qo'llaniladi, ammo bu hodisa boshqa joylarda ham keng tarqalgan. Og'irligi yoki 40 yoshdan oshgan xonim ko'pincha oson nishon sifatida qaraladi. Dolandırıcı, jinsiy aloqa qilish uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pul so'rash o'rniga, yolg'on munosabatlarni yaratadi, bu mehmon uyiga qaytib kelganda davom etishi mumkin. Ular ehtiyojning aniq hikoyalaridan foydalangan holda pul o'tkazmalarini so'rashadi yoki sayyohning tug'ilgan mamlakatiga nikoh vizasini olishadi; ular xohlagan narsaga ega bo'lgach, boy ajnabiy jilvalanadi.
Ushbu operatorlar bir necha bor bir nechta chet ellik mehmonlarga nisbatan bir xil firibgarlikni amalga oshirganliklari va boshqa sevgililari ham bo'lishi mumkinligi sababli, ushbu kontekstda har qanday xavfli jinsiy aloqaning sog'liq uchun xavfi katta.
Aloqa bilan bog'liq firibgarliklar
- Shuningdek qarang: Aloqa, Internetga kirish # Xavfsizlik masalalari
Sayohatchilarning noutbuklariga yoki mobil telefonlarga, ayniqsa, smartfonlarga qarshi ko'plab xakerlik / firibgarliklar mumkin. Eng oddiy tahdid shundaki, tajovuzkorlar sizning bankka kirish / karta ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlashi va hisobingizni bo'shatishlari mumkin.
Boshqa tahdidlar mavjud: tajovuzkorlar shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni o'g'irlash firibgarligida foydalanish uchun aloqa ma'lumotlarini va ehtimol parollarni olishlari mumkin, kredit karta ma'lumotlari sizning hisobingizda katta to'lovlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin, biznes ma'lumotlari o'g'irlanishi mumkin, shaxsiy ma'lumotlarning ayrim turlari shantajda ishlatilishi mumkin va ba'zi hukumatlar buni kuzatuv uchun ishlatishlari mumkin.
Sayohat qilishdan oldin, mashinangizni sozlang; iloji boricha ko'proq tahdidlarni blokirovka qilish uchun operatsion tizimni, dasturlarni va antivirusni yangilang. Bu to'liq himoyani bermaydi, lekin u eng keng tarqalgan hacklarning ko'pini bloklaydi. Mashinalaringizni yaxshilab tozalash, muhim bo'lmagan yoki maxfiy ma'lumotlardan xalos bo'lish haqida o'ylab ko'ring.
Xavf darajasi yuqori bo'lgan sayohatlar uchun faqat sayohat uchun noutbuk va / yoki "burner" telefonini oling, unda shaxsiy shaxsiy ma'lumotlari yo'q.
Wi-fi
Hukumat nazorati va bloklangan sahifalardan tashqari (ko'pincha Vikipediya, lekin kamdan-kam hollarda Vikivoyaj), WiFi ulanishlariga qarshi asosiy tahdidlar quyidagilardir:
- Eskirgan Wi-Fi xavfsizligi. Original Wi-Fi xavfsizlik standarti WEP dahshatli nuqsonli va hech qachon unga ishonmaslik kerak; keyinroq WPA havaskorlarning ko'pchiligini to'xtatadi, ammo mutaxassislar tomonidan osonlikcha buziladi. WPA-2 yaxshi kriptografiyadan foydalanadi va bu ishonchsiz partiyaning eng yaxshisi; akademik maqolalar ba'zi dasturlarda zaifliklarni ko'rsatdi, ammo agar siz Xitoy hukumati yoki Amerika NSA kabi dahshatli tajovuzkorlardan xavotirlanmasangiz, bu etarli. Keyinchalik xavfsiz standart, WPA-3, 2018 yil o'rtalarida nashr etilgan, ammo hali ko'pgina qurilmalarda va kirish joylarida mavjud emas.
- Wi-Fi kirish nuqtasidan hujumlar. Agar tarmoq buzilgan bo'lsa, simsiz ulanishni shifrlash hech narsaga olib kelmaydi, chunki tajovuzkor parolini ochgandan so'ng hamma narsani o'qiy oladi. Aeroportlarda, mehmonxonalarda qabulxonalarda va qahvaxonalarda ba'zi bepul Wi-Fi ulanishlari kuzatilishi mumkin. Korporativ tarmoqlar muammoli, chunki ko'plab yirik kompaniyalar tarmoqni o'z xodimlarini kuzatib borish uchun manipulyatsiya qilishmoqda.
- Mijozlarga tegishli tarmoqlarga tashqi aralashuv. Smartfonlar Wi-Fi qurilmasini telefonning mobil Internet-ulanishiga "bog'lash" ni qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkin. Ushbu Wi-Fi boshqalar kabi xavfsiz bo'lishi kerak, chunki kimdir tranzit paytida ma'lumotlarni ushlab qolmasligi yoki o'zingizning foydalanishingiz uchun sizning aloqangizni o'g'irlashi mumkin, va ba'zi bir mehmonxonachilar uyali Wi-Fi-ga qasddan to'sqinlik qilmasliklari kerak. o'zlarining ortiqcha xizmatlari.
- Ochiq serverlar yoki tarmoq ulushlari. O'zingizning ishonchli uyingizda yoki kichik biznes tarmog'ingizda foydalanish uchun tuzilgan noutbukda bir xil mahalliy tarmoqning boshqa foydalanuvchilari uchun qattiq disklar yoki boshqa manbalar bo'lishi mumkin. Agar siz simli yoki simsiz umumiy tarmoqqa ulansangiz, ushbu xizmatlarni o'chirib qo'ying (Windows 7 va uning izdoshlari buning uchun ulanish sozlamalarida park stend belgisini ko'rsatadilar) yoki sizning kompyuteringiz butun kafe yoki mehmonxonaga ochiq bo'lishi mumkin. .
- Soxta Wi-Fi tarmoqlari. Ba'zi xakerlar ma'lumotni o'g'irlash maqsadida mehmonxonalar va aeroportlarda o'zlarining soxta tarmog'ini o'rnatdilar; ushbu taktika ekstremistlar tomonidan abortga qarshi tashviqot tarqatish uchun tibbiy klinikalar tashqarisida soxta Wi-Fi ulanish nuqtalarini o'rnatish uchun ham qo'llanilgan. Firibgarlar tez-tez o'zlarining Wi-Fi tarmoqlarini haqiqiyiga o'xshash deb nomlashadi; qaysi Wi-Fi tarmog'ining qonuniy ekanligini tasdiqlash uchun joy egasidan murojaat qiling.
"O'rtadagi odam" ning har qanday hujumlari ham qarshi ishlashi mumkin simli ulanishlar. Agar siz mehmonxona tarmog'iga ulansangiz, kim uni boshqarsa, u sizni kuzatishi mumkin. Ba'zi issiq nuqtalarda bitta foydalanuvchi tomonidan shifrlanmagan holda yuborilgan hamma narsa bir xil mahalliy tarmoqdagi boshqa kompyuterlarga ko'rinishi mumkin (u erda buzuq rejim tarmoqdagi kabi, bu xavfli bo'lganidek).
Agar zararli aktyor tom ma'noda siz va siz erishmoqchi bo'lgan server o'rtasida bo'lsa, ular kontentni tsenzura qilish yoki o'zgartirish, kiruvchi reklamalarni yuborish yoki qonuniy ravishda yuklab olinadigan dasturlarni o'xshash ko'rinishga ega zararli dastur bilan almashtirish uchun shifrlanmagan (http :) veb-ulanishlarni boshqarishi mumkin. , josuslarga qarshi dastur yoki to'lov dasturlari.
Qarama-qarshi choralar shifrlangan trafikni ishlatish va boshqa so'nggi nuqtani kriptologik sertifikatlar bilan aniqlashdir. Bu VPN, https va ssh bilan amalga oshiriladi. Kimdir sizni boshqa joyga yo'naltirganda, dasturlar belgilangan so'nggi nuqtaga ulanishni majburlay olmaydi, ammo ular xavfsiz aloqani o'rnatolmayotganliklari to'g'risida sizni ogohlantirishi mumkin. Agar siz bunday ogohlantirishlarni olsangiz, kimdir ulanishni manipulyatsiya qilmoqda deb taxmin qiling va unga ishonishga yoki xavfsiz bo'lmagan alternativalardan foydalanishga murojaat qilmang (masalan, oddiy http). Shuningdek, siz nafaqat sertifikatlangan uy egasi, balki to'g'ri uy egasi bilan gaplashayotganingizga ishonch hosil qiling.
Ommaviy kompyuterlar
Asosan mavjud mashinani boshqaradigan tajovuzkorga qarshi himoya yo'q siz ishlayapsiz yoki ulanadigan narsangiz. Agar siz Internet-kafeda mashinadan foydalansangiz, u holda ushbu mashina yoki tarmoq sizni kuzatishi mumkin. Vijdonsiz Internet-kafe operatorlari mijozlar Internet-bank ishlarini olib borishda yoki o'zlarining mashinalaridan kredit kartalarini sotib olganda, hisobga olish ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlashlari ma'lum bo'lgan. Mahalliy kompyuterdagi asosiy loggerlar yoki boshqa zararli dasturlar sizning hisobga olish ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlashi mumkin va "fishing" firibgarlari sizni aldashga urinib, haqiqatan ham deyarli o'xshash bo'lgan soxta saytlarga ulanishi mumkin.
Jamoat joyidagi boshqa har qanday ochiq kompyuterda bo'lgani kabi, adashgan har bir kishi siz o'qigan yoki yozgan hamma narsani ko'rishi mumkin.
Brauzer tarixida, vaqtinchalik fayllarda yoki qattiq diskda qolgan barcha narsalarda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni qoldirish xavfi mavjud. Many public library computers are specially-configured with software that discards everything and reboots the entire machine at the end of each session, but the "stock" unmodified install of most consumer desktop operating systems does not include this safeguard. If the last user downloaded malware, you get malware.
The same considerations apply to rental devices or second-hand devices on which anything has been left behind by a previous owner.
Protecting the connection with https does no good at all if the attacker is on the machine.
Secure HTTP
Using encrypted connections (https instead of plain http for the web) will block most man-in-the-middle attacks from a firewall or access point. Most common browsers show a green padlock icon to indicate that https: is in use; some show "not secure" if it is missing. The original protocol that introduced the feature was SSL; newer versions use TLS. The current standard, as of mid-2016 is TLS 1.2; older versions of SSL or TLS should be disabled in the browser to protect against downgrade attacks.
Any legitimate, secure banking or e-commerce sites will use TLS for sensitive information, as will almost any web site where you need to login to access personal information. Web email providers normally use this encryption for the entire session, so that everything passing between the browser and server is encrypted; this blocks any snoop between the two, such as a subverted WiFi access point or China's Great Firewall.
You should quickly run away from any site that does not implement these basic precautions.
EFF (an electronic civil rights group) offers HTTPS Everywhere, an extension to Chrome, Opera or Firefox browsers which makes them try secure HTTP first on every site. Arguably, everyone should install this and users with browsers that do not support it should install another browser.
Even with https: there are vulnerabilities.
- The protocol relies on X.509 certificates to identify the server; a typical browser trusts over a hundred certificate authorities or CA's, some of which will happily sell certs to anyone with cash while others are controlled by untrustworthy governments. Bogus certificates can be used to bypass security; this was done by some governments during the Arab Spring troubles and is routinely used by companies to monitor employees.
- The protocol only verifies the integrity of the connection; it does not verify the integrity of the vendor, your local machine or anything else. It's trivial to register a name 'one character off' from a well-known site (so "wíkipedia.org" instead of "wikipedia.org") with a certificate for that name. Obtaining a secure https: connection to "relox-watches.com" does nothing to verify Relox's reliability as a vendor nor the accuracy of their timepieces.
Virtual private networks
An easy solution to using unencrypted/poorly encrypted sites is a Virtual Private Network (VPN). All data gets sent through a secure "tunnel" directly to the VPN provider; upon arrival at their servers, it's forwarded on to the rest of the Internet. This protects against Man In The Middle (MITM) attacks, where an attacker could "grab" unencrypted data packets.
VPNs may offer some defence if you're using your own machine and your VPN provider is reliable; it can also disguise your geographic location. VPN is highly recommended for use in public locations like airports, hotels, and libraries; it's indispensable to the business traveller accessing the home company's network while on the road.
Sadly, VPN access may not always be possible; firewalls and filters may be set up to block traffic destined for known VPN servers (source and destination information must remain unencrypted for routing purposes) in order to prevent traffic bypassing them, and some public Wi-Fi hotspots block everything except a plain web server connection. Some oppressive régimes (such as communist Xitoy) are attempting to keep VPNs out of the hands of Internet users to curb free speech.
Smartphones
Everything above about Wi-Fi connections applies to phones which use those. There are also a number of phone-specific attacks, discussed here.
- Cell phones are inherently usable as tracking devices. Some have GPS which gives precise positioning, and even without that an approximate position can be calculated from data about which cell towers they can see. Both snoopy governments and companies like Apple have been accused of misusing such data.
- Bogus mobile base stations for intercepting phone calls, often known as "Stingrays" (after one common manufacturer's brand), are widely deployed by American and likely other police forces. In a country like China, they may be unnecessary since the government can just access the real cell towers at will.
- In most cases, phone encryption cannot be trusted if you need real privacy. Some of the encryption methods used (especially in older standards like the original GSM) are deliberately weak and the encryption is generally not end-to-end; only part of the connection, such as handset to cell tower, is encoded.
- The use of mobile SMS text messaging as a recovery mechanism for lost passwords is not secure. On most online services, there's somewhere to claim "I lost my password" to regain access to an account; this may include a series of obvious questions like mother's maiden name (which many make public on social media), this may be an e-mail with a "change password" link (so a scammer who breaks into your webmail can use it to gain access to everything else), this may be an automated SMS message with a random numeric code. If someone steals your handset, even if it's locked, they can pull the SIM and place it into any unlocked handset to gain control of your mobile number; alternately, they impersonate you to your mobile carrier for long enough to have their employee move your number to another phone. Your handset goes dead (as if you'd cancelled your subscription) and they now have your number for use to impersonate you and request "lost password" access to all of your other accounts.
- A more primitive attack uses a USB charging point; if the phone is set to expose its memory over USB – as many phones are for convenient transfers to a computer – then the charging device can read all of your stored information and maliciously write to the device, deleting information, adding incriminating contacts and images or even installing spyware. "USB Condoms" are sold online; these small adapters simply terminate the data pins on the USB bus, allowing only power to flow. Another option is to bring or buy a simple charger for use on local power instead of plugging into unknown or dodgy computers to recharge devices.
Signalling System 7 (SS7), the underlying protocol behind the network, has known weaknesses; a snoop with access to other parts of the phone network certainly can wiretap you. Edward Snowden revealed widespread US surveillance that was horrifying enough, but more authoritarian governments are almost certainly much worse. There are companies like Silent Circle who offer credible secure phones using strong end-to-end encryption, but of course these are premium priced.
Voice communications
- Shuningdek qarang: telephone service
If you use the landline in your hotel room, odds are that the hotel has a list of every call you make – in or out. The connection is just as vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks or wiretaps as any other unencrypted communication.
However, the greater risk is that you will simply be overcharged; see #Amenity fees, above. The same issue exists with mobile telephones and inflated roaming fees. Off-brand payphones (COCOTs, client-owned coin-operated telephones) can also be problematic, depending on the provider. Some do offer a legit and valuable cost savings over their incumbent rivals, but others may severely overcharge you on card-paid calls.
If you are using prepaid cards or telephone company "calling cards", there is a risk that anyone who can obtain your card number can make their own calls on your dime. While some of these cards provide good value for money, many carry absurdly-high costs or hidden fees so check the fine print before you buy.