Afrika - Africa

Afrika - bu insoniyat nasli. Ham mintaqasi, ham aholisi jihatidan dunyodagi ikkinchi yirik qit'a bu mehmonga dunyodagi eng buyuk tsivilizatsiyalar, jonli madaniyatlar, chekka qishloqlar va zamonaviy shaharlarning bir nechta tabiiy mo''jizalari, taniqli tarixiy joylari, ko'plab va tez-tez tarqalgan qoldiqlarini taklif etadi. . Afrikaning janubi-sharqida Hind okeanida, g'arbida Atlantika okeanida, shimoli-sharqda Qizil dengizga, biroz janubda Aden ko'rfaziga va shimolda O'rta dengizga qirg'oqlari bor. Ushbu ulkan qit'a shimoliy-janub bo'ylab 8000 km dan (5000 milya) va sharqdan g'arbiy tomonga 7500 km dan (ba'zi orollar bilan) uzoqroqda joylashgan bo'lib, juda ko'p turli xil xalqlar, dinlar va madaniyatlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Afrikada 50 dan ortiq suveren davlatlar mavjud - bu barcha qit'alarning aksariyati.

Jirafalar Maasai Mara milliy bog'i yilda Keniya

Ba'zilar Afrikaning Nil daryosini dunyodagi eng uzun daryo deb da'vo qilishadi (boshqa geograflar bu Amazon uzunroq); Nil 6,650 km (4100 mildan ortiq) masofani bosib o'tadi Burundi ga Misr. Kongo daryosi Kongo DR razryadlari bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinda turadi va ba'zi joylarida chuqurligi 230 metrdan (750 fut) oshadi. Kilimanjaro tog'i Tanzaniya 5.890 m (19.340 fut) balandlikda dunyodagi eng baland mustaqil tog 'hisoblanadi. Assal ko'li Jibuti Yerning ikkinchi eng past nuqtasi, tashqarisidagi eng sho'r ko'ldir Antarktidava Yerdagi eng issiq joylardan biri. Aksariyat odamlar Afrika bilan bog'laydigan birinchi faoliyat bu safari, sarguzasht uchun cheksiz imkoniyatlar mavjud. Masalan, siz bozorlarda hunarmandchilikni sotib olishingiz, Tuareg karvoni bilan Sahroga sayohat qilishingiz, an'anaviy qishloqlarga tashrif buyurishingiz, gorillalarni tomosha qilish uchun o'rmon bo'ylab sayr qilishingiz, buzilgan landshaftlar va muzli cho'qqilar bilan tog'larga chiqishingiz, baliqlarni boqish paytida ko'plab dengiz parklarida snorkel qilishingiz mumkin. hind va atlantika okeanlaridagi tropik orollarda, ekzotik taomlarda atıştırmalık, dugonada daryodan eshkak eshish pirog yoki mustamlaka davri temir yo'lida savanna bo'ylab sayohat qilish.

Afrikaning madaniy xilma-xilligini yuqori baholash mumkin emas - aksariyat davlatlar ichki xilma-xillikda va shimolda joylashgan musulmon davlatlari va arablar va berberlar ta'sirida bo'lgan madaniyatlar bilan Saxaradan janubdagi xalqlar, shu jumladan, Janubiy Afrikaning kuchli kamalak davlati bilan juda katta farqlar mavjud. Bantu va boshqa afrikalik urf-odatlardan tashqari Evropaning ta'siri. Shuningdek, bu aholi orasida eng katta genetik xilma-xillikka ega materik: Afrikaliklar va boshqa qit'alar aholisiga qaraganda afrikaliklar orasida juda ko'p genetik xilma-xillik mavjud. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining kamligi sizni ishontirishga olib kelishi mumkinligiga qaramay, Afrika bitta mamlakat emas, balki 50 dan ortiq mamlakatlardir, shuning uchun "butun Afrika" haqida umumlashtirish mumkin emas. Shuningdek, qisman mustamlakachilik chegaralari xususiyati tufayli Afrikaning aksariyat mamlakatlari bir hil (masalan, Janubiy Afrikada 11 ta rasmiy til mavjud), madaniyati, oshxonasi, tili yoki hatto hukmron din bir necha yuz kilometr ichida keskin o'zgarishi mumkin. hech qachon chegarani kesib o'tish.

Iqtisodiyoti ko'p joylarda jadal rivojlanayotganiga qaramay, ikkala mamlakatda ham qashshoqlik cho'ntaklari ko'p Magreb va Afrikaning Saxaradan keyingi qismi. Qit'aning qaysidir qismida qashshoqlik, korruptsiya va etnik va diniy zo'ravonlik mavjud bo'lsa-da, Afrikaning katta qismi ajoyib taraqqiyotga erishdi, ko'plab shaharlarda o'rta sinflar ko'payib, tirbandliklar yoki odamlarning gavjum transporti kabi muammolarga duch kelmoqdalar, aksincha. urush yoki ocharchilik haqida siz 1980-yillarda hujjatli yoki taraqqiyotga yordam berish uchun tijorat filmlarida eshitgan bo'lishingiz mumkin.

Mintaqalar

Qit'adan tashqarida yashovchilarning aksariyati Afrikani ikki mintaqaga ajratadilar: arab tilida so'zlashadigan Shimoliy Afrika va boshqa hamma joyda Sahroi Afrikada. Biroq, Afrika juda xilma-xil qit'adir va bu bo'linish biroz sayoz tushunchani anglatadi.

Shaharlar

Yoxannesburg

• 5.6037-0.1871 Akkra - Gana poytaxti
• 9.027222222222238.7369444444442 Addis-Ababa - Efiopiya poytaxti Afrika ittifoqi va ko'plab nodavlat tashkilotlarning joyi sifatida Afrikaning "global shaharlaridan" biridir. Xitoy sarmoyasi bilan AU shtab-kvartirasi va yangi yengil temir yo'l liniyasi qurildi.
• 30.05611111111131.2394444444443 Qohira - Misrning gavjum poytaxti - Shimoliy Afrikadagi eng ko'p aholiga ega shahar va Qadimgi Misr merosiga kirish eshigi.
• -33.92518.4254 Keyptaun - the Ona shahar Janubiy Afrikaning Stol tog'i, Yaxshi umid burni va boshqa ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylari.
• 14.731944444444-17.4572222222225 Dakar - Senegalning poytaxti va Afrikaning eng g'arbiy shahri.
• -26.20436111111128.0416388888896 Yoxannesburg - Janubiy Afrikaning eng yirik shahri va ehtimol qit'aning muhim moliyaviy va iqtisodiy markazi.
• -8.838333333333313.2344444444447 Luanda - Angolaning poytaxti va so'nggi o'n yil ichida ulkan uyg'onish davridan o'tgan eng yirik shahar.
• 31.62947-7.981088 Marakeş - Marokashdagi qadimiy va zamonaviylarning aralashmasi.
• -1.286388888888936.8172222222229 Nayrobi - Sharqiy va Markaziy Afrikadagi eng katta shahar - Keniyaning poytaxti va Evropadan va AQShdan tashqarida joylashgan yagona BMT agentligining bosh qarorgohi joylashgan.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Viktoriya sharsharasi

• 14.12839738.7172571 Axum (Aksum) - turli xil saroylar va uning stelalari xarobalari bilan mashhur bo'lgan Efiopiyaning qadimiy poytaxti
• 14.35-3.61672 Dogon Country - janubiy-markaziy Malining jarliklarga singib ketgan tanho qishloqlari va juda aniq madaniyati bilan mashhur bo'lgan mintaqasi.
• -24.01138931.4852783 Kruger milliy bog'i - shubhasiz Afrikadagi eng taniqli milliy bog'lar orasida
• 32.63916666666714.2905555555564 Leptis Magna - tomonidan mo'ljallangan Rim imperiyasi namunaviy shahar sifatida uning xarobalari hanuzgacha ta'sirchan
• -3.066666666666737.3591666666675 Kilimanjaro tog'i - qit'adagi eng baland tog 'va Tanzaniyaning eng diqqatga sazovor joylaridan biri
• -2.332777777777834.5666666666676 Serengeti milliy bog'i - bilan birga Maasai Mara milliy qo'riqxonasi Keniyada chegaradan o'tib, bu Tanzaniyaning eng taniqli milliy bog'i va qit'adagi eng mashhurlaridan biri
• 25.7402532.6023587 Shohlar vodiysi - bir necha o'nlab Qadimgi Misr fir'avnlari dafn etilgan joy va Shoh Tutning qabri joylashgan joy
• -17.92477777777825.8580555555568 Viktoriya sharsharasi - Zimbabve va Zambiya o'rtasidagi ushbu sharsharalar dunyodagi eng ta'sirchan joylardan biri hisoblanadi
• -1.467529.49259 Vulkanlar milliy bog'i - ta'sirli tropik yomg'ir o'rmoni va vulqon manzaralari bilan to'la, trekking va dunyodagi noyob tog 'gorillalarini ko'rish uchun eng yaxshi joydir.

Shuningdek qarang: Afrika milliy bog'lari

Tushuning

Tarix

Piramidalar Giza: Dunyoning ettita qadimiy mo''jizalaridan bittasi hanuzgacha turibdi va ehtimol The belgisi Qadimgi Misr

Afrikalik bo'lmaganlar ko'pincha Sahroi Afrikani faqat Evropa mustamlakachiligidan oldin ovchilarni yig'adigan jamiyatlardan tashkil topgan deb o'ylashadi. Biroq, bu qarashlar ko'pincha evropaliklar tomonidan qullikni va keyinchalik mustamlakachilikni 16-asrdan 20-asrgacha bo'lgan davrda oqlash uchun foydalangan irqchi psevdistemik nazariyalarga asoslanadi. Ovchilarni yig'adigan jamiyatlar haqiqatan ham qit'aning aksariyat qismida keng tarqalgan bo'lsa-da, Afrikaning Sahroi sharqining ko'p qismida aslida o'rta asrlar davridan boshlab buyuk shaharlar va tsivilizatsiyalar joylashgan edi.

Insoniyat paydo bo'lishidan birinchi imperiyalargacha

Insoniyatning dastlabki kashshoflari, eng muhimi Australopithecus afarensis (yilda Afar viloyati uchun nomlangan Efiopiya), "Lucy" turiga mansub, yashagan va yurgan va ikki oyoq yurgan 3 million yil oldin. Kabi keyingi turlarning qoldiqlari Homo habilis va Homo erectus (biz bilganimizdek, Afrikani tark etgan birinchi hominid) Sharqiy Afrikaning Keniya, Tanzaniya va Buyuk ko'llar kabi boshqa qismlarida topilgan. Homo sapiens (zamonaviy odamlar), ehtimol Janubiy Afrikada yoki Sharqiy Afrikada hozirgi Efiopiya yoki Keniyada joylashgan. Hozirgi kungacha saqlanib kelayotgan eng qadimgi homo sapienslar taxminan 195000 yil va Efiopiyada topilgan, ammo shunga o'xshash maslahatlar ham mavjud. Homo sapiens ilgari Janubiy Afrikada bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. Dastlabki hominidlarning ayrim qoldiqlari va ularning asboblari Efiopiya, Namibiya va boshqa mamlakatlarning turli muzeylarida namoyish etilmoqda. The Insoniyat beshigi bu Janubiy Afrikada ko'plab odamlarning qoldiqlari topilgan joy.

Shimoliy Afrikada miloddan avvalgi 3300 yillarga oid ko'plab tarixiy binolar, xarobalar, yozuvlar, san'at va hunarmandchilik bilan biz hayratda qoldiradigan izlar qoldirgan. Qadimiy Fir'avn tsivilizatsiyasi Misrda joylashgan qadimiy tsivilizatsiyalar eng bardoshli va eng ta'sirchan bo'lgan. Misr monumental binolar qurish, ierarxik davlat tuzish va doimiy qo'shinlar bilan keng miqyosli urush olib borish uchun eng qadimgi madaniyatlardan biri bo'lib, tarixda eng barqaror imperiyalardan biri bo'lib, tez-tez omon qolgan va chet el bosqinchilari, muhojirlar va bosqinchilarni o'zlashtirgan va ularni aylantirgan. (madaniy jihatdan) Misr.

Fir'avnlar tsivilizatsiyasining janubi va ba'zan ularning ta'sir doirasi Nubian uzoq vaqt o'z shimoliy qo'shnilari bilan o'zaro ta'sirga ega bo'lgan va hattoki qisqa vaqt ichida Misr ustidan hukmronlik qilgan madaniyat. Ularning eng mashhur qoldiqlari - bu piramidalar Mero, Sudan. Rim imperiyasidan tashqarida yana bir qadimgi tsivilizatsiya markazi va keyinchalik xristianlikning dastlabki markazi Efiopiya bo'lib, u erda Aksumit Miloddan avvalgi IV asr va Milodiy VII asrlar orasida imperiya hukmronlik qildi va hind va O'rta er dengizi davlatlarining muhim savdo sherigi bo'lib xizmat qildi.

Bugungi kunda qadimgi Afrika tsivilizatsiyasining merosi yashamoqda; ularning ko'plab yodgorliklari, ibodatxonalari va shaharlari yaxshi saqlanib qolgan va mashhur sayyohlik diqqatga sazovor joylariga aylangan va muzeylar o'zlarining eksponatlarini joylashtirgan. Zamonaviy yahudiylar o'zlarini qadimgi Misr qullari avlodlari va barcha dinlarning Efiopiya vakillari deb hisoblashadi, ular o'zlarini Sheba malikasi va Shoh Sulaymon ittifoqining avlodlari deb hisoblashadi (Sheba ko'pchilik hozirgi millat degan ma'noni anglatadi deb o'ylaydi. Yaman, ammo ko'pchilik qirolichaga Efiopiyani ham boshqargan deb ishonishadi). Hali Shimoliy Afrika, Sudan va Efiopiya tashqarisida, miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilgacha Afrika tarixi haqida juda kam narsa ma'lum, chunki aksariyat odamlar yozuvchi tizimlari va doimiy tuzilmalari bo'lmagan ovchilarni yig'ishgan (bugungi kunda ham qit'ada topilgan ba'zi madaniyatlarga o'xshash). san'at yoki hunarmandchilik, ba'zilaridan tashqari g'or rasmlar.

Klassik antik davr

Shuningdek qarang: Qadimgi Yunoniston, Rim imperiyasi

Finikiyaliklar, hozirgi zamonga asoslangan Livan va qirg'oqlarining bir qismi Suriya va Isroil, Shimoliy Afrikani mustamlaka qildi va shahrini tashkil etdi Karfagen (endi shahar atrofi Tunis). Oxir-oqibat, Karfagen respublikasi alohida davlatga aylandi va O'rta dengizda hukmron kuch sifatida Rimliklarga raqib bo'ldi. Rimliklar miloddan avvalgi 146 yilda Uchinchi Punik urushida Karfagenni vayron qilishgan va uni yerga yoqishgan.

Roman xuddi shu teatr singari qoladi Leptis Magna, Liviyani hali ham Shimoliy Afrikaning ko'p qismida topish mumkin

Miloddan avvalgi 360 yildan keyingi davrda, Evropaliklar bostirib kirishdi qit'a. Makedoniya hukmdori Aleksandr Makedonskiy miloddan avvalgi 326 yilda Fors imperiyasining o'sha paytdagi Misr qismlarini bosib oldi uning nomidagi shahar va o'zini fir'avn deb e'lon qildi. Misr Iskandar vafotidan keyin uning sarkardalaridan birining boshqaruviga o'tishi va Ptolemeylar sulolasi davrida Iskandariya yahudiy, yunon va misr falsafasi va madaniyatining etakchi markazlaridan biriga aylandi. Aynan shu erda "qadimgi dunyo donoligi" saqlangan kutubxona turgan va aynan shu erda yahudiylarning muqaddas kitoblari koine yunon tiliga tarjima qilingan. Punik urushlaridan boshlab, rimliklar afrikalik rasmga asosiy o'yinchi sifatida kirdilar va ular kabi shaharlarga asos solishdi Leptis MagnaMiloddan avvalgi 31-yilda qisman ellizlangan Misr ham Rimga aylangunga qadar. Shimoliy Afrika va undan keyin Nubiya va Efiopiya ham nasroniylikning Rim imperiyasining boshqa qismlariga tarqalishidan oldin, milodiy I asrga kelib ushbu hududdagi birinchi nasroniylar bilan nasroniylikning dastlabki markazlaridan biri bo'lgan. Kichik Plinius (o'sha paytdagi Karfagen gubernatori) va imperator Trajanning mashhur xat almashinuvi milodning 2-asrida nasroniylarni davolash bo'yicha eng taniqli hujjatlar manbalaridan biridir. Bu davrdan ozgina hujjatlar saqlanib qolgan, ammo dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Gnostitsizm kabi nasroniylikning heterodoks shakllari, ular Konstantinopolda qo'llanilgan rasmiy tasdiqlangan versiyasiga to'g'ri kelmagan, Shimoliy Afrikada mashhur bo'lgan va Misr prekursorlarning markazi bo'lgan. Xristian monastirlari va apokrifik injillari (ya'ni "rasmiy" Injilga kiritilmagan diniy matnlar). Milodning II asridan boshlab Misrda juda keng tarqalgan Gnostik nasroniylik asosan V asrda u erda tor-mor qilingan, ammo Gnostik Xushxabarlari kabi muhim papiruslarni qoldirgan. Nag Hammadi, Yuqori Misr 1945 yilda va ko'plab tillarga tarjima qilingan. Efiopiya pravoslav cherkovi, shuningdek, Evropaning cherkovlari tomonidan kanonga kiritilmagan bir necha apokrifik xushxabarni shu kungacha kanonning bir qismi sifatida tan oladi.

Musulmonlarning fathi

The Musulmonlarning bosqini va boshlanishi Arab qullari savdosi milodiy VII asrda Shimoliy va Sharqiy va G'arbiy Afrikaning madaniy landshaftini o'zgartirdi. Yangi tashkil etilgan Arab xalifaligi bir necha o'n yilliklar ichida Shimoliy Afrika va Afrika Shoxini bosib oldi. Xristianlar va yahudiylarga soliq solish bilan birlashtirilgan nominal toqat siyosati tufayli musulmon bosqinchilar fath qilingan hududlarni tezda tezda tinchlantirishga va diniy assimilyatsiya qilishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Ba'zi olimlarning ta'kidlashicha, Rim imperiyasining Afrikadagi ko'plab viloyatlarida yuqorida aytib o'tilgan heterodoksiya xristianlikning Konstantinopolga mos kelmaydigan shakllariga nisbatan ancha bag'rikengroq (yoki hech bo'lmaganda befarq) bo'lgan islomiy bosqinchilar tomonidan osonlikcha bosib olinishiga yordam beradi. G'arbda Berbers arab istilochilari bilan o'zaro turmush qurib, keyinchalik Pireney yarim orolini bosib olgan mavrlar aholisiga aylanishdi. Sakkizinchi asrning boshlarida Damashqni bosib olgach, O'rta er dengizi Islomiy diniy va siyosiy markazi ko'chib o'tdi Qayrovan Tunisda. Ularning taraqqiyoti faqat G'arbiy va Markaziy Afrikaning zich o'rmonlari va Sharqdagi qirg'oq mintaqalari bilan cheklangan. Musulmonlar ta'siriga tushgan so'nggi mintaqa bu edi Nubiya (hozirgi shimoliy Sudan) 14-asrda. Xristian va yahudiylarning ba'zi merosi hali ham Shimoliy Afrikada ko'rinib tursa-da, ushbu dinlarning haqiqiy izdoshlari kamaydi va islom madaniy jihatdan Misrdan Marokashgacha, janubdan Sudan va Nigeriyaning shimoliy qismlariga qadar hukmronlik qilmoqda. Xristianlik Misrdagi va boshqa joylardagi qadimgi markazlaridan konversiya va hijrat tufayli qisqarib borayotgan bo'lsa-da, yahudiylik Isroil tashkil topgandan keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida yahudiylarning aksariyati yahudiylar tark etilganda yoki ularni tark etishda yo'q bo'lib ketishdi. Aytish joizki, Tunis va Marokashda yahudiy jamoalari Isroil tashkil topgunga qadar aholisi juda oz bo'lsa ham omon qolishda davom etmoqda.

VII-IX asrlar Afrikaning Sahroi sharqiy qismida muhim o'zgarishlar davri bo'ldi. G'arbda, kabi katta va qudratli ichki qirolliklarning ko'tarilishi yuz berdi Gana (Malida va Mavritaniyada zamonaviy Gana bilan aloqasi yo'q, poytaxti Koumbi Solih), Daxomey (1894 yilda frantsuzlar qo'lga olguncha davom etgan, hozirda poytaxt Benin Abomey), Za / Gao (Malida va Nigerda), Kanem (Chadda) va Bornu (Nigeriyada). Ushbu shohliklarning aksariyati Islomni qabul qilganligi sababli (odatda podshohning konversiyasi, bo'ysunuvchilarining, hech bo'lmaganda nominal ravishda konvertatsiya qilinishini ham o'z ichiga oladi), Liviya va Misrga katta karvonlarda tuz va oltin tashilgandan so'ng, Saxaradan tashqari savdo-sotiq o'sib bordi - bu savdo imkoni bo'ldi 10-asrda Arabistondan 19-asrgacha shimoliy Nigeriyadan G'arbiy Mali va Mavritaniyagacha bo'lgan hududlarning ko'p qismini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan tuyalarni kiritish orqali. Islomning kiritilishi birinchi marta ko'plab Afrika tsivilizatsiyalariga yozuv olib keldi, ularning ba'zi shaharlari oxir-oqibat islom ilmining yirik markazlariga aylandi. 13-16 asrlarda ushbu dastlabki shohliklarning aksariyati yangi imperiyalar bilan almashtirildi Mali (Mali, Gvineya va Senegalda), Kongo (Angola, Gabon, Kongo Respublikasi va Kongo Demokratik Respublikasida, poytaxti Mbanza-Kongo) va keyinroq Songxey (Mali, Burkina-Faso va Nigerda, poytaxt Gao), Ashanti (Gana shahrida poytaxt Kumasi) va kichik, bir millatli qirollik va shahar-davlatlarning ko'pligi o'sdi. Malining ko'plab mashhur sayyohlik yo'nalishlari, shu jumladan Timbuktu, Jennava Gao, bu davrda taniqli bo'lganlar, chunki ular savdo va islomiy ilm-fan markazlariga aylandilar. Mali qirollaridan biri Mansa Musa ko'pincha tarixdagi eng boy odam bo'lganligi aytiladi. Nigeriyaning shimolidagi Xausa xalqi qoldiqlari qolgan devorli shaharlarda uyushishni boshladi Kanova oxir-oqibat Sokoto xalifaligi (1804-1903), zamonaviy poytaxti bilan Sokoto. Yoruba shaharlaridan tashqari, qirg'oq bo'ylab, o'rmon bilan qoplangan G'arbiy Afrika asosan uyushmagan bo'lib qoldi. Benin, Agar va Oyo, zamonaviy Benin va Nigeriyadagi kichik Dahomey va Igbo imperiyalari bilan bir qatorda.

Ayni paytda islomiy ta'sir va farovonlik Hind okeanidagi savdo Arabiston, Fors, Hindiston va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi kemalar Somalidan Mozambikgacha bo'lgan yirik portlarda langar tashlab, ziravorlar olib kelib, qullar va fil suyagi evaziga Sharqiy Afrikada ko'tarildi. Deb nomlanuvchi ushbu maydon Suahili qirg'og'ikabi ko'plab shahar-davlatlarning uyiga aylanadi Kilwa Kisiwani, Mombasa va Zanzibar. 7-19 asrlarda arab qul savdosining bir qismi sifatida ushbu mintaqadan 18 milliondan ortiq odam olib ketilgan - bu Atlantika qul savdosi Amerika qit'asiga olib kelinganidan taxminan ikki baravar ko'p. Bugungi kunda ushbu ta'sir ko'plab joylarning madaniyati va gastronomiyasida, xususan Zanzibar, Komor orollari, Seyshel orollari va Mavrikiy kabi Hind okeanidagi orollarda saqlanib qolmoqda va bu qullarning avlodlari Siddilar jamoasini shakllantirishga kirishadilar. Hindiston, afrika tillarida emas, balki hind tilida gaplashishiga qaramay ko'plab afrikalik an'analarni saqlab qolishda davom etmoqda.

Xarobalar Buyuk Zimbabve

Janubiy Afrika asosan rivojlanmagan bo'lib qoldi, asosan San xalqi kabi ko'chmanchi ovchilarni yig'ishgan, ammo u ba'zi kichik shohliklarni o'z ichiga olgan. The Zimbabve qirolligi (bugungi davlatning nomdoshi) Afrikaning mustamlakachilikgacha bo'lgan davridagi eng buyuk tosh inshootlarni o'z poytaxtida qurgan eng mashhurlaridan biri edi. Buyuk Zimbabve. Zamonaviy sharqiy Janubiy Afrikadagi Mapungubve qirolligi ham kichikroq tosh xarobalarini qoldirdi. Ikkalasi ham oltin va fil suyaklaridan arab va osiyolik savdogarlar bilan savdo qilishdan foyda ko'rishdi.

Islom dini tarqalishiga qaramay, Efiopiya nasroniylikning tayanchi sifatida o'zini tutishda davom etadi. Xristian me'morchiligining ushbu davrga oid eng ta'sirchan namunalari orasida XIII asrning tosh bilan ishlangan cherkovlari bor Lalibela.

Evropa tadqiqotlari va dastlabki mustamlakachilik

Ehtimol, Afrika haqidagi eng zararli xurofot bu uning "kambag'al" ekanligidir. Ammo birozgina mantiqiy fikrlash bu taxmin qanchalik xato ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Nima uchun bu erga son-sanoqsiz evropaliklar, arablar va boshqalar jasur tropik kasallik va dushmanlik bilan kelgan mahalliy odamlar kelishgan (ular o'zlarining mol-mulklari bilan bo'lishishni yoki biron bir zararli dubulg'ali buffon tomonidan boshqarilishini istamas edilar, sizga katta rahmat). kambag'al? Yo'q, aynan Afrikaning boyligi - oltinga, ziravorlarga, mineral resurslarga, neftga va shuningdek, uning aholisining mehnatiga boylik bo'lib, uni bo'lajak mustamlakachilar uchun jozibador qildi. Ushbu boylik keyinchalik kichik elita va mustamlakachilarning cho'ntagiga singib ketdi, bu ko'plab afrikaliklarning qashshoq bo'lishiga olib kelishi mumkin, ammo bu Afrikani o'zi kambag'al qilmaydi.

Bir necha genuyalik, kastillianlik va frantsuz tadqiqotchilari O'rta asrlarda G'arbiy Afrikaning ba'zi qismlariga etib borishga muvaffaq bo'lishganida, Evropa tadqiqotlari XV asr o'rtalarida shahzoda Genri "Navigator" Portugaliya uchun Afrika hududini egallashga kirishganida qit'aning shiddati boshlandi. The Portugal 1445 yilda Kabo-Verdega etib bordi va 1480 yilga kelib butun Gvineya qirg'og'iga (zamonaviy Gvineya-Bisau - Nigeriya) yo'nalishni belgilab oldi va savdo qilishni boshladi. 1482 yilda Diogo Cão Kongo daryosining og'ziga, 1488 yilda Bartolomeu Dias Yaxshi umid burniga etib bordi va 1498 yilda Vasko da Gama sharqiy sohilga suzib bordi, u erda Keniyada uning ekspeditsiyasi savdo punktini tashkil qildi. Malindi ularni Hindistonga olib borish uchun qo'llanma topishdan oldin.

Ushbu sayohat Keyp marshruti Afrika atrofida. Portugaliyaliklar Afrika qirg'oqlari bo'ylab ko'plab qal'alar o'rnatdilar va juda foydali savdo-sotiqni yo'lga qo'ydilar. Dastlab ular mahalliy aholi bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi va Ispaniya, Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya Amerika qit'asini o'rganishni boshlagan paytgacha 17-asrgacha qirg'oq bo'ylab Afrikada hukmron Evropa qudratini saqlab qolishdi.

Qal'aning ichkarisida Keyp qirg'og'i, Gana

Portugaliyaliklar tomonidan olingan foydali savdo va katta miqdordagi oltin boshqa xalqlarni qit'aga tortdi. Amerika qit'asida ishchi kuchiga talablar oshgani sayin portugaliyalik dengizchilar kema yuklarini Amerikaga olib ketishni boshladilar. Atlantika qul savdosi. 17-asrning boshlarida Golland o'zlarining G'arbiy va Markaziy Afrika portlarining aksariyatini (masalan, Luanda) keyinroq qaytarib olinadi va o'zlarining bir necha o'nlab qal'alarini, xususan Gori orolida tashkil qiladi Dakar va Yaxshi Umid burnida - ular Sharqiy Osiyoga savdo yo'llari uchun foydalanishni umid qilgan va hozirgi zamonga aylangan Keyptaun. 1642 yilda frantsuzlar birinchi istehkomlarini Madagaskarda qurdilar (ular buni 1667 yilda da'vo qildilar) va 1663 yilda inglizlar birinchi qasrni qit'ada Gambiya. Shved savdogarlari qal'ani tashkil etishdi Keyp qirg'og'ikeyinchalik Daniya zamonaviy Akkrada uni engib chiqdi.

19-asr imperializmi

19-asrda Evropaning e'tiborini savdo uchun dengiz sohilidagi portlarni tashkil etishdan, materikni mustamlaka qilish va uning xaritasiz ichki qismini o'rganish uchun bir-biriga qarshi kurashga qaratdi. Angliya tomonidan qullik bekor qilingani va butun dunyo bo'ylab qullikka xalaqit berishga qaratilgan kuchli harakatlari bilan Evropa qit'adan boshqa boylik manbalarini izlay boshladi. Gollandiyalik eng muvaffaqiyatli Evropa mustamlakasi Keyp koloniyasi, 1795 yilda inglizlar tomonidan tortib olingan. Napoleon Frantsiyasi 1798 yilda Misrni zabt etdi, xususan Rozetta toshini kashf etdi, faqat inglizlar, so'ngra Usmonli turklari tomonidan siqib chiqarildi. Frantsiya G'arbiy Afrikaning va Jazoirdagi Barbariya shtatlarining katta qismini bosib olib, mintaqada keng tarqalgan qaroqchilikni kesdi. Kilimandjaro tog'i va "ichki dengiz" (Buyuk ko'llar) va Nil daryosidagi oltin shahar kabi joylarni qidirib topish uchun sayohat qilgan jasur avantyurlarning hisob-kitoblari asrning o'rtalarida, birinchi navbatda, jezuitlar va boshqa katolik missionerlari tomonidan qidiruv to'lqinini qo'zg'atdi. Afrikaning janubiy, sharqiy va Buyuk ko'l mintaqalari. Tadqiqotchilar orasida Buyuk Britaniyaning milliy qahramoni bo'lgan Devid Livingstonekambag'al missioner sifatida ozgina yuk tashuvchisi sifatida Janubiy va Sharqiy Afrikaning ko'p qismini o'rgangan, Kongo daryosidan oqib tushgan va Nil manbasini qidirgan. G'arbiy va Markaziy Afrikada frantsuzlar, belgiyaliklar va ispaniyalik kashfiyotchilar afsonaviy Timbuktu va Mali oltin konlari va Kongoni topish uchun Pigmiyalarni va yunon afsonalarining tukli, yirik xalqlarini (gorillalarini) qidirib topdilar.

Afrikaning mustamlaka bo'linishi, 1914 yil

Afrikaning ichki hududlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar Evropaga etib borgan sari, xalqlar va savdogarlar qit'ani o'zlarining Osiyodagi ekspluatatsiyasiga o'xshash tijorat va boylikning asosiy manbai sifatida ko'rishni boshladilar, xayriya va missionerlik sinflari xristianlashtirish va "madaniyatlashish" uchun ajoyib imkoniyatni ko'rdilar. Afrikaning "vahshiy" odamlari. Ijtimoiy darvinizm joriy etilishi bilan ko'plab mamlakatlar Afrikani mustamlaka imperiyalarini barpo etish va boshqa Evropa davlatlari orasida ustunlik o'rnatish uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyat deb bildilar - asosan Germaniya, boshqa Evropa davlatlari va Frantsiyani ortda qoldirish, Shimoliy Amerikada va Napoleon davrida. Bunga Britaniya va Portugaliya qo'shildi Afrika uchun kurash manfaatlariga tahdid solayotganini ko'rganlarida. 1885 yilda Berlin konferentsiyasi Evropaning mustamlakachilarini birlashtirdi va ko'plab to'g'ri chiziqlarga ega bo'lgan qit'ani aniqlangan mustamlaka hududlariga aylantirish uchun biron bir Afrika qirolligi yoki aholi punktidan hech qanday ma'lumot olmadi. Berlin uchrashuvidan so'ng Italiya Efiopiya ustidan "himoyachi" sifatida belgilandi. 1898 yilda Italiya Efiopiyani mustamlaka qilish uchun har tomonlama urush olib bordi va ular jangda mag'lub bo'ldilar Adva. Buning sababi, barcha Efiopiyaliklar imperator Menelik II boshchiligida birlashish uchun birlashish edi, eng muhimi, Efiopiyaning Evropa qurollari bilan qurollanganligi va shu sababli qurollarning nomutanosibligi Evropaning foydasiga boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi qat'iy emas edi. Bu afrikaliklar birinchi marta evropalik bosqinchilarni mag'lubiyatga uchratganligini va Efiopiyani hech qachon chet el kuchlari tomonidan mustamlakaga aylanmagan yagona Afrika davlatiga aylantirganligini bildiradi (Liberiya, Afrika uchun Skramble-dan omon qolgan boshqa mamlakat, ilgari AQSh hududi bo'lgan).

Shu bilan birga, Berlin konferentsiyasida qirol Leopold II ning shaxsiy mulki sifatida berilgan er Kongo xalqiga falokat kelmoqda. Belgiya, kauchuk uchun ishlab chiqarish maqsadlariga erishilmagach, odamlarni qul qilib, ommaviy qotilliklar va tan jarohatlariga duchor qilishga kirishdi. 20-asrga qadar davom etgan genotsidda millionlab odamlar o'ldirilgan, faqat 1908 yilda butun dunyo bo'ylab tanqidlar qirolni erga bo'lgan shaxsiy egalik huquqidan voz kechishga majbur qilgan va ularning parlamenti nazorati ostida Belgiya mustamlakasiga aylanganidan so'ng tugagan. Jozef Konrad roman yozgan Zulmatning yuragi uning ushbu jinoyatlarning ba'zilari guvohi bo'lgan tajribasidan, ular satirik risolada ham qoralangan Qirol Leopoldning Soliloquy Mark Tven va boshqa risola tomonidan, Kongo jinoyati, Ser Artur Konan Doyl tomonidan.

Mustamlakachilik Afrikaning ko'plab tsivilizatsiyalariga dahshatli bo'lar edi, chunki eng e'tiborli talofatlar Benin Siti va Kumasi edi, ikkalasi ham mustamlakadan oldingi buyuk shaharlar bo'lib, 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida bosqinchilar tomonidan er bilan yakson qilingan. Keyingi urushlarda ikkala shaharning ko'plab madaniy ashyolari va boshqa tsivilizatsiyalar talon-taroj qilindi va hozirgi kunda ular asosan G'arbiy dunyoning turli muzeylarida, masalan Britaniya muzeyi, Luvr va Metropolitan san'at muzeylarida namoyish etilmoqda. Talon-taroj qilingan madaniy merosning hech bo'lmaganda bir qismini qaytarish to'g'risidagi bahs-munozaralar 1970-yillarda konkret natijalarsiz buzilishdan oldin boshlangan va 2010 va 2020-yillarda yana boshlangan.

20-asrning boshlarida Buyuk Britaniya o'limga olib keladigan qatorlarni boshladi Janubiy Afrika urushlari ularning Cape Colonies-dan olib kelgan zamonaviy Janubiy Afrikadagi atrofdagi Afrika va Bur (Gollandiyaliklarning oq avlodlari) erlariga Sesil Rods Qohiradan Keyptaunga qadar Afrikani Angliya hukmronligi ostida birlashtirish haqidagi tasavvurlari bilan mashhur. Bittasi bor edi Birinchi jahon urushi Germaniyaning Sharqiy Afrikadagi jangida (Tanzaniya) inglizlar mag'lub bo'lishdi, garchi urushdan keyin ham Germaniya mulklari Frantsiya, Belgiya va Buyuk Britaniyada Janubiy Afrika bilan taqsimlandi. amalda hozirgi narsani egallab olish Namibiya 1990 yilgacha. Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqiga 1930 yilda Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillik berilgan va Afrikaner ozchilik 1960 yilda respublika bo'lish uchun ovoz bergan (qarang. 20-asr Janubiy Afrika).

Prelude-da Afrikada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi fashistik Italiya Efiopiyaga bostirib kirdi, ammo 1941 yilda haydab chiqarildi. Eksa Shimoliy Afrikani ham egallab olishga harakat qildi, ammo ittifoqchilar tomonidan haydab chiqarildi. O'n minglab afrikaliklar o'zlarining mustamlakachilik qudrati uchun kurashgan urushdan kelib chiqadigan ijtimoiy o'zgarishlar va urushdan keyin millatchilik harakatlarining tarqalishiga sabab bo'lgan Atlantika Xartiyasi.

Dekolonizatsiya va mustamlakachilar merosi

Afrika bo'ylab mustaqillik sanalari.

The dekolonizatsiya Afrika 1951 yilda Liviyaning Italiyadan mustaqil bo'lishidan boshlandi. Mustamlaka mustamlakalari o'zlarining mustamlakalari ustidan turli xil nazorat usullarini qo'lladilar, ba'zilari mahalliy hukumatda vakillik qilishdi va tanlangan bir nechta davlat xizmatchilarini etishtirishdi, boshqalari esa butun Evropa hukumati bilan mustahkam aloqada bo'lishdi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda millatchilik harakatlari barbod qilindi va ularning rahbarlari o'ldirildi yoki qamoqqa tashlandi, boshqalari esa tinchlik bilan mustaqillikka erishdilar. 50-yillarda Gvineya, Gana va Shimoliy Afrika davlatlari zo'ravonliksiz mustaqillikka erishdilar. Jazoirda Frantsiya 1963 yilgacha mustaqillik harakatlariga qarshi zo'ravonlik bilan kurash olib bordi. 1958 yilda Frantsiyaning Beshinchi Respublikasining tashkil etilishi va yangi konstitutsiyasi bilan Frantsiyaning G'arbiy Afrikasi va Frantsiyaning Ekvatorial Afrikasi o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi va Frantsiya bilan qisqa "hamjamiyat" dan so'ng ushbu mintaqalar mamlakatlari 1960 yilda mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritdi. 1970 yilga kelib, Afrikaning bir nechta davlatlaridan tashqari barchasi mustaqil bo'lishdi. Portugaliyaliklar 1975 yilgacha Afrika mulklarini saqlab qolish uchun qattiq kurashdilar; bittasidan tashqari barchasi urush orqali mustaqillikka erishdi. Zimbabve 1980 yilda, sobiq mustamlaka kuchi bo'lgan Angliya tomonidan tan olinmagan oq tanli ozchiliklar hukumati tomonidan 14 yillik hukmronlik davridan so'ng, 1980 yilda afrikalik bo'lmagan mustamlaka ustozidan mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritgan so'nggi yirik mustamlaka edi. 1990 yilda yarim avtonom Namibiya Janubiy Afrikadan mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritdi va 1993 yilda Eritreya uzoq davom etgan urushdan so'ng Efiopiyadan ajralib chiqdi - tinchlik bitimi faqat 2018 yilda imzolandi. Janubiy Afrika oq tanli ozchiliklar tomonidan qattiq nazorat ostida bo'lib, qora tanli aholisini tazyiq ostiga oldi. deb nomlangan tizim aparteid 1994 yilgacha. Marokash o'rnatilgan mustaqillik harakatiga qaramay G'arbiy Sahro ustidan nazoratni saqlab turadi va bu Marokash va Jazoir o'rtasidagi ziddiyatli nuqta bo'lib qolmoqda. Mojaro 2020 yilda yana avj oldi. Fuqarolar urushidan so'ng, Janubiy Sudan 2011 yilda o'tkazilgan referendumdan so'ng mustaqil bo'ldi.

Evropaliklar Afrikani Afrikadagi madaniyatlarga va etnik guruhlarga mutlaqo beparvolik bilan ajratishdi, ko'pincha xalqni ikki yoki undan ortiq davlatlar o'rtasida ajratishdi va urushgan yoki turli xil dinlarga ega bo'lgan xalqlarni bitta mamlakatga majbur qilishgan. Bundan tashqari, davlat xizmatida o'qimaganligi mustaqillikka qadar va undan keyin ham aksariyat mamlakatlarni nohukumat hukumatlariga olib keldi. Rahbarlar o'z etnik guruhlarini ish va pul bilan mukofotlashga moyil edilar, aksariyat hollarda boshqa etnik guruhlarga zulm o'tkazdilar. Mustaqillikdan keyin Afrikaning Sahroi janubidagi aksariyat mintaqalarda ko'plab nizolarga sabab bo'ldi va o'nlab kishilar uzoq vaqtga olib keldi fuqarolar urushlari (xususan, Sudan, Angola, Efiopiya / Eritreya, Nigeriya va Kongo Demokratik Respublikasida), genotsidlar (xususan Ruandadagi genotsid), son-sanoqsiz to'ntarishlar va behisob, buzuq rahbarlar. Sovuq urush paytida ba'zi rahbarlar bir-birlariga qarshi yirik kuch bloklarini o'ynashgan, boshqalari esa asosan ikkala tomon tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanganligi sababli hokimiyatda qolishgan. Especially after the cold war ended, some countries such as Somalia descended into protracted internal fighting and are considered failed states as nobody really has any power over the state as a whole and local rackets and militias are unable to provide more than the most basic government functions (with the exception, in that case, of the formerly British-occupied area of Somaliland). The discovery of valuable natural resources such as oil, uranium, diamonds, and coltan (columbite–tantalite, an ore from which the rare earth metals niobium and tantalum, in very high demand for technological products such as cell phones, are extracted) is one of the reasons separatist movements have sprung up, motivated in part by the greed of warlords and in part by the neglect of resource-rich areas that want a share in the profits, like the oil-rich exclave of Cabinda, Angola and the Niger Delta in Nigeria.

Fortunately, there are numerous examples in Africa where past conflict has made way for functional and stable governments, offering some hope for the future of Africa. The bleak picture often painted of Africa as a whole could not be further from the truth in many places and thanks to tourism, more stable and accountable governance and rapidly growing economies, some African countries are now looking towards a bright future of which the first signs are already visible.

Iqlim

As the second largest continent, there is a wide range of climates to be found. However, since the continent is nearly centred on the equator, much of the continent is quite warm/temperate with very few, small areas on the continent experiencing any temperatures that can be considered "cold". In the temperate regions (parts of northern Morocco & the Mediterranean coast as well as South Africa), temperatures generally range from the 10s C to the mid-30s°C (40s-90s°F) year round. Closer to the equator and on islands like Cape Verde or Mauritius, temperatures may only vary less than 20 degrees Celsius (15-35°C/65-95°F) throughout the year. In the deserts and arid regions like the Sahel and Horn of Africa, temperatures routinely hit 40°C or higher (and even 50°C or higher in the heart of the Sahara) but because sand does not retain heat like moist soil does, those same places can easily fall down to 15°C at night. There are a few bastions of cooler weather, however. Higher elevations, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco & Algeria or the mountains in Lesotho, are quite cold and snowy during winter and Mount Kilimanjaro, almost on the equator, is cold year-round (cold enough to support glaciers!). Peaks on islands such as Reunion, Canary Islands, Kamerun and other countries are cool enough to necessitate a jacket much of the year.

A far more important factor to consider when travelling to Africa is when the rain/monsoon season occurs. Timing varies a bit even in neighbouring countries, so check the page of the country you are visiting for more info. In West Africa the season starts in March around Cameroon, but not until June in Senegal or the Sahel and ends around September. While rain may not be a huge factor when travelling to southern or East Africa, it is very problematic in West Africa and on islands in the Indian Ocean. In West Africa, rains will often flood and make many roads and railways impassable and, due to poor drainage, can literally result in rivers of water flowing down streets and sewage lines overflowing. In the Sahel, it can result in flash floods in low-lying areas. In fact it is said that drowning is the most common cause of death in the desert, as flash floods can surprise people walking in wadis (dry riverbeds).

The largest weather-related dangers for travellers to Africa other than flooding are lightning va tropical cyclones. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more lightning strikes each year than any other country on earth, especially in the eastern part of the country near Goma. Lightning risk is highest from western Kenya/Tanzania and Ethiopia west to Senegal and south to Angola, Zambia and the Northern parts of South Africa. Tropical cyclones affect the islands of the Indian Ocean, with the season running from 15 November-30 April (15 May in the Seychelles & Mauritius). Tropical cyclones also infrequently affect the horn of Africa near Djibouti & Somalia, but when they do, the arid land results in major flooding. Tropical cyclones often form off the coast of western West Africa (Guinea/Senegal) during the early part of the Atlantic Hurricane Season (June–August) and will rarely impact Cape Verde, for which these particular storms are called "Cape Verde-type hurricanes".

Politics

After Africa's messy divorce from its European colonial powers, many African countries became mired in political power struggles and civil war. Since the 1980s, however, the nations of this continent have drawn closer and many conflicts on the continent have seen neighbouring countries intervene positively rather than intervention/invasion by European and Western powers. Most African countries are developing democracies—struggling with corruption, but moving towards democratic values, like free and fair elections, freedom of speech, and involvement in government by several strata of society.

Nevertheless, there are a few countries which still retain authoritarian governments, dictatorships, and kleptocracies. Prior to peace agreements ending civil war in each, Angola and Mozambique were Communist one-party states and remain under the control of these parties, which have shifted from Marxist-Leninist to far-left/socialist ideology and retain Communist symbols in their flags, coats of arms, national anthems, and other national symbols. Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea remain among the most authoritarian countries on Earth, with severe repression of opposition.

Several national governments have a weak hold of their territory, such as Somalia, both Congos, the Central African Republic, Chad, Libya and Mali. In addition to national governments, some "tribes" continue to retain kings/chiefs recognized by the national government as well as local people and are sometimes even given limited autonomy/authority over "tribal" lands. The problem of "tribalism" that plagues many African countries is somewhat of a misnomer, as many of these "tribes" are ethnically and linguistically more diverse and different from each other than most European ethnicities, and often they were forced to live in one state due to the arbitrary nature of colonial borders. Still in some African countries ethnic and personal loyalties were more important than party ties or ideologies and the marginalized ethnicities often strived to overturn these regimes, only to replace them with one dominated by their ethnicity.

Today, more than at any time in the continent's history, the nations of the continent are cooperating on important issues and increasingly relying on themselves to stop conflict and broker peace, rather than allowing the UN and Western powers to do so. The African Union (AU) is the continent's answer to the United Nations and promotes unity and the resolution of conflicts. It was established in 2002, with its administrative seat in Addis-Ababa, Efiopiya, and represents all African nations and territory, and various European possessions in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The AU has been able to achieve some accomplishments in promoting human rights, development, economic integration, harmonizing business/customs/immigration rules, and intervening to stop conflicts (notably in Somalia) and unconstitutional power plays in member states. However, much work remains to be done and corruption remains rampant, numerous countries suffer from political/ethnic strife, and quality measures in development, education, health, and human rights remain low.

European influence and development aid

European colonial powers remained active in many nations post-independence; France retains close diplomatic ties with many of its former colonies, and many of the others, such as the United Kingdom, Portugal and Belgium, have large African immigrant communities originating from their respective former colonies. The U.S., largely unburdened by the "former colonial power" stigma, has long been active in promoting conflict resolution, human rights, and providing development aid and emergency assistance. While development aid rarely exceeds 1% of the donor countries' budgets, some African countries are or have in the past been dependent on aid money and credits from countries and international institutions such as the World Bank. While there has been a change in focus from large-scale projects such as dams and highways to more local initiatives such as rural electrification or public transport for individual cities, the topic remains controversial and some African voices have even called for an end to development aid altogether. Another problem with the World Bank credits is that new (democratic) governments often have to pay back old credits that their (authoritarian, kleptocratic) predecessor have taken out and wasted or outright embezzled, thus forcing their political agenda to conform to the wishes of the World Bank in large part instead of their own people. The question whether some or all of those "onerous loans" should or could be forgiven is another contentious issue between the (mostly European and North American) creditor nations and the African debtors. Another source of money for many people as well as countries is so-called "remittances" — that is, money that emigrants from African countries send back to their friends and relatives in their former home countries. While this has sometimes helped grow local economies and bring direly needed investment, the extreme dependence of some areas on this source of revenue has created a great deal of economic problems. As a traveller you will probably notice that Western Union and similar services are available almost ubiquitously, as they are frequently used for the purpose of receiving remittances.

Chinese influence

China has notably been a major player on the continent since 2000 and Western diplomats are now trying to play catch-up and fight for influence with China. The Chinese demand for natural resources is great and the Chinese have accosted many African governments without the stigma of being a rich, Western nation or caring much about the values (human rights, political freedom, etc.) of the governments they deal with. Another selling point for them is the large number of state-run companies they have and the integration between the Chinese government and the state-owned companies they use to mine and build roads and infrastructure compared to the relationship between Western governments and private businesses. China has largely sought mineral rights by building infrastructure and seeking lucrative concessions for their state-owned companies as up-front "payment" for resources to be later extracted. When building, they will almost always import Chinese workers to complete such projects, while the native Africans are rarely if ever employed. As a result it is not uncommon to see teams of hundreds of Chinese camped along and working to build a new road or housing project. The most auspicious gift from the Chinese is likely the new US$200 million headquarters complex for the African Union, built and financed by China and opened in 2012. There is also an increasing number of African students choosing to study at Chinese universities, and several scholarships offered by the Chinese government for that purpose. Whether the Chinese involvement proves beneficial or just another form of neo-colonialism remains to be seen and is a controversial topic both inside the countries China is involved in and outside of them. The Chinese, much like the Americans and European colonial powers before them, build infrastructure primarily to serve their own interests and not to serve the people of the country they do it in. A railway for example is more likely to connect a mine and a port than two important cities.

Religion

Christuskirche (Christ's Church) in Windhoek, Namibiya, built in colonial style.

Religion and spirituality are important all across Africa. The most prolific religions are Nasroniylik va Islam, with a sizable number of irreligious/atheist Africans and adherents of traditional religions. The exact percentages of religious adherents vary widely among respected sources, with roughly 40-45% Christian, 40-50% Muslim, 10-15% indigenous beliefs and 5-10% irreligious.

Christianity is spread across a large region, encompassing nearly all of Southern, Central and Eastern Africa, and has a long history in Africa. Egypt is closely associated with early Christian Church history. Ethiopia was among the first nations to adopt Christianity as their official religion (in 330 C.E.) Most Christians are Protestant or Roman Catholic and mix it with indigenous beliefs, except for the Orthodox populations of Egypt, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Christian missionaries and the desire to "civilize" tribal Africans through conversion was a major drive of European colonization.

Islam is the largest religion on the continent by number of adherents (according to most sources) but, bolstered by the large Muslim populations of Egypt and Nigeria, covers a smaller geographic footprint. All North African countries are overwhelmingly Muslim with only Egypt having a sizable Christian minority, but irreligion is growing, especially among urban youth. Nearly all of West and Sahelian Africa is also majority Muslim, except for Cape Verde, Liberia, Ghana, Benin and Togo. Nigeria, Chad and Cote d'Ivoire are all about equally split between Muslim populations in the north and Christians in the south. Islam was first brought to the continent in the centuries after its birth, spreading across northern Africa and later being spread down the Indian Ocean coast by merchants and seafarers to the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and the Comoros. The Swahili language is strongly influenced by Arabic. Most Muslims are Sunni, with a large population of moderate Sufis in West Africa and Sudan, who often blend Sunni Islam with traditional beliefs. An attempt has been made to promote more conservative forms of Islam since the 1990s, through Muslim NGOs and Saudi Arabian assistance, although this coincides with a fear of radicalisation and the emergence of al Qaeda and other Islamist groups in parts of North Africa and the Sahel (particularly Mali, Niger and Algeria). In certain Muslim regions, adherence to religious law is expected such as no alcohol consumption (but khat is fine, where legal) and the covering of women's limbs, and extreme offence is taken when these rules are broken or, worse, Islam or its prophets are insulted.

Traditional African religions are practiced by many Africans either exclusively or as syncretic elements woven into their practice of Christianity or Islam. There is no single uniting aspect to these religions beyond the fact that they all rely on oral tradition and animism. In some cases, the belief isn't in particular deities, but rather "magic". Among common, but certainly not universal, elements of indigenous African religions are:

• Recognition of one god or dual gods and respect for natural elements as supernatural beings
• Respect of the cyclical nature of life (agriculture, rain/drought, wax/wane of the moon)—the "circle of life";
• Communication with ancestors is practised or integral to communication with god and other deities;
• Medicine men and traditional healers are consulted for a broad range of topics, such as physical, psychological, spiritual, moral, and legal matters. They may also facilitate communication with ancestral spirits and/or use magic & sorcery — hence the term "witch doctors".

A Shona witch doctor in Zimbabve

Magic plays a role in many traditional African beliefs. Magic refers to the interaction between the natural & supernatural worlds, the seen & the unseen. Magicians, witches, shamans and sorcerers are believed to have special skills to manipulate communication/relations between the two worlds, either for better or for worse. Unfortunately, it is a somewhat common occurrence (especially in rural Central & West Africa) for people to claim that others are using magic for improper reasons and are witches. Accusations of being a witch or using magic/witchcraft often lead to ostracism of individuals — women are thrown out of homes, children are abandoned by parents, are subjected to violent/painful exorcisms, and are frequently murdered. In some places, witches are believed to be the source of terminal illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.

The Vodun religion practised in Bormoq va Benin (a precursor to Haitian Voudou and related religions among the African Diaspora in the Americas) believes that all creation is divine and thus carries the power of the divine. This explains how certain plants have the ability to heal and why mundane "fetishes", such as statues or dried plants/animals, hold healing & rejuvenating powers.

Hinduism is practised by the large ethnic Indian populations in former British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, the Seychelles and Mauritius, where many Indians were indentured servants under British masters. Mauritius is the only African country, and for that matter, the only country outside South Asia, where a majority of the population practices Hinduism (52%). Judaism has a long, if not well known, history on the continent. The Beta Israel of Ethiopia are legally-recognized Jews and believed to be descendants of one of the Ten Lost Tribes (the Tribe of Dan). There is also a large Jewish community in South Africa, mostly descended from immigrants from Lithuania in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Many Jewish communities existed throughout North Africa, some from the early Diaspora while others fled persecution in Iberia in the 7th and 15th centuries. Those communities are now almost entirely gone, having emigrated to North America, Israel and France to escape persecution or being outright forced out after the founding of the state of Israel, though vestiges of these communities do still survive in Marokash va Tunisia.

O'qing

• Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. The classic work of modern African literature. Though set in pre-colonial Nigeriya, Achebe's magnum opus is in some sense the story of European colonization of Africa as a whole. It was groundbreaking when published for telling an African story from the perspective of Africans, rather than Europeans. At the time, it was standard to portray African cultures as primitive and simple; Achebe broke this assumption by depicting the richness and complexity of an African society.
• Battuta, Ibn. The Travels of Ibn Battuta. The travel diaries of the legendary explorer Ibn Battuta, considered one of the greatest travellers in history. In 1325, he set out on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca from his native Morocco, age 21, and over the next three decades passed through more than 40 modern countries travelling over three times the distance than near-contemporary Marco Polo. His 1325-1332 trip visited Shimoliy Afrika, Somalia, and the Swahili Coast (Keniya, Zanzibar va Tanzaniya). A journey between 1349-1354 visited Timbuktu, passing through modern Marokash, Mauritania, Mali, Niger va Algeria. A few modern translations exist, including the 1829 translation by Samuel Lee (The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Cosimo Classics, 2009. ISBN 978-1605206219 ) and a 2003 one by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Macmillan UK, 2003. ISBN 978-0330418799 ), who also re-traced Battuta's footsteps in the early 21st century and published a few other books about his journeys. Battuta's pilgrimage to Mecca, travelling across medieval North Africa & the Middle East was the basis for the 2009 IMAX film (Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta, IMDb). Berkeley University has a good online account of his travels.
• Dowden, Richard. Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles. PublicAffairs, 2010. ISBN 978-1586488161 This book attempts to examine the continent of Africa and explain why Africa is the way it is. This book has numerous case examples highlighting the issues/struggles faced by the continent & its people today. 592 pages.
• Kapuscinski, Ryszard. The Shadow of the Sun. Vintage, 2002. ISBN 978-0679779070 Memoirs of African journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski, who arrived in 1957 to see the first states gain independence and offers insight on the tumultuous years of the late 20th century on the continent.
• Meredith, Martin. The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. PublicAffairs, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58648-398-2 One of the best and most comprehensive books available to cover the tumultuous recent history of Africa, from the events leading to independence to the 21st century. 752 pages.
• Naipaul, V. S.. The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief. Picador, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0 Examines the complex interactions of traditional religions, Western religions, and other beliefs in modern African society in Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa.
• Reader, John. Africa: A Biography of the Continent. Vintage Books, 1997. ISBN 0-679-73869-X Covers the history of the continent from early man to the first decades of independence, including ancient societies and peoples, early exploration by Westerners, colonization, & independence. 801 pages.

Chiqinglar

Samolyotda

The Xarare International Airport

Main article: Flying to Africa

The continent has perhaps the least extensive air route network of all the world's inhabited continents. When flying to major destinations like Yoxannesburg, Nayrobi, or Akkra, there's a good amount of choice and airfare costs about average when compared to routes of similar length around the world. Airfares tend to be cheaper when booked from a European capital that has a strong colonial link to your destination, which typically means from London, Parij, Bryussel va Lisbon. Misr also has plentiful, cheap connections with the Middle East & Europe. However, less popular destinations like Brazzaville or Niamey may only be served by a few flights per week operated by major airlines and the cost of airfare can be expensive. Some African airlines (such as Air Namibia) only service their neighboring countries, with one or two (or no) flights to Europe.

Africa's major airlines—South African Airways, Kenya Airways, & Ethiopian Airlines—all offer a decent level of service to the continent's capitals and other major cities and fly to many major cities around the world. Few other African airlines operate inter-continental flights and many have poor or questionable safety records and offer poor levels of service. Many flights to Africa are available from/through Europe and the Middle East. Keep in mind that many airlines are part of alliances and code share agreements and you will likely fly on more than one airline.

See your destination's article for more specific information on flights. Bear in mind that many African countries only offer a few international flights each day, or in some cases, each week. While it isn't hard to reach South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria or Egypt, getting to Malawi or Togo can be quite a challenge.

From Europe

There are more flights to Africa from Europe than from any other continent. Popular holiday destinations such as Misr, Tunisia, Marokash, Cape Verde, Keniya & Janubiy Afrika are well-served from Europe's major cities, even with discount and charter airlines. Royal Air Maroc, Afriqyah Airlines, Kenya Airways Jet4you & EgyptAir have a good selection of European destinations and Ethiopian, Kenya Airways, South African Airways & Arik Air serve a couple of major cities (London, Paris, etc.). The cheapest flights to African cities are often through the African country's former colonial power. Cities with large immigrant populations such as London, Marseille, and Paris have a good number of flights to Africa. Turkish Airlines flies to 39 destinations in 30 African countries as of 2014.

From Asia and the Middle East

Nearly all North African countries along with Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia have extensive connections with the Middle East. And similarly, countries with large Muslim populations are likely to have a connection to Jedda/Mecca either year-round or seasonal (e.g. during hajj). Middle Eastern airlines such as Emirates, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways have greatly expanded their services to Africa, and offer connections to many major African cities at competitive rates than European airlines.

From the Americas

Multiple destinations are served non-stop or directly from the Qo'shma Shtatlar, including Johannesburg, Lagos, Addis Ababa, Accra, & Dakar. Limited service is available from Braziliya (to Angola & Canary Islands), Kanada (to Algeria), Kuba (to Angola), and Venesuela (to the Canary Islands). South African Airlines, Delta, United, & Ethiopian Airlines are the main operators between the US and Africa. Delta's Johannesburg to Atlanta flight is the second-longest flight in the world by both distance (13,582 km) and scheduled time (16 hr 40 min).

From Australia

There are only a handful of direct flights connecting Yoxannesburg ga Pert va Sidney. Additionally there is a connection between Mauritius and Perth.

By road or ferry

The only land connection to another continent is the 163 km-wide Isthmus of Suez, which is found in Egypt (although the Sinai peninsula is sometimes considered a part of Africa for geopolitical reasons). Thus the only way to drive into Africa is to drive through Egypt. Most people driving from the Middle East to Africa travel through Jordan and take a short car ferry to Egypt to avoid transiting Israel, since Egypt's two African neighbours (Sudan and Libya) deny entry for persons with Israeli stamps or Egyptian/Jordanian stamps indicating travel to Israel.

Despite there being just one, narrow land crossing into the continent, there are other ways to bring vehicles into Africa by short car ferries. The short crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco is crossed by several ferries daily and relatively inexpensive. Other car ferries include:

• Italiya-Tunisia ferries are operated by a couple of different companies. However, you must pass through Algeria to Mauritania/Niger -or- Libya to Egypt, both very expensive and difficult to enter with a car.

• Spain/Frantsiya ga Algeria car ferries are run by Algerie Ferries. Their website is in French only.

• Yemen-Djibouti ferries may be running weekly or more frequently (information about this crossing is little and conflicting) to avoid Egypt (because of the extremely high import taxes) or Sudan (as the Ethiopian-Sudan border is prone to banditry). It is also possible to cross by dhow in motorcycles or small/light vehicles.

• Port Sudan, Sudan to Jidda, Saudiya Arabistoni car ferries are run daily and are a great way to avoid the juda high tariffs to enter Egypt, although visas for SA are difficult to obtain.

• Ferries link Marokash bilan Spain va Gibraltar. In addition, there are also connections between mainland Spain and its African possessions Ceuta va Melilla, from which you can drive across the border to Morocco.

Several overland trucks make journeys which cross between Europe or the Middle East and Africa, these companies are listed below under "Get around/Overland trucks".

Qayiqda

Some places, like Mahé ichida Seychelles, can only be reached by boat or plane.

Many Mediterranean cruises stop in North African countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Some ocean liners will stop in the Canary or Cape Verde Islands on trans-Atlantic crossings or in South Africa, Madagascar, Mombasa, Zanzibar, the Seychelles, or Mauritius on round-the-world trips.

Elsewhere in Africa, cruises are limited to luxury or 'boutique' cruise lines often aboard small vessels and quite expensive or "freighter cruises" which do not offer much to "passengers" but may spend a few days in a handful of ports. Grimaldi Freighter Cruises has weekly departures to West Africa making the round-trip from Amsterdam in 38 days.

The Seychelles, Reunion and Mauritius are popular destinations for yachts and private vessels, but piracy around the Horn of Africa has kept a lot of the European vessels away.

Atrofga boring

Vizalar

The general rule that visas are more difficult to obtain for countries that have more authoritarian governments and are less "classical" tourist destinations is true for Africa as well, although there are exceptions. Also with few exceptions it is easier to get into most countries if you are from a "first world" country. Visa requirements and costs for African countries differ depending on your nationality/citizenship and by country. Many countries in southern and eastern Africa have visa-free or visas available at the airport or border crossing for EU, American, Canadian, and a few other nationalities with a minimal amount of paperwork and wait. On the other hand, some countries have burdensome requirements that often differ among their embassies and border crossings.

Most countries in West Africa require visas for travellers from outside the region. In some cases these visas can be arranged at airports or (less commonly) at borders, but this is often not an option. West African embassies are not widespread outside of the region (generally limited to former colonial metropoles), and visa services are sometimes not available in some neighbouring countries. Sometimes visas are issued rapidly, sometimes it's a lengthy and costly process. Check before starting a trip across the region, as regulations and practices often change.

There are four customs unions in effect in Africa:

• Southern Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini)
• West Africa (Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone)
• Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Gabon)
• East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi)

Eslatma: Most African states demand that international travellers show yellow fever vaccination certificates upon arrival.

Accessibility

Samolyotda

There are a number of reliable airlines that ply the African Continent. Chief among them are:

• South African Airways (SAA) (Yoxannesburg, Janubiy Afrika), [1], has daily flights to most major Southern, Eastern, & Central African political and economic hubs. If you're flying from the Northern Hemisphere to somewhere north of Janubiy Afrika, don't forget to check how much backtracking you'll have to do, and if it's worth it. The flight from Washington, D.C. does stop in Senegal, but if you get off there, SAA has no connections to anywhere else.
• Keniya Airways (Nairobi, Kenya), [2], connects more African cities than any other airline on the continent. It is partly owned by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, offers good service and frequent flights to all countries within the East African region and many other major African and international destinations.
• Ethiopian Airlines (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), [3] carries more passengers than any other African airline and offers a direct service from many European cities & Washington to its hub Addis-Ababa. From there it has a very good coverage to many cities in Africa. The flight from/to Washington refuels in Rome. Its mileage can be used on Lufthansa services and Lufthansa miles can also be used on Ethiopian.

There are also many airlines which are noteworthy in particular regions, such as TAAG Angola Airlines (South/Central Africa), Arik Air (Nigeria), Afriqiyah Airways (Central/West Africa, but their hub is in Tripoli), Royal Air Maroc (West/Central/North Africa, but its hub is in Morocco), Air Mali (West Africa), Air Burkina (West Africa), Air Austral (Indian Ocean), Air Mauritius (Indian Ocean), Tunis Air (North Africa), and Jetlink (East Africa). Many other African carriers offer flights to more remote locations.

Eslatma:Consider airline safety when flying in Africa. Although South African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, and Kenya Airways all meet EU and FAA safety standards, the same isn't true for all airlines, especially smaller domestic carriers in countries where political stability may be lacking, tenuous or only recently reintroduced. Check with the EU Commission on Air Safety for a list of airlines that do not meet their safety standards.

Mashinada

Bloukrans Bridge along South Africa'sBog 'yo'nalishi

If you want to drive your own car around Africa see also Carnet de Passage

For sightseeing trips, it may be less expensive to hire a taxi than to rent a car, but be sure to negotiate taxi fares beforehand. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season and disrupted by floods in the rainy season. If you plan on travelling in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, avoid the rainy months of May through October above the equator and the rainy months of November through April below the equator. Some roads may be flooded or washed out during these months.

Travel by car outside large towns can be dangerous. Major roads are generally well maintained but there are few divided highways in Africa. In addition, rural auto accidents are fairly common because of high speed limits and the presence of wildlife in these areas. Night driving, especially in rural areas, is not recommended, and visitors are encouraged to hire reputable tour operators for safaris or other game viewing expeditions.

Avtobusda

Bus service is extensive in Africa and in almost all countries it is the main means of transportation for locals and tourists alike. Styles of busses and minibusses vary across the continent, refer to country pages for more info.

By thumb

Locals hike rides in vehicles with strangers throughout Africa, often paying a fee to the driver in return for the favour or service. The distinction between a private vehicle and a taxi is blurred and in many countries, informal taxi business flourish, by picking people up from the side of the road who want a lift. In some areas, such as Johannesburg, specific hand signals are used by hitchhikers to indicate where they wish to go and it is common for vehicles to carry several people at the same time a particular area. Foreigners may expose themselves to considerable personal risk by travelling in this way, and it is important to understand the political and social climate of each region before doing so.

By overland truck

Some people with limited amounts of time or who would prefer not to make their own arrangements opt for the "overlander" experience. Many operators run tours in large trucks that are comfortable and equipped with facilities for around 8-30 persons. They're generally run on a pretty tight schedule and cover a lot of distance, such as "Nairobi to Johannesburg in six weeks". These tours are run throughout the whole continent but East and Southern Africa are by far the most popular destinations. Accommodation is mostly camping with tents provided. Most meals are arranged and many are prepared by those on the trip (cooking duties rotated throughout the trip), and free time (like everything else) is scheduled. However, there is plenty of time to participate in the adventure activities that certain areas of Africa are famous for such as Viktoriya sharsharasi, Swakopmund, Zanzibar, and Serengeti milliy bog'i. Some people really enjoy these tours, especially when they do not have enough time to organize all travel arrangements themselves. Others loathe the very thought of travelling in a group and think that they keep you way out of touch with the "real" Africa. Whatever the case, they're a very different way to travel through Africa. The people that go on these tours tend to be young at heart and slightly adventurous; these tours are not luxury trips.

Poyezdda

Caricature of Cecil Rhodes, the colonialist behind the never-built Cape to Cairo Railway.

A train in Zambia

Most railway lines in Africa were built by the colonial powers, often with great human cost, with the main purpose of extracting wealth from the interior to coastal cities for export. After the fall of colonialism, many lines haven't been extended or maintained. passenger railways in Africa are therefore sparse with the majority being short, slow and within one country. However, during the 2010s, Chinese and European investment have rehabilitated several lines and also built new standard gauge railway lines in several countries.

The North African states of Algeria, Misr, Marokash va Tunisia all have rail networks of adequate quality, some of them even comparing favorable to a few European or East Asian countries, with connections to most major cities. In 2018, Marokash opened Africa's first true high speed rail line between Tangier va Rabat. Due to political tensions (and in part the sparse population in border areas) there are however no international train services between these countries. For travelers to and from Misr the old Wadi Halfa ga Xartum, yilda Sudan, train is useful as it connects with the ferry across Lake Nasser to the Egyptian rail terminus in Aswan. An unique experience, but not very useful as a means of transportation, is to ride the longest train in the world in Mauritania, either in the caboose or atop open iron ore carriages. Libya has no railways and plans to change that were derailed by the political troubles that have shaken this country since the 2010s.

Janubiy Afrika has a long history with passenger rail, there are overnight trains from most major cities several times per week. Additionally Gauteng province is served by the fast Gautrain, connecting the major cities of Yoxannesburg va Pretoria bilan O.R. Tambo International Airport. There are no proper international trains to South Africa but several lines terminates at border cities, making it quite easy to travel from neighboring countries such as Mozambik va Zimbabve. Most other countries in Janubiy Afrika have some form of passenger services, but quality and frequency varies greatly. Finally, for those with money to splurge, there are luxury trains like the Blue Train va Rovos Rail which offers luxurious old world charm.

East Africa has had declining services for a long time but due to recent investment several new lines have opened between major cities. Ikkalasi ham Efiopiya va Keniya now boosts brand new trains connecting major cities. The classic TAZARA line, connecting Dar es Salom bilan Kapiri Mposhi yilda Zambiya still holds up, passing through several national parks. Central African countries have fared worse with little to no investment, and railways to show for it. Angola has rehabilitated its railway lines but services remain spotty. Very limited and erratic services are available in other countries.

A few services remain in West Africa bilan Uagadugu, Burkina-Faso ga Obidjon, Kot-d'Ivuar being the most usable for tourists. Nigeriya is however investing heavily in rail and several new intercity trains have sprung up.

Qayiqda

Pirogue on the Niger River in Mali

Where there is water, there is usually boat services to some extent. In the DRC, boats are the primary means of transportation due to the extensive network of rivers and lack/quality of roads and railways. Afrikadagi ba'zi diqqatga sazovor daryo sayohatlari:

Bo'ylab Niger daryosi kichik, yog'och piroglar 2 kishilik kanoedan keng, ~ 10 kishilik qayiq va tualetga ega qayiqlarga qadar dizayn jihatidan farq qiladi. Pirogue bilan sayohat qilish juda sekin, ammo sahel manzaralari va siz qayiqda va to'xtash vaqtida uchrashgan odamlar bu Afrikaning unutilmas tajribasini yaratadilar. Katarakt tufayli Nigerdagi piroglar faqat Mali va Nigerda ishlaydi

Bo'ylab Kongo daryosi katta, eski va tez-tez odamlar ko'p bo'lgan paromlar daryo bo'yidagi shaharlarni birlashtiradi Kongo Respublikasi, Kongo DR, & Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi. Qishloqlardan kichik qayiqlar chiqib, oziq-ovqat va tovarlarni sotish uchun ushbu feribotlarga minib kelishadi, va qayiq ko'pincha yuzlab odamlarning gavjum bozori hisoblanadi. Ushbu paromlar ahvoli yomon va faqat eng tajribali sayohatchilar tomonidan bardoshli bo'ladi. Kapitan bilan suhbatlashing, uxlash uchun bir nechta xonalardan birini ishlatishingiz mumkin.

Gapir

Odatda do'kon Svakopmund, Namibiya sobiq mustamlakachi nemis tilida yozilgan.

Afrikada dominant til yo'q, lekin agar siz G'arbiy yoki Markaziy Afrikada sayohat qilsangiz, Frantsuzcha va ingliz tili ushbu xalqlar va mintaqalarda eng foydali bo'ladi. Arabcha Shimoliy Afrikada hukmron tildir, garchi frantsuzcha ham keng tarqalgan. Ingliz tili ko'plab mamlakatlarda ham foydalidir va Janubiy Afrikaning aksariyat qismida hukmronlik qiladi. Suaxili - Sharqiy Afrikadagi eng foydali til. Efiopiyada ko'pchilik odamlar gapirishadi Amharcha, Efiopiya uchun mahalliy hisoblanadi. Agar siz frantsuz tili kabi adyol tilini bilsangiz ham, ona tillari uchun so'zlashuv kitoblarini olib kelish har doim yaxshi bo'ladi. In SenegalMasalan, Afrikaning Frankofoniyasi tarkibiga kirganiga qaramay, tashrif buyuruvchilar buni topishadi Volof aholi bilan muomala qilishda juda foydali va ba'zan zarur. Bundan tashqari, agar siz mamlakatning sobiq mustamlakachisi foydalanadigan til haqida asosiy tushunchangiz bo'lsa (masalan, nemis tilida oq tanli aholi yashaydiganligi sababli Namibiyaga borishingizni bilish foydalidir) yordam beradi. Mahalliy aholi bilan muloqot qilishni yoki shahar tashqarisiga chiqishni qanchalik ko'p xohlasangiz, mahalliy Afrika tillarida muloqot qilish uchun manbalarga ega bo'lishingiz shuncha muhim bo'ladi.

Afrikaning lingvistik xilma-xilligini Janubiy Afrika misolida ko'rsatib turibdi, uning o'n bitta rasmiy tili bor, ularning ba'zilari har qanday inson tilidagi tovushlarni eng murakkab ro'yxatiga ega, ma'nolarni ajratish uchun yuzdan ortiq tovushlar mavjud. Ingliz tili nisbatan bu raqamning yarmidan kamiga ega.

Qarang

Flora va fauna

Nigerdagi jirafa

Ko'plab mehmonlarni jalb qilishadi Afrika florasi va faunasi va bundan bir necha mamlakat foyda ko'radi safari turizm Afrika milliy bog'lari.

Tabiiy mo''jizalar

Mt. Niragongoning lava ko'li, chekkasidan tomosha qilingan.

Afrikada dunyodagi eng uzun daryo Nil daryosidan tortib to ko'plab mashhur tabiiy mo''jizalar vatani Viktoriya sharsharasi. Materikda doimiy lava ko'llari bo'lgan dunyodagi to'rtta vulqonning ikkitasi joylashgan - dramatik Nyiragongo tog'i yuzlab metr yuqoriga ko'tarilgan Goma, Kongo DR va Erta Ale EfiopiyaDanakil depressiyasi (boshqalar) Mt. Erebus yilda Antarktida & Kilauea yilda Gavayi). Ikkala vulqon ham sarguzasht sayyoh tomonidan ko'tarilib, pastdagi ko'pikli lavaga hayrat bilan qarab turibdi, kechalari esa bu ajoyib manzaradir! Kamerun tog'i va uning shov-shuvli lavasi ham turli xil o'simlik va hayvonot dunyosiga ega go'zal maydonni yaratadi.

Manzaralar

Ekvatorning markazida joylashgan Afrika dunyoning iliq qismlariga xos landshaftlar bilan mashhur.

Shimoliy Afrika ulkan ustunlik qiladi Sahara sahro Atlantika, O'rta er dengizi va Qizil dengiz o'rtasida joylashgan. Sohil bo'yidagi qirg'oq va Nil qirg'og'idan tashqari, bu materikning quruq va uzoq qismi. Bu erda eng taniqli (va eng oson bo'lgan) tog 'tizmasi - Atlas tog'lari Marokash. Eng yuqori cho'qqisi Jbel Toubkal, qit'aning sharqida bo'lmagan Afrikadagi eng baland tog '.

Saxaradan janubda, o'simliklar asta-sekin o'sib boradi, janub tomon sayohat qiladi. Janubdan Sahel bundan tashqari, relyef savanna va dasht bilan juda tekis. Afrikaning sharqiy qismida joylashgan ushbu kengliklarda bunday holat mavjud emas; bu Afrikaning shimoliy uchi bo'lib, u butun yo'l bo'ylab cho'zilgan bir necha tog 'zanjirlaridan iborat Efiopiya Nilning kengayishi kabi Janubiy Afrikaga. Sharqiy Markaziy Afrika - bu erda siz eng katta ko'llarni, shu jumladan Viktoriya ko'lini topishingiz mumkin. XIX asr ingliz qirolichasi Viktoriya nomi bilan atalgan bu suv yuzi bo'yicha dunyodagi ikkinchi chuchuk suv ko'lidir va Nilning ikkita vilkasidan birining manbai hisoblanadi. Ko'lning janubi-g'arbiy qismida, Hind okeanining yarmidan bir oz ko'proq qismida, Afrikaning eng baland tog'i joylashgan, Kilimanjaro.

Ko'rinishi Assal ko'li oldidagi tuyalar karvoni bilan yaqin tog'dan. Assal ko'li va uning atrofidagi joylar oy tasvirlarining ajoyib namunasidir.

Ekvator tomonidan ajratilgan, ajablanarli emaski, Afrikaning markazida tropik o'rmonlar hukmronlik qiladi. Kongo yomg'ir o'rmonlari dunyodagi kattaligi bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinda turadi, uzoq va asosan odam yashamaydi va bu erga borish ko'pincha sayyohlik safari emas, balki ko'proq ekspeditsiya hisoblanadi. Agar istasangiz, Sharqiy Markaziy qism qit'ada borish uchun eng yaxshi joydir vulqonlar.

Keyinchalik janubda, ayniqsa, g'arbiy yarmida landshaft yana tobora quriydi. Namibiya xususan, cho'llari va kanyonlari bilan mashhur. Sharqda tabiat manzaralari tog'lar va sharsharalar, shu jumladan qudratlilar bilan farq qiladi Viktoriya sharsharasiha, u ham malika nomi bilan atalgan. Afrikaning ushbu burchagidagi baland tog'li platoda joylashgan Lesoto, dengiz sathidan 1400 m balandlikda joylashgan dunyodagi yagona mamlakat. Materikning eng janubiy qismi - boshqacha qilib aytganda Janubiy Afrika - O'rta er dengizi iqlimi va subtropik o'simliklari bilan eng shimoliy chekkasini eslatadi.

Afrikaning materik qismidan tashqarida okeanlarda joylashgan bir nechta orol davlatlari yoki hududlari mavjud. Ular odatda vulqonlardan iborat tog 'zanjirlari bilan tog'li. Dengiz bilan o'ralgan holda, ular odatda bir xil kengliklarda joylashgan ichki joylarga qaraganda sovuqroq haroratga ega.

Tarixiy tsivilizatsiyalar

Qit'aning xilma-xil va noyob yovvoyi tabiati ko'pincha sayyoramizdagi eng qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalar uyi bo'lgan Afrika sayohatlari haqida eslatib o'tilgan bo'lsa-da, Afrikada bir xil darajada ta'sirchan madaniyat va tarix mavjud. Qit'adagi va, ehtimol, dunyodagi eng mashhur tsivilizatsiya bu qadimgi Misr. Janubiy shahridan Abu Simbel ga Luksor va shimoldan Iskandariya va Qohiraga, shu jumladan Piramidalargacha Giza, dunyoning asl etti mo''jizasidan va bu qadimiy shohlikning eng ramziy belgilaridan omon qolgan yagona narsa. Saytlari Nubian Qirollik Gebel Barkal va boshqa ko'plab piramidalar singari Misr bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan Sudanda Mero. Sobiq shahar davlatining qoldiqlari ham mavjud Karfagen buni zamonaviy Tunisda topish mumkin.

Efiopiya qadimgi ko'plab xarobalarni taklif etadi Axumit Qirolligi Sheba malikasi hukmronlik qilgan joyda. Obelisklar va Dungur xarobalari Axum shohlik nasroniylikni qabul qilishidan oldin qurilgan bo'lsa, boshqa ko'plab buyuk yodgorliklar, masalan, Ezana toshi va Ahd arkasi saqlanayotgani aytilgan Sion xonim Maryam cherkovi diniy sifatida qabul qilinganidan keyin qurilgan. saytlar. Keyinchalik shohlik vorisi tomonidan qurilgan boshqa mashhur nasroniy inshootlari Habashiston imperiyasi, ayniqsa, 12-13 asrlarda, shuningdek, topish mumkin Lalibela.

G'arbiy Afrikada qadimgi tuzilmalar Mali imperiyasi topish mumkin Timbuktu va Jenna. Garchi islomiy ta'sirlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, Mali qirolligi masjidlarining me'moriy uslublari hali ham noyob va taniqli afrikalikdir. Malida joylashgan jarlik Dogon CountryDogon xalqi tomonidan qurilgan qadimiy inshootlar Mali. Ning qoldiqlari Gana imperiyasi Mavritaniya va Malining ayrim joylarida, shu jumladan, arxeologik joylarda topish mumkin Koumbi Solih, Oualata va Audaghost. Ko'pincha Afrikaning boshqa yodgorliklari soyasida, Sungbo's Eredo yilda Ijebu Ode, Nigeriya, yoruba xalqi tomonidan qurilgan, aslida qit'ada qolgan mustamlakachilikgacha bo'lgan eng yirik tuzilishdir. Bugun u o'simlik bilan qoplangan shahar bo'ylab minoralar. Ning shoh saroylari Dahomey Qirolligi hali ham avvalgi poytaxtida turibdi Abomey, va xarobalari Kongo qirolligi hali ham ularning sobiq poytaxtida topish mumkin Mbanza-Kongo. Ular Afrika uchun kurashish paytida inglizlar tomonidan katta darajada yo'q qilingan bo'lsa-da, Benin Siti va Kumasi hanuzgacha ba'zi bir yodgorliklarni o'z ichiga oladi Benin qirolligi va Ashanti imperiyasi navbati bilan. In Sokoto, Nigeriya, ning qoldiqlari Sokoto xalifaligi sultonning saroyi singari mahalliy muzeylarda ham mavjud va shahar Afrikaning islom ilmining asosiy markazlaridan biri bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda.

Qadimgi xarobalar Suaxil madaniyati Sharqiy Afrikaning qirg'oq mintaqalarida, xususan Keniya va Tanzaniya. Suaxili tuzilmalari afrikalik me'morchilik elementlarini islom me'morchiligi bilan birlashtirgan bo'lib, ular XIV asrda juda mashhur bo'lgan. Suahili tilidagi eng mashhur tuzilmalardan ba'zilari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi Gedi xarobalari va Ustun maqbaralari atrofida Malindiva Kilwa Kisiwani. Mombasa va Zanzibarnikidir Tosh shaharcha suvaxili tuzilmalari o'zining dastlabki kunlaridan 18 asrga qadar yuzlab yillarni qamrab oladi.

Janubiy Afrikada, xarobalari Buyuk Zimbabve Evropaliklar ularni kashf etganidan beri mehmonlarni hayratda qoldirmoqda. Hech bir evropalik qora Afrika aholisi ushbu qadimiy madaniyat xarobalari topilmaguncha har qanday buyuk yodgorliklarni o'zlari yaratishga qodir ekanligiga ishonmagan.

Yaqinidagi qadimgi Karfagen xarobalari Tunis Karfagen imperiyasining ulug'vorligidan dalolat beradi.

Kabi ko'plab shaharlar Leptis Magna, Timgadva Dugga Rim xarobalari, Evropaning o'zi kabi ta'sirchan. Boshqa ko'plab Evropa tuzilmalarini butun qit'ada topish mumkin, bular imperializmning dastlabki kunlaridan boshlangan. Evropaning eng noyob uslublaridan biri bu Gollandiyalik burni uslubi topilgan Janubiy Afrika, bu 17-asrda Sahroi Afrikada birinchi oq ko'chmanchilardan kelib chiqqan. Garchi aniq ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da Golland me'moriy konvensiyalar, shuningdek, Afrika sharoitlariga moslashish uchun Evropa me'morchiligidan sezilarli darajada ajralib chiqdi va uni o'ziga xos uslubga aylantirdi. Afrikadagi oq tanli jamoalar orasida bu afrikaliklar deb nomlanuvchi Gollandiyalik ko'chmanchilarning avlodlari o'zlarining etnik o'ziga xosliklarini rivojlantirdilar va umuman o'zlarini evropaliklar emas, balki afrikaliklar deb hisoblashadi.

San'at

Musiqa "Afrikaning umumiy tili" deb nomlangan va aksariyat Afrika xalqlarida kundalik hayotning bir qismi. G'arbning mashhur musiqasi (shu jumladan jazz va toshbo'ron qilish) ildizi afro-amerikalik folklor musiqasiga borib taqaladi va tobora ko'proq Afrika mamlakatlari taniqli pop musiqasi sahnasiga ega. Janubiy Afrika o'ziga xos janrida ishtirok etgan jaz musiqachilari bilan tanilgan, ularning eng taniqli vakillari karnaychi Xyu Masekela edi.

Qil

Safarlar

Shuningdek qarang: Safarlar

Zebralarni ko'rish Ngorongoro krateri, Tanzaniya.

Safari - ajoyib joyni tomosha qilish uchun quruqlikdagi sayohat Afrika yovvoyi tabiati - Afrikadagi eng buyuk sayyohlik. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda, shimoldan tashqari, kamida bittasi mavjud milliy bog uyushtirilgan safarlar bilan. Safari oddiy bir kunlik mikroavtobusdan tortib, lojada bir hafta turguncha turli xil shakllarga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Odatda bu "katta beshlik" ni qidirish uchun savanna bo'ylab 4x4 masofada sayohat qilishdir: fillar, sherlar, leopardlar, karkidonlar va bufalo. Bunday safarlar birinchi navbatda taqdim etiladi Janubiy va Sharqiy Afrika. Ko'pgina bog'larda tashrif buyuruvchilar faoliyati va yurish-turishi bo'yicha qat'iy qoidalar, shuningdek, kirish va lager to'lovlari mavjud. Eng taniqli bog'lar orasida Janubiy Afrika"s Kruger milliy bog'i, Tanzaniya"s Ngorongoro krateri, Etosha milliy bog'i yilda Namibiya, Okavango deltasi viloyati Botsvanava Tsavo Sharq/G'arb Milliy bog'lar va Nayrobi milliy bog'i.

Ko'p turli xil hayvonlarni topish mumkin Etosha milliy bog'i, Namibiya.

Safarining uchta asosiy uslubi - bu haydash safari, yurish safari va mobil safari. Ba'zi mintaqalar, shuningdek, qayiqlarda / kanoeda, otda, filda yoki havo sharida yoki yengil samolyotlarda sayohat qilishni taklif qilishadi. The safari haydash Safarining eng mashhur shakli va birinchi marta tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun eng yaxshisi, chunki bu osonroq, ko'pincha arzonroq va umuman ko'proq yovvoyi tabiatni ko'rishga imkon beradi. Haydovchilik safari bir kunlik ish bo'lishi mumkin, lekin u ko'pincha bir necha kecha o'tkazishni o'z ichiga oladi lager yoki lojalarda. Arzon narxdagi haydash safari ko'pincha kafolatlangan deraza o'rindiqsiz mikroavtobuslarda amalga oshiriladi. Hashamatli safarlar, ehtimol, 4x4 hajmdagi transport vositasida kichik guruhlarda harakatlanishni o'z ichiga oladi va suzish havzalari va kurortlari bilan yaxshi uylarda turadi. A yurish safari bir necha soat yoki bir necha kun davomida sayr qilishdan iborat bo'lib, ko'plab hayvonlarni ko'rish imkoniyati kamroq, lekin sayohatchilarga ba'zi hayvonlarga yaqinlashish va yaqinda sherni o'ldirish suyaklariga qoqilish kabi tajribalarni o'tkazish imkonini beradi. Uchun mobil safarilar, safari har kuni kechqurun lager tashkil etiladi; u ko'chma tushlik lagerini ham o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. A safari, mehmon quruqlikdagi tranzit soatlari o'rniga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri (yoki juda yaqin) lojaga uchib ketishadi.

Keyinchalik hashamatli chodirli lagerning ichki qismi.

Eng oddiy sayohatlar uchun sayohatchilar kuniga kamida 70 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratishlari kerak, eng ko'p tashrif buyuriladigan parklarning ba'zilari esa kuniga 100-150 AQSh dollarini tashkil qilishi mumkin. Hashamatli sayohatlar kuniga 1000 AQSh dollaridan oshib ketishi mumkin. Agar narx taklifi haqiqat bo'lishi uchun juda yaxshi ko'rinadigan bo'lsa, u ko'pincha shunday bo'ladi va ehtimol buning yaxshi sababi bor. Bu narxni hisoblashda yashirin to'lovlar, katta xatolar / kamchiliklar / yolg'onlarning natijasi bo'lishi mumkin, litsenziyasiz operator, suiiste'mol qilingan mehnat amaliyoti, yomon jihozlar, sayohat davomiyligi va siz o'ylamagan yoki ushbu operator rejalashtirgan qo'shimchalar. tik haq olish. Har bir turoperator o'z narxida nimani taqdim etayotganini yaxshilab tekshirib ko'ring va to'lov va jo'nab ketishdan oldin yozma ravishda shartnoma tuzishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Ba'zi parklarda o'z-o'zini boshqaradigan safarlar mumkin, ammo yangi boshlanuvchilar uchun juda tushkun.

Katta bog'larga tashrif buyurishning salbiy tomoni. Bitta transport vositasi sherni soyada ko'radi (yashirin), ularning joylashuvi haqida radio orqali xabar beradi va bir necha daqiqada boshqa o'nlab transport vositalari ko'rish uchun voqea joyiga etib kelishadi.

Toqqa chiqish

Afrikada Himolay, And, Rokki yoki Alp tog'lari bilan taqqoslanadigan baland bo'yli, qirrali tog 'tizmalari yo'q va texnik vositalarni talab qiladigan tog'lar juda kam. Marokash, Jazoir va Tunis bo'ylab joylashgan Atlas tog'lari; Janubiy Afrikadagi Drakensberg va Lesoto; Efiopiyadagi Semian tog'lari; Uganda va Kongo DR o'rtasidagi Rvenzori tog'lari qit'adagi yagona tog 'tizmalaridir, ularning hammasi osongina ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab cho'qqilarga ega. Bundan tashqari, Buyuk Rift vodiysi bo'ylab, Hind okeanidagi orollarda va Kamerunda baland bo'yli vulqonlar mavjud. Qit'aning eng baland yoki noyob tog'laridan ba'zilari:

• Jbel Toubkal (4165 m) yaqin Marakeş, Marokash Atlas tog'laridagi eng baland cho'qqidir va yozda texnik vositalarsiz ko'tarilish mumkin.
• Kamerun tog'i (4040 m) yaqin Duala, Kamerun, Kamerundagi eng baland cho'qqidir (aslida vulqon) va 1986 yilda Nyos ko'li halokati bilan mashhur bo'lib, ko'l katta miqdordagi karbonat angidrid gazini chiqargan va minglab odamlarni bo'g'ib qo'ygan. Bir kunda tepaga va orqaga tez yurish mumkin.
• Kilimanjaro tog'i (5895 m) Keniya chegarasi yaqinidagi Tanzaniyada qit'aning eng baland cho'qqisi, dunyodagi eng baland mustaqil tog 'va qit'adagi eng baland toqdir, chunki uning kirish imkoniyati va texnik vositalarga ehtiyoj yo'q. Bazmdan to cho'qqiga o'tadigan manzaralar oralig'i uni deyarli barcha alpinistlar o'z xohishlari ro'yxatiga kiritadigan manzilga aylantiradi.
• Keniya tog'i (5199 m) Keniyaning eng baland tog'idir, shuningdek, ko'plab texnik bo'lmagan yurish va yam-yashil manzaralar bo'ylab ko'tarilish marshrutlari bilan mashhur bo'lgan va Nayrobidan 200 km uzoqlikda joylashgan. Atrofdagi milliy bog 'a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.
• Stol tog'i milliy bog'i (1086 m) shaharni boshqaradi Keyptaun platoga yuzlab yoki marshrutlarga ega, oson yurishdan tortib texnik toshga chiqishgacha. 2011 yil noyabr oyida Stol tog'i tabiatning yangi 7 mo''jizalaridan biri deb nomlandi.
• Nyiragongo tog'i Ruanda chegarasidagi DRC (3470 m) dunyodagi 3-4 vulqondan biri bo'lib, uning kraterida lava ko'l mavjud. Ko'tarilish ~ 8 soat davom etadi va tepada joylashgan tog'da - ko'ldan 700 m balandlikdagi seyfda tunash uchun lagerni o'z ichiga oladi (albatta, bug ', pufakchali lava kechasi yanada ajoyib).

Abseiling va qoyalarga chiqish sporti Janubiy Afrikada ko'plab imkoniyatlarga ega bo'lgan Afrikaning ko'plab joylarida amalga oshirilishi mumkin.

Trekking va piyoda yurish

Afrikaning aksariyat tog 'tizmalari va tog'li joylari sayr qilish uchun mos. The Drakensberg Janubiy Afrikada va Lesotoda Bog 'yo'nalishi Janubiy Afrikada, Efiopiya tog'lari, va Malining Dogon mamlakati Afrikadagi eng mashhur trekking joylari va ushbu mamlakatlarga oid eng ko'p qo'llanmalar eng mashhur marshrutlarni tavsiflaydi. Ning zich o'rmonlarida Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi Pigmiy aholi punktlariga deyarli har doim tashkil etilgan DRC treklari mavjud. O'rnatilgan trekking marshrutlari Gvineya o'rmonlarida mavjud Fouta Djallon tog'li va Kamerun.

Nigerdagi Aïr massivi qumdan qirib tashlangan tosh shakllari va vohalari atrofida sayr qilish uchun mashhur bo'lib, odatda sizning tuyangizdan yoki transport vositangizdan qisqa masofalarda joylashgan. Yurish yo'llari belgilangan ko'plab o'rmonlarda ham amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Uganda, Ruanda va unga qo'shni DR Kongoda yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan tog 'gorilini ko'rish uchun piyoda sayohat qilish - bu sayyohlik uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega, garchi gorillalarga yaqin joyda 1 soat vaqt o'tkazish uchun tropik o'rmonlar bo'ylab sayohat qilish uchun 500 AQSh dollari.

Sport bilan baliq ovlash

Sho'ng'in

Ajoyiblar soni juda yaxshi akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish Afrika bo'ylab saytlar. The Qizil dengiz off Misr toza, tinch suvlarni taklif etadi. Sho'ng'in Hind okeani Keniyaning janubidan barcha orollarda va materikda keng tarqalgan. Janubiy Afrikada sho'ng'in eng mashhur "akula sho'ng'inlari" bilan mashhur, bu erda g'avvoslar akulalarning yem bilan ovqatlanishini ko'rish uchun kataklarga tushiriladi, ammo boshqa sho'ng'in imkoniyatlari mavjud. Dengiz ichkarisidagi bir nechta joylar g'avvoslar bilan mashhur; Malavi ko'li- aniq, chuqur va noyob turlar bilan to'ldirilgan - bu sho'ng'in operatorlarining ko'p sonli yagona ko'lidir.

Plyajda dam oling Zanzibar.

Plyajda dam oling

Afrikaning shimoliy qismida O'rta er dengizi, ham Suvaysh kanali, ham Sinay yarim oroli bo'yidagi Qizil dengiz bilan shimoliy-sharqda, Hind okeani janubi-sharqda va Atlantika bilan o'ralganligi sababli minglab go'zal plyajlari bo'lgan juda uzun qirg'oq chizig'i bor. G'arbda okean.

Sport

Futbol - bu eng keng tarqalgan va ommabop sport turi bo'lib, mamlakatlar o'rtasidagi o'yinlar odatda asosiy stadionlarni to'ldiradigan o'n minglab vatanparvar va xursand muxlislarni jalb qiladi. Afrikada futbol uchrashuvini tomosha qilish shart; uy jamoasi ranglarida kiyinishga va qo'shnilaringiz bilan quvnoq bayramga qo'shilishga harakat qiling! Ikki yillik Afrika Millatlar Kubogi bu qit'aning birinchi chempionati. Eng so'nggi ACoN o'tkazildi Janubiy Afrika 2013 yilda. Kelgusi kuboklar mezbonlik qiladi Marokash (2015) & Liviya (2017). Janubiy Afrika 2010 yilda FIFAning birinchi Jahon chempionatiga mezbonlik qildi.

Regbi Janubiy va Sharqiy Afrikadagi Britaniyaning bir necha sobiq koloniyalari tomonidan ijro etilgan. Janubiy Afrikaning Springboks dunyoning eng yaxshi jamoalaridan biri. Va ular an'anaviy ravishda oq bilan va xususan, ular bilan bog'liq bo'lgan Afrikaner Nelson Mandela 1995 yilda bo'lib o'tgan va Janubiy Afrikada g'olib chiqqan jahon kubogi paytida Springbok formasini kiyib olganidan so'ng, hozirgi kunda barcha etnik guruhlar orasida aholining bir qismi bor.

Kriket, ayniqsa, Britaniyaning sobiq mustamlakalarida ham o'ynaladi.

Sotib oling

Pul

CFA frankidan foydalanish: G'arbiy Afrika (yashil), Markaziy Afrika (qizil)

Afrikada eng oson almashinadigan uchta valyuta - evro, AQSh dollari va Buyuk Britaniya funt sterlingi. Avstraliya va Kanada dollari va yapon iyenasi yirik turizm sohasiga ega bo'lgan ayrim mamlakatlarda mumkin yirik banklarda va ba'zi bir valyuta birjalarida almashtirilishi mumkin, ammo siz yomon valyuta kursini qabul qilasiz, chunki bu valyutalar o'z navbatida almashinish uchun banklar uchun odatiy emas va ko'proq muammoli. Qit'a taxminan AQSh dollarini almashtirish va ishlatish eng oson bo'lgan mintaqalar va boshqa evro bo'lgan mintaqalar o'rtasida bo'linadi. Janubiy Afrika mamlakatlarida Janubiy Afrika randasi mintaqaviy jihatdan ustun mavqega ega (quyida ko'rib chiqing) va boshqa valyutalarga qaraganda osonroq almashinishi mumkin. Umuman aytganda, ushbu mamlakatlarning aksariyat qismida tashqi valyuta kurslarining yomonligi va hatto valyuta harakatining cheklanishi kuzatiladi.

Soxta narsalar bilan bog'liq xavotirlar tufayli, valyuta almashinuvchilari, banklar va hatto savdogarlar eskirgan yoki o'n yoshdan oshgan AQSh dollaridagi banknotalarni qabul qilmaydilar. Bu qanchalik g'alati tuyulsa ham, dollar bilan muomalada bo'lgan har bir kishi orasida qoida bor ekan, eskirgan yoki eskirgan dollarlik banknotalarni yo'q qilish qiyin yoki hatto imkonsiz bo'ladi. Xuddi shu narsa evro banknotalariga taalluqli emas, balki boshqa afrikalik bo'lmagan valyutalarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin.

Bir nechta istisnolardan tashqari (xususan, Janubiy Afrika randasi), Afrika valyutalari odatda o'zlarining hududlaridan tashqarida bo'lgan banklar yoki valyuta ayirboshlovchilari tomonidan qabul qilinmaydi yoki hech bo'lmaganda yaxshi valyuta kursida emas. Ba'zi bir kichik mamlakatlarning valyutalari almashtirilmaydi va chet elda qadrsiz bo'lib qoladi, ba'zi mamlakatlar o'z valyutalarini eksport qilishni taqiqlaydi va chet elga chiqib ketayotgan odamlarni valyuta bilan tortib oladi va hatto jarimaga tortadi (eng avvalo Angola kvanzasi).

Afrikada uchta valyuta birlashmasi mavjud:

• Umumiy valyuta maydoni (Janubiy Afrika randasidan foydalangan holda): Janubiy Afrika, Esvatini (Svazilend), Lesoto, & Namibiya.

• G'arbiy Afrika CFA franki (XOF): Benin, Burkina-Faso, Kot-d'Ivuar, Gvineya-Bisau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, & Bormoq.

• Markaziy Afrika CFA franki (XAF): Kamerun, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, Chad, Kongo Respublikasi, Ekvatorial Gvineya, & Gabon

Valyuta birlashmasiga kiruvchi ayrim mamlakatlar hanuzgacha o'z valyutalarini zarb etadilar (masalan, Namibiya dollari), ya'ni valyutaning ikkala shakli ham qonuniy to'lov vositasidir.

Xuddi shu nom va bir xil valyuta kursini (655.957 CFA franki = 1 €) bo'lishiga qaramay, ikkita "CFA franki" valyutasi turli banklar tomonidan muomalaga chiqarilgan va emas almashtiriladigan. Gabondagi 1000 CFA frank banknotasi Beninlik savdogar tomonidan qabul qilinmaydi va aksincha. Darhaqiqat, hatto banklar va valyuta ayirboshlovchilar bilan ham evro kupyuralarini yoki hatto AQSh dollarlarini almashtirish osonroq bo'ladi (va siz yaxshi kursni olasiz). Belgilangan almashinuvni hisobga olgan holda, ushbu mamlakatlardan biriga tashrif buyurganingizda, evro yanada qulay kursga ega bo'ladi.

Mavritaniya ouguiyasi va Malagasiya ariari dunyoda amalda ishlatiladigan o'nlikdan tashqari ikkita yagona valyuta bo'lib, ular mos ravishda xums va iraimbilanja deb nomlanuvchi 1/5 qismlarga bo'lingan.

AQSh dollari

AQSh dollari bo'ldi amalda ning valyutasi Zimbabve 2009 yil yanvar oyida Zimbabve dollari qulashi va chet el valyutasiga nafaqa sifatida 2009 yil yanvaridan beri. Zimbabveda odatda dollar tangalari qabul qilinmaydi va kichik xaridlar uchun o'zgarishlarga duch kelishingiz mumkin. Jibutiya franki (178,8 = 1 AQSh dollari) va Eritreya nakfa (16,5 = 1 dollar) dollar bilan bog'langan.

Janubiy Afrika va Sharqiy Afrikada AQSh dollari eng oson almashinadigan valyutadir (va evroga nisbatan yaxshiroq kursni olishi mumkin), shuningdek Kongo DR, Nigeriya, & Liberiya. Ushbu mintaqalardagi ko'plab sayyohlik operatorlari, sayyohlik ob'ektlari va mehmonxonalar o'z narxlarini dollar bilan belgilashdi, ba'zilari hatto mahalliy valyutaga yomon valyuta kurslarini taklif qilish yoki hatto undan voz kechishga borishadi. Shuningdek, ushbu mintaqalardagi ko'plab mamlakatlar viza narxlarini dollar bilan belgilaydilar va faqat dollarlarni qabul qilishadi (yoki ehtimol funt sterling).

Evro

Evro - Frantsiyaning Mayotte & Reunion hududlari, Ispaniyaning Kanar orollari va Portugaliyaning Madeyra va Portu Santoning rasmiy pul birligi. G'arbiy va Markaziy Afrika CFA franki evroga 655,975 (avvalgi frantsuz franki uchun shunchaki 100) darajasida bog'langan. Marokash dirhami (dalgalanma diapazoni bilan) evroga chamasi 10 dirhamdan bir evroga bog'lab qo'yilgan. Kabo-Verde eskudosi 110.265 dan bir evroga, Komoran franki esa 491.9678 dan bir evroga qadalgan. The San-Tome va Printsip dobra barqarorlikni kafolatlash uchun 2010 yilda 24500 dan bir evrogacha belgilangan edi - bu 2004 yilda bir evro uchun atigi 12000 edi.

Evro - bu eng oson almashinadigan valyuta va valyutalari evro bilan mustahkamlangan, kuchli Evropa aloqalariga ega bo'lgan va / yoki ko'pchilik sayyohlar evropalik bo'lgan mamlakatlarda eng yaxshi kursni oladi. Bu odatda Shimoliy Afrikaga to'g'ri keladi SahelMisr, Sudan va Gana bundan mustasno, G'arbiy Afrika va Markaziy Afrika, na evro, na dollar yaxshiroq, shuningdek Nigeriya, DRC va Liberiya. Yaqinda yevro yaratilgani va dollarning uzoq muddatli maqomi tufayli, Afrikaning ba'zi hududlari borligidan ehtiyot bo'ling, u erda odamlar hech qachon evro haqida eshitmagan yoki uni befoyda deb bilishadi.

Janubiy Afrika randasi

Janubiy Afrika rendi rasmiy valyutadir va muomalada bo'lgan Janubiy Afrika, Lesoto, Esvatini (Svazilend), & Namibiya. Garchi oxirgi uchtasi o'z valyutalarini chiqargan bo'lsada, ular rand bilan 1: 1 bilan bog'langan va SA randagi kabi boshqa mamlakatlarda qonuniy to'lov vositasi emas. Rand shuningdek qabul qilindi Zimbabve Zimbabve dollari halok bo'lganidan beri, ammo AQSh dollari kabi keng tarqalmagan. Shuningdek, u tezda almashtiriladi (va ba'zida to'lov uchun qabul qilinadi) Botsvana, Mozambik va aksariyat turistik joylar Botsvana va Zambiya. Namibiya zarbxonalari a mahalliy valyuta bu Namibiyadagi SA rand bilan bir qatorda qonuniy to'lov vositasi hisoblanadi, shuning uchun har doim sotish uchun tovarlarda ishlatiladigan valyuta shakliga e'tibor bering.

Naqd pulsiz to'lov shakllari

Uyali telefonlarga egalik qilish darajasi deyarli yuqori bo'lganligi va ba'zan juda o'zgaruvchan valyutalar (va "qattiq valyuta" banknotalarining etishmasligi yoki ularning qiymati kundalik operatsiyalar uchun juda katta) bo'lganligi sababli Afrikada uyali telefonlarga asoslangan turli xil to'lov tizimlari yaratildi. Yo'nalishingizga qarab, o'zingizni ushbu tizimlar bilan tanishtirishingiz va ularni telefoningizga o'rnatishingiz tavsiya etiladi.

Bozorlar

Ko'pgina Afrika mamlakatlari va qabilalari o'zlari bilan tanilgan hunarmandchilik. Yuqori sifatli haykallar, idishlar va to'qimachilik yuqori daromadli mamlakatda ishlab chiqarilgan shunga o'xshash buyumlar narxining bir qismiga topish mumkin.

Shimoliy Afrika ma'lum gilamchalar.

Taqiqlangan narsalar

Fil suyagi savdosi dunyoning deyarli barcha davlatlari tomonidan taqiqlangan, og'ir jinoyatlar va hatto jinoyatchilar uchun qamoq jazosi. Ko'pgina hayvonot mahsulotlarini (odatda fetish bozorlarida uchraydigan) g'arbiy mamlakatlar tomonidan taqiqlangan, masalan toshbaqa chig'anoqlari, har qanday hayvonning tishlari yoki yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlardan yasalgan buyumlar yoki buyumlar. Tabiatni muhofaza qilishni istagan ba'zi Afrika mamlakatlari barcha qonunbuzarlarni qonunning to'liq hajmida javobgarlikka tortadi ... shuning uchun Afrika qamoqxonasida ko'p yillar o'tkazishni istamasangiz, hayvonot mahsulotlarini sotib olishda ehtiyot bo'ling. Shuni yodda tutingki, agar biror narsa Afrika mamlakatlaridan eksport qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa ham, G'arb mamlakatlariga olib kirish noqonuniy bo'lishi mumkin; Evropa Ittifoqi va AQShda tabiatni muhofaza qilish maqsadida hayvonot mahsulotlarini olib kirish bo'yicha qat'iy qonunlar mavjud. Shuningdek qarang hayvon axloqi.

Biroz dorilar G'arbiy mamlakatlarda yoki Afrikaning ayrim qismlarida retseptsiz sotib olinadigan ba'zi mamlakatlarda noqonuniy giyohvand moddalar yoki nazorat ostida bo'lgan moddalar deb hisoblanadigan tarkibiy qismlar bo'lishi mumkin. Xususan, dimedrol - bu "boshqariladigan modda" Zambiya va bir nechta amerikaliklar retseptsiz qabul qilingan "Benadril" allergik dori-darmonlari (boshqa joyda "Dimedrol") va asosiy faol moddasi "difenhidramin" bo'lgan "Advil PM" og'riq qoldiruvchi vositasi uchun aybdor deb topilib, jarimaga tortildi.

Giyohvand moddalar savdosi aksariyat G'arb mamlakatlarida bo'lgani kabi keng tarqalgan jinoyat hisoblanadi. Qaysi moddalar taqiqlangan yoki taqiqlangan giyohvand moddalar deb hisoblanadi, ro'yxati har bir mamlakatda turlicha. Xat Efiopiya va Afrika Shoxida osongina o'stiriladigan va iste'mol qilinadigan boshqa ko'plab Afrika mamlakatlarida noqonuniy dori. Uyushgan giyohvand moddalar savdosi Gvineya va Gvineya-Bisauda Janubiy Amerikadan Evropaga borishda katta muammo hisoblanadi.

Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, mamlakatni 100 yoshdan oshganga o'xshab tark etishga harakat qilishdan oldin, qadimiy buyumlarga oid mahalliy qonunlarni tekshiring.

Siz sotib olayotgan olmos yoki boshqa marvaridlar 2 shartni qondira olishiga doim ishonch hosil qiling

1. Siz sotib olgan marvaridlarning soni, vazni va / yoki umumiy qiymati o'z mamlakatingizga qonuniy ravishda olib kirilishi mumkin.
2. Hech qanday marvarid yoki olmos yo'q Konflikt zargarlik buyumlaribu ularning terroristik guruhlar, isyonchi guruhlar tomonidan qazib olinishi va / yoki sotilishi yoki barqaror bo'lmagan usullar bilan qazib olinishini anglatadi.

Yemoq

Oziq-ovqat juda farq qiladi va siz arablar ta'siridagi oshxonalarni topishingiz mumkin (shimolda) shuningdek, Evropadan olingan (Janubiy Afrika va Namibiyada) yoki kolonizatsiyadan oldingi davrlardan kelib chiqqan mahalliy oziq-ovqat. Har bir shaharda yoki haqiqatan ham har bir mamlakatda beshta yulduzli restoranlarni uchratmasangiz ham, agar siz ochiq fikrni bilsangiz, siz standart sayyohlikdan chiqib, haqiqatan ham ajoyib va ​​hayotda bir marta oshpazlik tajribalarini boshdan kechirasiz. tarif.

Ichish

Afrikadek ulkan va xilma-xil qit'adan kutilganidek, ichimlikning xilma-xil turlari mavjud. Janubiy Afrika vinochilik bilan shug'ullanadigan xalqaro miqyosdagi mintaqa sifatida tanilgan bo'lsa-da, aksariyati musulmon bo'lgan mamlakatlarda yoki Nigeriya kabi mamlakatlarning asosan musulmonlar yashaydigan hududlarida alkogolli ichimliklarni ichish aqlsiz yoki hatto noqonuniy bo'lishi mumkin. Shuningdek, Afrikadan kelib chiqqan yoki bu erda takomillashtirilgan alkogolsiz ichimliklar, masalan, Janubiy Afrikadagi rooibos choyi yoki Efiopiyadagi qahva.

Uyqu

Ishbilarmonlik tumanlari va kurort shaharlarida yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalar mavjud bo'lsa-da, turar joy eng oddiy yo'l bo'lishi mumkin.

Milliy bog'da lager qilish hayajonli voqea bo'lishi mumkin, xavfli hayvonlar va jinoyatlar to'g'risida xabardor bo'ling.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

2012 yilga kelib Afrikaning xavfsizlik xaritasi

Afrika genotsid diktatorlar uchun yomon obro'ga ega va Afrikaning katta qismi sayohat uchun xavfsiz bo'lsa-da, qit'adagi ko'plab sayyohlik ob'ektlari ziddiyatlardan uzoq bo'lsa-da, ziddiyat va / yoki umumiy qonunbuzarlik mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab mintaqalar mavjud. Terrorizm, diniy ekstremizm va qaroqchilik ham so'nggi paytlarda jangari salafiylar guruhlarining ko'payishi bilan ba'zi hududlarda tashvish uyg'otmoqda.

Jihodchilar guruhlari asosan Afrikaning Shoxi, Shimoliy Afrika va Sahel mintaqasida hamda ularga qo'shni hududlarda to'plangan. Somali, bu erda urush boshliqlari 1993 yilda markaziy hukumat qulaganidan beri nazorat uchun kurashgan va Markaziy Afrika RespublikasiUmumiy qonunbuzarlik va isyonchilar mamlakatning aksariyat qismida mavjud bo'lgan joylarda, faqat tajribali sayohatchilar tashrif buyurishlari kerak juda mavjud xavflarga nisbatan vakolatli. Aks holda, ushbu hududlarni taqiqlangan mintaqalar deb hisoblash kerak. Istisnolar Somaliland qaysi amalda mustaqil va nisbatan xavfsiz va avtoulov izolyatsiya qilingan Dzanga Sangha milliy qo'riqxonasi.

The Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi Amazonadan keyin ikkinchi o'rmon o'rmonidir va mamlakatning katta qismi quruqlik bilan o'tib bo'lmaydigan joy. Sharqiy va shimoli-sharqiy mintaqalar isyonchilar va umumiy qonunbuzarliklarning uyi bo'lib, Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan beri eng qonli mojaroga aylandi. Xavfsiz mintaqalar g'arbdir (shu jumladan). Kinshasa), janub (Zambiya chegarasi yaqinida, shu jumladan) Lubumbashi) va deyarli bir nechta joylar kuni kabi chegara Goma, Bukavu, & Virunga milliy bog'i.

The Markaziy Saxara ko'plab muammolarga mezbonlik qiladi, xususan Sahroning ko'p qismida Al-Qoidaning Islom Mag'ribida tobora kuchayib borishi (yoki hech bo'lmaganda ta'siri). Jazoir, shimoliy Mali (Timbuktu shimolida, Gaodan sharqda va Nigeriya chegarasi yaqinida) va uzoq sharqda Mavritaniya bir nechta o'g'irlashga olib keldi (shu jumladan, bir britaniyalikning boshi kesilgan, Mali-Niger chegarasi yaqinida o'g'irlab ketilgan) va bir nechta xudkushlik hujumlari Nuakhot. 2012 yilda Malida fuqarolar urushi tugaganidan beri Shimoliy Mali (shu jumladan Timbuktu, Gao va Mavritaniya va Niger chegaralari) Tuareg va islomiy isyonchilar borligi sababli juda xavfli. Tuareg qo'zg'oloni atrofning katta qismini tark etdi Agadez, Niger- mashhur sayyohlik maskani - cheklangan va xavfli. Banditizm natijasida Sahrodagi bir necha chegaralar yopiq yoki juda xavfli: Liviya-Sudan (yopiq), Liviya-Chad (yopiq), Chad-Sudan (xavfli bo'lganligi sababli) Darfur mojaro), Chad-Niger (banditizm), Liviya-Niger (banditizm), Mali-Jazoir (yo'l kesib o'tmaydi, AQIM), Jazoir-Mavritaniya (AQIM), Mali-Niger (AQIM / isyonchilar), Mali-Mavritaniya (AQIM / isyonchilar), & Jazoir-Marokash (yopiq).

Qismlari Kot-d'Ivuar, Serra-Leone, Liberiyava Chad isyonchilar uyi va ushbu mamlakatlarning qaysi qismlariga tashrif buyurish xavfsizligi to'g'risida dolzarb ma'lumotlarni olish muhimdir (ushbu sahifalardagi ogohlantirishlarga qarang). Shimoliy Nigeriya aksariyat nigeriyaliklarni nishonga olgan musulmon bo'lmaganlarga qarshi bir necha hujumlarni amalga oshirgan islom ekstremistlari yashaydi, ammo G'arbliklar uchun hali ham katta xavf mavjud. Niger daryosi deltasi atrofidagi hudud o'nlab yillar davomida isyonchilar uyi bo'lib kelgan. Xuddi shunday, Sudanda faqat g'arbiy Darfur mintaqalari va ziddiyatli Shimoliy-Janub o'rtasidagi janubiy-markaziy "chegara" xavfli.

Afrikadagi ko'plab mamlakatlar juda xavfli uchun gey sayohatchilar, gomofobiyaning haddan tashqari darajasi bilan umumiy aholi orasida keng tarqalgan. Gomoseksualizm Afrikaning aksariyat mamlakatlarida noqonuniy hisoblanadi va ba'zi hollarda umrbod qamoq jazosi yoki hatto o'lim jazosi ham mavjud. Nigeriya va Uganda kimdir gomoseksual ekanligini bilish va bu haqda politsiyaga xabar bermaslik jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish orqali buni bir qadam oldinga tashladilar.

Jinoyat

Afrikaning yirik shaharlarida jinoyatchilik odatda yuqori bo'lib, tunda aylanib yurish odatda aqlsizdir. Ularning aksariyati firibgarliklar, mugamma yoki mayda o'g'irlik bilan bog'liq bo'lsa-da, zo'ravonlik bilan sodir etilgan jinoyatlar ham keng tarqalgan. Siz boradigan alohida mamlakatlarning "xavfsiz qolish" joylarini tekshiring.

Yovvoyi tabiat

Afrikaning aksariyat hududlarida xavfli yovvoyi tabiat umuman ahamiyatsiz bo'lishi mumkin, agar mavjud bo'lsa. Sharqiy Afrika va Janubiy Afrikaning ba'zi qismlarida potentsial jihatdan mo'l-ko'l xavfli hayvonlar topish mumkin, lekin ko'pincha sayohatchilar, ehtimol, ekskursiya ko'rsatmasi bo'lgan transport vositasida mukammal xavfsiz bo'lishadi. Shunga qaramay, hujumlar va o'limlar ro'y beradi (chet elliklar bilan kamdan-kam hollarda, lekin ko'pincha mahalliy aholi bilan) va yaxshi ma'lumotga ega bo'lish yaxshiroqdir. Nil timsohlari juda xavfli bo'lishi mumkin va Sharqiy Afrikaning past qismlarida suzish mumkin emas. Arslonlar va leoparlar xavfli bo'lishi mumkin, ammo siz juda aqlsiz bo'lmasangiz, ularni piyoda uchratishingiz ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Fil va karkidon kabi yirik o'txo'rlar, og'irlashganda ham juda xavfli bo'lishi mumkin, hattoki transport vositasida bo'lsa ham, begemot odamga hujum qilish yoki o'ldirish ehtimoli yuqori bo'lgan hayvondir va tajribali yo'riqchisiz ulardan qochish kerak. Zaharli ilonlar mavjud va ular juda ko'p, ammo juda uyatchan va siz hatto bittasini tishlashini ham ko'rishingiz mumkin emas. Gap haqida gap ketganda zararkunandalar, mamlakatdagi aksariyat hasharotlar boshqa biron bir mamlakatda topishingizdan ko'ra xavfli emas va o'rgimchaklar asosan odamlar uchun zararsizdir. Bularning barchasiga qaramay, butun Afrika qit'asidagi odam uchun xavfli bo'lgan bu chivin har yili juda ko'p sonli afrikaliklarni bezgak bilan yuqtiradi va uxlab yotgan kasallikni keltirib chiqaradigan tseze pashshalari ham ba'zi mintaqalarda katta muammo hisoblanadi. . (Sayohat qilishni rejalashtirgan joylaringiz ushbu kasalliklarga ta'sir qiladimi yoki yo'qligini bilish uchun mamlakat va mintaqalarning alohida sahifalarini va JSST hisobotlarini tekshiring.)

Sog'lom bo'ling

Shuningdek qarang: Tropik kasalliklar, Zararkunandalar, Rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda sayohat

Afrikaning Sahroi sharqida Yer yuzida OIV va OITS yuqtirish darajasi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdir. BMTning 2005 yilgi hisobotida aytilishicha, 25 milliondan ziyod afrikalik yuqtirilgan, bu qit'adagi kattalarning 7 foizidan ortig'i. Afrikadagi har qanday jinsiy aloqada juda ehtiyot bo'ling. Jinsiy aloqa xodimlari o'rtasida OIV infektsiyasining darajasi juda yuqori.

Gorilla, maymun, shimpanze va mandrilladan tayyorlangan bushmeetdan saqlanish kerak. Odamlarga o'xshashligi sababli, bir qator kasalliklar (shu jumladan hali kashf qilinmagan yoki yomon o'rganilgan), ularning go'shtini iste'mol qilish yo'li bilan tarqalishi mumkin, ayniqsa, agar u etarli darajada isitilmasa. OIV, shubhasiz, boshqa primatlardan yuqadigan eng mashhur kasallikdir, ammo boshqalarga Ebola, kuydirgi va sariq isitma kiradi.

Sifatida musluk suvi har doim ham gigienik me'yorlarga mos kelmaydi, idishdagi suv (shishani ochishdan oldin muhrga e'tibor bering, chunki ba'zi odamlar shunchaki butilkalarni musluk suvi bilan to'ldirishadi), agar siz sayohatchilarning diareya xavfini kamaytirishni xohlasangiz, ayniqsa qisqa muddat. Har doim etarlicha ichishni unutmang, ayniqsa issiq iqlim sharoitida va atrofingizni bilmasangiz va / yoki yaqinda kelganingizda juda ko'p spirtli ichimliklardan saqlaning.

Har xil yuqumli kasalliklar, shu jumladan chivinlar orqali yuqadigan kasalliklar Afrikaning ayrim qismlarida muammodir. Yuqtirishdan saqlanish uchun emlash, dori-darmon va boshqa ehtiyot choralari tavsiya qilinishi mumkin. Sayohatchilar o'ylashlari kerak bo'lgan ro'yxat: denge, bezgak, qizamiq, poliomiyelit, quturish, sariq isitma. Qizamiq va poliomiyelitga qarshi emlashlar ko'plab mamlakatlarda odatiy holdir, ammo siz o'zingizning zamonaviy ekanligingizga ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak.

Ulanmoq

Telefon

Shuningdek qarang: Telefon xizmati va Mamlakat qo'ng'iroq kodlari ro'yxati.

Afrikaning mamlakat kodlari odatda 3-xonali raqamlar bo'lib, 2-dan boshlanib, 2XX shaklida bo'ladi. Misollar uchun 233 Gana, 263 uchun Zimbabve, 254 uchun Keniyava uchun 262 Uchrashuv. Istisnolar Misr va Janubiy Afrika, mos ravishda 20 va 27 raqamli mamlakat kodlari bilan. Mamlakatdagi qo'ng'iroq kodlarining to'liq ro'yxati bilan tanishish mumkin Bu yerga.

An'anaviy statsionar telefon xizmatlari eskizdir. Janubiy Afrika va Shimoliy Afrika mamlakatlari qit'aning munosib sifatga ega bo'lgan yagona mintaqalari. Bunga asosan mobil telefonlar qit'ada ko'payib ketganligi sabab bo'lgan. Qit'aning go'yo uzoq burchagida bo'lganingizda va kambag'al qabilalar orasida bo'lganingizda, bir erkak sizga uy rasmlarini ko'rsatish uchun uyali telefonni qamchilab tashlaganida yoki do'stingizni yuborishi uchun Facebook profilingizni topishingizni so'raganida hayron bo'lmang. so'rov. Ko'p joylarda siz savdogarlardan o'zlarining mobil telefonlaridan haq evaziga foydalanish bo'yicha takliflarni qabul qilasiz, xuddi sizda yog'och o'ymakorligi yoki gilamchani sotib olishingizni so'rashadi. SMS yuborish qo'ng'iroq qilishdan ko'ra ko'proq qo'llaniladi.

Agar siz mahalliy telefonni sotib olishga qaror qilsangiz, soxta telefonlardan ehtiyot bo'ling. Smartfonlar, ehtimol G'arb bozorlarida topilgan telefonlarning bir necha yil ortda qoladigan arzon versiyalari bo'lishi mumkin (bu Galaxy S yoki iPhone-ning so'nggi modeli topilmadi degani emas). Agar siz uydan telefon olib kelishni tanlasangiz, GSM telefonini (butun dunyoda eng keng tarqalgan tarmoq turi) olib kelishingizga to'g'ri keladi. GSM telefonida SIM-karta deb nomlanadigan olinadigan chip bo'ladi. Telefoningizdagi SIM-kartani mahalliy tarmoq uchun SIM-karta bilan almashtirish mumkin, bu sizga mahalliy mobil telefon tarmoqlariga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Keyin foydalanish uchun daqiqalarni sotib olish va telefoningizga qo'shish mumkin. Sizning telefoningiz uchun daqiqalarni / matnlarni / ma'lumotlarni to'ldirish uchun skretch-kartalarni sotadigan dilerni topish juda qiyin emas; PIN-kodni ochish va telefoningizga kiritish uchun shunchaki chizish kerak (har bir ko'rsatma bo'yicha). SIM-kartani va daqiqalarni sotib olish narxi G'arb mamlakatlaridan mobil telefon tarmog'i bilan rouming uchun to'lovlardan ancha past.

Qit'a miqyosida tezkor ma'lumotlar tarmoqlari (3G va 4G) tez sur'atlarda o'rnatilmoqda. Biroq, yirik shaharlar tashqarisida ma'lumotlar xizmati ko'pincha 2G tezlikda juda past (dial-up Internet bilan taqqoslanadigan yoki undan ham yomoni). Ko'pgina telekom kompaniyalari 4G / 3G tarmoqlaridan keyingi to'lovlarni amalga oshirgan mijozlar uchun foydalanishni cheklashadi.

Internetga ulanish

Kiber-kafe Kigali, Ruanda.

Kompyuterlar aksariyat afrikaliklar uchun mos emas. Shuning uchun kompyuter do'konlari (kiber-kafe) butun qit'ada keng tarqalgan, ehtimol, eng qiyin mamlakatlarning eng chekka burchaklari bundan mustasno (Chad, Mashina, Somali). Ko'pgina kompyuterlar viruslar va zararli dasturlarga to'la. Kompyuterning ozgina mohirligi bilan siz flesh-diskni yuklashingiz yoki antivirus dasturi bilan kompakt-disk yozishingiz mumkin va ehtimol kiber-kafedagi umumiy kompyuterlarda foydalanish uchun muqobil veb-brauzer (Firefox, Opera, Chrome).

Wi-fi internetga kirish tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib bormoqda. Aksariyat yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalar va ba'zi bir o'rta darajadagi mehmonxonalar (asosan rivojlangan mamlakatlarda) mehmonlar uchun wi-fi Internetga ulanish imkoniyatini yaratadilar. Ba'zilar buning uchun haq olishlari mumkin. Shaxsiy noutbuk, planshet yoki smartfoningizdan Wi-Fi ulanishida foydalanish Internet-kafelardan ko'ra bank, elektron pochta, ijtimoiy tarmoq va boshqa nozik hisoblarga kirish uchun afzalroqdir.

Eng tezkor Internet xizmatlarini Shimoliy Afrikada, G'arbiy Afrikaning ba'zi joylarida topish mumkin Gana, Nigeriya va Sharqiy Afrika atrofida (Keniya, Tanzaniya, Uganda, Ruanda), bu erda optik tolali tarmoqlar va Yaqin Sharqqa tezkor, yangi dengiz osti kabellari ta'sirchan tarzda tarqaldi. Keniya tezkor ulanishni talab qiladigan texnologik kompaniyalar va xalqaro korxonalar uchun yangi va yangi nuqta. Janubiy Afrika qit'ada eng rivojlangan va eng tezkor Internet aloqalariga ega. Aksincha, ba'zi bir kam rivojlangan mamlakatlar va mintaqalar sun'iy yo'ldosh ulanishlariga ishonishda davom etmoqdalar, tezligi G'arb mamlakatlarida keng tarqalgan dial-up ulanishlari bilan taqqoslanadigan yoki undan ham yomonroq. Gana Bundan tashqari, Afrikada eng keng tarqalgan internet-provayderlardan biri sifatida paydo bo'ldi, ayniqsa dongllardan foydalanish keng tarqalgan. Wi-Fi ulanish nuqtalari mehmonxonalar, pablar va universitetlar shaharchalarida ham mavjud.

Internet tsenzurasi qit'aning turli mamlakatlarida, ko'pincha siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra amalga oshiriladigan yoki kuchaytirilgan muammo. Bu ko'pincha bloklangan ijtimoiy media va boshqa aloqa vositalaridan iborat; kamroq bo'lsa, hukumatlar saylovlar yoki boshqa bahsli voqealar atrofida umuman Internetni yopib qo'yishi mumkin.

Xabar

Pochta tarmoqlari umuman sekin, umuman ishonchsiz bo'lsa. Qit'a tashqarisidagi yo'nalishlarga jo'natilgan qutilar va posilkalarning manziliga etib kelish uchun bir necha hafta yoki hatto oylar ketishi mumkin. FedEx, UPS va DHL butun qit'adagi yirik shaharlardagi ofislarning yaxshi tarmog'ini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va yuk tashish qulayligi, tezligi va yuqori ishonchliligi yuk tashish narxiga to'g'ri keladi.

Post restante ba'zi mamlakatlarda mavjud (birinchi navbatda milliy pochta xizmatiga murojaat qiling) va pochtani pochta bo'limiga yuborishga ruxsat bering, u erda qabul qiluvchida saqlanadi. Parchada hech qanday manzil yozilmagan - faqat qabul qiluvchining ismi, shahri / mamlakati, pochta indeksi va "Poste Restante". Yuboruvchi sizning (qabul qiluvchining) ismingizni to'g'ri va aniq yozganligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Qabul qiluvchi pochta bo'limida paydo bo'ladi, shaxsini tasdiqlovchi hujjatni (pasport kabi) taqdim etadi va ozgina pul to'laydi. Ba'zi pochta aloqalari ancha tartibsiz bo'lganligi sababli, mutasaddi xodimning ismi ostida tekshirilishi va imlo xatolarining mavjudligini tekshirib ko'ring (ularga qismni tavsiflab bering, o'xshash ismli narsalarni ko'rsatishni so'rang, O o'rniga Q belgisini ko'ring) .