Misr - Egypt

Arab Respublikasi Misr (Arabcha: Mr, màSr) shimoliy-sharqda joylashgan Afrika. Misr, ehtimol, san'ati, ibodatxonalari, ierogliflari, mumiyalari va eng avvalo piramidalari bilan qadimgi Misr tsivilizatsiyasining uyi sifatida tanilgan. Misrning kopt xristianlari va musulmonlar merosi kamroq tanilgan bo'lib, qadimiy cherkovlar, monastirlar va masjidlar manzara bo'ylab joylashgan. Misr boshqa bir qator mamlakatlar singari sayyohlarning tasavvurlarini kuchaytiradi.

Mintaqalar

Shaharlar

• 30.05611131.2394441 Qohira - Misr poytaxti Giza piramidalari, Misr muzeyi va ajoyib islom me'morchiligi
• 31.229.9166672 Iskandariya - Misrning O'rta er dengizi derazasi, o'tmishni hanuzgacha sezib turadigan narsalar
• 24.08891932.8997313 Asvan - ajoyib joylarga to'la, Luxorga qaraganda ancha qulay variant
• 27.25777833.8116674 Xurgada - hamma narsani qamrab oladigan kurortlar va ko'plab sho'ng'in imkoniyatlari bilan to'ldirilgan Qizil dengiz bo'yidagi shahar
• 25.69694432.6422225 Luksor - ga kirish eshigi Shohlar vodiysiMisrning boshqa ajoyib va ​​diqqatga sazovor joylari qatorida
• 31.2532.2833336 Port-Said - uchinchi yirik metropolitenning markazi, Port-Said mayoqining uyi bo'lgan kosmopolit merosga ega.
• 27.97861134.3936117 Sharm al-Shayx - dunyodagi eng yaxshi suv osti sho'ng'inlari bilan Sinay yarim orolidagi juda mashhur kurort shahar
• 26.103934.28118 Quseir - Misrdagi eng yaxshi sho'ng'in joylari va dam olish joylari bo'lgan Qizil dengiz sohilidagi qadimgi Fort va Daun shahri bo'lgan tarixiy shahar.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• 22.33694431.6255561 Abu Simbel (Arab. أbw smbl) - qadimgi ibodatxonalari va o'ziga xos tarixiga ega bo'lgan juda janubdagi juda olis shahar.
• 28.49305634.5047222 Dahab (Arabcha: dhb) - Sinayda, Sharm-al-Shayxning sharqida, orqa o'rindiqlari, zo'r suv ostida sho'ng'in bilan
• 25.71861132.6586113 Karnak - kattaligiga e'tibor qaratib qurilgan tarqoq ibodatxonalar, o'rtasidan qo'chqor boshli sfenkslar xiyoboni o'tadi.
• 29.84472231.2508334 Memfis (Arabcha: manْf, Manf) va 29.87111131.2163895 Saqqara (Arabcha: sqاrة) - ikkalasi ham qadimiy Misr qoldiqlari va xarobalari bilan to'ldirilgan bo'lib, ular ko'pincha Qohiradan bir kunlik sayohat sifatida birlashtiriladi.
• 29.18333325.556 Siva (Arabcha: wاحة sywة, Vohat Suvah) - Liviya chegarasi yaqinidagi ajoyib uzoq voha
• 28.56437733.952437 Sankt-Ketrin (Arab. Sاnt katrin) - doimiy ravishda yashaydigan eng qadimgi monastir - Sinay tog'i va Ketrin tog'i (Misrdagi eng baland tog ') va chinakam badaviy madaniyati.
• 29.534.8833338 Taba balandliklari (Arabcha: ططbا, Ṭāba) - manzarali kurort Isroil, Iordaniya va Saudiya Arabistoni
• 25.74083332.6022229 Shohlar vodiysi (Arabcha: wاdy الlmlwk, Vodiy al-Mulk)

Tushuning

Misr ham qamrab oladi Osiyo ushlab turishi tufayli Sinay yarim oroli. Misr bilan chegaradosh Isroil va G'azo sektori shimoliy-sharqda, tomonidan Sudan janubga va tomonidan Liviya g'arbda. Mamlakat O'rta er dengizi va Qizil dengiz bilan chegaralangan (navbati bilan shimol va sharqda) va geografik jihatdan ikkala Nil Daryo va uning serhosil sug'oriladigan vodiysi hamda Sharqiy va G'arbiy cho'llarda.

Misr birinchi navbatda sayyohlik maskani va piramidalar sifatida tanilgan bo'lsa-da, arab tilida so'zlashadigan dunyodagi eng ko'p aholisi va Afrikada iqtisodiyoti Janubiy Afrikadan keyin ikkinchi o'rin bilan ajralib turadi.

Tarix

Asosiy maqola: Qadimgi Misr

Shuningdek qarang: Qadimgi Yunoniston, Rim imperiyasi, Usmonli imperiyasi

Har yilgi Nil daryosining muntazamligi va boyligi, sharq va g'arbda cho'llar tomonidan ta'minlangan yarim izolyatsiya bilan birgalikda dunyodagi buyuk tsivilizatsiyalardan birini rivojlantirishga imkon berdi. Miloddan avvalgi 3200 yil atrofida birlashgan podsholik vujudga keldi va keyingi uch ming yillikda Misrda bir qator sulolalar hukmronlik qildi. Oxirgi mahalliy sulola Forslar miloddan avvalgi 341 yilda ularning o'rnini greklar, rimliklar va vizantiyaliklar egallashgan. Tanishtirgan arablar edi Islom va VII asrda arab tili va keyingi olti asr davomida kim hukmronlik qilganligi. Mahalliy harbiy kasta - Mamluklar, taxminan 1250 yilni o'z qo'liga oldi va 1517 yilda Usmonli turklari tomonidan Misrni bosib olganidan keyin boshqaruvni davom ettirdi. Suvaysh kanali 1869 yilda Misr muhim dunyo transport markaziga aylandi, ammo shu bilan birga katta qarzga botdi. Aftidan o'z sarmoyalarini himoya qilish uchun Angliya 1882 yilda Misr hukumati ustidan nazoratni qo'lga oldi, ammo Usmonli imperiyasiga nominal sodiqlik 1914 yilgacha davom etdi. Misr 1922 yilda Buyuk Britaniyadan qisman mustaqillikka erishdi. Asvan 1971 yildagi baland to'g'on va undan kelib chiqqan Nasser ko'li Misrning qishloq xo'jaligi va ekologiyasida Nil daryosining qadimdan obro'sini o'zgartirdi. Aholining tez o'sib borayotgani (arab dunyosidagi eng katta odam), cheklangan ekin maydonlari va Nilga qaramlik resurslarni ortiqcha soliqqa tortishda davom etmoqda va jamiyatni stressga yo'liqtirmoqda. Hukumat iqtisodiy islohotlar va aloqa va jismoniy infratuzilmalarga katta sarmoyalar kiritish orqali iqtisodiyotni XXI asrga tayyorlash uchun kurash olib bordi.

Iqlim

Misrning iqlimi odatda cho'l deb tasniflanadi. Bu buyuklarning kengaytmasi Sahara Shimoliy Afrikani birlashtirgan va Nil daryosi bo'yidagi sug'orilgan erning ingichka tasmasi bundan mustasno, u erda juda oz narsa omon qololmaydi. Qadimgi yunon tarixchisi Gerodot ta'kidlaganidek: "Misr Nilning sovg'asi".

E'tibor bering, martdan maygacha qumli bo'ronlar, ayniqsa kunduzi sodir bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu bo'ronlar nafaqat havoni qumli va juda quruq qiladi, balki haroratni vaqtincha oshiradi. Yilning boshqa paytlarida qum bo'ronlari hali ham davom etishi mumkin, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda va qishda ular odatda haroratni ko'tarmaydi.

Odatda, yoz issiq, yomg'irsiz va juda quyoshli, ammo havo sohillarda nam va janubda juda quruq bo'lishi mumkin, qirg'oqlardan va Nil deltasidan uzoqda. Qish o'rtacha. Noyabrdan martgacha, albatta, Misrda sayohat qilish uchun eng qulay oylar. Faqat shimoliy qirg'oq (dengizdan janubga 50 km gacha cho'zilgan) qishda ozgina yomg'ir yog'adi; Misrning qolgan qismida ahamiyatsiz yoki yomg'ir yog'maydi.

Ko'pincha bir necha soat davom etadigan kuchli yomg'irli yomg'ir bilan birga momaqaldiroq, Iskandariya, Marsa Matrux va boshqa shimoliy qirg'oqbo'yi mintaqalarida, hatto Delta shahrida ham kamdan-kam uchraydi. Ba'zi yillarda yomg'ir engilroq bo'lishga moyil bo'lsa-da, yomg'ir bo'ronlari bir kun yoki shunga yaqin davom etishi mumkin. Do'l ham kamdan-kam uchraydi, ayniqsa cho'lda, odatda ob-havo sovuqroq bo'ladi va yomg'irsiz kunlarda yumshoq do'l tushishi va hatto sovuq paydo bo'lishiga imkon beradi.

In Sinay tog'lari Shuningdek, Qizil dengiz qirg'og'i bo'ylab mamlakatning sharqiy qismida cho'zilgan Qizil dengiz tog'lari, odatda atrofdagi cho'lga qaraganda ko'proq yomg'ir yog'adi, chunki iliq havo bug'langanda va ko'tarilayotganda yomg'ir bulutlari rivojlanish tendentsiyasiga ega. yuqori relyef. Ushbu hududlarda toshqinlar odatdagi ob-havo hodisasidir, chunki juda qisqa vaqt ichida (ko'pincha bir yoki ikki kun) yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin, momaqaldiroq va chaqmoq ham bo'ladi. Cho'l va mo'l-ko'l o'simlik yo'qligi sababli, yomg'irdan tushgan suv tezda tepaliklar va tog'larga tushib, mahalliy hududlarni suv bosadi. Har yili mahalliy gazetalarda Sinay hududlarida, shuningdek Assiutdagi Yuqori Misrda (Misrning janubiy qismida) toshqinlar haqida hikoyalar mavjud, Luksor, Asvanva Sohag. Ushbu toshqinlar, odatda, yiliga faqat ikki yoki uch marta sodir bo'ladi va ba'zi yillarda umuman bo'lmaydi. Ammo ular sodir bo'lganda, ko'pincha mavsumning dastlabki paytlarida, masalan sentyabr yoki oktyabrda yoki qishning oxirida, fevralda bo'ladi. Ushbu xavf tufayli, cho'lga chiqishda yoki ba'zi joylarda lager qurishda ehtiyot bo'lish kerak, chunki suv to'satdan yaqin atrofdagi tog'lar va tepaliklardan oqib tushishi mumkin. Ba'zan uyni loydan, g'ishtdan va boshqa zaif materiallardan quradigan qishloq aholisining uylarini buzishi ma'lum bo'lgan juda kuchli oqimga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Kambag'al odamlar toshqinda g'arq bo'lishlari mumkin, bu juda ko'p yog'ingarchilik ko'rmaydigan cho'l mamlakati uchun g'alati.

Bundan tashqari, Sinay tog'lari tepasida, masalan, balandliklarda, harorat atrofdagi hududlarga qaraganda ancha pasayishi mumkin, bu esa qish oylarida qor yog'ishiga imkon beradi, chunki harorat muzlashdan pastga tushishi mumkin, shuningdek past darajalarda ham sovuq paydo bo'lishi mumkin. harorati odatda shaharlarga qaraganda bir necha daraja sovuq bo'lgan yotgan cho'l zonalari.

Dekabr, yanvar va fevral oylari yilning eng sovuq oylari. Biroq, Nil vodiysidagi janubiy joylarning qish kunlari iliqroq, ammo kechalari shimoliy joylar kabi salqin.

Misrdagi aksariyat uylar va xonadonlar sovuq iqlimli mamlakatlar singari markaziy isitish tizimiga ega emasligini mehmonlar bilishlari kerak, chunki Misrda ob-havoni tashvishga soladigan asosiy narsa bu issiq. Shuning uchun, garchi g'arbiy odam uchun ob-havo shunchalik sovuq bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lsa-da, kvartira ichida u kun sovuqroq bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bino ichidagi harorat ochiq havoga qaraganda ancha barqaror. Qohirada, konditsioner bo'lmagan yopiq binolarda, qishning eng sovuq kunlarida harorat 15 ° C (59 ° F), yozning eng issiq kunlarida esa 34 ° C (93 ° F).

Bayramlar

Misrning quyidagi milliy bayramlariga (fuqarolik va diniy) yaqin bo'lgan banklar, do'konlar va korxonalar va jamoat transportida faqat cheklangan xizmatlar ko'rsatilishi mumkin:

• 7 yanvar (Sharqiy pravoslav Rojdestvo bayrami)
• 25 yanvar (Misr inqilobi kuni)
• 25 aprel (Sinay ozodligi kuni)
• 1 may (Mehnat kuni)
• 23 iyul (Iyul inqilobi kuni)
• 6 oktyabr (Qurolli Kuchlar kuni)
• 1-Shavvol, 10-hijriy oy (Fitr hayiti, "Nonushta ziyofati")
• 10-zil al-hijja, 12-hijriy oy (Qurbon hayiti, "Qurbon bayrami")
• Ramazon oyining 29 yoki 30 kunlari davomida qisqa kunlarda ishlash

Islomiy bayramlar oy taqvimiga asoslanganligi sababli, ularning aniq sanalari yillar orasida o'zgarib turadi

Ramazon

Ramazon Ramazon Islom taqvimidagi 9-va eng muqaddas oy bo'lib, 29-30 kun davom etadi. Musulmonlar har kuni uning davomiyligi uchun ro'za tutadilar va aksariyat restoranlar, shom tushguniga qadar ro'za tutishmaydi. Tongdan quyosh botguncha lablar orqali hech narsa (shu jumladan suv va sigaretalar) o'tmasligi kerak. Musulmon bo'lmaganlar bundan ozod qilinadi, ammo baribir jamoat joylarida ovqatlanish yoki ichishdan saqlanishlari kerak, chunki bu juda odobsiz hisoblanadi. Korxona dunyosida ham ish vaqti qisqartirildi. Ramazonning aniq sanalari mahalliy astronomik kuzatuvlarga bog'liq va har bir mamlakatda bir-biridan farq qilishi mumkin. Ramazon bayrami bilan yakunlanadi Ramazon hayiti, bir necha kun davom etishi mumkin, aksariyat mamlakatlarda odatda uchta. 13 aprel - 2021 yil 12 may (1442 hijriy) 2 aprel - 2022 yil 1 may (1443 hijriy) 23 mart - 2023 yil 2023 (1444 hijriy) 11 mart - 2024 yil 9 aprel (1445 hijriy) 1 mart - 2025 yil 29 mart (1446 hijriy) Agar siz Ramazon oyida Misrga sayohat qilishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, o'qishni o'ylab ko'ring Ramazon oyida sayohat qilish.

Ramazon - bu Islom taqvimining to'qqizinchi oyi va Misrda aksariyat din bo'lgan musulmonlar uchun Islom taqvimidagi eng muhim oy. Xudo Qur'onni Muhammadga nozil qilgan vaqtni yodga olib, ushbu muqaddas oyda musulmonlar har kuni quyosh botguncha ovqat eyishdan, ichishdan yoki chekishdan saqlanishadi. Ramazonga qat'iy rioya qilish faqat musulmonlar uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi musulmonlar g'ayridinlar jamoat joylarida ovqat yoki chekish qilmasligini qadrlashadi. Ramazon oyida ko'plab restoran va kafelar quyosh botguncha ishlamaydi. Jamoat transporti tez-tez uchramaydi, do'konlar quyosh botguncha oldinroq yopiladi va hayot tezligi (ayniqsa biznes) odatda sust.

Kutilganidek, aynan quyosh botishida butun mamlakat tinchib, kunning asosiy taomlari (iftorlik, "ochlik") bilan band bo'lib, deyarli har doim do'stlarning katta guruhlarida ijtimoiy tadbirlar sifatida amalga oshiriladi. Ko'plab boy odamlar Qohira ko'chalarida o'tib ketayotganlar, kambag'allar yoki o'sha paytda o'z smenalaridan chiqa olmagan ishchilar uchun bepul ovqatlanadigan bepul dasturlarni taqdim etadilar (Mehribon Xudoning jadvallari mwئd الlrحmn). Namozlar ommabop "ijtimoiy" voqealarga aylanib ketishadi, bular ba'zilari oldin va keyin maxsus taomlar bilan boyitishni yoqtirishadi. Bir-ikki soat o'tgach, shaharlarning hayoti uchun ajablantiradigan buloq paydo bo'ladi. Ba'zan butun oy davomida bezatilgan ko'chalarda ertalabdan tonggacha tinimsiz tinimsiz ishlar bo'ladi. Ba'zi do'konlar va kafelar yilning shu davrida yillik daromadlarining eng katta qismini ishlab chiqaradilar. Ushbu davr uchun televidenie va radiolarda reklama xarajatlari ko'tariladi va ko'ngilochar tomoshalar eng yuqori pallada.

Relyef

Misr Sinay yarimoroli bilan birga Nil vodiysi va deltasi tomonidan kesilgan ulkan cho'l platosidan iborat. Nil daryosi vodiysining ayrim qismlari tik qoyali qoyalar bilan chegaralangan, boshqa sohalarda esa qirg'oqlari nisbatan tekis bo'lib, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarishga imkon beradi.

Imlo

Arabcha so'zlarni g'arbiy yozuvga o'tkazishning standart usuli yo'q. Ushbu sahifalarda asosiy ta'sir joy nomlariga va bu kichik so'zga ta'sir qiladi el "the" uchun - keng tarqalgan prefiks - bu yaxshi misoldir. Arabcha qisqa unlilarni aniq yozmaydi el "al" yoki "il" (ba'zan hatto "ul") ham bo'lishi mumkin. U katta va kichik harflarni ajratmaydi va so'zlar defis bilan emas, balki birgalikda ishlaydi, shuning uchun el "El", "El-" yoki "el-" bo'lishi mumkin. Qisqa unlilarga ruxsat bering, shunda siz joyni yozishning o'n ikkita usuli bor. Va keyin "Sh" kabi "quyosh harflari" mavjud, ular so'zlashganda "el" ni o'zlashtiradi, ammo arab imlosi o'zgarmaydi. Shunday qilib "Sharm ash-Shayx" "Sharm esh-Shayx" deb talaffuz qilinadi; g'arbiy yozuv "el" ni ushbu misolda saqlaydi, ammo boshqa shaharlarda talaffuzga rioya qilish mumkin. Arabcha shaffof to'xtash joyi apostrof sifatida yozilishi yoki olib tashlanishi mumkin. "Q" "Qu" yoki "K" yoki "Kh" ga ko'chirilishi mumkin yoki umuman bo'lmasligi mumkin, chunki misrlik "kof" ko'pincha jim turadi. Ammo bundan keyin bu murakkablashadi. . .

Bu erdagi shaxsiy sahifalar aniq bir imloga muvofiqlik uchun joylashishga intiladi, ammo boshqa sahifalarda va xaritalar kabi boshqa manbalarda muqarrar xilma-xillik mavjud.

Chiqinglar

Misr - Isroil fuqarolariga o'z mamlakatlarida toqat qiladigan uchta Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlaridan biri. Shunday qilib, Misrga kirish Isroil pasport egalari uchun muammo bo'lmaydi. Ammo, agar bu masala sizni tashvishga solayotgan bo'lsa, o'qing Viza muammosi.

Viza

Iqtisodiyoti turistik pullarga bog'liq bo'lgan asosiy sayyohlik yo'nalishi sifatida Misrga kirish va / yoki uni olish nisbatan oson vizalar agar kerak bo'lsa. Misr vizasining uch turi mavjud:

• Sayyohlik vizasi - odatda 3 oy yoki undan kam muddat amal qiladi va bitta yoki ko'p martalik kirish asosida beriladi
• Kirish vizasi - Misrga turizmdan tashqari boshqa maqsadlarda kelgan har qanday chet ellik uchun talab qilinadi, masalan. ishlash, o'qish. Misrda yashash tartibini to'ldirish uchun amaldagi kirish vizasiga ega bo'lish zarur.
• Tranzit viza - kamdan-kam hollarda va faqat ba'zi millatlarga kerak

Kirish vizalarini Misrning chet eldagi diplomatik va konsullik vakolatxonalarida yoki Sayohat hujjatlari, immigratsiya va fuqarolikni boshqarish idorasida (TDINA) kirish vizalari bo'limida olish mumkin. Misrlik bo'lmaganlar amaldagi pasportga ega bo'lishlari shart.

Kelish paytida viza ko'plab g'arbiy mamlakatlar uchun mavjud; pastga qarang. Biroq, quyidagi davlatlarning fuqarolari vizaga kelishidan oldin Misr konsulligi yoki Misr tashqarisidagi elchixonasi orqali murojaat qilishlari shart:

• Afg'oniston, Jazoir, Angola, Armaniston, Ozarbayjon, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belorussiya, Beliz, Bosniya va Gertsegovina, Botsvana, Burkina-Faso, Burundi, Kamerun, Kabo-Verde, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, Chad, Xitoy, Komor, R Kongo, Kongo DR, Kot-d'Ivuar, Jibuti, Salvador, Ekvatorial Gvineya, Eritreya, Esvatini, Efiopiya, Gabon, Gambiya, Gana, Gvatemala, Gvineya-Bisau, Gonduras, Hindiston, Indoneziya, Eron, Iroq, Isroil, Keniya, KXDR Koreyasi, R Kosovo , Qirg'iziston, Livan, Lesoto, Liberiya, Madagaskar, Malavi, Malayziya, Mali, Mavritaniya, Mauritius, Moldova, Mo'g'uliston, Chernogoriya, Marokash, Mozambik, Myanma, Namibiya, Nikaragua, Niger, Nigeriya, Pokiston, Falastin, Filippin, Syerra-Leone, Somali, Janubiy Afrika, Shri-Lanka, Sent-Vinsent va Grenadinlar, Sudan, Suriya, Tojikiston, Tanzaniya, Tailand, Togo, Tunis, Turkiya (20 yoshdan va 45 yoshdan katta yoshdagilar bundan mustasno), Turkmaniston, Uganda, O'zbekiston, Vetnam, Zambiya va Zimbabve.

Misrga quruqlik chegarasidan o'tayotgan mehmonlar Taba yoki da Sharm al-Shayx aeroport vizadan ozod qilinib, Sinay yarim orolining Aqaba qirg'og'iga, shu jumladan Sharm al-Shayx, Dahab va Avliyo Ketrin monastiriga tashrif buyurish uchun o'n to'rt kunlik kirish vizasi berilishi mumkin. Sinay yarim orolidan chiqib ketishni va Qohira va Misrning boshqa shaharlarida bo'lishni istagan mehmonlar to'liq Misr vizalarini olishlari shart, ammo qat'iyan aytganda, agar siz mamlakatdan chiqib ketishga urinmasangiz, buni hech kim tekshirib ko'rmaydi. Ular Taba chegara punktida berilmaydi va ularni yashash joyida, Misrning Eylatdagi konsulligida yoki aeroportda kelganda oldindan sotib olish kerak. Tashkil etilgan ekskursiyalarga tashrif buyuruvchilar tez-tez o'z vizalarini chegarada rasmiylashtirishi mumkin, ammo bu imkoniyat mavjudligini o'zlarining sayohat agentlari yoki turoperatorlari bilan oldindan tekshirishlari kerak. Yashash uchun ruxsatnomaga ega bo'lganlar, agar ular mamlakatdan chiqib ketish va yashash huquqining amal qilish muddati davomida yoki olti oy ichida qaytsa, qaysi muddat kam bo'lsa, kirish vizasini olishlari shart emas.

Sharm ash-Shayx hududidan chiqib ketish uchun Sharm al-Shayxga tashrif buyuradigan sayyohlar mahalliy hududlardan tashqarida (ya'ni Rasmuhammed) tashqarisida akvalang sho'ng'in qilishni rejalashtirmoqdalar. Qayiqdagi rasmiylar sho'ng'in qayiqlarini suvda tekshirishlari mumkin, shuning uchun sizga vizani oldindan olish tavsiya etiladi: agar siz tegishli vizasiz ushlangan bo'lsangiz, sizga va qayiq kapitaniga jarima solinishi mumkin. Ko'plab obro'li sho'ng'in markazlari sayohatga chiqishdan oldin vizangizni ko'rishni so'rashadi.

Misr bilan tinchlik munosabatlari mavjud Isroil, lekin do'stlik darajasi har xil va shu bilan ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqalar. Qohira va Tel-Aviv o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri havo qatnovini EgyptAir "Air Sinai" niqobi ostida amalga oshiradi. Quyida aytib o'tilganidek avtobus xizmati davom etayotganga o'xshaydi. Har holda, vaziyatni o'zingiz rejalashtirganingizdek tekshiring va yana so'nggi daqiqada.

Kelish paytida viza

Bahrayn, Gvineya, Janubiy Koreya, Liviya, Ummon, Saudiya Arabistoni, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari va Yaman fuqarolari borishda 3 oylik vizani olishadi. Quvayt fuqarolari kelgandan keyin 6 oylik yashash uchun ruxsat olishlari mumkin. Xitoy va Malayziya fuqarolari kelganda 15 kunlik vizani olishadi. Xitoy fuqarolari (faqat Gonkong va Makao SAR) vizasiz 30 kunlik tashrif buyurishlari mumkin.

Shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniya, Evropa Ittifoqi, Avstraliya, Kanada, Xorvatiya, Gruziya, Yaponiya, Yangi Zelandiya, Norvegiya, Makedoniya, Koreya Respublikasi, Rossiya Federatsiyasi, Serbiya, Ukraina va AQSh fuqarolari kelish paytida viza kirishning asosiy nuqtalarida.

Kelish vizasi 25 AQSh dollari hamma uchun. Sizga AQSh dollari kerak bo'lmaydi, aksariyat asosiy valyutalar, kichik notalargacha (1 dollar, 5 evro, 5 funt), viza yig'ish bo'yicha xodim tomonidan adolatli kursdan yuqori darajada qabul qilinadi va almashtiriladi. Shuningdek, ofitser sizning pasportingizga viza uchun to'lov stikerini kiritadi, u bilan pasport nazoratidan o'tishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Stiker juda bo'shashgan: agar siz u noto'g'ri joyda yoki juda ko'p joy egallab turganingizni sezsangiz, uni qulayroq joyga ko'chirishingiz yoki o'zingiz xohlagan markani yashirishingiz mumkin. ma'lum sabablarga ko'ra yashirish.

Samolyotda

Misrda bir nechta xalqaro aeroportlar mavjud:

• 30.12194431.4055561 Qohira xalqaro aeroporti (CAI ^IATA). Ushbu aeroport asosiy kirish joyi va markaz milliy aviakompaniya, Ekiptair.  
• 30.91777829.6963892 Borg el Arab xalqaro aeroporti (HBE ^IATA). Endi Iskandariyaga uchadigan barcha reyslar ushbu aeroportdan foydalanmoqda.  

• 27.17805633.7991673 Xurgada xalqaro aeroporti (HRG ^IATA). Bugungi kunda Misrga keladigan va ko'pincha Qizil dengiz bo'yida turadigan byudjetli sayyohlar uchun katta aeroport. Hurghada shahriga ko'plab aviakompaniyalarni ta'til uchun to'lovni to'lamasdan bron qilish mumkin.  
• 27.97722234.3947224 Sharm al-Shayx xalqaro aeroporti (SSH ^IATA). Hurgada kabi, tez-tez tashrif buyuradigan va Misrga kirish uchun eng arzon variantlardan biri.  
• 25.67083332.7063895 Luksor xalqaro aeroporti (LXR ^IATA). Ushbu aeroportga endi charter reyslaridan tashqari, asosan Evropadan keladigan xalqaro muntazam parvozlar soni ko'paymoqda.  
• 23.96416732.8197226 Aswan xalqaro aeroporti (ASW ^IATA).  
• 25.55694434.5836117 Marsa Olam xalqaro aeroporti (RMF ^IATA).  

Qayiqda

Shuningdek qarang: Qizil dengizdagi paromlar

Feribotlar muntazam ravishda qatnaydi Aqaba bo'ylab Nuveiba ustida Sinay yarim orol, chetlab o'tish Isroil va ba'zan murakkab chegaralar. Odatda Iordaniyaga Aqaba orqali kirish uchun viza olinmaydi, chunki u erkin savdo zonasining bir qismidir. Nuveiba yo'nalishi tomonidan boshqariladi AB dengiz. Shuningdek, sayohat qilish mumkin Saudiya Arabistoni Qizil dengizning bir nechta portlariga.

Haftalik parom ham o'rtasida harakat qiladi Vodiy Halfa, Sudan va Asvan, dan poezd bilan bog'lanish Xartum.

Evropa va Misr o'rtasida rejalangan yo'lovchi paromlari yo'q. Misrga etib borishning klassik usulini qayta tiklash niyatida bo'lganlar uchun, yuk tashish variant bo'lib qolmoqda.

Avtobusda

Misrga avtobusda sayohat qilish qo'shni davlatlardan qisqa muddatli reyslarga qaraganda arzonroq variant. Iordaniya va Qohira o'rtasida sayohat 45 AQSh dollarini (35 evro) tashkil qilishi mumkin. Salbiy tomoni shundaki, bu juda ko'p vaqtni talab qiladi va hatto avtobuslar bugungi kunda yumshoq o'rindiqlar va havo o'tkazgichlariga ega bo'lsa ham, siz 40 soatgacha o'tirganingiz uchun juda noqulay. Shuningdek, Misrga avtobusda kiradigan chet elliklar LE63 soliq to'lashi kerak (Misr funtlari).

Isroil avtobusda sayohat qilish uchun eng mashhur mamlakatdir va sayohatchilar Misrga avtobusda osongina kirishlari mumkin Quddus va Tel-Aviv. Biroq transchegaraviy xizmatlar mavjud emas. Eng keng tarqalgan yo'nalish - avtobusga borish Eilat bu erda siz Taba chegarasidan o'tib, Qohiraga yoki Sinayga avtobusda borishingiz mumkin. Odatda, Tabadan har kuni faqat ikki yoki uchta avtobus turli yo'nalishlarga jo'nab ketadi; bir kuni ertalab va bir kuni tushdan keyin xizmat qilish, vaqti-vaqti bilan kechqurun jo'nab ketish. Elatga kelishni shunga yarasha rejalashtiring va kech qolsangiz, Eylatda ham, Tabada ham tunashga tayyor bo'ling. Odatdagidek avtobusda Isroilga o'tish pasportingizga muhr bosilishi va ko'plab arab mamlakatlariga kirishingizni rad etish demakdir (o'qing) Viza muammosi).

Qohiraga boshqa yo'nalishlar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi; to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xizmatlar Amman Iordaniya davlat avtobus kompaniyasi tomonidan haftasiga ikki marta, JETT. Tomonidan kunlik xizmatlar mavjud SAPTCO dan Dammam, Jidda va Ar-Riyod yilda Saudiya Arabistoni. Dan avtobuslar ham bor Bengazi, garchi ular u erda suyuqlik xavfsizligi holati tufayli to'xtatib qo'yilishi mumkin. Ushbu yo'nalishlar uchun sayohat vaqti 25 dan 40 soatgacha.

Atrofga boring

Samolyotda

Misrdagi shaharlar orasidagi quruqlikdagi sayohatlar ko'pincha uzoq, issiq, tepalik, chang va umuman xavfsiz emas. Yaxshi ichki havo tarmog'i mavjud va avans narxlari qimmat emas, shuning uchun ichki parvoz ko'pincha yaxshi imkoniyatdir. Qohira - Iskandariya va Luksor - Asvanning istisnolari aniq, ikkalasi ham atigi 220 km masofada joylashgan, shuning uchun er usti transporti tezroq bo'ladi va siz ular orasida faqat boshqa ichki yoki xalqaro reysga ulanish uchun uchasiz.

Qohira boshqa har qanday yirik shaharga, shu jumladan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarga ega Luksor, Asvan, Abu Simbel, Xurgada, Sharm ash-Shayx, Iskandariya, Marsa Matruh, Marsa Olam va Xarga vohasi. Ular kamida har kuni ishlaydi va asosiy shaharlarda kuniga bir nechta reyslar mavjud. Shuningdek, har kuni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Iskandariya, Asvan, Luksor, Xurgada va Sharm ash-Shayx o'rtasida reyslar mavjud.

Aksariyat reyslar milliy aviakompaniya tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, EgyptAir. Bu qarashga boradigan birinchi joy. Ba'zi bir Internet-bron saytlari (masalan, Expedia) o'z reyslarini taklif qilmaydi - bu sizga Istanbul orqali uchib ketishingiz kerak yoki shunga o'xshash bema'nilik kabi ko'rinadi. Agar siz Internetga ulanmasangiz, Egyptair telefon savdosi bilan shug'ullanmaydi, ammo u erda shaharning ko'plab bron ofislari mavjud - sizning mehmonxonangiz buni ko'rsatishi mumkin.

Kabi raqib aviakompaniyalar mavjud Nil havosi va Al Masria. Nile Air aviakompaniyasining Qohira va Iskandariyadan reyslari bor. Al Masria Qohiraga Xurgada va Sharm-El-Shayxdan uchib keladi. Chet el aviakompaniyalari (masalan, TUI) ba'zida ichki yo'nalish bo'ylab uchib ketishadi, ammo bu o'z mijozlarini ko'p markazli ta'til kunlari atrofida ko'chirish uchun va ular ichki-reyslar sifatida band qilish imkoniga ega emaslar.

Poyezdda

Misrning magistral temir yo'li Nil bo'ylab harakatlanadi: Asvan shimolidan Luksor orqali Qohira va Iskandariyaga. Filial tarmoqlari Nil deltasi bo'ylab sharqdan Sveytsgacha va Port-Saidgacha, g'arbiy sohil bo'ylab El-Alamein orqali Mersa Matruhgacha etib boradi. Poezd - Qohira va Iskandariya va Luksor va Asvan o'rtasida sayohat qilishning eng yaxshi usuli, tez-tez kunduzgi xizmatlar 2-3 soat davom etadi. Poyezdlar Qohira va Luksor va Asvan o'rtasida ham kunduzi, ham bir kechada harakatlanadi. Qizil dengiz kurortlariga yoki Siwa vohasiga poezdlar yo'q.

Deyarli barcha poezdlar davlat shirkati tomonidan boshqariladi Misr milliy temir yo'llari (ENR) (bundan mustasno, Vataniya tomonidan boshqariladigan Qohira-Luksor-Asvan shpali, quyida tavsiflangan). Tezyurar poezdlar AC1 va AC2 (1 va 2-sinf) deb nomlangan konditsioner sinflariga ega. Ular toza va qulay. Uchun oddiy poezdlar AC1 va AC2 sinflari ham mavjud, ba'zida AC1da A / C bo'ladi, lekin hech qachon AC2da bo'lmaydi. G'arb standartlari bo'yicha tariflar juda arzon, hatto eng qimmat Qohira-Iskandariya chiptasi ham atigi LE51 (2018 yil oktyabr) atrofida. Bu sekinroq poezdlar uchun bu yarmi, va mos ravishda AC2 uchun yana yarmi. O'z vaqtida ishlashni "Misr uchun yomon emas" deb ta'riflash mumkin edi: poezdlar odatda birinchi stantsiyadan o'z vaqtida chiqib ketishadi, ammo yo'lda kechikishlar bo'ladi. Bir soatgacha kechikish, ayniqsa Qohira va Luksor o'rtasida odatiy hol emas. Shunday qilib, agar sizning poezdingiz boshqa joydan kelayotgan bo'lsa, uning o'z vaqtida bo'lishini kutmang.

Qo'shimcha, mahalliy 3-sinf poezdlari atrofdagi diqqatga sazovor joylarni o'rganishning ajoyib usuli. Agar siz mahalliy aholi bilan bog'lanmoqchi bo'lsangiz va qattiq byudjetga ega bo'lsangiz, ular uzoqroq masofalarda ishlatilishi mumkin. 3-sinf tovushlari aslidan yomonroq - stullar yog'och, ammo ichki qismi ba'zan yaxshi bo'yalgan. Ular axloqsizlik bilan arzon, 50 km masofada LE1.50-4, lekin sizda kichik notalar yoki tangalar mavjudligiga ishonch hosil qiling - hatto LE5 yozuvlari ham muammo bo'lishi mumkin. Mahalliy poezdlar harakati jadvali onlayn rejimida mavjud emas, shuning uchun siz stantsiyada so'rov qilishingiz kerak. Qat'iy bo'ling, ular sizga ENR veb-saytidan allaqachon tanish bo'lgan muntazam poezdlar jadvalini aytib berishlari mumkin, chunki siz AC2 dan yoki hatto AC1 dan tashqarida hech narsa ishlatishni xohlamaysiz. Shuningdek, ma'lumotni tasdiqlash ba'zan juda qiyin bo'lishi mumkin; qaysi vaqt, qaysi platforma, qaysi to'xtaydi. Eng yaxshisi, bir nechta odamdan / ofitserlardan so'rab, ularning gaplarini bilib oling. Yoki stantsiya jo'nab ketadigan samolyotni bir kun yoki shunga yaqin sayohat qilishdan bir kun oldin ko'rib chiqing, ehtimol poezdlar har kuni bir vaqtda harakat qilishadi. Ba'zi mahalliy poezdlar to'la bo'lishi mumkin, lekin asosan faqat uzoqqa sayohat qilganlar.

Chet elliklar tomonidan sayohat xavfsizlik cheklovlariga duch kelishi mumkin, ammo (2018 yil boshida) haqiqiy cheklovlar bo'lmagan. Agar sizga poezd ishlamayapti, deb aytishsa, bu kutish bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin, masalan. shaxsiy stantsiya bo'yicha yoki uni onlayn ravishda bron qilib bo'lmaydi, masalan. sayohat xodimi tomonidan.

Chiptalar

Tezyurar poezdlarga chiptalarni sotib olishning eng yaxshi usuli - onlayn, oldindan, dan ENR. Bu qo'shimcha to'lovlarni talab qilmaydi, sizning o'rningizni kafolatlaydi va stantsiyalarda yoki bron ofislarida ko'p qiyinchiliklarni tejaydi. Sayt tarkibi ingliz va arab tillarida. Avval saytga ro'yxatdan o'ting, so'ngra sotib olish juda oson, ammo tushunarli. Chiptalar jo'nab ketishdan 2 hafta oldin sotuvga chiqariladi - odatda ular jo'nab ketish kunida mavjud, ammo poezdlar band bo'lgan paytda bron qilishlari mumkin. Sayt faqat ekspreslarni, ya'ni 1 va 2 sinflarni va faqat asosiy shaharlar uchun kitoblarni joylashtiradi. Guruhingizdagi barcha sayohatchilar uchun pasport ma'lumotlarini yozishingiz kerak. ENR sayti eng yirik kredit va debet kartalaridan to'lovlarni qabul qiladi. Agar siz chiptangizni zudlik bilan bosib chiqara olmasangiz, tasdiqlash raqamini yozib qo'yganingizga ishonch hosil qiling, shunda keyinroq olishingiz mumkin - ENR sizga elektron pochta orqali xabar yubormaydi. (Landshaft bosib chiqarish eng yaxshisi, chunki portret tasdiqlash raqamini kesib qo'yishi mumkin.) Tezroq chiptangizning skrinshotini olishga harakat qiling - veb-sayt doimiy ravishda yangilanishga harakat qilishi ma'lum va agar shunday bo'lsa, chiptangizni yo'qotadi. Tasdiqlashning asosiy tafsilotlari ingliz tilida, arabcha kichik bosma nashrlar orasida. Boshqa veb-saytlar va sayyohlik agentliklari sizga ENR yoki Vatania-da mavjud bo'lgan narsalarni sotadilar va buning uchun qo'shimcha haq olishadi.

Aks holda, vokzalda navbatda turishingiz mumkin - to'g'ri oynani qidirayotganingizga ishonch hosil qiling va avval hamyoningiz va pasportingizni oshkor qilmaslik uchun pulingizni tartiblang. Yoki siz biletsiz o'tirib, poezdda konduktorga pul to'lashingiz mumkin. Buning uchun LE6 qo'shimcha to'lovi mavjud va agar sizda faqat rezervasyon uchun mo'ljallangan ekspreslar uchun ham chipta bo'lmasa, platforma xavfsizligi e'tiborga olinmaydi.

Asosiy stantsiyalarda o'z-o'ziga xizmat ko'rsatish chipta mashinalari arab va ingliz tillarida xizmat ko'rsatishni taklif qiladi. Agar mashina sizga "Sayohat mavjud emas" deb aytsa, chiptalar oynasida harakat qilib ko'ring - siz hali ham u erga chiptalarni olishingiz mumkin (2018 yil oktyabr).

Chiptalarni oldindan sotib oling, chunki sayohatning eng yuqori paytlarida poezdlar to'liq band bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa arzonlari. Gavjum dam olish vaqtlari bundan mustasno odatda sayohat kuni yoki bir kun oldin chiptalarni sotib olish qiyin. Asoratlarni oldini olish uchun iloji boricha iltimos qiling.

The shpal xizmati Qohira-Lyuksor-Asvan tomonidan boshqariladi Vataniya, xususiy kompaniya. Ulardan chiptalarni onlayn sotib oling, chunki ENR ushbu xizmatlarni o'z jadvalida ko'rsatmaydi va chiptalarni sotmaydi.

Avtobusda

Misrda shaharlararo avtobuslarning keng tarmog'i mavjud bo'lib, ularni asosan hukumat kompaniyalari boshqaradi. Eng yirik kompaniyalar qatoriga kiradi Badaviy avtobus, Pullman, G'arbiy Delta, Oltin o'q, Super Jet, Sharqiy delta, El-Gouna, Avtobusga boring va Upper Egypt Bus Co.. Ommabop marshrutlarni bir nechta kompaniya boshqaradi. Some bus companies allow you to book seats in advance; some sell spots based upon availability of seats. Online ticketing are available via some companies too.

Beware buying tickets from bus touts on the street or outside your hotel. The smaller companies are sometimes unlicensed and can cut corners with safety. There have been eight serious bus crashes involving foreign nationals since January 2006, in which over 100 people have been killed. If you are a passenger in a vehicle that is travelling at an unsafe speed you should firmly instruct the driver to slow down.

Road accidents are very common in Egypt, mainly due to poor roads, dangerous driving and non-enforcement of traffic laws. Police estimate that road accidents kill over 6,000 people in Egypt each year. This is twice the UK figure. Other estimates put the figure far higher.

Taksida

In bigger cities, especially in Cairo, main streets often become congested at peak times and that may double the time needed to reach where you want to go.

In the cities, taxis are a cheap and convenient way of getting around. Although generally safe, taxis drive as erratically as all the other drivers, especially in Cairo, and there are sometimes fake taxis travel around. Make sure they have official markings on the dashboard or elsewhere; the taxis are always painted in special colours to identify them, as the taxi mark on top of the car. In Cairo the taxis are all white (rarely with advertisement on sides), those ones are preferable as they have a digital counter to tell you how much to pay and you shouldn't pay more than what the meter tells you, you can tell the driver in advance that you would only pay what the meter displays. Other older taxis are black and white, there are also the rarer Cairo cabs, all in yellow, also with the meter. In Luxor they are blue and white, and in Alexandria yellow and black. In Cairo and Luxor it is often much more interesting to use the taxis and a good guidebook instead of travelling around in a tour bus.

Seemingly, Cairo is alone in Egypt with having a sizeable population of modern metered cabs. Since Jan 2009, in Sharm El Sheikh all airport taxis have meters fitted and they must be used. Generally the best way is to ask at your hotel or someone you know from Egypt for the prices from point-to-point. You could also ask a pedestrian or policemen for the correct price. The best way to hire a taxi is to stand on the side of the road and put out a hand. You will have no trouble attracting a taxi, especially if you are obviously a Westerner. It is generally advisable to take white taxis that use the meter because the black and white taxis usually involve haggling at the end of the ride, some white taxi drivers don't start the meter unless you ask them to, if they say the meter is broken it's better to ask the driver to drop you off before you get far. It's important to have some change with you (a couple of fives and a ten) because some drivers say that they don't have change to drive off with the rest of your money.

If riding a black and white taxi negotiate a price and destination before getting into the car. At the end of the journey, step out of the car and make sure you have everything with you before giving the driver the payment. If the driver shouts, it's probably OK, but if he steps out of the car you almost certainly paid too little. Prices can be highly variable but examples are LE20 from central Cairo to Giza, LE10 for a trip inside central Cairo and LE5 for a short hop inside the city. Locals pay less than these prices for taxis which don't have the meters; the local price in a taxi from Giza or Central Cairo to the airport is LE25-30. Do not be tempted to give them more because of the economic situation; otherwise, ripping off foreigners will become more common and doing so generally tends to add to inflation. The prices listed here are already slightly inflated to the level expected from tourists, not what Egyptians would normally pay. You can also hire taxis for whole days, for LE100-200 if going on longer excursions such as to Saqqara and Dashur from Cairo. Inside the city they are also more than happy to wait for you (often for a small extra charge, but ask the driver), even if you will be wandering around for a few hours.

Taxi drivers often speak enough English to negotiate price and destination, but only rarely more. Some speak more or less fluently and they will double as guides, announcing important places when you drive by them, but they can be hard to find. The drivers often expect to be paid a little extra for that; however, do not feel the need to pay for services that you have not asked for. If you find a good English-speaking driver, you may want to ask him for a card or a phone number, because they can often be available at any time and you will have a more reliable travel experience.

A new line of taxis owned by private companies has been introduced in Cairo. They are all clean and air-conditioned. The drivers are formally dressed and can converse in at least one foreign language, usually English. These taxis stand out because of their bright yellow colour. They can be hailed on the street if they are free or hired from one of their stops (including one in Tahrir square in the city centre). These new taxis use current meters which count by the kilometre, which starts from LE2.50. In general, they are marginally more expensive than the normal taxis; you can call 16516, two hours in advance, in Cairo to hire a taxi.

If you do not want to be bothered by police convoys, tell the police at check points that you work in Egypt. They will demand your passport but actually most cannot read Roman letters and identify anything. Police convoys are more a psychological sooth for tourists instead of real protection—it draws more attention than when you use a local taxi.

Ride-hailing services — Careem and Uber — are available in Cairo, Alexandria and Hurghada, and expanding elsewhere. These provide travellers an easy alternative to taxis as the app translates destinations from English to Arabic, and fares are fixed. They are widely used by Egyptians.

Mashinada

Fuel is inexpensive in Egypt, prices are heavily subsidized: LE6.75 per litre in December 2019. If you decide to rent a car, you will not add significantly to the cost through fuel. Car rental sites require you to be at least 21 years old. Driving in Egypt is not for the faint of heart and can be downright dangerous; unless you really need this option it is just as easy and probably cheaper to travel by taxis and around the country by air, train or bus. As you will see shortly after arrival, obedience of traffic laws is low and there are very few signs indicating road rules. Expect to see other vehicles driving against the flow on motorways, no lane discipline and many death defying manoeuvres. It is as if most drivers are very drunk (they are not). You might also become a target for Egyptian police seeking a bribe, who will pick some trivial offence you have committed and which in reality you could not have avoided. Egypt and Cairo in particular have a reputation for the worst driving in the world (it is not the worst, but is still very bad). Most Egyptian roads have unmarked speed humps. These humps are not small and on some major roads can be too large for low clearance vehicles to get over without damage.

Also read the note at the end of the last taxi chapter on pretending to be working in Egypt to avoid travelling in convoys.

Metro orqali

Three metro lines serve Greater Qohira, see Cairo#Get around.

By boat

The ferry across the Red Sea between Hurghada and Sharm el-Sheikh was suspended in 2010, and no re-start is in sight.

Qarang

Student or teacher? Egypt is unusual in that most sites offer a hefty 50% discount for holders of the International Student Identification Card (ISIC), or the teacher equivalent. This can be significant, especially say somewhere like the Pyramids of Giza - around US$70 equivalent to enter everything, or US$35 with the card. If you are a student or teacher, it may be worthwhile to apply for one before leaving your home nation. There are some places even selling ISIC in Egypt (like Luxor), but their reliability and authenticity is unknown. Some sites only accept student cards for holders aged up to 30.

Highlights of any visit to Egypt include famous archaeological sites from both Lower (North) and Upper (South) Egypt. The most famous are:

Greater Cairo:

• Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx
• Egyptian Museum
• Red, Bent and Black Pyramids of Dahshur, neglected but a great alternative to Giza with the oldest known pyramid
• Citadel of Salah El Din and Mosque of Mohamed Ali
• Khan al Khalili bazaar and al Hussein Mosque
• Pyramids and temples of Saqqara, just north of Dahshur
• Memphis, with some relics of ancient Egypt - including a huge statue of Ramesses II, evoking the image which inspired Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Ozymandias

Alexandria is the country's main summer attraction for Egyptians escaping the summer heat and looking for a place to spend vacation.The city has several Roman and Greek sights:

• the stunning new Bibliotheca Alexandrina
• Qa'edbay's Castle
• Colonial and Roman buildings
• Qasr El Montaza (El Montaza Palace),

Aswan is a great alternative over the hassling and overrated Luxor. Here, you can equally see impressive temples and ancient monuments, but at the same time relax and enjoy the authentic and large souq, and:

• Tombs of Nobles, with a great view of Aswan and some fine paintings inside the tombs.
• Abu Simbel, near the border with Sudan at Lake Nasser, one of the most impressive sights in Egypt besides the pyramids.
• Geziret El Nabatat (The Island of Plants), an island in the Nile River of Aswan which was planted by rare species of plants, trees and flowers.
• Perhaps the most popular activity in Luxor and Aswan is to do the Nile Cruise on a ship between both. It enables you to stop at each location along the Nile where you can see all the famous ancient monuments, including the neglected Kom Ombo, as well as experience being in the Nile River inside a five-star hotel boat.

Luxor:

• Karnak and Luxor Temples
• West Bank with the Valley of the Kings, Medinat Habu and the Temple of Hatshepsut

Also not to miss:

• The Red Sea resorts at Sinai peninsula, including Dahab, Hurghadava Sharm el Sheikh, with some of the best dive locations in the world.
• The sights of the Sinai peninsula, including Saint Catherine's Monastery va Mount Sinai.
• The western desert and the oases there, including Siwa,

Spectator sports

• Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Egypt, with the Egyptian Premier League being the main domestic tournament. The Qohira Derby between the clubs of Al Ahly va Zamalek is the main highlight of the season, and widely regarded to be the biggest rivalry in all of Africa. The Egyptian national team is also one of the strongest in Africa, having won the African Cup of Nations a record 7 times, with some of the top Egyptian players having gone on to successful careers in Europe's elite clubs.

Qil

There is a lot to do for the foreign traveller in Egypt. Apart from visiting and seeing the ancient temples and artefacts of ancient Egypt, there is also much to see within each city. In fact, each city in Egypt has its own charm of things to see with its own history, culture, activities, and people who often differ in nature from people of other parts of Egypt.

Qohira, for instance has so much to do and see. Besides the ancient Egyptian history, there is the history of Romans, Greeks, Byzantine Empire, Islamic empire, Ottomans, and finally modern Egyptian history.

Jewish and Christian historyTo see more about Egypt's Christian and Jewish history, go to a local tourist office and ask them to give you names of local churches and synagogues. There is at least two synagogues dating back many years ago, when Egypt had a population of a few hundred thousand Jews in the country, who eventually left during the formation of Israel.

There is a lot of old and interesting churches to see in different areas of Cairo, including downtown Cairo, Heliopolis, Korba, Shubra, Abbasiya, Zamalek, and Maadi. Some of these churches have been around for several hundred years and their architecture resemble that of Churches in Western countries, often built by Europeans who built much of the city's architecture in the 19th century as a resemblance to modern buildings of Europe at the time.

Modern CairoIf you want to see modern Cairo, try walking in the streets of Zamalek, Maadi, Mohandiseen, or Heliopolis where you will see some of the more modern buildings and get to experience the way of life in Egypt.

Local cafés, coffeeshops and restaurantsFor social times, try sitting in one of the local cafes restaurants where you can meet and interact with fellow Egyptians. There are numerous coffeeshops/cafes and restaurants all over Cairo all catering for different tastes and backgrounds and range from the very budget to the very expensive.

Local chains include Coffee Roastery, Cilantro, Grand Cafe, and Costa Coffee. Generally each area of Cairo has its cafés and restaurants.

Sporting and recreational clubs:If the heat is too much, you can go to one of the famous sporting clubs such as the Gezira Club located in Zamalek, or the Seid Club (otherwise known in English as the Shooting Club) located in Mohandiseen, where you can have a dip at the swimming pool or otherwise enjoy sitting in the shade and comfort of lush trees and gardens. Entrance for foreigners can be gained by buying a one-day ticket for LE20-30 which enables the person to enjoy all the facilities of club including playing any sports. There are of course changing facilities and restaurants inside the club where one can enjoy a meal or a drink after engaging in any activity.

Nightlife:If you enjoy nightlife, there is quite a few nightclubs and discos where you can drink and dance to some of the most modern tunes in the west as well as listen to some Arabic music. The music varies from Dance and Trance to Hip Hop, Rap, Techno, as well as Rock and Pop. These clubs are usually located inside five-star hotels or at areas such as Mohandiseen and Zamalek.

Examples include: the Cairo Jazz Club (mohandiseen), Purple (on a boat in Zamalek), Hard Rock Café (inside the Grand Hyatt Hotel in Garden City), and L'Obergine (pub and bar in Zamalek).

Desert adventures:For other adventures, try going to the Haram District of Cairo, and look for any horse-riding stables. There, you can rent a horse for a few hours and ride, or even ride a camel out in the desert by the pyramids and the Sphinx. The best time to do this is at night when you can see all the stars shining together in the sky and capture the magical feeling of the place. You will be with a local guide riding with you on another horse or camel, or you might even be joined a group of other individuals or groups of friends who enjoy riding horses in the desert by the pyramids like yourself.

Nile boat:Try renting a Feluca boat (small boat that can carry up to 20 individuals) in the Nile of Cairo. There you can experience the beauty of the Nile and the surround scenery, where you can see the city and its buildings and streets from within the water around. Depending on the weather, you can do this either day or night, but you will need to go to the Giza District and walk along the corniche area of the Nile and ask any of the locals for renting this boat.

Islamic Cairo/Fatimid Cairo:For those interested in the Islamic architecture and history, try going to Islamic Cairo (el Gamalaya district) or Khan El Khalili. There you will see numerous buildings and some mosques and see how buildings and houses were built in the Islamic Era of Egypt. There is also a Souk or (Bazar) where you can buy lots of different souvenirs and items.

Alexandria:Since Alexandria was founded in 332/31 BC by Alexander the Great “the pearl of the Mediterranean” has been one of the major sites of Egyptian history. After the death of the Macedonian king the city developed under the Ptolemies into the intellectual and cultural center of the entire Hellenistic world. Great scholars lived and worked in the Museion

Talk

See also: Egyptian Arabic phrasebook

The national spoken language is Egyptian Arabic - go for this if you want to be understood and to acknowledge that you are the foreigner and respectful visitor. However there are multiple versions of Arabic, often referred to as "dialects" but effectively different languages, mostly mutually unintelligible.

The official language of Egypt is Modern Standard Arabic or MSA. It's taught in schools and so is understood by everyone. MSA is used in most written and official forms such as TV, newspapers, government speeches, teaching and education, but you won't hear it in everyday speech. So you'd need to learn it to be a serious scholar of the language but not for short visits.

Southern cities such as Luxor and Aswan have a dialect of Sa'idi Arabic, akin to the language of Sudan and the Saudi Hejaz. The Siwi language of the Western Desert and the Bedouin dialect of Sinai isn't even understood by most Egyptians. Only an archaeologist understands the hieroglyphics of the pharaohs, while their modern descendant Coptic is only heard in liturgy.

Arabic is a difficult language for most westerners as the grammar and word-patterns are so different. However if you learn nothing else, grasp a few basic words and courtesies. There is a ping-pong ritual whereby each greeting or salutation has a stock reply, so learn these together. After a couple of exchanges people will switch to English rather than endure your Arabic any longer, even before you concede defeat with betetkallem engelīzi? - "Do you speak English?" (Of course that's betetkallemi engelīzi? when addressing a female). For instance if you say shukran meaning "thanks" their stock reply comes in English: "Aah but you speak such good Arabic!" You might shrug and say ana talib, bas - "I'm just learning" and deprecate your attempts.

Written Arabic is even harder work, but you should learn the numbers, shown below. What we call "Arabic numbers" are actually western Arabic numerals, and the Arabic-speaking world uses the different eastern numerals. They're easy and instructive to learn, because when you see prices displayed for locals you'll realise with a shock how much extra they're demanding of you.

People in the service sector learn any language that might earn their next payment, and hotel and restaurant staff either have good English or quickly call their colleague who does. Otherwise, fish around for any language that might serve. During the 2010s the Russians and Ukrainians kept visiting Egypt in an era when many westerners stayed away, so those are often understood in the main resorts. People's German, French, Italian and Spanish might be rusty but they'll soon get it back. Along the Sinai coastal strip, they often know some Hebrew as there are many Israeli visitors. However, while the Greek Marine Club in Alexandria still serves good fish, their Greek is as deplorable as your Arabic.

Sotib oling

Pul

Exchange rates for Egyptian pounds As of January 2020: US$1 ≈ LE16 €1 ≈ LE18 UK£1 ≈ LE21 Australian $1 ≈ LE11 Canadian $1 ≈ LE12 Japanese ¥100 ≈ LE15 Chinese ¥1 ≈ LE2.3 South African R1 ≈ LE1.1 Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from XE.com

Hoard your small notes! Egypt has a perpetual shortage of small notes and coins: even banks are reluctant to break too many notes. Vendors will also perpetually say they do not have change. Hoard your small bills as much as you can, be prepared to frequently visits banks for change, and break your notes in the easiest situations such as large supermarkets.

What does it cost? Sometimes (fruit and vegetable) market stands have price signs, quoting in Piastre per kg. Thus, it is of great advantage to understand the Eastern Arabic numbers. They will tell you the price is for half kg, because they see that you are a tourist, but that is a lie. Best to just demand the weight of what you desire and give the (almost) right amount—leaving the impression that you know the situation. In the following some common prices. Oranges: LE5/kg Tangerines: LE3.5/kg Bananas: LE8-10/kg Large fresh juice (orange, pomegranate, sugar-cane): LE10 Coke 0.33 l: LE3 Water 1.5 l: LE5 Decent falafel sandwich: LE5 Tiny falafel sandwich in white pita: LE2.5 Single falafel: LE1-1.50 Portion Baba ghanoush or Tahini/hummus: LE5-8 Large pizza: LE30-40 Large shell (souvenir): LE15 Tourist guide: LE40/day Frankinsence: LE100-200/kg Cardamom: LE400-500/kg Saffron LE15/g Luffa/loofah sponge: LE30

The local currency is the Egyptian pound (ISO code: EGP), which is divided into 100 piastres. The currency is often written as LE (short for French livre égyptienne, or by using the pound sign £ with or without additional letters: E£ and £E. In Arabic, the pound is called genē [màSri] / geni [màSri] (جنيه [مصرى]), in turn derived from English "guinea", and piastres (pt) are known as ersh (قرش). Wikivoyage uses the "LE" notation for consistency, but expect to see a variety of notations in shops and other businesses.

• Coins: Denominations are 25pt, 50pt and 1 pound. You won't really need to know the name piastre, as the smallest value in circulation as of 2014 is 25 piastres, and this is almost always called a "quarter pound" (rob` genē ربع جنيه), and the 50 piastres, "half pound" (noSS genē نص جنيه).
• Paper money: The banknote denominations are 25 and 50 piastres; 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pounds.

In Egypt, the pound sterling is called, genē esterlīni (جنيه استرلينى).

The Egyptian pound has been devaluing gradually over the last several decades. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Egyptian pound was valued almost the same as the British pound sterling. Since 2011, the exchange rate has become relatively unstable and inflation sped up. On November 3, 2016, the central bank decided to devaluate the Egyptian pound to an exchange rate similar to that of the black market.

Money exchange

Banks and exchange offices or anyone who would exchange currencies, would slightly extra charge you for the official exchange rate. Foreign currencies can be exchanged at exchange offices or banks, so there is no need to resort to the dodgy street moneychangers. Many higher-end hotels price in American dollars or euros and will gladly accept them as payment, however often at a bad rate over the Egyptian pounds. Bank hours are Sunday to Thursday, 8:30AM-2PM.

Counterfeit or obsolete notes are not a major problem, but exchanging pounds outside the country can be difficult. Before leaving Egypt, even if travelling to neighbouring countries in the Middle East, convert your currency to euros, British pounds or US dollars. Money changers in other countries will give you 30% to 50% per Egyptian Pound than the rate you will get in Egypt, if they accept Egypt's currency at all. Converting to and from US dollars, euros or British pounds has a relatively small spread, so you will only lose a few per cent.

ATMs

You can withdraw local money with a Mastercard or Visa card from many ATMs all over Egypt. ATMs are ubiquitous in the cities and probably the best option. Letting you home bank do the currency conversion when using ATM, offers the best rate. Many foreign banks have branches in Egypt. These include Barclay's Bank, HSBC, CitiBank, NSGB, BNP Paribas, Piraeus Bank, CIB, and other local and Arab banks.

Credit cards

Visa and Mastercard are accepted at many frequented places, but only bigger hotels or restaurants in Cairo and restaurants in tourist areas will readily accept American Express and Diners Club as payment. Traveller's cheques can no longer be used.

Xarid qilish

Egypt is a shopper's paradise, especially if you're interested in Egyptian-themed souvenirs and kitsch. However, there are also a number of high quality goods for sale, often at bargain prices. Some of the most popular purchases include:

• Alabaster Alabaster bowls, figures, etc are common throughout Egypt.
• Antiques (NB: not antiquities, the trade of which is illegal in Egypt)
• Carpets and rugs
• Cotton goods and clothing Can be bought at Khan El Khalili for around LE30-40. Better quality Egyptian cotton clothing can be bought at various chain stores including Mobaco Cottons and Concrete which have many branches throughout the country. The clothes are expensive for Egypt (about LE180-200 for a shirt) but cheap by Western standards given the quality.
• Inlaid goods, such as backgammon boards
• Jewellery Cartouches make a great souvenir. These are metal plates shaped like an elongated oval and have engravings of your name in hieroglyphics
• Kohl powder Real Egyptian kohl eye make-up (eye-liner) can be purchased at many stores for a small price. It is a black powder, about a teaspoon worth, that is generally sold in a small packet or a wood-carved container and it is generally applied liberally with something akin to a fat toothpick/thin chopstick to the inner eyelids and outlining the eye. Very dramatic, and a little goes a very long way Cleopatra would have had her eye make-up applied by laying on the floor and having someone drop a miniature spoonful of the powder into each eye. As the eye teared up, the make-up would distribute nicely around the eyes and trail off at the sides, creating the classic look. However, beware that most of them contain lead sulphide, which is a health concern. Ask for a lead-free kohl.
• Lanterns (fanūs; pl. fawanīs) Intricately cut and stamped metal lanterns, often with colourful glass windows, will hold a votive candle in style.
• Leather goods
• Music
• Papyrus (bardi) However, most papyrus you'll see is made of a different type of reed, not "papyrus", which is extremely rare. Know what you are buying, if you care about the difference, and haggle prices accordingly. If in doubt, assume it is inauthentic papyrus you are being offered for sale.
• Perfume - Perfumes can be bought at almost every souvenir shop. Make sure that you ask the salesman to prove to you that there is no alcohol mixed with the perfume. The standard rates should be in the range of LE1-2 for each gram.
• Water-pipes (shīsha)
• Spices (tawābel) - can be bought at colourful stalls in most Egyptian markets. Dried herbs and spices are generally of a higher quality than that available in Western supermarkets and are a fifth to a quarter of the price, though the final price will depend on bargaining and local conditions.

When shopping in markets or dealing with street vendors, remember to bargain. This is a part of the salesmanship game that both parties are expected to engage in.

You will also find many western brands all around. There are many malls in Egypt, the most common being Citystars Mall, which is the largest entertainment centre in the Middle East and Africa. You will find all the fast food restaurants you want such as McDonald's, KFC, Hardees, and Pizza Hut, and clothing brands such as Morgan, Calvin Klein, Levi's, Facconable, Givenchy, and Esprit.

In Egypt, prices are often increased for foreigners, so if you see a price on a price tag, it may be wise to learn the local Eastern Arabic numerals:

They are written from left to right. For example, the number (15) would be written as (١٥).

Shopping in Egypt ranges goods and commodities that represent souvenirs of Egypt's ancient as well as modern things. These include items such as small pyramids, obelisks and souvenir statues which can be bought at more tourist areas such as Khan El Khalili and Islamic Cairo.

The modern shopping malls, City Stars, City Centre and Nile City, sell designer brands such as Guess, Calvin Klein, Armani and Hugo Boss.

Tipping

Egyptians do not tip at restaurants, nor do restaurant owners expect them, though at fancier restaurants a service charge may be added to your bill. Many restaurants in touristy areas will inflate prices for foreigners anyway, and you probably won't even know it unless you notice a printed price or another customer being charged a different price for the same thing.

Tips are mostly a tourist thing. 90% of people who work in the service/hospitality industry try to make their main source of income from living off of tips. You don't have to pay huge tips as often smallest notes are appreciated. However, you do not have to tip if you feel that you haven't received any service or help at all or if you feel that the service was bad. Nobody will ever take offence or be disrespectful if you did not tip them.

Most public toilets are staffed, and visitors are expected to tip the attendant. Some toilet attendants, especially at tourist sites, will dole out toilet paper based on the tip they receive. Foreigners may be especially susceptible to this, and although some locals ask or demand tips, they are often not warranted.

If you ask a stranger for directions, tips are not necessary and may even be considered offensive. Officials in uniform, such as police officers, should not be tipped. Remember that bribery is illegal, but it is likely that nothing will happen to you. Be aware that as a foreign tourist, you are seen by many as easy money and you should emas let yourself be pressured into tipping for unnecessary or unrequested "services" like self-appointed tour guides latching on to you.

Some general guidelines:

• Restaurants: No tip is needed, though in fancier restaurants a service charge (10-12%) may be added to bills
• Taxi drivers: Not necessary, always agreed on the fare in advance
• Tour drivers: LE10/day
• Bathroom attendants: LE1-3
• Cruises: LE30/day, depending on the initial price (divided by all staff on board)
• Hotel bellman: LE10 for all bags
• Hotel doorman: LE10 for services rendered (such as flagging down taxis)
• Site custodians: LE5 if they do something useful, none otherwise

Yemoq

Egypt can be a fantastic place to sample a unique range of food: not too spicy and well-flavoured with herbs. For a convenient selection of Egyptian cuisine and staple foods try the Felfela chain of restaurants in Qohira. Some visitors complain, however, that these have become almost too tourist-friendly and have abandoned some elements of authenticity. A more affordable and wider-spread alternative is the Arabiata restaurant chain, Arabiata is considered by locals to be the number one destination for Egyptian delicacies as falafel va fūl too.

Beware of any restaurant listed in popular guidebooks and websites. Even if the restaurant was once great, after publication, they will likely create a "special" English menu that includes very high prices.

As in many seaside countries, Egypt is full of fish restaurants and markets so fish and seafood are must-try. Frequently, fish markets have some food stalls nearby where you can point at specific fish species to be cooked. Stalls typically have shared tables, and locals are as frequent there as tourists.

Hygiene

Be aware that hygiene may not be of the highest standards, depending on the place. The number of tourists that suffer from some kind of parasite or bacterial infection is very high. Despite assurances to the contrary, exercise common sense and bring appropriate medications to deal with problems. "Antinal" (Nifuroxazide), an intestinal antibiotic, is cheap, effective and available in every pharmacy. "Imodium" or similar products are prescription drugs only.

Although Antinal is very effective, sometimes when nothing else is, the elderly should check the brand name with their doctor before relying on it as it contains a high concentration of active ingredient that is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration or the British regulatory pharmaceutical body.

People expecting to remain in Egypt for more than 2–3 weeks should be cautious about using Antinal, as it may hinder their ability to acquire immunity to local bacteria and make traveller's diarrhoea a more frequent problem.

Local dishes

Many local foods are vegetarian or vegan compliant, a function of the high cost of meat in Egypt and the influence of Coptic Christianity (whose frequent fast days demand vegan food).

Classic Egyptian dishes: The dish fūl medammes is one of the most common Egyptian dishes; consists of fava beans (fūl) slow-cooked in a copper pot (other types of metal pots don't produce the right type of flavor) that have been partially or entirely mashed. fūl medammes is served with cumin, vegetable oil, optionally with chopped parsley, onion, garlic, lemon juice and hot pepper, and typically eaten with Egyptian (baladi) bread or occasionally Levantine (shāmi) pita.

One should try the classic falāfel which is deep-fried ground fava bean balls (but better known worldwide for the ground chickpea version typically found in other cuisines of the Middle Eastern region) that was believed to be invented by Egyptian Bedouins. Usually served as fast food, or a snack.

koshari is a famous dish, which is usually a mixture of macaroni, lentils, rice and chickpeas, topped with tomato sauce and fried onions. Very popular amongst the locals and a must try for tourists. The gratinated variation is called Tâgen.

Additionally, hummus, a chickpea based food, also widespread in the Middle East.

kofta (meat balls) and kebab are also popular.

Egyptian cuisine is quite similar to the cuisine of the Middle Eastern countries. Dishes like stuffed vegetables and vine leaves and shawarma sandwiches are common in Egypt and the region.

Exotic fruits

Egypt is one of the most affordable countries for a European to try variety of fresh-grown exotic fruits. Guava, mango, watermelon and banana are all widely available from fruit stalls, especially in locals-oriented non-tourist marketplaces.

Ichish

Shuningdek qarang Stay healthy:Fluids section for hygiene and related info.

Water

Bottled water is widely available. The local brands (most common being Baraka, Hayat, Siwa ) are of the same price as foreign brand options which are also available: Nestle Pure Life, Dasani (bottled by Coca-Cola), and Aquafina (bottled by Pepsi). Evian is less available and is expensive. While safe to drink some may find the local brand, Baraka, has a very slight baking soda aftertaste, due to the high mineral content of its deep well water source.

No matter where you buy bottled water from (even hotels are not entirely reliable), before accepting it, check that there is a clear plastic seal on it and the neck ring is still attached to the cap by the breakable threads of plastic. It is common to collect empty but new bottles and refill them with tap water which drinking a bottle of might make you ill. Not all brands have the clear plastic cover but all the good ones do.

Safety of bottled water

It is important not to buy strange brands, as they may not be safe for drinking. In 2012 the Ministry of Health ordered the following bottled water brands to be taken off shelves: Alpha, Hadir, Seway, Aqua Delta, Tiba, Aqua Mina and Aqua Soteir.

As of 2013, some of the previous ones were licensed, but the Ministry of Health warned against other unlicensed brands:

• unlicensed, unsafe brands: (Safa, el Waha, Ganna, Sahari, Life, el Wadi, Zamzam ).

  (صفا – الواحة – جنا – صحارى – لايف – الوادى – زمزم),

In 2013, the Ministry of Health stated there are only 17 licensed brands that are safe to drink. These are:

• 17 licensed safe brands: (Hayah, Safi, Aqua Siwa ,Siwa, Aman Siwa, Organica, Nahl, Aqua Sky, Mineral, Vira, Nestlé, Baraka, Alpha, Aquafina, Tiba, Aqua Delta, Dasani, Aqua Paris ).

Of the licensed brands, locals commonly advise tourists to avoid Baraka if possible, as it contains a high concentration of mineral salts and has something of an off flavour.

Juices

Juices can be widely found in Egypt - àSàb (sugar cane; قصب); liquorice (`erk sūs عرق سوس); sobya (white juice; سوبيا); tàmr (sweet dates; تمر) and some fresh fruit juices (almost found at same shop which offer all these kind of juices except liquorice may be which you can find another places).

Hibiscus, known locally as karkadē (كركديه) or `ennāb (عناب), is also famous juice specially at Luxor which is drunk hot or cold but in Egypt it is preferred to drink it cold.

Hibiscus and liquorice should not be consumed excessively as they may not be safe for those suffering low blood pressure or high blood pressure. Hibiscus may lower blood pressure, while liquorice may raise blood pressure.

Alcoholic drinks

Egypt is a predominantly Muslim nation and alcoholic drinks are religiously forbidden (haram), though not legally, for observant Muslims. Egyptians tend to adopt a relaxed and pragmatic view towards alcohol for non-Muslims and foreigners. It is tolerated by the vast majority of Egyptians and consumed by a sizable number of them. Places which sell alcoholic beverages require special licence and pay extra taxes to operate. Alcoholic beverages and bottled drinks are readily available throughout the country (especially in larger towns and cities, as well as tourist centres). Public drunkenness (especially the loud and obnoxious variety) is definitely emas appreciated, and you may end up sobering up in a police cell. Try to be a good ambassador: if you must get "tipsy", confine it to the hotel or very nearby. It's quite rare to see drunken tourists even in tourist areas. It is illegal to drink alcohol in public and it's advisable not to attempt to drink in streets; however, on the New Year's Eve, many Egyptians in Cairo may be drunk and holding alcoholic beverages in the streets.

The cheapest alcoholic beverage is beer. Common brands are: Stella (not Artois) and Sakkara which are common lager beers in Egypt (approx. 4%), both brewed by Heineken's Egyptian subsidiary, Ahram Beverages Company. Other local brands are available, most with a higher alcohol variant that have claimed levels of 8% or even 10%. Foreign brands made under license in Egypt include Heineken va Meister but are slightly more expensive.

More expensive alcoholic beverages than beer are the carbonated vodka cocktails, with 10% alcohol, specifically ID Double Edge which is popular with people who drink alcohol. There is also an assortment of liquors (generally only found in liquor stores, and generally only found at reasonable prices in liquor stores that primarily cater to Egyptians). Wine is available; however, prices for imported wine tend to be high, if not astronomical, and domestic wines (e.g. Omar Khayyam) are overpriced for their rather low quality.

Do not buy anything you don't know or suspect, as there might be a risk that it may be counterfeit and can be adulterated with methanol (methyl alcohol). Methanol is a poisonous but cheap alcohol usually used as e.g. a cleaning solvent or fuel, but which causes blindness and death if ingested.

Restrictions on alcohol

Egyptian laws towards alcohol are officially quite liberal compared to most Islamic countries, except for the month of Ramadan when alcohol is strictly forbidden. During Ramadan only holders of foreign passports are allowed to buy alcohol, by Egyptian law. However, the enforcement of this law is by no means consistent. In tourist areas like Luxor, alcohol is sold even during Ramadan, and those who look like foreigners will not be asked to show passports or other documentation.

During Ramadan alcohol is often sold only in Western-style hotels and pubs/restaurants catering especially to foreigners. A few days of the year, as the day of the full moon the month before Ramadan, alcohol is completely banned. Also some hotels and bars catering to foreigners will stop serving alcohol during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan: phone ahead to make sure alcohol is still being served in order to avoid disappointment.

Uyqu

Egypt has a full range of accommodation options, from basic backpacker hostels to five-star resorts. Most major hotel chains are represented in Greater Qohira, Sharm el Sheikh va Luxor, at least. You can reserve most of your accommodation online or contact a local agent who can organise both accommodation and trips.

Walk-in rates give you great discounts over online reservations, e.g. half-price in Aswan. Umuman olganda, juda ko'p sayyohlar foydalanganligi sababli, onlayn rezervasyonlar qimmatroq. Biroq, Misrda aksariyat mehmonxonalarning o'z veb-saytlari mavjud emas va oflayn rejimda bir xil narxni taklif qilish uchun onlayn rezervasyon joylari bilan shartnoma majburiyatini olish shart emas. Shunga qaramay, sizdan ortiqcha haq olishni istagan mehmonxonaga duch kelishingiz uchun, haqiqiy onlayn narxning skrinshotini tayyorlang. Yuqori mavsumda, birinchi kechani zaxiralash va keyingi tun (lar) ga qarshi kurashish yaxshidir. Aks holda, agar xonalarning umumiy etishmasligi bo'lmasa va 60% dan kamrog'ida band bo'lsa (odatda onlayn rezervasyon joylarining yuqori qismida ko'rsatiladi), u holda ko'plab mehmonxonalar joylashgan joyni tekshiring va u erga borib so'rang. Shuningdek, mehmonxonalar chegirma uchun shaxsan o'zingizning mavjud bo'lgan onlayn rezervasyoningizni bekor qilishni qabul qilishadi. Internet orqali zahirada bo'lganingizda, ko'pincha soliq va to'lovlar qo'shilgan holda siz bir tekis narxga egasiz. Umuman olganda, siz bronni shaxsan bekor qilganingizda va / yoki savdolashayotganingizda kamida ushbu soliq va to'lovlarni chegirma (10-15%) sifatida olasiz.

Ba'zi bir onlayn mehmonxonalar saytlari to'lov Misr funtida qonun bilan talab qilinishini ta'kidlamoqda. Biroq, aksariyat mehmonxonalar Misr funtlarini Internetdagi kursdan asosan adolatli konvertatsiya qilishda qabul qilishadi.

O'rganing

Misr arab tilini, shuningdek tarixni o'rganish uchun yaxshi imkoniyatlarni taqdim etishi mumkin.

The Qohiradagi Amerika universiteti (AUC), [1] mamlakatdagi eng yaxshi maktab bo'lib, daraja, daraja va yozgi maktabda o'qish imkoniyatlarini taqdim etadi. Mashhur kurslarga arab tili va adabiyoti, islom san'ati va arxitekturasi, arablar tarixi va madaniyati va, albatta, Misrshunoslik kiradi.

O'rganishning bir qator variantlari mavjud Arabcha yilda Qohirashu jumladan arab tili instituti, Kalimat va Xalqaro til instituti.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Favqulodda vaziyat raqamlari Politsiya: 122 Tez yordam: 123 Yong'in bo'limi: 180 Avtomobil yo'li: 136 Tabiiy gaz: 129 Boshqalar Sariq sahifalar

Umuman olganda, Misr sayohat qilish uchun xavfsiz va do'stona mamlakatdir. Agar siz tashrif buyurmasangiz Sinay, mahalliy hukumatga qarshi biror narsangiz bo'lsa yoki Islomga haddan tashqari hurmatsizlik qilsangiz, siz Misr va uning shaharlarida ko'p tashvishlarsiz bemalol yurishingiz mumkin. Misrda sayohat qilish juda o'xshash Marokash, Iordaniya, Falastin yoki kurka.

Misrliklar umuman do'stona munosabatda bo'lishadi - agar sizga yordam kerak bo'lsa, ular sizga qo'llaridan kelganicha yordam berishga harakat qilishadi. Biroq, ayniqsa, juda sayyohlik joylarida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan firibgarliklar haqida xabardor bo'ling.

Misrlik erkaklar ayollarni maqtashadi; agar ular sizga shunday qilishsa, xafa bo'lmang. Erkaklar ham tashvishlanmasliklari kerak; agar ular buni sizning sherigingiz / qizingizga qilsalar, bu iltifotdan boshqa narsa bo'lmaydi va umid qilamanki, bundan keyin hech narsa bo'lmaydi.

Agar siz yolg'iz yoki boshqa ayol bilan sayohat qilayotgan ayol bo'lsangiz, ular bilan muzokara olib borayotganingiz yoki oddiygina ko'chada yurganingizdan qat'i nazar, ba'zi erkaklar sizga tegishi yoki tanangizning biron bir joyida sizni ushlashi haqida ogohlantiring. Kamtarona kiyinish ularni to'xtata olmaydi. Sizga tegayotganingiz uchun ulardan xafa bo'lish, ular va har qanday tomoshabin, ham erkak, ham ayol tomonidan qiziqarli bo'ladi. Bunga yo'l qo'ymaslikning eng yaxshi usuli to'y bantini taqish va juda do'stona bo'lmaslikdir.

Terrorizm

Terrorizm xavfsizlik masalasidir va mamlakatdagi terroristik guruhlar G'arb sayyohlarini va ular tez-tez uchrab turadigan joylarni aniq nishonga olish borasida noxush holatlarga ega. Biroq, so'nggi paytlarda sayyohlarga emas, balki kopt nasroniylarining ozchiliklariga ko'proq e'tibor qaratilmoqda. Misr xavfsizlik kuchlari juda yuqori hushyorlikda qolmoqda.

Haqiqatan ham, terrorizmga duchor bo'lish ehtimoli statistik jihatdan past va aksariyat xujumlar misrliklarni o'ldirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, aksariyat misrliklarning ekstremistlarga bo'lgan ishtiyoqini yanada oshirdi. Hukumat ularga moddiy zarar etkazganda va sayyohlik joylari qattiq qo'riqlanadigan vaqtdagina bu masalaga jiddiy yondashadi, ammo Misr politsiyasining saviyasi va mahorati ko'p narsani talab qiladi. Masalan, agar siz Qohiradan Iskandariyaga taksida borsangiz, Qohiradan chiqishdan oldin sizni nazorat punktida to'xtatib qo'yasiz. Ba'zan ular qaerga ketayotganingizni so'rashadi va ba'zida Iskandariyadagi nazorat-o'tkazish punkti bilan aniq vaqt oralig'ida manzilingizga etib borishingizga ishonch hosil qilish uchun aloqa o'rnatadilar. Xuddi shu narsa cho'lga, xususan Yuqori Misrga sayohat qilish uchun ham amal qiladi, chunki bu diniy ziddiyatlarning yuzasi ostidan o'tib ketishi va xavfsiz ko'rinishi bir zumda ogohlantirmasdan paydo bo'lishi mumkinligi sababli eng yaxshi yo'l qo'yilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Haydovchingizning turli shoxobchalarida sizni mahalliy politsiya kuzatib qo'yishi mumkin, agar siz taksida yoki shaxsiy avtoulovda sayohat qilsangiz, qandaydir moliyaviy to'lovni kutishadi. Umuman olganda, ular siz bilan birga boradigan manzilingizga sayohat qilishadi, ishingiz tugaguncha kutib turishadi va odatda boshqa tekshiruv punktlaridan birida qolishadi, chunki ular boshqa ishlari yo'q va sayyohlar $ belgisi sifatida ko'rishadi. Buning eng yaxshi namunasi - Ramses II ibodatxonasini ziyorat qilish uchun Asvandan Abu Simbelga yo'l olganingizda. Qurolli sayyohlik politsiyasi xodimi sizning sayyohlik avtobusingizga o'tirib, Abu Simbelga etib borguningizcha sizni kuzatib boradi va sizning sayohatingiz tugaganidan keyin u yana siz bilan yana o'sha avtobusda Asvanga qaytib boradi, chunki bu uning ishining bir qismi va u erda sayyohlarsiz. hech qanday ish bo'lmaydi va o'z xalqining xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun hech qanday sabab bo'lmaydi, chunki ular moliyaviy ko'rsatkichni ularga taqdim etmaydi.

Shuningdek, Giza platosida patrullik qilayotgan tuyalarga minib olgan AK47 bilan qurollangan ko'plab sayyohlik politsiyasi xodimlari mavjud. Ular bu erda sayyohlarning xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun mavjud, chunki Piramidalar Misrning barcha qadimiy qadimiy buyumlari hisoblanadi. Misr ichkarisidan keladigan sarmoyalarsiz ular juda yomon saqlanib qolmoqda, faqat mahalliy hukumat vayronagarchilikni ko'rishga toqat qilmaydigan mamlakatlar va tarixiy guruhlar tomonidan berilgan tashqi sarmoyalar bu hayratlanarli joylarga aylanishiga imkon beradi. Ba'zi sayyohlar tuya orqasida ushbu politsiyachilar bilan suratga tushish hayajonli yoki hatto kulgili bo'lishi mumkin; ammo, ularning barchasi patrul xizmatida bo'lganliklari sababli, ular bilan rasmga tushish uchun yoningizda rasmga tushmaslik haqida og'zaki ravishda ogohlantirishlari odatiy holdir, garchi moliyaviy to'lov uchun hamma narsa mumkin bo'lsa ham.

Giyohvand moddalar

Misr davolaydi giyohvand moddalar bilan bog'liq jinoyatlarnihoyatda qattiq. The o'lim giyohvand moddalar savdosi uchun sudlanganlar uchun jazo mumkin.

Ruxsatsiz iste'mol qilish 10 yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish yoki katta miqdorda jarimaga tortilishi mumkin. Tizimingizda noqonuniy giyohvandlik moddalarining izlari topilgan bo'lsa ham, siz ulardan noqonuniy iste'mol qilinganligingiz uchun haq olinishi mumkin, hatto ular mamlakat tashqarisida iste'mol qilinganligini isbotlasangiz ham. Agar giyohvand moddalar sizning qo'lingizda yoki sizning xonangizda bo'lsa ham, ular siznikiga tegishli bo'lmagan taqdirda ham, ular siz bilganligingizdan qat'i nazar, topilgan bo'lsa, odam savdosi uchun ayblov olinishi mumkin - shuning uchun mol-mulkingizga ehtiyot bo'ling.

Nasha va boshqa giyohvand moddalar taqiqlangan va og'ir jazolarni qo'llaydi. Biroq, ayniqsa, misrliklar orasida xashish odatiy holdir; u ma'lum darajada Misr madaniyatining bir qismi sifatida qaraladi va odatda alkogolga nisbatan unchalik nomuvofiq hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina Misr ruhoniylari buni hisobga olishadi makruh o'rniga (ruxsat berilgan, lekin rad etilgan) harom (taqiqlangan). Spirtli ichimliklar ichish fikridan qaytgan ko'plab misrliklar xashish ishlatish haqida o'ylamaydilar; u odatda mamlakatning ba'zi hududlarida qishloqlarda va mamlakat bo'ylab ko'plab so'fiy marosimlarida tantanali kunlarda qo'llaniladi. Politsiya odamlarni hibsga olish va kaltaklash uchun bahona sifatida gashishdan foydalanishi mumkin, ammo ularning maqsadi odatda sayyohlar emas, mahalliy aholi. Xavfsizlik kuchlariga qarshilik qilmasangiz yoki ularning e'tiborini jalb qilmasangiz, Misrda chet ellik nasha iste'mol qilgani uchun chet elliklar jazolanishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Ammo narsalarni mamlakatga yoki tashqarisiga olib kirish yoki u bilan birga mamlakat ichkarisiga uchish yomon tugashi mumkin.

Misr, Fors ko'rfazi davlatlari singari, siqib qo'ydi qonuniy og'riq qoldiruvchi vositalar, hatto ular retsept bilan birga bo'lsa ham va sayohatchining o'zi foydalanishi mumkin bo'lsa. Ruxsat berilmagan narsalarning hozirgi ro'yxati uchun ularning elchixonasi veb-saytini tekshiring. Bu qanchalik qat'iy bajarilishi aniq emas. Ehtimol, boshqa masalalarda bo'lgani kabi, oddiy shaxsiy foydalanish ham yaxshi bo'ladi; aroq va Tramadolga atala soling, shunda siz muammoga duch kelishingiz mumkin.

Yo'l harakati

Misrda transport harakati beparvo va xavfli. Yo'lni kesib o'tishda ayniqsa e'tibor bering.

Firibgarliklar va muammolar

Misrda, ayniqsa Luksorda firibgarliklar va muammolar tashvishga solmoqda. Mehmonlar tez-tez muammolarga duch kelganliklari va firibgarlikka urinishlar haqida shikoyat qiladilar. Achchiqlanish paytida, ularning aksariyati zararli narsalar, masalan, sizni mahalliy papirus yoki parfyumeriya do'koniga jalb qilishga urinish kabi.

Bilingki, siz bilan suhbatni boshlaydigan ko'plab misrliklar sizning pulingizni xohlashadi. Odatda, sizga ingliz, nemis yoki rus tillarida ravon gaplashadigan odam murojaat qiladi, u ijtimoiy bahona ostida suhbatni boshlaydi. Keyin u (va u doim ham shunday bo'ladi) sizni eng sevimli (eng ko'p maosh oladigan) yodgorlik do'koniga bir piyola choy yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar bilan birga keltirishga harakat qiladi. Bu, shuningdek, firibgar sizni "muzey yopiq" yoki shunga o'xshash narsalarga ishontirishga urinadigan muzeylar va h.k.lardan tashqarida sodir bo'lishi mumkin. Agar biror narsa haqiqat bo'lishi uchun juda yaxshi bo'lib tuyulsa, ehtimol bu shundaydir. Har bir narsaga narxlarni talab qiling, chunki agar siz "men uni bepul deb o'ylardim" deb aytsangiz, siz qattiq janjalga duch kelasiz.

Bezovtalanish, hech qachon xavfli bo'lmasa ham, ayniqsa, asosiy sayyohlik zonalarida bezovtalanishi mumkin. Bunga yo'l qo'ymaslikning iloji yo'q, lekin muloyim la shukran (rahmat yo'q) juda ko'p yordam beradi. Buning ustiga, tabassum bilan muammoni hal qilishga harakat qiling. Agar sizga biror narsani sotmoqchi bo'lganlarning barchasi o'zingizni xato qilishiga yo'l qo'ysangiz, sizning ta'tilingiz juda baxtli bo'lmaydi.

Sizni tanlagan mehmonxonasiga olib borish uchun komissiya to'lovi oladigan taksi haydovchilari yoki boshqalar sizni ko'proq bezovta qilishi mumkin, albatta ular qabul qilgan har bir mehmon uchun komissiya to'lovlarini to'laydilar. Bunga qat'iyan rioya qiling. Agar ular talab qilsalar, siz boradigan joyga yaqin ko'chaga yoki diqqatga sazovor joyga tushirishingizni so'rang. Ushbu firibgarlik, ayniqsa, aeroportdan taksi haydovchilari orasida keng tarqalgan.

Gey / lezbiyen

Gey va lezbiyenlarga tashrif buyuruvchilar o'zlarini bilishlari va ochiq va ommaviy namoyishlardan saqlanishlari kerak. Inqilobgacha bo'lgan davrda bir nechta gey barlar yirik shaharlarda yarim ochiq ishlashga muvaffaq bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, vaziyat yomonlashdi va geylar hammomlari yoki gey to'y partiyalari a'zolari 2014 yilda "buzuqlik" uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishdi.

Misr islomiy va konservativ mamlakat. Gomoseksualizmning har qanday namoyishi g'alati, g'alati, hurmatsizlik deb hisoblanadi va aksariyat hollarda dushmanlik reaktsiyalariga olib kelishi mumkin. Vaziyat va joy va vaqtga qarab, g'alati qarashlardan tortib jismoniy zo'ravonlikgacha bo'lgan har qanday narsa bo'lishi mumkin. Shuning uchun Misrda bo'lganida geylar va lezbiyanlar ehtiyotkor bo'lishlari kerak.

Misrdagi geylar sahnasi G'arbdagi kabi ochiq va erkin emas. Geylar ilgari Qohirada gomoseksual faoliyat bilan shug'ullangani uchun politsiya tomonidan hibsga olingan va hibsga olingan va hatto qiynoqqa solingan. Inson huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi guruhlar bunday harakatlarni qoralashdi va Misr hukumati gomoseksuallarga nisbatan bunday munosabatni to'xtatish uchun turli manbalar tomonidan bosim o'tkazmoqda. Eng mashhur hibsga olishlar 2001 yilda Zamalek tumanidagi Nil daryosida joylashgan Qirolicha Boat nomli qayiqda sodir bo'lgan. O'shandan beri yana hibsga olishlar sodir bo'ldi, ammo so'nggi bir necha yil ichida gomoseksuallarning aniq ahvoli noaniq.

Kruiz qilish yoki boshqa odamlar bilan uchrashish uchun rasmiy gey joylari yo'q.

Jinoyat

Pick cho'ntaklari ilgari Misrning yirik shaharlarida, xususan Buyuk Qohirada muammo bo'lgan. Shuning uchun ko'plab mahalliy aholi o'zlarining pullarini cho'ntagida klipda saqlash o'rniga, hamyonlarni umuman olib yurmasliklarini afzal ko'rishdi va sayyohlar ham buni qabul qilishlari maqsadga muvofiqdir. To'g'ri, zo'ravonlik bilan sodir etilgan jinoyatlar kamdan-kam uchraydi, ayniqsa sayyohlar uchun, va sizni mahkamlash yoki o'g'irlash ehtimoli juda past. Agar siz o'zingizni jinoyatchilik qurboniga aylantirsangiz, siz "Harami" (o'g'ri) deb baqirib mahalliy piyodalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashingiz mumkin, ammo bu yo'lni tutmang, chunki bu adashishning eng oson yo'li va ko'p jinoyatchilar cho'ntak pichoqlarini olib yurishadi; agar jinoyat sayyohlik hududida sodir bo'lsa, siz maxsus belgilangan Turizm politsiyasi kioskini topasiz.

Namoyishlar

Misr hukumatiga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari 2011 yildan beri davom etmoqda. Namoyish zonalari yaqinida ehtiyot bo'lish kerak. Namoyish yoki / va unga xavfsizlik kuchlarining munosabati zo'ravonlikka aylanishi mumkin. Bezorilar norozilik namoyishlarida va uning atrofida politsiya xavfsizligi mavjud emasligidan foydalanmoqda. Zo'rlash, majburan talon-taroj qilish va chet elliklarni o'ldirish kabi ko'plab hodisalar qayd etilgan.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Suyuqliklar

Siz ekanligingizga ishonch hosil qiling ko'p miqdorda suv ichish: Misrda yilning aksariyati o'ta quruq iqlimga ega, bu yilning yoz oylarida yuqori harorat tufayli og'irlashadi va har yili son-sanoqsiz sayohatchilar noqulayliklar va xavflarni boshdan kechirishadi. suvsizlanish. Xavfni ko'rsatish uchun chanqoqlik hissi etarli emas: suv idishini olib, ichishni davom eting. Uzoq vaqt davomida siydik chiqarishga hojat yo'qligi yoki juda oz miqdordagi quyuq rangdagi siydikni yuborish boshlang'ich suvsizlanish belgilaridir.

Misrlik musluk suvi aksariyat mahalliy aholi tomonidan xavfsiz deb hisoblanadi, ammo ko'pincha sayohatchilarni kasal qiladi. Muntazam ichish tavsiya etilmaydi, ayniqsa sifat jihatidan juda farq qiladi. Shishaga solingan mineral suvlar keng tarqalgan: qarang Ichimlik: suv Bo'lim. Savdogarlar boshqa, ehtimol shubhali manbani to'ldirgan holda, shisha suv idishlarini qayta sotadigan eski firibgarlikka ehtiyot bo'ling. To'lashdan yoki ichishdan oldin har doim muhrning uzilmaganligini tekshirib ko'ring va agar kimdir shunday qilayotgan bo'lsa, turistik politsiyaga xabar bering.

Biroz ehtiyot bo'ling mevali sharbat, chunki ba'zi sotuvchilar uni suv bilan aralashtirishlari mumkin. Sutni ehtiyotkorlik bilan davolash kerak, chunki u pasterizatsiya qilinmasligi mumkin. Faqat taniqli do'konlardan sut sotib olishga harakat qiling. Choy va qahva kabi issiq ichimliklar kerak Umuman olganda, suv tayyorlanayotganda qaynatilgan, ammo ehtiyot bo'lish kerak muz shuningdek.

Quyosh

Qishda, quyosh odatda eng yumshoq, ayniqsa dekabrda va shimoliy Misrda eng zaif hisoblanadi. Misrda cho'l iqlimi mavjud, bu esa bulutlarni iliqroq oylarda deyarli uchramaydi, shuning uchun ayniqsa iyun-avgust oylari orasida juda quyoshli quyoshli kunlarni kuting, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quyosh nurlari ta'sirini soat 9:00 dan (yozda 10:00) 15:00 (16:00 da) yoz). Yaxshi quyoshdan saqlaydigan ko'zoynaklarni olib keling va yaxshi quyoshdan saqlovchi kremlardan foydalaning, ammo terining terlashi natijasida quyoshdan saqlovchi krem ​​samarasiz bo'lib qoladi. Bundan tashqari, shlyapa kiyish yordam berishi mumkin.

Shistosomoz

Haqiqatan ham qo'rqinchli shartnoma tuzmaslik uchun shistozomiya parazit (shuningdek ma'lum bilxarziya), teridan o'tib ketadigan yassi qurt, bunday qilma Nilda suzish yoki Misrning boshqa suv yo'llariga kirish, hatto mahalliy aholi buni qilsa ham. Xuddi shu sabab bilan yangi sug'orilgan maysazorlarda yalang oyoqlarda yurmaslik ham yaxshi fikr.

Kasallik boshini ko'rsatish uchun bir necha haftadan bir necha oygacha davom etadigan bo'lsa-da, tashxis qo'yish va davolashga odatlanib qolgani sababli, o'zingizni duchor bo'lgan deb hisoblasangiz, tibbiy yordamga murojaat qilish oqilona bo'ladi va bu sizga dollarga emas, balki tiyinga tushadi. Semptomlarga isitma, diareya, qorin og'rig'i va charchoq kiradi, bu kasallikni (masalan) gripp yoki ovqat zaharlanishi uchun osonlikcha xatoga yo'l qo'yadi, ammo yassi qurt tuxumlarini najas tekshiruvi bilan aniqlash mumkin va kasallik odatda bitta dozada davolanadi. Prazikvantel.

Misrda parranda grippi (Qush grippi) tarqalishi 2006 yildan beri odamlarda 23 kishining o'limiga olib keldi. Oxirgi o'lim 2008 yil dekabrida sodir bo'lgan.

Emlashlar va bezgak

Misr uchun odatda quyidagi emlashlar tavsiya etiladi:

• Barcha muntazam emlashlar, jumladan: qizamiq-parotit-qizilcha (MMR) vaktsinasi, difteriya-qoqshol-ko'kyo'tal vaktsinasi, varicella (suvchechak) vaktsinasi, poliomiyelitga qarshi emlash va har yili grippga qarshi emlash.
• Gepatit A va tifo isitmasi.
• Agar jinsiy aloqa, tatuirovka / pirsing yoki tibbiy muolajalar rejalashtirilgan bo'lsa, gepatit B.
• Agar uzoq vaqt qolish rejalashtirilgan bo'lsa, ayniqsa, ochiq havoda bo'lsa, quturish.

P. vivax bezgak kasalligi xavfi faqat Misrning Asvan mintaqasida mavjud. Asvanga sayohat qilish paytida sayohatchilarga chivin chaqishdan saqlanish tavsiya etiladi.

Umumiy masalalar

Misr qiziqarli va chiroyli bo'lsa-da, u to'la stress shovqin, chang va odamlar sizni bezovta qilishdan. Ayniqsa, yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalarda qolmaslik yoki to'liq sayohat turlariga tayanib, bu sizning vitesingizni silliqlaydi. Shunday qilib, vaqti-vaqti bilan doimiy diqqatga sazovor joylarni qidirish, savdolashib ov qilish va sayohatni tashkil qilishdan tanaffus qiling; sekinroq sur'atni tanlang, shunchaki bir kunni ho (lar) da o'tkazing yoki parkda minigarnituralar bilan bog'laning. Shuningdek, tunda eshitish naychalarini unutmang, chunki agar siz maktab yaqinida bo'lsangiz, ko'pincha tunda ham, erta tongda ham shovqin bo'ladi. Misr tinchlanmayotgandek tuyuladi, ammo bu sizga kerak emas degani emas.

Chekish Misrning deyarli hamma joylarida ruxsat berilgan va siz muntazam ravishda poezdda, qabulxonalarda va restoranlarda chekayotgan odamlarni uchratasiz. Ba'zida ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan qarashlari va boshqalardan uzoqroq joyda o'tirishlari mumkin bo'lsa-da, asosan tutun qanday bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, uchib ketadi. Afsuski, siz bu haqda juda ko'p narsa qila olmaysiz.

Hurmat

Tips

Misrlik ishchilarning aksariyati xizmatni ko'rsatgandan keyin maslahatlar kutishadi. Buni liftdagi tugmani bosish kabi ozgina narsa kutish mumkin. Hatto ko'pgina ishchilar sizga imkoniyat topmasdan oldin ularni taklif qilishingizni so'rashadi. Kichik xizmatlar uchun odatiy maslahat LE1. Kichkina o'zgarishlarning umumiy tanqisligi tufayli siz LE5-ni hojatxonadan foydalanish kabi oddiy ishlarni bajarishga majbur qilishingiz mumkin. Faqat bu madaniyatning bir qismi ekanligini tushunib oling; aksariyat g'arbiylar uchun ushbu maslahat qiymati juda kichik, ammo ko'plab misrliklar uchun oylik daromadning yaxshi qismini tashkil etadi.

Odamlarga salom yo'llash

Shuningdek qarang Misr arabcha so'zlashuv kitobi

Biron bir shaxsga yoki biron bir odamga birinchi marta murojaat qilganingizda, eng yaxshi gap - bu "es-salomu-alalku" salomlashish ma'nosini anglatuvchi "senga tinchlik" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi islomiy tabrikning mahalliy o'zgarishi. Bu hech kimga "salom" aytishning eng keng tarqalgan shakli. Bu siz va siz tanimaydigan odamlar o'rtasida do'stona munosabatlarni yaratadi, o'zaro munosabatlarni o'rnatadi va hurmatni oshirishga yordam beradi! Faqat biron bir narsani so'rash yoki ular bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri gaplashish o'rniga, birovga murojaat qilsangiz, buni aytish odobli hisoblanadi.

Salomlashuvning boshqa turlariga "Sabah el xur" ("xayrli tong"), "masā 'el xur" ("xayrli oqshom") yoki erkaklar bilan muloyimroq "ezzayyak" yoki ayolga "ezzayyek" murojaat qilish kiradi. "salom" yoki "yaxshimisiz?" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Ketayotganda siz o'sha "es-salamu-alēku" ni yoki oddiygina "ma`a s-salama" ni so'zma-so'z aytishingiz mumkin: "xavfsizlik bilan" yoki "sog'lik bilan" "xayrlashish" ma'nosida ishlatiladi. Ko'proq ma'lumotli misrliklar, boshqalarni tark etganda, inglizcha "xayr" yoki "buh-bye" so'zlaridan kelib chiqqan holda "xayr" deyishadi.

Tabassum: Ko'pchilik tabassumni qadrlashadi, aksariyat misrliklar esa kimdir bilan birinchi marta gaplashganda tabassum qiladilar. Gapirayotganda tabassum qilmaydigan odamlar mag'rur, qo'pol, tajovuzkor, do'stona emas va h.k.

Ammo, agar siz Misrlik erkak bilan gaplashayotgan ayol bo'lsangiz, juda do'stona yoki juda tabassum qilmaslikdan ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki ular sizni ular bilan do'stlashmoqchi bo'lganingiz yoki sizni noz qilishingizni yoki sizga urishlarini so'raganligi uchun xato qilishlari mumkin. Erkakdan erkakka bo'lgan suhbatda ham, juda do'stona munosabatda bo'lish, boshqa odamga sizdan qandaydir tarzda foydalanishga harakat qilish imkoniyatini berishi mumkin. Har doim aqlni ishlating.

Kiyinish

Misrliklar odatda konservativ odamlardir, aksariyati dindor va juda konservativ tarzda kiyinishadi. Garchi ular chet elliklarga ancha tejamkorroq kiyinishlarini joylashtirsalar ham, provokatsion tarzda kiyinmaslik oqilona bo'ladi, agar faqat odamlar sizga qarashidan saqlanishsa. Qisqa kalta shimlar o'rniga shim, jinsi shimlar, uzun shimlar kiygan ma'qul, chunki faqat turistlar kiyishadi. Qohira, Iskandariya va boshqa sayyohlik yo'nalishidagi zamonaviy tungi klublar, restoranlar, mehmonxonalar va barlarda siz kiyinish kodini ancha cheklangan deb bilasiz. Rasmiy yoki ijtimoiy funktsiyalar va aqlli restoranlar odatda ko'proq rasmiy kiyimni talab qiladi.

Yozning issiq oylarida Giza Piramidalarida va boshqa shu kabi joylarda ayollar uchun (ayniqsa, sayyohlik guruhi bilan sayohat qilishda) qisqa qisma va hatto yengsiz tepalar ma'qul. Sayyohlik manziliga sayohat qilish paytida / undan ko'proq narsalarni yashirish uchun sharf yoki boshqa narsalarni olib yurishingiz kerak. Shuningdek, yoz oylarida ayollar poyabzal kiyishlari juda maqbuldir, hattoki hijobli, sandal kiygan ayollarni ko'rasiz.

Agar yolg'iz sayohat qilsangiz, ayollar qo'llarini va oyoqlarini yopishlari kerak, sochlaringizni yopishingiz shart emas; ko'plab nasroniy ayollar Misrda sochlarini echib bemalol yurishadi. Chet ellik bo'lishiga qaramay, siz qanday kiyimda bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, sizga katta e'tibor qaratishingiz mumkin, asosan sizga tikilib qaraydigan odamlar va ba'zi bir og'zaki ta'qiblar bilan siz ularni e'tiborsiz qoldirishga urinib ko'rishingiz mumkin. Misr ayollari, hattoki to'liq hijob kiyganlar ham, ko'pincha jinsiy zo'ravonliklarga, shu jumladan mushuk chaqiruvlariga duch kelishadi. Qopqog'i qisish bilan taqqoslaganda, umuman qisib qo'yish, yengini qisqaroq qisma kiyib olish bilan katta farq qilmaydi. Quvg'inishga kelsak, sizning harakatingiz ham muhimdir. Bir guruh odamlar bilan chiqish ham foydalidir va eng yaxshi narsa, sizga nomaqbul e'tibor beradigan erkaklarga e'tibor bermaslikdir. Ular sizdan qandaydir reaktsiyani olishni xohlashadi. Shuningdek, hurmatning bir alomati arabcha "Asalamualaykum" ("salom, sizga salom" degan ma'noni anglatadi) salomini ishlatish, boshqasi esa "Walaikumasalam" ("Assalomu alaykum") deb javob berishi kerak. Bu odamga sizning hurmat-ehtiromingizni xohlashingizni va boshqa hech narsani bilmasligini ta'minlaydi.

Masjid odob-axloq qoidalari

Masjidga har qanday turdagi poyabzal, poyabzal, terlik, etik kiyib kirmang, chunki bu juda hurmatsizlikdir. Kirishdan oldin ularni har doim echib oling, chunki ular ko'chadan axloqsizlikni ko'tarib yurishadi va masjid (namoz o'qiladigan joy) toza bo'lishi kerak. Biroq, siz paypoq tutishingiz mumkin.

Namoz o'qiyotgan odamlar huzuridagi odob-axloq qoidalari

Shuningdek, ibodat paytida odamlar oldida yurishdan saqlaning. Sababi shundaki, odamlar tiz cho'kganda, Xudo oldida tiz cho'kishadi. Agar siz kimdir namoz o'qiyotganda yoki tiz cho'kayotganda uning oldida tursangiz, go'yo ular sizlarga tiz cho'kib yoki sajda qilayotgandek, to'liq taqiq va Islomning asosiy asoslariga ziddir. Aks holda, mehmonlar yoki nasroniy misrliklar namoz vaqtida ishlaydigan ko'chalarda yoki do'konlarda odatdagidek harakat qilishlari ma'qul.

Sevgining ommaviy namoyishlari

Musulmon dunyosidagi aksariyat boshqa mamlakatlar singari, Yaqin Sharq va hattoki ba'zi musulmon bo'lmagan konservativ mamlakatlar kabi, mehr-muhabbat jamoat oldida namoyish etilmasligi kerak. Misrliklar konservativ bo'lib, qiz do'stingiz / yigitingiz bilan jamoat joyida chiqish kabi ishlarni qilish haqoratli, qo'pol yoki hurmatsizlik deb hisoblanadi. Ommaviy quchoqlash kam haqoratli bo'ladi, ayniqsa, agar siz umr yo'ldoshingiz yoki oila a'zolaringiz bilan salomlashsangiz, siz ko'pdan beri ko'rmagansiz.

Misrlik erkaklar do'stlari, oila a'zolari yoki o'zlari yaxshi biladigan odam bilan uchrashganda, erkaklardan erkakka yonoqlaridan o'pishayotganini sezasiz: bu gomoseksualizm bilan aralashmaslik kerak. Odatda, ba'zi misrlik erkaklar erkak do'stining yonida qo'llarini boshqa tsikl ichidagi ilmoq singari bog'lab yurishni yaxshi ko'radilar. Shunga qaramay, bu gomoseksual xatti-harakatlar emas.

Boshqa masalalar

Odamlarni ularning ruxsatisiz suratga olmang va sayyohlar tez-tez uchrab turadigan joylarda maslahat so'ralsa ajablanmang. Misrda chekish juda keng tarqalgan va sigaretalar juda arzon.

Misrliklarning aksariyati nutq paytida baland ovozga ega bo'lishadi, bu mintaqadagi ba'zi boshqa mamlakatlar uchun odatiy holdir. Ular baqirishmayapti, ammo farqni bilib olasiz.

Misr Arab Respublikasining ikkinchi Prezidenti Gamal Abdul Nosir va boshqa ko'plab odamlar Misrda milliy qahramonlar deb hisoblanadilar; unga nisbatan haqoratli yoki kamsituvchi deb qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan mutlaqo hech narsa demasligingiz kerak. Bunday mavzular atrofida sinchkovlik bilan harakat qiling va boshqalarga munozaraning ochiqligini boshqarishiga imkon bering. Ko'pgina misrliklar so'z erkinligi va demokratiya kabi noaniq iboralarga nisbatan boshqacha talqin qilishadi. Vasvasa qilingan taqdirda ham Isroilni muhokama qilmaslik tavsiya etiladi; bu haqda baland ovozda gapirmang, chunki bu siz istalmagan diqqatni jalb qilishi mumkin, hatto siz bu haqda faqat sayohat joyi haqida gapirayotgan bo'lsangiz ham.

Spirtli ichimliklar ichishni tanlasangiz, ehtiyot bo'ling (yuqoriga qarang), ayniqsa, siz ko'p ichish mumkin bo'lgan mamlakatlardan bo'lsangiz. Hatto ko'nikib qolgan bo'lsangiz ham, tunda ham iqlim ta'sirini taxmin qila olmaysiz. Misrliklarga mast odamlarning ta'siri juda katta va juda salbiy. Misrda bo'lganingizda bitta taomdan voz keching yoki cheking, eng yaxshi reja; bu ham arzonroq bo'ladi.

Ulanmoq

Misrda uchta zamonaviy GSM uyali aloqa operatorlarini o'z ichiga olgan zamonaviy telefon xizmati mavjud. Uchta uyali aloqa operatorlari Orange, Vodafone va Etisalat. Asosiy markazlar Iskandariya, Qohira, Al-Mansura, Ismoiliya, Suvaysh va Tantada joylashgan. Rouming xizmatlari ko'rsatiladi, ammo siz o'zingizning provayderingiz bilan maslahatlashishingiz kerak. Shuningdek, turar joy davomida turistik uyali telefon liniyalarini sotib olish mumkin, bu odatda LE30 atrofida turadi.

Mobil Internet SIM-kartalarini aeroportda har 2,5 gigabayt uchun LE90 atrofida yoki shaharda 8 gigabayt uchun LE130 atrofida sotib olish mumkin.

Internetga kirish oson va arzon va ko'pincha bepul. Hozirgi kunda aksariyat qahvaxonalar, restoranlar, mehmonxonalar qabulxonalari va boshqa joylarda bepul Wi-Fi ta'minlanadi. Ulanishlar xavfli bo'lishi mumkin va kuzatuv ostida, shaxsiy hayotingiz uchun proksi yoki VPN-dan foydalanishga harakat qiling.

Engish

Turizm va mahalliy aholi

Turist sifatida duch keladigan ko'plab misrliklarning mentaliteti shundan iboratki, avtoulov haydovchisi beparvolik bilan harakat qilgandan so'ng, qo'shimcha to'xtash joylari qilmasdan va sizni diqqatga sazovor joylarda vaqtni ta'kidlab, tur haydovchisi baribir yo'lovchilaridan maslahat talab qiladi. Kabi ko'plab sayyohlik hududlarida Luksor, ular sizdan pul olishda hech qanday tartibsizliklarni ko'rsatmaydilar. Shunday ekan, kichik "ne'matlarni" qabul qilishda doimo ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki ular ko'pincha juda qimmatga tushadi. Albatta, bu xatti-harakatlar asosan iqtisodiyotning ahvoliga bog'liq va turizm ko'plab misrliklar uchun katta daromad keltiruvchi omil hisoblanadi. Shunga qaramay, bu sizning Misr haqidagi tajribangizni katta darajada buzishi mumkin.

Shunday qilib, tayyor bo'lish eng yaxshisidir. Ba'zi qoidalar:

• Bir vaqtning o'zida bitta xizmat uchun faqat bitta kishiga ishoning. Sizning taksi haydovchingiz, mehmonxona bolasi, sayohatchingiz va boshqalarga asl kelishilgan xizmatdan tashqari biron bir narsani tashkil qilishiga yo'l qo'ymang. Aks holda, ular har doim sizdan naqd pul olishga harakat qilishadi.
• Xizmatni qabul qilayotganda, nimaga kiritilgan va nimaga kirmaganligini va kelishilgan narxdan ortiqcha qo'shimcha xarajatlar bo'ladimi-yo'qligini aniqlang.
• O'zingizni qo'rqitishga yo'l qo'ymang. Ko'pgina mehmonxonalar, sayohatlar va shu kabilar Internetda baholanishi mumkin; bu sizning hazilkashingiz, undan foydalaning va aniq o'rningizda turing.
• Agar siz ekskursiyada bo'lsangiz va kelishuvga muvofiq biron bir narsa ishlamasa, boshqa yo'lovchilar oldida sayohatchiga murojaat qiling, ular xuddi shunday his qilishlari va siz tomonda bo'lishlari mumkin, bu ehtimol doimiy muammolarni hisobga olgan holda Misrda.
• Haydovchi yoki yo'riqnoma bilan o'zingizning sayohatingizni tashkil qilayotganda, faqat oxirida to'laysiz. Bu sizga nima uchun to'layotganingizni va qancha pulni kompaniyaga ajratganingizni ustidan ko'proq nazorat qilish imkonini beradi.

Ammo, siz sayyohlik muhitidan chiqib ketganingizdan so'ng, odamlar juda do'stona va muloyim bo'lishadi - agar sizda kichik o'zgarish bo'lmasa, ular siz uchun poezd chiptasini to'lashi ham mumkin. Shunga qaramay, mashaqqatli tsikldan chiqish juda qiyin, chunki ko'rishni istagan va boshdan kechiradigan ko'p narsalar afsuski sayyohlikdir.

Paketli ekskursiyalar

Agar siz individual ravishda sayohatchisiz, paketli sayohatlar yoki uyushtirilgan sayohatlardan, hatto bir kunlik sayohatlardan qochishga harakat qiling. Ular haddan tashqari narxlangan, pulning qiymati past, sizning ehtiyojlaringizni qadrlamaydilar, qat'iy va asosan o'zgarmas jadvalga ega va ko'pincha qo'shimcha qiyinchiliklar va pul ishlash uchun eshik ochishadi. Ko'plab sayohatlar tuyalar, mahalliy yo'lovchilar, qayiq safari va boshqalar uchun qo'shimcha to'lovlarni talab qilmoqdalar, ular bu yo'lda taklif etiladi, go'yo adolatli narxga, lekin aksariyat hollarda sizning sayohatchingiz naqd pulga ega bo'ladi va ular siz to'lamagan narxdan ikki baravar yuqori. qo'llanmaning ishtiroki. Boshqa ekskursiyalar - bu yarim sayohat va yarim majburiy xarid qilish, bu erda siz papirus yoki moy do'konlarini ko'rishga majbur bo'lasiz. Agar siz shikoyat qilsangiz, juda g'azablangan sayohatchiga tayyor bo'ling. Bundan tashqari, siz hazm qilish uchun vaqt ajratmasdan diqqatga sazovor joylar va tarixni ko'rib chiqasiz. Bunday sayohatlar ba'zi sayohatchilarga mos kelishi mumkin bo'lsa, boshqalari ularni chuqur umidsiz, bezovta qiluvchi va stressli deb bilishadi. Agar siz hamma narsani qamrab oladigan turizm va avtobus safarlaridan tashqari haqiqiy Misrni boshdan kechirishni istasangiz, taksini ijaraga olganingiz ma'qul (bir necha kishi yoki hatto yolg'iz), poezdda boring yoki shunchaki uzoq bo'lmagan diqqatga sazovor joylar atrofida sayr qiling. Ostida tushuntirilganidek #Cope, umuman Misr bu uchun xavfsiz joy.

Sharqiy arabcha raqamlar

Misrga bir yoki bir necha bor sayohat qilish uchun arab tilini o'rganish imkonsiz bo'lsa ham, hech bo'lmaganda Sharqiy arab raqamlarini bilish oqilona. Bu sizga juda ko'p narsalarni tejashga imkon beradi va hatto siz o'zingizning poezdingizning to'g'ri vagoniga chiqa olasiz.

Kir yuvish

Misrda sayohat qilish paytida kiyimlarni yuvishning bir qancha variantlari mavjud:

Hozircha eng oson, eng amaliy va umuman qimmat emas, bu sizning mehmonxonangizni yuvishingizni tashkil qilishdir. Oldindan kelishib, to'shakda qoldirilgan yoki ziyofatda topshirilgan kiyimlar kechqurun yangi yuvilgan va presslangan holda sizga qaytarib beriladi.

Qat'iy o'z-o'zini yordamchilar qo'llarni yuvishda yoki xodimlar sizning kiyimingizni qo'lda bosadigan va yuvadigan ko'plab "devor ichidagi teshiklardan" birini topishda davom etishlari mumkin; o'zi uchun ajoyib jarayon. Shuni bilingki, qaytib kelganingizda kiyimlaringizdan sigaret tutuni hidi keladi.

Qohira chet elliklar va sayyohlar istiqomat qiladigan, ammo mamlakatning boshqa joylarida deyarli mavjud bo'lmagan G'arb uslubidagi bir necha asosiy kir yuvish xonalariga ega. Luksor va Dahab kabi sayyohlik shaharlaridagi ba'zi mehmonxonalar a kir yuvish mashinalariga xizmat ko'rsatish orqa xonada mashinalar odatda ibtidoiy ishlar bo'lib, kiyimlaringizni o'zingiz siqish va dazmollash vazifasi qoladi.

Axlat

Afsuski, Misr katta miqdordagi axlatdan bezovta. Yo'llar bo'yida, daryolar va kanallarda va odamlar boshqa narsalarni tashlab yuborish uchun bezovta qilinmaydigan narsalarni tashlab yuborishlarini his qiladigan har qanday boshqa joylarda plastik qoldiqlarni ko'rishni kuting. Misr dunyodagi eng iflos davlatga nomzod. Axlatning katta miqdori, shuningdek, sizni bezovta qiladigan ko'plab chivinlar bo'lishi mumkinligini anglatadi.

Keyingisi

Kruizlar Isroil, Kipr, Livan, Suriya va kurka Misr to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quruqlik chegaralariga ega:

• Isroil
• G'azo sektori
• Liviya
• Sudan
• Bi'r Tavil