Efiopiya - Ethiopia

Efiopiya^{[o'lik havola]} (Amharcha: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōp yā) aholisi soni bo'yicha uchinchi mamlakat Afrika (keyin Nigeriya va Misr) va Afrikaning eng qadimgi mustaqil mamlakati va hech qachon mustamlakaga aylanmagan yagona mamlakat, faqat 1930 va 1940 yillarda Italiyaning qisqa muddatli istilosi uchun.

Efiopiya Afrikadagi eng qadimgi mustaqil mamlakatdir. Efiopiya, shuningdek, Efiopiyaning nasroniy qiroli Makkadan qochganlarga va payg'ambar Muhammad tomonidan yuborilgan boshpana taklif qilgan Islom tarixidagi birinchi hijroning (milodiy 615 yil) joyidir.

Mintaqalar

Shaharlar

• 9.0338.741 Addis-Ababa (Finfinne) - Efiopiya poytaxti va Afrikaning eng yirik savdo shaharlaridan biri
• 8.5539.272 Adama (ilgari ham ma'lum bo'lgan Nazret yoki Nosira) - Addis yaqinidagi mashhur hafta oxiri
• 14.1338.723 Axum (Aksum) - uzoq shimolda qadimiy qabrlar va stela maydonlarining uyi
• 11.5937.394 Bahir Dar - Tana ko'li orollaridagi monastirlar va yaqin atrofdagi go'zal Moviy Nil sharsharasi
• 9.5841.875 Dire Dawa - ikkinchi yirik shahar; sharqda
• 12.637.476 Gondar - Sharqiy Afrikaning yagona qasrlari
• 9.3142.137 Harar - Dire Dava yaqinidagi qadimiy devorli shahar
• 12.0339.048 Lalibela - tosh bilan ishlangan 11 ta hayratlanarli cherkovning uyi
• 13.4839.479 Mekele - shimolda Tigrayan tog'laridagi shahar

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Efiopiya Keniyani, Janubiy Afrikani, Tanzaniya va Zambiya kabi Afrika davlatlarini saqlab qolish va saqlab qolish uchun birinchi o'rinda turadi. milliy bog'lar kabi turistik diqqatga sazovor joylar. Mamlakatning janubiy va janubi-g'arbiy qismida turizm uchun ulkan salohiyatga ega ajoyib tabiiy go'zallik mavjud. Shimoliy qismlar madaniy va diniy diqqatga sazovor joylar.

• 7.538.51 Abijatta Shalla ko'llari milliy bog'i
• 9.3340.332 Avash milliy bog'i
• 5.6236.263 Mago milliy bog'i
• 635.834 Omo milliy bog'i
• Rift vodiysi ko'llari - Addis aholisi uchun dam olish kunlari eng mashhur dam olish maskani bo'lgan ettita ko'l, qushlar, suv sportlari yoki hashamatli kurortlarda dam olish uchun juda yaxshi
• 13.1838.065 Simien milliy bog'i
• 8.439.386 Sodere - tufayli kurort shahri issiq buloqlar (filwoha)
• 5.3437.447 Konso va boshqalar Omo vodiysi qabilalari
• 13.9239.378 Geralta tog'larining toshlardan yasalgan cherkovlari (yaqin Xavzien) - siz qila oladigan o'nlab cherkovlar zamm ga
• 1440.59 Danakil depressiyasi - bir nechta sho'r cho'l vulqonlar shu jumladan faol Erta Ale va rang-barang Dallol

Shuningdek qarang: the YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxatining Efiopiya bo'limi va Efiopiya milliy bog'lari ro'yxati.

Tushuning

Tarix

Efiopiya dunyodagi eng qadimgi mustaqil davlatlardan biri va dunyodagi eng qadimgi davlatlardan biridir Nasroniy davlatlar (faqat raqib Armaniston Ushbu munosabatda). Bu uzoq vaqtdan beri Shimoliy Afrika, Yaqin Sharq va Afrikaning Saxro Sahrosi sivilizatsiyalari o'rtasida kesishgan. Afrikaning noyob mamlakatlari orasida Efiopiya hech qachon mustamlakaga aylanmagan va Afrikaga qarshi kurashda mustaqilligini saqlab qolgan, faqat Italiya harbiy bosqini ostida bo'lgan besh yil (1936–41) bundan mustasno. Ushbu davrda italiyaliklar faqat bir nechta muhim shaharlarni va asosiy yo'nalishlarni egallab oldilar va doimiy ravishda mahalliy qarshiliklarga duch kelishdi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi qo'shma Efiopiya-Britaniya ittifoqi tomonidan. Efiopiya azaldan xalqaro tashkilotlarning a'zosi bo'lib kelgan: u Millatlar Ligasi a'zosi bo'lgan, 1942 yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Deklaratsiyasini imzolagan, BMTning Afrikada bosh qarorgohini tashkil etgan, BMTning dastlabki 51 a'zosidan biri bo'lgan va sobiq Afrika Birligi Tashkiloti va hozirgi Afrika Ittifoqining bosh qarorgohi va uning asoschilaridan biri.

Efiopiya tarixiy deb nomlangan Habashistonbilan bog'liq bo'lgan so'z Xabesha, aholisi uchun ona nomi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda Efiopiya hanuzgacha "Habashiston" bilan, masalan, turkcha ismlar bilan ataladi Xabesistan, Habesha xalqining erini anglatadi. Inglizcha "Efiopiya" nomi yunoncha Sítπίa (Aithiopia) so'zidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, Tos (Aithiops) "Efiopiya" dan olingan bo'lib, yunoncha atamalardan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, "kuygan (aít-) visage (ὄψ)" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Biroq, bu etimologiya haqida bahslashmoqdalar, chunki XV asrda birinchi bo'lib tuzilgan Geez xronikasi Aksum kitobida bu ism Kushning o'g'li (Muqaddas Kitobda aytilmagan) 'Ityopp'isdan olinganligi aytilgan. Afsonaga ko'ra shaharni asos solgan Xom Axum.

Odamlar

Efiopiya aholisi juda xilma-xil bo'lib, 80 dan ortiq etnik guruhlardan iborat. Eng yirik etnik guruhlar - oromo (aholining 34%), amxara (27%) somali (6%) va tigrinya (6%). Eng katta diniy mansublik nasroniylar (aholining 63% - 44% Efiopiya pravoslavlari va 19% boshqa mazhablardan iborat) va musulmonlar (34%).

Relyef

Efiopiyaning katta qismi Buyuk Rift vodiysiga bo'lingan markaziy tog 'tizmalariga ega baland plato, ammo sharqiy va g'arbiy qismlarida pasttekisliklar mavjud. eng past nuqta bo'lish Danakil depressiyasi, Dengiz sathidan 125 m (410 fut) pastda. The eng yuqori nuqta Ras Dejen (Ras Dashen) Simien tog'lari, O'rtacha dengiz sathidan 4,620m (15,157 fut) balandlikda. Geologik faol Buyuk Rift vodiysi zilzilalar va vulqon otilishlariga moyil.

Efiopiya dengizga chiqmagan - Qizil dengiz bo'ylab butun qirg'oq bo'yi yo'qolgan de-yure 1993 yil 24 mayda Eritreya mustaqilligi. Nil daryosining bosh oqimi Moviy Nil ko'tarildi Tana ko'li shimoliy-g'arbiy Efiopiyada. Efiopiyada uchta asosiy ekin paydo bo'lgan deb ishoniladi: kofe, don jo'xori va kastor loviyasi.

Iqlim

Iqlimning asosiy turi tropik musson bo'lib, uning keng topografik o'zgarishi mavjud. Efiopiya tog'li mamlakat sifatida iqlimi Ekvatorga o'xshash boshqa mintaqalarga qaraganda ancha salqinroq. Mamlakatning aksariyat yirik shaharlari dengiz sathidan 2000-2500 m balandlikda, shu jumladan tarixiy poytaxtlarni ham o'z ichiga oladi. Gondar va Axum.

Addis-Ababa, zamonaviy poytaxt Entoto tog'ining etaklarida, taxminan 2400 m balandlikda joylashgan va yil davomida sog'lom va yoqimli iqlim sharoitiga ega. Yil bo'yi bir xil haroratda, Addis-Ababadagi fasllar asosan yog'ingarchilik bilan belgilanadi, quruq fasl oktyabr-fevral, engil yomg'irli mavsum may-may va og'ir yomg'irli iyun-sentyabr. Yillik yog'ingarchilik o'rtacha 1200 mm (47 dyuym) atrofida. Kuniga o'rtacha 7 soat quyosh bor, kunduzgi soatlarning 60%. Quruq fasl yilning eng quyoshli davri hisoblanadi, garchi iyul va avgust oylarida yomg'irli mavsumda ham kuniga kuniga bir necha soatlik quyosh porlaydi.

Addis-Ababadagi o'rtacha yillik harorat 16 ° C (61 ° F) ni tashkil etadi, kunlik balandliklar yil davomida o'rtacha 20-25 ° C (68-77 ° F), kechasi esa o'rtacha 5-10 ° C (41-50). ° F). Kechqurun engil ko'ylagi tavsiya etiladi, garchi ko'plab efiopiyaliklar konservativ tarzda kiyinishadi va kunduzi ham engil ko'ylagi kiyishadi.

Aksariyat yirik shaharlar va sayyohlik joylari Addis-Ababaga o'xshash balandlikda joylashgan va iqlimi taqqoslanadigan. Pastki mintaqalarda, xususan mamlakat sharqida, iqlim sezilarli darajada issiqroq va quruqroq bo'lishi mumkin. Dallol shahri Danakil depressiyasi sharqda dunyodagi eng yuqori o'rtacha yillik harorat 34 ° C (93 ° F).

Ifloslanish

Shaharlarda va yo'llar bo'ylab havo sifati juda yomon bo'lishi mumkin, chunki dizel yoqilg'isidagi transport vositalaridan chiqadigan chiqindilar va chang. Bunga sezgir bo'lgan har bir kishi ko'plab Osiyo mamlakatlarida mashhur bo'lgan chang niqobini kiyishni o'ylashi kerak. Mamlakatning ko'plab hududlarida plastik chiqindilarning ifloslanishi og'ir. Tashlab ketilgan suv / alkogolsiz ichimliklar butilkalari aksariyat yo'llarning chekkalarida va ochiq joylarda faqat asosiy sayyohlik zonalari joylashgan bo'lib, ular o'z hududlarini toza saqlashga harakat qilishadi.

Vaqt va taqvim

Efiopiya foydalanadi Efiopiya taqvimimiloddan avvalgi 25-yilgi Koptlar taqvimidan boshlangan va hech qachon Julian yoki Gregorian kalendar islohotlarini qabul qilmagan. Bir Efiopiya yili o'n ikki oydan iborat bo'lib, ularning har biri o'ttiz kun davom etadi, bundan tashqari besh yoki olti kunlik o'n uchinchi oy (shu sababli "Quyoshning o'n uch oyi" turizm shiori). Efiopiyaning yangi yili 10 yoki 11 sentyabrda boshlanadi (Grigoriy taqvimi bo'yicha) va 7-8 yil davomida Grigoriy taqvimidan orqada qolmoqda: shuning uchun 2007 yilning to'qqiz oyida Efiopiya taqvimi bo'yicha 1999 yil bo'ldi. 2007 yil 11 sentyabrda Efiopiya Yangi yil kunini nishonladi (Enkutatesh) Julian 2000 yil uchun.

Efiopiyada 12 soatlik soat tsikllari yarim tunda va peshin vaqtida boshlamaydi, aksincha olti soatga tenglashadi. Shunday qilib, Efiopiyaliklar yarim tuni (yoki peshinni) soat 6 deb atashadi. Aviakompaniyalar jadvallari 24 soatlik soat asosida tuzilgan va Gregorian kalendaridan foydalangan. Chalkashmaslik uchun biz barcha Efiopiya ro'yxatlarida 24 soatlik formatdan foydalanamiz.

Chiqinglar

Viza talablari

Jibuti va Keniya fuqarolari va Addis Ababa Bole xalqaro aeroportida tranzitda bo'lgan chet elliklardan tashqari barcha tashrif buyuruvchilar kirish vizasini olishlari kerak. Xalqaro bog'lanish reysini amalga oshirish uchun va aeroportdan chiqmaydigan yoki Immigratsiya stolidan o'tmaganlar. 2002 yildan beri sayyohlar 33 mamlakat kirish vizalarini Addis-Ababadagi Bole xalqaro aeroportiga va Dire Dawa aeroportiga etib borishda olishlari mumkin.

2020 yil aprel oyida vizaga kirish uchun kelgan to'lov amal qiladi 30 kun 52 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi va qadar 90 kun 72 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi (faqat naqd pulda), kimdir sayyohlik, biznes yoki tranzit vizasini olish uchun murojaat qilganidan qat'i nazar. (birlashgan viza va bank tizimi tufayli bir qator valyutalarda to'lashingiz mumkin.) Bu protsedura nisbatan tez va oson; immigratsiya hisoblagichlari oldida chap qo'lida "Visa" belgisi bo'lgan eshikni qidiring. Siz o'zingizning Efiopiyadagi elchixonangiz orqali sayohat qilishdan oldin viza olishingiz mumkin, ammo aeroportda navbat vizasi bo'lganlarga nisbatan aeroportda viza olgandan ko'ra ko'proq uzoqroq bo'ladi. Chunki Efiopiyaning barcha pasport egalari vizalarni oldindan olganlar bilan bir xil navbatda o'tishlari kerak va kelayotgan yo'lovchilarning aksariyati Efiopiya fuqarolari.

Tel-Aviv elchixonasida viza olish juda oson: bu taxminan 15 daqiqa davom etadi va 1 oylik viza uchun 100 and, 3 oylik viza uchun 150 dollar turadi. Agar kerak bo'lsa, bir xil narxda bir nechta kirish vizasini so'rashingiz mumkin. 2019 yil iyul oyidan boshlab Efiopiya vizasini Xartum yoki Nayrobida olish ham oson edi. O'sha kuni tushdan keyin viza olish uchun to'ldirilgan anketa va ertalab topshirilgan ikkita fotosurat etarli edi. Bular konsullik mansabdorlarining kayfiyatiga qarab ba'zan bir oyga, ba'zan esa ikki oyga mo'ljallangan. Addis-Ababada vizani uzaytirish kunlik mashaqqatli jarayon, shuning uchun agar siz 4 haftadan ko'proq vaqt qolishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, buni yodda tuting. Boshqa mamlakatlar uchun viza olishning yagona usuli bu uchish yoki pasportingizni uy konsulligingizga qaytarib yuborishdir.

Sizning pasportingiz kelgan kundan boshlab kamida 6 oy davomida amal qilishi va kamida bitta bo'sh sahifaga ega bo'lishi kerak.

Eng yaxshisi elektron vizani olish. Siz buni oldindan qilishingiz kerak. Har qanday millatdagi sayohatchilar buni qilishlari mumkin. Ilova sodda va uni bajarish uchun atigi bir necha daqiqa vaqt ketadi. Siz skaner qilingan pasport uslubidagi fotosuratni yuklashingiz kerak. Qaytish vaqti bir necha soat ichida bo'lishi mumkin. Sizga Efiopiyada sizni kutib olgan elektron pochta xabarlari keladi. Elektron vizaga murojaat qilish uchun rasmiy veb-sayt https://www.evisa.gov.et - arizangizni boshqa o'xshash tashqi ko'rinishdagi veb-saytlarga yubormang. Elektron viza faqat Addis Ababa Bole xalqaro aeroportida qabul qilinadi. Aeroportga qo'ngach, immigratsiya qismiga o'ting va E-Visa uchun belgini ko'rasiz. Sizga kerak bo'lishi mumkin bosilgan sizning elektron vizangizning versiyasida yashash joyini (mehmonxonani) va xorijiy bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan telefon raqamini ko'rsating.

Siz o'zingizni ko'rsatishingiz kerak mo'ljallangan yashash joyi va viza olish uchun aloqa raqami. Hech narsa tekshirilmaganga o'xshaydi, shuning uchun amalda har qanday mehmonxona manzili va telefon raqami etarli bo'lishi kerak. Ammo, agar siz biron bir manzil va telefon raqamini bera olmasangiz, ular viza hujjatlarini rasmiylashtirishdan bosh tortadilar.

Samolyotda

Bole xalqaro aeroporti Addis-Ababa uchun asosiy markaz hisoblanadi Ethiopian Airlines, Afrikadagi eng muvaffaqiyatli va obro'li aviakompaniyalardan biri bo'lib, AQShning Star Alliance aviakompaniyasining har qanday a'zosiga xalqaro reyslarda yuqori darajadagi xizmatni taklif qiladi. Shuningdek, aeroportda Lufthansa, Sudan Airways, Kenya Airways, Turkish Airways, Emirates, Qatar Airways, Egypt Air aviakompaniyalari va Dubayga uchib ketishadi. Kundalik reyslar mavjud Evropa, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Osiyova ko'plab Afrika shaharlari, shu jumladan Akkra, Bamako, Brazzavil, Qohira, Dakar, Dar es Salom, Jibuti, Xartum, Xarare, Yoxannesburg, Nayrobi. AQShdan bor to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dan parvozlar LAX, Newark Ozodlikva Vashington, Kolumbiya, ikkalasida ham to'xtash Dublin yoki Lome. Bole xalqaro terminali, Terminal 2 Afrikaning Saxaradan janubidagi eng yirik terminal hisoblanadi. Terminal 1 mahalliy va ba'zi mintaqaviy (Jibuti, Nayrobi, Xartum va boshqalar) yo'nalishlarga xizmat qiladi.

Boshqa xalqaro aeroportlar mavjud Dire Dawa, Mekele va Bahir Dar.

Mashinada

Garchi jamoat transportidan qimmatroq bo'lsa-da, bu Efiopiyani o'rganishning yaxshi usuli. Efiopiyada Addis-Ababadan tashqarida avtoulovlarni ijaraga olish bo'yicha xizmatlar kam, shuning uchun siz haydovchilar bilan to'ldirilgan mashinalar va 4x4 o'lchamdagi turistik kompaniyalar xizmatiga bog'liq bo'lishni afzal ko'rishingiz mumkin.

Qo'shni davlatlarning chegara o'tish joylariga chegara qishlog'i kiradi Metema Sudandan kirish uchun.

Keniyadan chegara shaharcha joylashgan Moyale. Moyale shahri orqali Keniyadan Efiopiyaga boradigan yo'l ancha yaxshi va yaxshi ta'mirlangan. Moyalening Keniya tomonida bu yo'l dahshatli va banditizm bilan mashhur, shuning uchun ehtiyot bo'ling va Moyaledan Nayrobiga borishga kamida 24 soat vaqtingiz borligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Biroq, yo'l qayta tiklanmoqda va asfaltlanmoqda, katta uchastkalari allaqachon qurib bitilgan, qolgan uchastkalari esa 2015 yilning boshlarida tugatilishi kutilgan edi.

Avtobusda

• Jamoat transporti sizni chegaraga olib boradi. Sudan yoki Keniya o'tish joylari bilan siz shunchaki narigi tomonga yurasiz. Agar siz chegaraoldi shaharchalarga kechga yaqin kelsangiz, zulmatda chegarani kesib o'tmaslikka harakat qiling. Shaharda kuting va ertalab sayohat qiling.
• Biroz masofani bosib o'tadigan avtobuslar erta tongdan boshlanadi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, agar siz kun davomida kelsangiz, hech bo'lmaganda ertalabgacha tiqilib qolasiz.
• Gedarefdan (Sudan) notekis avtobusga yoki yuk mashinasiga o'ting (700) Sudan funtlari) chegaraga. Sudan tomoni bir nechta kichik qishloqlar va kichik shaharchadan iborat. Efiopiyada siz yaxshiroq, ammo asosiy turar joyni topishingiz mumkin. Gonderga ketadigan avtobuslar tushdan keyin qurib qoladi, shuning uchun siz chegaraga erta etib borishingiz yoki Metemada tunashingiz kerak (taxminan 50 birr).
• Jibutidan siz kichik avtobusda chegaraga (2-3 soat) borishingiz mumkin, u erda Dire Dawa avtobuslarini topasiz. Ushbu yo'l axloqsizlik yo'li va sayohat kamida yarim kun davom etadi, tunda avtobus to'xtaydi va siz ertasi kuni sayohatni davom ettirasiz. Efiopiyadan Jibutiga avtobus go'yoki yarim tunda (Dire Dawa markazidagi ofisda kun davomida chiptalarni sotib oling) yo'l oladi. Bu Jibuti shahriga etib borish uchun ertalab boshqa avtobusga o'tadigan Jibuti chegarasiga etib keladi. Kechasi Dire Dava ko'chalarida sayralar sayr qilayotgani sababli tuk-tukni avtovokzalga olib borish yaxshi fikr.

Poyezdda

Addis-Ababa va Jibuti Siti o'rtasidagi poezd qatnovi yo'lovchi poezdlariga butun safar davomida taxminan 12 soat vaqt sarflaydi.

Eskirgan, ammo tarixiy Chemin de Fer shahar markazidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi Addis-Ababa ichida Kazanches yaqinidagi mahallaSheraton Addis va 1890 yilda Imperator Menelik II davrida xizmatni boshlagan Efio-Jibuti temir yo'lining qoldiqlari sifatida qiziq bo'lishi mumkin. Yangi yo'nalish tarixiy bekatga xizmat qilmaydi.

Atrofga boring

Samolyotda

Ethiopian Airlines o'rtacha narxga ega va juda keng qamrovli ichki xizmatlarga ega. Parvozlar ko'pincha bron qilinadi, shuning uchun kamida bir kun oldin chiptalarni qayta tasdiqlash va o'z vaqtida aeroportga kelish kerak. Agar siz tasdiqlashni unutib qo'ysangiz, ular sizni ko'rsatib, joylaringizni bermayman deb o'ylashlari mumkin. Parvozlar tez-tez bekor qilinadi yoki boshqa vaqtga ko'chiriladi, shuning uchun xalqaro reysga o'tish uchun qo'shimcha vaqt ajratiladi.

Maslahat: 2020 yilga kelib Ethiopian Airlines aviakompaniyasi sizga kredit karta orqali bron qilish va to'lashga imkon beruvchi mobil ilovaga ega. Ilova yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan, ammo uning ishonchliligi sizning joylashuvingizdagi mobil / wifi qamrovining ishonchliligiga bog'liq. Agar Efiopiya chiptaxonasi yaqin bo'lsa, u erga borish osonroq. Agar siz Efiopiya havo yo'llari orqali Efiopiyaga xalqaro sayohatni bron qilgan bo'lsangiz, siz ichki reyslarga 60% chegirmaga ega bo'lasiz. Agar siz Efiopiyadan boshqa aviakompaniyaga etib kelgan bo'lsangiz ham, parvozni amalga oshirganingiz yoki qilmaganligingizdan qat'i nazar, Efiopiyada xalqaro rezervatsiya to'g'risida dalilga ega bo'lib, chegirmali narxlarni olishingiz mumkin. Shunday qilib, chegirmani qaytarib beriladigan (eko fleks) yoki kelajak uchun qo'shni davlatga arzon reysga bron qilish va ichki reyslarni bron qilishda chipta raqamini ko'rsatish orqali olishingiz mumkin. Sizdan tez-tez so'raladigan xalqaro chiptangiz yoki zahirangiz haqida dalil bo'lishi kerak.

Charterli reyslarni (ham xizmat ko'rsatiladigan aerodromlarga, ham "buta reyslariga") Abyssina Flight Services-dan, aeroportdan ko'chada, TeleBole yo'lida olish mumkin. Vertolyot xizmati Milliy Havo Yo'llari, Habashiston Flight Services va ba'zi hukumatga tegishli kompaniyalardan olinadi.

Bole aeroportida to'xtash joyi 5 birr turadi va naqd pansionat xodimlariga faqat kelish vaqtida to'lanadi.

Avtobusda

Efiopiya avtobuslari quyidagi toifalardan biriga kiradi: hamma joyda mikroavtobuslar yoki matatus (odatda 14 kishilik xona bo'lgan Toyota Highace mikroavtobuslari) butun mintaqada ishlaydi; "Higer bus" (ishlab chiqaruvchi nomi bilan atalgan) deb nomlangan kichik va katta hajmdagi yo'lovchi avtobuslari (ko'pincha "1-daraja" dan "3-darajaga" sinfni ko'rsatadigan)); asosiy shaharlar o'rtasida harakatlanadigan hashamatli avtobuslar (Koreyaning zamonaviy standart avtobuslari) va katta (ko'pincha ikki qo'shma) qizil Addis-Ababa shahar avtobuslari.

Katta yo'llar bo'ylab arzon Higer avtobuslarining keng tarmog'i mavjud, garchi ular sekin va oddiy bo'lsa. Qisqa masofalarga yuradigan avtobuslar, odatda yo'lovchilar bilan to'ldirilgan paytda chiqib ketishadi (amalda bu soatiga bir marta yoki shunga o'xshash vositalar); deyarli barcha uzoq masofali avtobuslar tong otganda jo'nab ketadi (soat 6:00 yoki Efiopiya soat o'n ikkida). Avtobuslar kechasi sayohat qilmaydi; Ular quyosh botguncha yo'lovchilar uchun turar joy bo'lgan shahar yoki qishloqda yoki Dire Dava va Jibuti o'rtasida, shunchaki tekis qishloqda to'xtashadi. Ba'zi shaharlar (masalan, Adama va Addis-Ababa) o'rtasida mikroavtobuslar kattaroq avtobuslar tunab qolgandan keyin yurishadi. Avtobusda bo'lganlarning barchasi qonun bo'yicha o'rindiqqa ega bo'lishlari kerak - bu odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'p bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladi, lekin ko'pincha avtobusni marshrutdagi oraliq nuqtadan ushlashni qiyinlashtiradi. Agar avtobusda sayohat qilishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, shuni yodda tutingki, deyarli barcha transport vositalari eskirgan va juda changli va ko'plab ikkilamchi yo'llar yomon. Hozirda asosiy yo'llar juda yaxshi standartlarga ega. Efiopiyaliklar avtobus oynalarini ochishni yoqtirmaydilar, shuning uchun tushdan keyin ichkarida issiq va tiqilib qoladi. Agar sizga toza havo yoqsa, haydovchiga yoki eshiklardan biriga iloji boricha yaqinroq o'tiring, chunki haydovchi oynasini ochiq tutadi va dirijyor va uning yordamchisi eshik oynalarini tez-tez ochib turishadi. Mikroavtobuslar va Higerda yurish xavfli bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ular Efiopiyaning haydash uchun dunyodagi eng xavfli joylar qatoriga kirishiga etakchi hissa qo'shadi. Haydovchilar aksariyat hollarda nometalldan foydalanmaydilar va shunchaki yo'lni almashtirishda qarama-qarshi harakatlanish imkoniyatlarini inobatga olmaydilar.

Avtovokzallar odatda soat 05:00 atrofida ochiladi. Agar siz erta tongda avtobusda ketayotgan bo'lsangiz, vokzalga soat 05:00 da etib borishingiz kerak. Ertalab ular juda xaotikdir, va ko'plab avtobuslar tong otishi bilan soat 06:00 ga qadar jo'nab ketishadi. Ishlarni osonroq va stresssiz qilish uchun siz ko'pincha chipta oldindan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Addisda sayohat qilishdan bir kun oldin avtobus bekatidagi to'g'ri oynani toping va u erga chiptangizni sotib oling. (Agar siz amhar tilini o'qiy olmasangiz, sizga derazani topishda yordam kerak bo'ladi, lekin agar siz so'rasangiz, yordam beradigan odamlar odatda atrofida bo'ladi.) Chipta amhar tilida bo'ladi, lekin unda biron bir joyda avtobus raqami yozilgan bo'ladi. Ertasi kuni ertalab avtobus bekatida o'sha avtobusni toping. Kichik shaharlarda avtobus avvalgi sayohatidan tushdan keyin sayohatdan oldin tushganda tez-tez chiptangizni konduktordan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Agar sizda allaqachon chipta bo'lsa ham, erta keling va imkon qadar tezroq joy talab qiling. Agar sizda chipta bo'lmasa, odamlardan sizga to'g'ri avtobusni ko'rsatishini so'rashingiz kerak bo'ladi (agar amhar tilini o'qiy olmasangiz). Bunday holda, derazadan yoki avtobus konduktoridan chipta sotib olishga harakat qilib, vaqtni behuda sarflamang - avtobusga o'ting va joy talab qiling! Keyin dirijyor sizga chiptani sotadi. O'rta kattalikdagi ryukzaklar odatda o'rindiqlar ostida siqib chiqarilishi mumkin, ammo katta paketlar va ko'pgina yuklar tomga ko'tarilishi kerak. Yukingiz haqida qayg'urmasdan oldin o'z o'rningizni talab qiling. Biroq, hashamatli avtobuslar, albatta, raqamli o'tiradigan joylar va avtobus ostidagi bagaj xonalari bilan haqiqatan ham professional yondoshishga ega. Sizning yukingizga yordam beradigan har qanday odam, shu jumladan uni uyingizda dirijyor yordamchisiga uzatgan odam, kichik uchini kutadi (taxminan 2-3 birr).

Bir nechta yo'nalishlarda (Addis - Dire Dawa, Bahardar - Addis) siz norasmiy sayohatchilarning qatnovi aniqlanmagan avtoulovlarini topishingiz mumkin; avtobus bekatiga qarab, sizga shaxsiy avtoulov bilan tezroq ulanishni taklif qiladigan kishi murojaat qilishi mumkin; bu oddiy avtobusga qaraganda qimmatroq, ammo bundan ham tezroq. Uchrashuvga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun sizga telefon raqami beriladi. Ushbu mashinalar quyosh botguncha ketishi yoki kechasi ham sayohat qilishi mumkin.

Mashinada

Efiopiyaga sayohat qilishning yaxshi usuli - bu mashina. O'zingizning sayohatingizni tezlashtirish uchun siz kichik samolyotlarni olishingiz mumkin, ammo siz mashinada sayohat qilsangiz, ko'proq manzara ko'rasiz. Muvaffaqiyatli narxlardagi sayyohlik kompaniyalari kiradi Galaxy Express xizmatlari^{[o'lik havola]}, NTO^{[o'lik havola]}va Dinknesh, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Efiopiya Safarilari va Habashiston Zavdu bilan^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}. Ular sizni Efiopiyaning go'zalligi va diqqatga sazovor joylarini ko'rish uchun sizni kaltaklangan yo'ldan olib tashlashlari mumkin. Ko'pgina avtoulovlarni ijaraga berish Efiopiya haydovchisi bilan ta'minlanishi kerak, ammo bir nechta kompaniyalar NTO va ABC Car Rental kabi avtoulovlarni ijaraga olish uchun ijaraga olishadi. Avtoulovlarni Addisga olib ketish va tushirish kerak bo'ladi. Mamlakat bo'ylab erkin harakatlanishiga ruxsat berilgan o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan SUV uchun kuniga 100 dollar to'lashni kuting. 2018 yildan boshlab Efiopiya haydovchilik guvohnomasiga o'tishning hojati yo'qmi, shuningdek xalqaro haydovchilik guvohnomasi (IDP) talab qilinmaydi, chunki Efiopiya IDP konventsiyasini imzolamagan kam sonli mamlakatlardan biridir. Chet el litsenziyasida va sayyohlik vizasida haydash yaxshi. Barcha avtomashinalar mexanik uzatmalar qutisiga o'rnatiladi va narxlarga qaramay, yangi transport vositasini kutmang.

Shunga qaramay, mashinani ijaraga olish ancha qimmatga tushadi, garchi haydovchi bilan mashinani yollash odatda o'z-o'zini boshqarishdan ko'ra qimmatroq emas. Haydovchilar zaxira buyumlar uchun sarf-xarajatlarini o'tkazadilar va yonilg'i ko'tarilsa, narxni oshirishi kerak. Haydovchilar uchun qo'llanma, turizm litsenziyasi, sug'urta, dvigatel (tashqi va ichki) kabi ma'lumotlarini tekshirish kerak. Shartnomani qabul qilishdan oldin, shuningdek, sayyohlik marshrutlari to'g'risida haydovchi-yo'riqchiga viktorina qilish yaxshi fikr. Efiopiyaning "chuqur janubiga" haydashda davlat raqamlarini ham tekshirib ko'ring, chunki janubdagi rasmiylar "3" raqamli sayyohlik mashinalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazadilar va ro'yxatdan o'tkazadilar, yo'lovchilarning familiyalari va pasport raqamlarini olishadi. Agentga ba'zi marshrutlar va bog'larda vijdonli ekanligini ko'rsatish uchun ularga turistik kompaniyaning xati kerak. Benzinning litri 21 birr turadi (2020 yil yanvarida 0,70 AQSh dollari). Qayta yonilg'i quyishdan oldin nasosning nolga tengligini tekshirib ko'ring.

Efiopiyada bir nechta magistral yo'llar mavjud, ulardan ba'zilari yaxshi holatda:

Yo'l 1: Dessi va Mekelle orqali Addis-Ababa-Asmara

3-yo'l: Bahris Dar va Gonder orqali Addis Ababa-Axum

4-yo'l: Addis Ababa-Jibuti Nazret (Adama), Avash va Dire Dawa

Yo'l 5: Alem Zena va Nekemte orqali Addis Ababa-Gambela

Yo'l 6: Giyon orqali Addis Ababa-Jimma

Yo'l 48: Gambela orqali Nekemte-Gambela milliy bog'i

TAH 4 shimolga: Qohira orqali Xartum va Bahir Dar

TAH 4 janubga: Keyptaun orqali Gaborone, Lusaka, Dodoma, Nayrobi va Avasa

TAH 6 sharqda: Jibuti Dessi orqali

TAH 6 g'arbda: Ndjamena orqali Darfur

Velosipedda

Efiopiya atrofida yo'llarning holati sezilarli darajada farq qiladi; ba'zi yo'llar yumshoq muhrlangan, boshqalari asosan katta toshlardan iborat. Turar joy arzon va deyarli har bir qishloqda mavjud (garchi bu "mehmonxonalar" odatda bar va fohishaxonalar qatoriga kiradi). Ovqat va ichimliklar ham osonlikcha mavjud. Siz katta e'tiborni jalb qilasiz (bolalar sizning orqangizdan yugurib ketayotganda butun maktablar bo'shashishi odatiy hol emas). Sizga, ayniqsa janubda, tosh va tayoqlarni tashlashga tayyor bo'ling.

Poyezdda

Uzoq vaqt davomida foydalanilmagan temir yo'l tizimi poytaxtdan portgacha bo'lgan yo'nalish bilan qayta tiklandi Jibuti Siti. Ushbu yo'nalish birinchi navbatda yuk tashish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da, ichki va xalqaro yo'lovchi tashish imkoniyatini ham beradi.

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang:Amharcha so'zlashuv kitobi

Amharcha Efiopiyaning birinchi rasmiy tili. Bu til yahudiy va arab tillariga aloqador semit tilidir va agar ulardan birini bilsangiz, ba'zi qarindoshlarni taniysiz. Mamlakatning barcha hududlarida, har bir kishi, amerika tilida, qaysi tilda bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, ma'lum darajada gaplashadi. Til Geez yozuvida yozilgan.

Katta shaharlarda 40 yoshgacha bo'lgan ko'plab odamlar ingliz tilida gaplashadilar. (Ingliz tili maktablarda va Britaniya Kengashida ham o'qitiladigan asosiy chet tili hisoblanadi yi darsliklar bilan ta'minlashda yordam bergan.) Qishloq joylarida mahalliy maktab o'quvchilarini toping, ular siz uchun hech narsa bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lgan pul evaziga tarjima qilsin. (Efiopiyaliklar ingliz tilida gapirishning o'ziga xos uslubiga ega. Chunki u juda katta urg'uga ega, boshida uni tushunish biroz qiyin kechishi mumkin. Ammo ba'zi inglizcha so'zlarni talaffuz qilishlariga odatlanib qolganingizda, bu juda tushunarli bo'ladi. Qadimgi Efiopiyaliklar, ayniqsa Tigray mintaqa yoki Eritreya (bir paytlar Efiopiya davlati bo'lgan), italyan tilida gaplashishi mumkin, boshqa oqsoqollar esa sobiq Derg rejimining ta'siri tufayli rus yoki kubalik aksentli ispan tilida gaplashishlari mumkin.

Shimolda, ayniqsa Tigrayda, Tigrinya asosiy til bo'lib, Geezda ham yozilgan. Biroq, amharcha keng tushuniladi. O'rta baland tog'li hududlarda Oromifa, yoki Afaan Oromo keng tarqalgan. Oromifa lotin alifbosidan foydalanadi. In Ogaden mintaqa, asosan Somali mintaqaviy shtatida joylashgan (chegara yaqinida Somali va Somaliland), Somali keng tarqalgan va lotin alifbosida yozilgan; Arabcha bilan ham keng tarqalgan, a Yaman ta'sir. Bilan chegara tomon Jibuti, Frantsuzcha biroz keng tarqalgan.

Qarang

• Katta obelisklar Axum
• Tarixiy marshrutlar, cherkovlar va masjidlar Lalibela, Axum, Gondar, Xarar
• Vulkanik ko'lDanakil depressiyasi va Erta Ale
• Rift vodiysi ko'llari Wonchi krater ko'l, Langano, Tana
• Milliy bog'lar Menengesha kabi
• Cherkovlarjumladan, Addis-Ababadagi ko'plab go'zallar
• Tosh bilan ishlangan cherkovlar Lalibela
• Qal'alar Gondar

Yo'nalishlar

• Shimoliy tarixiy davr. Addis-Ababadan tortib to ko'chadan Bahir Dar Tana ko'lida, to Gondar, keyin Axumva Lalibela, va Addis-ga qaytish. Kabi boshqa bekatlarni kiritish mumkin Simien milliy bog'i, Adva va yaqin Yeha, Xavzien va Mekele. O'chirish ham teskari yo'nalishda amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Belgilangan manzilga mahalliy aviakompaniyalar orqali erishish mumkin, ammo siz tog'lardan Moviy Nil darasiga chuqurlikda va yana zaxiralash uchun hayratga soladigan va orqaga qaytishni boshdan kechirish uchun Addis-Bahir Do'r avtobusiga borishni o'ylashingiz mumkin. va mo'l-ko'l yovvoyi tabiat uchun siz yo'lning ushbu qismida ko'rasiz. Yangi asfaltlangan yo'l mavjud va u hashamatli avtobus kompaniyalari bilan hamkorlikda ushbu mashaqqatli avtobus safarini juda yaxshi sayohatga aylantirdi (2015 yil mart).

Qil

• Qabilaviy mintaqa safari Quyi Omo vodiysida
• Dodolla, Beyl Siemiyen tog'lari milliy bog'ida trekking
• Rift vodiysidagi ko'llarda qushlarni tomosha qilish
• Addis Ababa yaqinidagi Debre Sina jeladasini ("babunlar") ko'ring
• Omo daryosidagi oq suvli rafting
• An'anaviy kofe marosimida ishtirok eting.
• Tashrif buyuring azmari garovi (azmari bar) tinglash azmari musiqachilar va qo'shiqchilar.

Efiopiyaning yovvoyi hayotini ko'rish uchun qaerga borish kerak, Vikimedia Commons foydalanuvchisi Charlzjsharp tomonidan olingan barcha rasmlarda aniq manzil ma'lumotlari mavjud. [1]

Tasvirlarni sutemizuvchilar galereyasida topish mumkin [2] va qushlar [3] va boshqalar.

Sotib oling

Pul

Efiopiya birri uchun valyuta kurslari 2020 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra: $ 1 ≈ 32 birr € 1 ≈ 36 birr Buyuk Britaniya £ 1 ≈ 42 birr Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

Mahalliy valyuta Efiopiya birr, "belgisi bilan belgilanadiBr"yoki"ብር "(ISO valyuta kodi: ETB). Vikipediya maqolalaridan foydalanish birr valyutani belgilash uchun.

Bu barqarorroq Afrika valyutalaridan biridir. Birrga 100 santimetr va 1, 5, 10, 25 va 50 santim tangalar, shuningdek bitta birr tanga bilan muomalada. Banknotlar 1, 5, 10, 50 va 100 birr qiymatiga ega.

Siz 100 dan ortiq birr import qilishingiz yoki eksport qilishingiz shart emas. Odatda mehmonxonalar va avtoulovlarni ijaraga berish uchun to'lovlarni naqd pul bilan to'lash kerak.

Lar bor Bankomatlar aksariyat shaharlarda, hatto kichikroq shaharlarda. Dashen banki, Efiopiya tijorat banki va Awash banki Visa, MasterCard va Xitoy kartalarini oladigan bankomatni topish uchun eng yaxshi garovingiz. Chet el Cirrus yoki Plus kartalarining ishlashini kutmang. Bankomatlar har doim ham ishonchli emas, shuning uchun boshqasini sinab ko'ring va naqd pul uchun zaxira rejangizni tuzing.

Addis-Abebada kredit kartalaridan (Visa va MasterCard) foydalanish imkoniyatlari tobora ko'payib bormoqda, ammo boshqa joylarda kamdan-kam uchraydi.

Naqd pulni almashtirish

Efiopiyadagi har qanday tijorat banki naqd pulni almashtirishi mumkin. Narxlar hamma joyda bir xil va Markaziy bank tomonidan har kuni belgilanadi. Addisda yuzlab tijorat banklarining filiallari, shu jumladan Sheraton va Xilton mehmonxonalarida va aeroportdagi yuklarni qabul qilish zalining burchagida joylashgan. Sayyohlar tashrif buyuradigan ko'pgina shahar va qishloqlarda Omo vodiysidagi qishloqlardan tashqari kamida bitta tijorat banki bo'ladi. Ko'plab mehmonxonalar old stolda AQSh dollarini birrga aylantiradi. Muomalada bo'lgan qalbakilashtirish sababli banklar 2002 yilgacha chiqarilgan yoki yirtilgan yoki juda eskirgan banknotalarni AQSh dollarida qabul qilmasligi mumkin. Qora bozorda pulni almashtirish noqonuniy hisoblanadi, lekin stavkalar banklar taklif qilganidan yaxshiroqdir: rasmiy kurs 28 bo'lganida, Addisdagi qora bozor kursi 30 va Lalibelada 32 edi. Hech kimdan so'rang, ular o'zgarishga tayyor odamni topishdi yuzlab AQSh dollari.

Valyuta nazorati tufayli Efiopiyadan tashqarida birrni almashtirish umuman mumkin emas va 200 dan ortiq birrni mamlakatdan ruxsatsiz olib chiqish noqonuniy hisoblanadi.

AQSh dollari, evro yoki funt sterling bu tartibda eng yaxshi valyutadir. Eng yaxshisi, o'zingizga AQSh dollarlarini olib kiring. Yuqori nominalli kupyuralarga ustunlik beriladi (50 dollar va undan yuqori) - ko'pincha ular uchun yaxshiroq kursni olasiz. Siz faqat maksimal AQShni olib kelishingiz mumkin$3000. You may find it best to keep most of your cash in your home currency and take out what you need daily. Additionally, since ATM machines dispense money in birr, it may be easier to simply withdraw money from the ATM as needed. Prices are extremely low in Ethiopia and a US dollar will go a long way.

Banks no longer accept travellers cheques.

US dollar

In cities like Addis Ababa and to a much lesser extent Dire Dawa, the US dollar is mostly accepted. In some shops in Addis Ababa the prices will be written in birr and USD. Some ATMs in Addis Ababa give out both US dollars and birr. Most hotels in Addis Ababa accept US dollars. All airports in Ethiopia accept US dollars.

Siz cannot obtain US dollars in Ethiopia through legal means unless you have a flight ticket to leave the country. This means that if you need dollars (e.g. to get a Djibouti visa) and don't have a flight ticket to leave Ethiopia you will need to either change money on the black market or ensure that you have enough US dollars on you.

Xarajatlar

Ethiopia is relatively cheap for tourists, compared to other African countries.

To stay at a 5-star hotel in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Nazret, Bahir Dar, Gondar and Awasa costs on average 3,000 birr per night (as of 2020). On the other hand, budget double room around the country is 250-1000 birr per night.

Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Adama/Nazret have the most expensive prices in the country. Food is also expensive if you buy it in those city's centres.

You need about 1500 birr per day for hotel, food, lodging and transport. In Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa you can need 2500 birr per day (as of 2020).

Tips

In Ethiopia tipping is common in hotels, restaurants and bars. One is also expected to tip car park attendants whether hired by institutions or self-assigned. In some restaurants it is customary to tip any dancers, and this is usually done by sticking the paper money on the forehead of the dancer.

Yemoq

Price guide: 6 birr - Cup of coffee 8-12 birr - Soft drink: Coca Cola, Fanta, Sprite, 7 Up, Mirinda or Pepsi 10-25 birr - Juice 15-20 birr - Dessert pastries 30-50 birr - Breakfast 40-60 birr - Injera with all kinds of wat (garnishings) 80 birr - Pizza, hamburger, fish 'n chips or spaghetti 80-200 birr - Cake 100 birr - 1 kg coffee 100-150 birr - Asian or African restaurant 250 birr plus - Luxury restaurants, hotels, restaurants catering to expats

Injera is ubiquitous in Ethiopia. It is a spongy, tangy-tasting bread made from the grain teff, which grows in the highlands of Ethiopia. It looks and feels akin to a crepe or pancake. It's eaten with wot (yoki wat), traditional stews made with spices and meat or legumes. Popular wats are doro (chicken) wat, yebeg (lamb) wat and asa (fish) wat.

The injera sits directly on a large round plate or tray and is covered with wat placed symmetrically around a central item. The various wats are eaten with other pieces of injera, which are served on a side plate. Injera is eaten with the right hand - rip a large piece of injera from the side plate and use it to scoop up one of the flavours of wat on the main platter. Eating with the left hand is considered disrespectful, as it is the hand traditionally used for personal hygiene and is thus considered unclean. Another popular injera dish is firfir: fried, shredded injera. It can be served with or without meat or with all sorts of veggies.

If you prefer vegetarian food, try the shiro wat, which is an oily bean stew served with injera. Shiro is common on Ethiopian "fasting days", in which devout Ethiopians eat an essentially vegetarian diet.

One of Ethiopia's most famous dishes is tibbs yoki tibs, spicy beef or lamb fried in butter (nitre kibbeh). Tibs comes in several styles, most commonly "chikina tibs", fried in a sauce with berbere spice, onions, bell peppers, and tomato; and zil-zil tibs, a more deep fried breaded version served with tangy sauces. Equally as famous is kitfo, minced meat spiced with chilli. You can have it raw (the locally preferred way, but there's a risk of getting parasites), leb-leb (lightly cooked) or fully cooked. It comes with a local cheese, ayeb, and spinach. In the Harar region, you can find kitfo derivatives including camel meat. Many restaurants that serve kitfo include it in their name (e.g. Sami Kitfo, Mesob Kitfo) but typically serve a wider selection than just raw meat.

For the pickier visitor, almost every place in Ethiopia also serves spaghetti, thanks to the short lived Italian occupation, but not as Italians would know it. Italian restaurants are common, as are so-called "American style pizza and burger" places that have little in common with American pizzas and burgers. There is continued demand for more American-style dining in Ethiopia, not only from expats but from Ethiopians as well. You will find westerners or western-raised Ethiopians everywhere in the capital and can be very helpful.

Common spices include berbere, Ethiopia's national spice which includes fenugreek; mittmitta, another piquant spice; and rosemary, which is used with almost all meat in the country. Most local meats are of poor quality and are stringy and tough even when cooked perfectly. Luxury hotels and restaurants will often import meat from Kenya which is of much higher quality.

Ichish

Ethiopia is the historical origin of the coffee bean, and its coffee is among the best in the world. Coffee is traditionally served in a formal ceremony that involves drinking a minimum of three cups of coffee and eating popcorn. It is a special honour or mark of respect to be invited into somebody's home for the ceremony. Ethiopians tend to drink their coffee either freshly brewed and black, very strong, with the grounds still inside; or as a macchiato, Ethiopia's popular form of coffee.

In preparation for the ceremony the coffee beans are roasted in a flat pan over charcoal. The beans are then ground using pestle and mortar. The coffee is brewed with water in a clay coffee pot and is considered ready when it starts to boil. Coffee in Ethiopia is served black with sugar; some ethnic groups may add butter or salt to the coffee but will generally not do so with foreigners. Beware, after drinking coffee in Ethiopia, you will find yourself always disappointed with the quality of coffee when you return home. In Ethiopia the coffee is so fresh as it is usually roasted the same day as it is consumed. You will dream about coffee for weeks after leaving Ethiopia.

Tej is a honey wine, similar to mead, that is frequently drunk in bars, in particular, in a tej beit (tej bar). It strongly resembles mead in flavour though it typically has a local leaf added to it during brewing that gives it a strong medicinal flavour that may be off putting. It is considered manly to consume this beverage.

A variety of Ethiopian beers are available, all of which are quite drinkable. Many breweries that were formerly owned by the Ethiopian government are now owned by Western beverage companies like Heineken (Harar beer) and Diageo (Meta beer). The nationally ubiquitous beer is St. George, or "Giorgis" named after the patron saint of Ethiopia, which is a light lager similar to American beers that has been brewed in Addis Ababa since 1922. Ethiopian breweries rival many microbreweries in the west and most beers are sold for under USD1.

Ethiopian wines, both red and white, exist but are generally considered undrinkable by foreigners.

Uyqu

There is a wide range of accommodation in Ethiopia. Staying in tourist areas generally results in a broader range of choices, but watch out for tourist prices. It is acceptable to bargain with the hotel owner, for they usually tend to charge you "faranji" (foreigner) prices at first, which are often twenty times the local rate. You won't be able to bargain down to local prices (close to nothing) but you can bargain down a lot. This is not true at the government run "Ghion" chain, and the fancier private chains as well, where prices for foreigners are fixed. (Bekale Mola, for example).

Guest houses are common in Ethiopia. These vary from large homes with a number of bedrooms to small hotels and essentially operate as a "Bed and Breakfast". Some have shared baths, other have private baths. The best ones have generators available to deal with power outages as well as internet service and satellite TV. The good ones tend to be clean and they treat you like family. They are much cheaper than the brand name hotels and you will get more exposure to the local culture. If you tip well you will be treated like royalty.

In the north, in every city (Axum, Lalibela, Bahir Dar, Gondar) one can find hotels, from overpriced ones such as the government-run Ghion chain hotels to cheaper ones. Smaller places on the major roads offer cheap places if you do not mind the most basic rooms. A tourist town like Debark that serves for trekking the Simien Mountains also offers a range of rooms, with the most popular being the Simien Park Hotel (25/30 birr), where you could also pitch a tent for 20. It meets the normal standards for food, electricity, water, cleanliness and hygiene.

In the south, all the cities (Shashemane, Wondo Genet, Awasa, Arba Minch, Jinka...) have decent, cheap hotels. The most basic rooms start at 15 birr for a single and 20 birr for a double. Many of them don't have hot water and electricity all hours of the day, so you should schedule time for a shower in advance. There are also three fairly expensive resort hotels on the shore of Lake Langano. In the smaller villages in and around the Omo valley (Weyto, Turmi, Key Afar, Dimeka, Konso, etc.) there are usually few (very basic) or no hotels, but if you are travelling through the valley to see the tribes, there is always a campground or a restaurant that offers beds. If you camp out at one of these villages, you should hire a guard to watch over your stuff overnight.

Ish

In the big cities, especially Addis Ababa:

• There is a high demand for IT professionals.
• Many start-up companies search for individuals with computer networking and consulting backgrounds.
• Addis Ababa has the most NGOs in Africa, and possibly among all third world countries. They are reputed for providing generous salaries to their employees.
• Many expatriates work in NGOs and small start-up IT companies.
• Compared with other African cities, Addis Ababa has a high number of big, medium and small sized computer training schools, and governmental and private learning institutions. Many students who attend hope to obtain an IT or consulting job, in the very scarce job market of the city.

Some people have a desire to do some sort of charitable work while in Ethiopia. There are many opportunities to volunteer in and around Addis Ababa. Organizations such as Love Volunteers va Projects Abroad offer a range of volunteer projects including teaching English, caring for children and healthcare. Many non-profit organizations produce goods that they sell to help fund their efforts. Most locals at hotels and guest houses can point you to them. Abebech Gobena Yehetsanat Kebekabena Limat Mahber^{[o'lik havola]} is a great example. Missionaries of Charity started by Mother Teresa of Calcutta have a centre near Sidest Kilo in Addis Ababa.

Many visitors bring donations to Ethiopia. Although most anything is appreciated, there are things very difficult to get in Ethiopia that make great donations. Soy formula for orphanages is a great example as lactose-intolerant babies need this to thrive and it is hard to find in-country. High quality soccer footballs (what would be considered cheap footballs at USD10-15 in Western countries) are hard to find as well. Deflate a football and you can get over 30 in a large bag. You will be seen as a hero when you give them away at orphanages and schools.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Risks in Ethiopia Crime/violence: Low Alcohol-related violence, petty theft HIV/AIDS: Low 2-3 % of the adult population or 1 in 50 infected Authorities/corruption: Low - Middle Security guards might be rude Transportation: High Wild animal crossings everywhere; bad roads Health: Middle Flea, tick and mosquito bites Nature: Low

• Ethiopia is a relatively low-crime country compared to Keniya, Meksika va Janubiy Afrika.
• Avoid travelling to the eastern part of the country beyond the city of Harar. Somali separatist groups occasionally launch guerrilla attacks. Most expats who go there are US military personnel actively training the Ethiopian army's anti-terrorism unit. Many others are Chinese, Indian or Malaysian representatives of oil companies, who have been targeted in major guerrilla attacks resulting in dozens of casualties. Harar is safe for extended stays, and Jijiga is generally also safe for short trips.
• Armed insurgent groups operate in the Afar region. In 2012 an Afari group attacked tourists in the Danakil Depression, killing five European tourists, and kidnapping two others. The Ethiopian government alleges that this was sponsored by its rival, Eritrea.
• In 2008, a hotel in the town of Jijiga and two hotels in the town of Negele Borena were bombed.
• Organized crime and gang violence are very unusual in most parts of the country. However, in the border areas of Sudan (Gambella Region) and Kenya, there are reports indicating occurrences of banditry. Avoid these areas.
• Though Ethiopia has a secular government, the people are very religious. The two dominant religions (the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Islam) strongly influence day-to-day life. Due to their influence the government implements certain rules and laws that could appear unsettling to westerners. In particular, homosexuality is illegal and is not tolerated.
• Compared to other African countries, robbery is not a major problem in the cities and towns. However, travellers are advised to look after their belongings. Travellers should be cautious at all times when travelling on roads in Ethiopia. There have been reports of highway robbery, including car-jacking, by armed bandits outside urban areas. Some incidents have been accompanied by violence. Travellers are cautioned to limit road travel outside major towns or cities to daylight hours and travel in convoys, if possible.
• Travellers with vehicles and cyclists may often be the target of stoning by local youths when driving in rural areas.
• Traffic accidents, both for pedestrians and vehicle passengers/drivers are common -- Ethiopia is one of the most dangerous places in the world to drive. These accidents are often fatal. Pedestrians frequently walk into the middle of the road without looking, vehicles do not use mirrors and traffic lanes are more of a guideline than a rule. It is highly advisable to hire a driver and to travel in the largest vehicle reasonably possible, to maximize safety. Always keep doors locked and do not lower windows enough for beggars to put their hands in (distracting a driver while robbing through the passenger side window is a common tactic).
• Most federal police and some private security guards carry Kalashnikov AK-47 assault rifles. This is common, and should not be cause for alarm -- it is simply cheaper for them to purchase and repair these weapons than more "traditional" police tools like pistols and pepper spray. The federal police are generally well trained and very effective in their jobs, and can be distinguished by their blue camouflage uniforms. City police wear a solid blue shirt, and are less reliable. Traffic police wear a blue uniform with white hat and sleeves, and are generally the least reliable of the city police.
• For a few years, there have been anti-government movements in the south and especially in the Oromia region. The largest minority, the Oromia people, are disadvantaged by the homogeneous government. In August 2016 Protests in the Oromia region were violently suppressed and protesters were killed in Gondar and Bahir Dar. The major bus companies shut down their service during the protests and roads were blocked, especially on the weekends. Avoid large crowds and keep an eye for an unusual concentration of security personnel.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Don't drink the musluk suvi. It's full of parasites, and hotels generally recommend guests not to drink it, nor to eat salads and uncooked foodstuffs that are usually washed in tap water. This applies to ice as well – unless it is distilled, or you are at a reputable Western hotel like the Sheraton, Radisson Blu, or Hilton. Bottled water for drinking is available almost everywhere in small, medium and big bottles – popular brands are Yes (flat water) and Ambo (sparkling water). Make sure you drink enough, especially when the weather is hot.

Consult a doctor before going to Ethiopia about what vaccinations against infectious diseases you should consider. The risk of malaria is low to non-existent in the capital and the highlands, but high in the lake regions and lowlands. Doxycycline for malaria prevention is cheap in Addis.

If you get sick, go to one of the big private hospitals, e.g., Korean, Hayat, St Gabriels.

A large part of Ethiopia is at a high elevation. In those areas, people unaccustomed to breathing in thinner air may have a hard time moving around at first. It is advised to allow yourself a few days to acclimatize to the air. See altitude sickness.

Hurmat

Ramazon Ramazon Islom taqvimidagi 9-va eng muqaddas oy bo'lib, 29-30 kun davom etadi. Musulmonlar har kuni uning davomiyligi uchun ro'za tutadilar va aksariyat restoranlar shom tushguncha yopiq bo'ladi. Ertalabdan quyosh botguncha lablar orqali hech narsa (shu jumladan suv va sigaretalar) o'tmasligi kerak. Musulmon bo'lmaganlar bundan ozod qilinadi, ammo baribir jamoat joylarida ovqatlanish yoki ichishdan saqlanishlari kerak, chunki bu juda odobsiz hisoblanadi. Korporativ dunyoda ham ish vaqti qisqartirildi. Ramazonning aniq sanalari mahalliy astronomik kuzatuvlarga bog'liq va har bir mamlakatda bir-biridan farq qilishi mumkin. Ramazon bayrami bilan yakunlanadi Ramazon hayiti, bir necha kun davom etishi mumkin, aksariyat mamlakatlarda odatda uchta. 13 aprel - 2021 yil 12 may (1442 hijriy) 2 aprel - 2022 yil 1 may (1443 hijriy) 23 mart - 2023 yil 2023 (1444 hijriy) 11 mart - 2024 yil 9 aprel (1445 hijriy) 1 mart - 2025 yil 29 mart (1446 hijriy) If you're planning to travel to Ethiopia during Ramadan, consider reading Ramazon oyida sayohat qilish.

Ethiopians are very proud of their culture, identity, and country. Avoid criticizing their cultural lifestyle, especially their brand of Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodox). Avoid all contentious religious discussion, or you may risk all good will and hospitality you could have been afforded. Rather than argue about the merits of Orthodoxy or Islam, it's best to ask friends to explain their customs, festivals and beliefs and to listen with respect.

The Ethiopians' relationship with the Westerners is generally free of racial animosity. However, there is considerable suspicion and even xenophobia toward foreigners in the countryside. Ethiopians can be short-fused if they feel they are not treated as equals.

It is a sign of respect for men to avoid eye contact with women. If you are a foreign man, maintaining a formal distance from women will be seen as good manners. If you meet a woman who is with a man, ask the man's permission before talking to her. Likewise, if you're a foreign woman in public with a man, don't be upset if Ethiopian men address all questions to him. They will do this not to slight you but to show respect. This will be the case on public transport and in restaurants.

Bu juda muhimdir remove your shoes when entering a home.

Ulanmoq

Telefon

The country code for calling Ethiopia is 251. The city code for Addis Ababa 011 (yoki 11 from outside Ethiopia).

Mobile

Ethiopia's connectivity is among the worst in the world. The mobile telecom network uses GSM (as in Europe/Africa), operated by Ethio Telecom (ETC) and has limited 3G (1x EV-DO service) and 2G (CDMA) service. There is good voice coverage into small cities. Per March 2015 this seems to have improved drasticly and now both calls and roaming works great (at least around urban areas).

For all travellers, having a mobile phone is a must. It is cheap and easily available. Satellite phones and VSAT devices are heavily restricted or illegal without hefty fees and licenses.

There are only a few stores renting SIM cards. However, purchasing a SIM is inexpensive, and can be done anywhere that sells phones. The best spot is to buy it at a Ethio Telecom shop to not get ripped off. On March 2015 a SIM card cost 15 birr. The system requires the seller to take a photo of you and your passport information to activate your SIM. You'll have to sign an agreement that you will not commit any crimes with your phone. All local stores will have calling cards you can purchase to call internationally. For domestic calls, phones are topped up with a prepaid card, available in denominations of 2000, 500, 100, 50 and 25 birr and smaller.

In general calls, SMS' and roaming is quite cheap.

Internet

Less than 1 million people in the country have access to internet, and internet service is extremely limited. There are numerous internet cafes in Addis-Ababa, Dire Dawa, Nazret, Bahir Dar, Gonder, Awasa and other cities; however their speeds are often dial-up at best, and some operate illegally. In Addis Ababa, connection speeds are more than adequate for performing tasks such as checking e-mail most of the time. A typical internet cafe will have a dozen computers using one "broadband" (actually 3G mobile internet speeds from 128 kbit/s) connection. ADSL is available, but expensive, and reserved for enterprise customers most of the time. At the Addis Sheraton, the internet connection rivals that of most Western hotels, but costs USD30 for a 24-hour connection. Ethiopia's international connection is unstable: On bad days, even a broadband connection will only deliver dial-up speed, because the whole country's traffic is running via an undersized backup satellite connection. The government has announced plans to roll out 4G LTE service.

To use the Internet costs 0.25-0.35 birr/min in the bigger cities but outside the cities it usually costs more than 1 birr/min. Watch out for computer viruses: most computers or flash disks in use are infected.

Outside of bigger towns, it is harder to find a working Internet connection and the charge per minute is often much higher than in bigger towns.

Ethiopia is deploying an internet filter, to access blocked sites, use a VPN or use the free, open-source TOR Project. Personal use of VoIP services such as Skype is legalized.

Mail

Ethiopia has one of the most efficient postal services in Africa. Many attribute this success to the extensive network of Ethiopian Airlines. However, mail does not get delivered to your address. You are required to buy a post office box. Once you get a post office box, the flow of your mail will be consistent.

Gazetalar

English language papers include Poytaxt va The Reporter each costing 5 birr.