- Shuningdek qarang: Evropa tarixi
The Rim imperiyasi eng qadimgi imperiya edi Evropa. Milodiy 117 yilda o'z kuchining eng yuqori cho'qqisida u Evropaning aksariyat qismida va shuningdek, aksariyat hududlarida hukmronlik qildi Shimoliy Afrika va Yaqin Sharq. U hukmronlik qilgan g'arbiy imperiyaga ajraldi Rim va hukmronlik qilgan sharqiy (keyinchalik, Vizantiya) imperiyasi Konstantinopol, Konstantinopol tomonidan qabul qilingunga qadar mavjud bo'lgan Usmonli turklari 1453 yilda. Rim imperiyasi Evropa, Shimoliy Afrika va Yaqin Sharq tsivilizatsiyalariga ulkan va uzoq muddatli ta'sir ko'rsatdi va shu kungacha Rim madaniy ta'siri ushbu tsivilizatsiyalarda va undan tashqarida ham namoyon bo'lmoqda.
Tushuning
| “ | Haec est Italia diis sacra. "Bu Italiya, xudolar uchun muqaddas [er]". | ” |
- Oqsoqolning klinikasi | ||
Ko'pgina qadimiy tsivilizatsiyalar singari, Rim ham shahar-davlat sifatida boshlangan, an'anaga ko'ra, miloddan avvalgi 753 yilda saylanadigan qirollik sifatida tashkil etilgan. An'anaga ko'ra, Rimning ettita shohi Romulus bilan asos solgan, u birinchi va Tarquinius Superbus Brutus boshchiligidagi respublika qo'zg'oloniga qulagan, ammo zamonaviy olimlar bu voqealarning ko'pchiligida shubha qilishadi va hatto Rimliklarning o'zlari ham Rimning xalati Miloddan avvalgi 387 yilda Gallar tomonidan dastlabki tarixidagi ko'plab manbalar yo'q qilingan.
Rim respublikasi
Rim respublikasi miloddan avvalgi 509 yilda yoki uning atrofida tashkil etilgan. Respublikachilar davri boshqa kuchlar bilan bo'lgan urushlardan tashqari (xususan, Karfagen) eski zodagonlar (patritsiylar) va oddiy odamlar (plebilar) o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar bilan ajralib turardi. Ba'zi plebilar boylik va siyosiy obro'ga ko'tarilib, ular eski tuzumga qarshi chiqishdi.
Miloddan avvalgi III va II asrlarda Rim buyuk kuch sifatida ko'tarildi, chunki ular Etruriyani mag'lub etib, qo'shib oldilar, Karfagen va Qadimgi Yunoniston. Harbiylar kuchliroq bo'lib, respublika tobora korrupsiyaga aylandi. Yuliy Tsezar Galliyani (bugungi Frantsiya) va boshqa hududlarni zabt etgan, Senatga qarshi fuqarolar urushida g'olib chiqqan va bugungi G'arb dunyosida qo'llaniladigan taqvimning asosini tashkil etadigan Yulian taqvimini joriy etgan harbiy rahbar edi. Qaysar Respublikani diktaturaga aylantira boshladi, ammo miloddan avvalgi 44 yilda xiyonat qilindi va o'ldirildi. Qaysarning qotillari Respublikani tiklash nomidan ish yuritayotganini da'vo qilishganda, Qaysarning merosi uchun hokimiyat uchun kurash boshlandi va oxir-oqibat uning jiyani Oktavian barcha raqib da'vogarlardan ustun keldi yoki o'ldirdi va mutlaq hokimiyat va "Avgust" sharafli nomiga yaqinlashdi. .
Rim imperiyasi
Hokimiyat imperator Avgustga (lotincha: ImperatorMiloddan avvalgi 27-yilda, Rim imperiyasiga asos solgan, deyarli bir asrlik fuqarolik urushlaridan so'ng. Avgustning fathi Misr (bu erda uning raqibi Mark Antoni qirolicha Kleopatra bilan murojaat qilgan) O'rta dengizni o'rab olish uchun Rim boshqaruvini Yaqin Sharqqa kengaytirishga yordam berdi.
Yahudiya kichik va ahamiyatsiz viloyat bo'lganida, Nasroniylik u erda tashkil etilgan. Rimliklarning zamonaviy qiyofasi, asosan, Yangi Ahdning 1-asr Rim imperiyasini ta'riflashi, shu jumladan Injil san'ati va Injil hikoyalarini dramatizatsiya qilish. "Va o'sha kunlarda Qaysar Avgustning butun dunyoga soliq solinishi to'g'risida farmon chiqqani to'g'risida" (Luqo 2: 1, KJV) Rim imperiyasiga ishora qilinganligi, Rimning qanchalik universalligini ko'rsatmoqda. hajmi va kuchi o'sha paytda hisoblangan. Milodning 2-asrining boshlarida Rim o'zining eng katta hududiga imperator Trajan boshchiligida erishdi, u ko'pincha keyingi Rim tarixchilari tomonidan taqlid qilish uchun namuna sifatida ko'rilgan va ularning hukmiga zid keladigan manbalar kam.
Milodiy 395 yilda Teodoziy I imperatorlik idorasini o'g'illariga: Sharqda Arkadiyga, Konstantinopoldan hukmronlik qilish uchun va G'arbda Rimda joylashgan Honoriusga birgalikda vasiyat qilib, imperatorlik ma'muriyatini ikkiga bo'lib tashladi. Bu birinchi bunday bo'linish emas edi, lekin Teodosius imperiyaning ikkala yarmini bir vaqtning o'zida boshqargan so'nggi odam ekanligi isbotlanadi. Ko'p o'tmay, Rim sakkiz asrda birinchi marta 410 yilda vestgotlar tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilgan edi. Oldingi qoplardan farqli o'laroq, bu pasayishning tezlashib borayotgan vaqtini belgilab qo'ydi va 455 yilda bu safar vandallar tomonidan boshqa qop bilan ta'qib qilindi. G'arbiy imperiya turli omillar tufayli yomonlashdi, darhol Germaniya xalqlari tomonidan davom etayotgan migratsiya va ekspansiya; va kimdan so'raganingizga qarab, milodning 476 yilida, germaniyalik rim generali Odoaker G'arbiy imperator Romulus Avgustulni yashagan titulni tushirganida tushdi. Ravenna yoki 480 yilda Konstantinopol tomonidan tan olingan so'nggi G'arbiy imperator - Yuliy Nepos - hozirgi Dalmatiyaning Spalatum shahrida vafot etganida Split, Xorvatiya. Sharqiy imperiya imperator Yustinian boshchiligidagi sobiq G'arbning katta qismlarini o'zining qobiliyatli generali Belisarius bilan bosib olgan holda toqat qildi va tiklandi, ammo uning sulolasi ham asosiy tili yunoncha emas, lotin tili bo'lgan. VII asrdan boshlab Sharqiy yoki Vizantiya imperiyasi Islomning kengayishiga qarshi uzoq muddatli kurash olib borgan va ba'zida hatto boshqa evropaliklarga qarshi kurashgan (xususan, Vizantiya imperiyasi Sharqiy Pravoslav bo'lgani uchun Rim katoliklariga). 1453 yil 29-mayga qadar Konstantinopol qulab tushguniga qadar u askarlik qildi va o'zini "Rim" deb atadi Usmonli turklari 53 kunlik qamaldan va oxirgi imperator jangda o'ldirilganidan so'ng, u Rim sifatida o'lish uchun barcha darajali nishonlarni olib tashlaganidan so'ng, tajovuzkorlarga qarshi kurashni oxirgi marta ko'rgan.
Rim merosi va tiklanish
Rim zamonaviy uchun asos yaratdi Evropa, shu jumladan Nasroniylik, kodifikatsiya qilingan qonun (bir nechta lotincha iboralar, masalan nulla poena sine lege - "qonunchiliksiz jazo yo'q" - va habeas corpus - "siz o'z tanangizga ega bo'lasiz" - hali ham har kuni dunyo bo'ylab sudyalar va advokatlar tomonidan foydalaniladi), respublika hukumati, shaharsozlik, monumental me'morchilik va lotin alifbosi. Kabi davrlarda Rim merosi qayta tiklandi Italiya Uyg'onish davri. 17-19 asrlarda Evropa elitasining ko'plab yosh vakillari a Katta tur qadimiy Rim joylari asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylardan biri bo'lgan.
Keyinchalik ko'plab siyosiy tashkilotlar Rim imperiyasining vorisi deb da'vo qilishdi. Vizantiya imperiyasi Rim imperiyasining O'rta asrlarda saqlanib qolgan qismi va Usmonlilar, Vizantiya imperiyasini zabt etgan va uning poytaxtini egallagan Konstantinopol 1453 yilda o'zlarini vorislari sifatida ko'rdilar. Darhaqiqat, ba'zi Usmonli hukmdorlari o'zlarini "Rim imperatori" deb tarjima qilinadigan Kayzer-i-Rum deb atashgan. Vizantiya imperiyasi qulashi bilan, Rossiya imperiyasi "uchinchi Rim" deb da'vo qilgan va Rossiya imperatorlik sulolasi bu da'voni yanada bosib chiqarish uchun hatto so'nggi Vizantiya sulolasiga uylangan. Ingliz tilida "Tsar" yoki "Tsar" deb nomlangan ruscha nom va Germaniyaning "Kayzer" nomi ham lotincha "Qaysar" dan olingan. Birinchi Jahon urushi Rim imperiyasi deb (davomi) bilvosita yoki aniq ravishda da'vo qilish uchun barcha Evropa va O'rta er dengizi siyosatini tugatdi.
Milodiy 800 yilda Papa toj kiygan Frank Rim imperatori sifatida Buyuk Karl. Uning vorislari bo'lgan Muqaddas Rim imperatorlari turli darajadagi hokimiyatga ega edilar Markaziy Evropa, gacha O'ttiz yillik urush 17-asrda unvonni asosan sentimental qiymatga tushirgan.
1804 yilda Napoleon o'zi imperatorlik taxtini egallagan Frantsiya Evropa ustidan hokimiyatni talab qilish va Muqaddas Rim imperatori, shuningdek, Avstriya qiroli Frensis II o'zini taxtga qo'ydi Avstriya imperatori bir necha oydan keyin. Napoleon sifatida keyingi yillarda Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi hududining katta qismini egallab oldi, Frensis II Napoleonning Muqaddas Rim imperatori bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun 1806 yilda imperiyani tarqatib yubordi; 1814 yilda Napoleon Avstriyani o'z ichiga olgan ittifoq tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Napoleon III, yangi birlashgan bo'lsa ham, 1852 yilda Ikkinchi Frantsiya imperiyasiga asos solgan Germaniya uni 1870 yilda lavozimidan bo'shatgan, ular imperatorlik maqomiga da'vo qilgan. Germaniya, Avstriya, Rossiya va Usmonli imperiyalari oxirida barbod bo'ldi Birinchi jahon urushi, Rim imperatorlarining o'rnini bosuvchi doimiy da'volarga chek qo'yish. Keyinchalik Mussolini boshchiligidagi fashistik Italiya tomonidan Rim shon-sharafini "jonlantirish" yoki Bokassa o'zini imperator sifatida toj kiydirishga urinishlar. Markaziy AfrikaBonapartistning prezumptsiyasida va Rimning davomi juda muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan va chet elda masxara va shubha bilan qarashgan. Aytish joizki, lotin tili va Rim ideallari va uslublari hanuzgacha ilm-fan, Evropaning birlashishga urinishlari yoki Hukumat me'morchiligi kabi turli xil sharoitlarda qo'llaniladi.
Klassik Rim davrining ba'zi qoldiqlari ular barpo etilganidan 2000 yil o'tib ham hanuzgacha ko'rinib turibdi, ba'zilari esa ular barpo etilgan maqsadlar uchun ishlatilgan. Rim imperiyasining "qulashi" dan so'ng, uning sobiq hududlarining aksariyati texnologiya, iqtisod va savodxonlikning pasayishiga olib keldi va shuning uchun uning ko'plab texnologik va muhandislik ishlari g'ayritabiiy tuyuldi va haqiqatan ham "iblis devori" kabi nomlar bilan atalgan. "(qismlari uchun Ohak bugungi Germaniyada). Ba'zilari, shu jumladan Rimdagi Kolizeydan olingan toshlar, O'rta asrlarda boshqa inshootlarni qurish uchun olingan, ammo hali ham ko'p narsalar qolmoqda. Qandaydir darajada Muqaddas qarang qadimgi Rim merosini saqlaydi va haqiqatan ham Papaning an'anaviy unvonlaridan biri bo'lgan "Pontifex Maximus" - bu nasroniygacha bo'lgan davrda Rimning oliy ruhoniysi (va keyinchalik imperator) bilan bir xil unvondir.
Greko-rim adabiyoti, shuningdek, ozgina mahalliy yozma yozuvlarga ega bo'lgan boshqa madaniyatlar tarixi uchun manba hisoblanadi Keltlar, Qadimgi Norseva erta Franks. Odatda bular rimliklarning dushmanlari bo'lgan va yozuvchilar kamdan-kam hollarda birinchi tajribaga ega bo'lganliklari sababli, yozuvlar ishonchsizdir. Ba'zi hollarda, Rim bo'lmagan madaniyatlarga oid etnografik yoki tarixiy asarlarga o'xshab ko'rinishi mumkin bo'lgan narsa, aslida rimliklarning o'ziga sharhlangan ijtimoiy sharhdir.
Lotin tilining ta'siri
Rim imperiyasining tili bo'lgan lotin tili Evropa tillariga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Romantik tillar (asosan Frantsuz, Ispaniya, Portugal, Italyancha, Kataloniya va Rumin) lotin tilining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avlodlari bo'lib, lotincha boshqa barcha zamonaviy Evropa tillariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ko'pgina Evropa tillari lotin alifbosidan foydalanadi, boshqalari esa yunon tilidan olingan kirill alifbosidan foydalanadi, ba'zilari esa (masalan, arman tilida) o'zlariga xosdir.
20-asrning ikkinchi yarmiga qadar Rim katolik cherkovlarida lotin tili yagona liturgik til bo'lib kelgan va hozirgacha ham qo'llanilib kelinmoqda. Bu hali ham rasmiy til Muqaddas qarangva katolik ruhoniylari hali ham boshqa mamlakatlardagi hamkasblari bilan muloqot qilish uchun foydalanadilar. G'arbiy Rim imperiyasining qulashi davrida qadimgi matnlarning katta yo'qotishlariga qisman lotin tilida yozilgan barcha asarlarning aksariyati aslida yozilgan keyin bu har qanday Rim imperiyasining rasmiy tili edi, ammo miloddan avvalgi I asrda va miloddan avval Tsitseron yoki Tsezar, shuningdek, Horace yoki Juvenal kabi mualliflar bilan yozilgan lotin tilining sifati hanuzgacha taqlid qilish me'yori sifatida qabul qilinadi va keyinchalik ish olib boradi. - ko'pincha ona tili bo'lmaganlar tomonidan yoziladi - unchalik mashhur emas va kamroq maktablarda o'rganiladi. Lotin va yunon tillari grammatikasi batafsil muhokama qilingan va tahlil qilingan birinchi tillardan biri bo'lib, ko'plab grammatik atamalar va tushunchalar hanuzgacha lotin atamalaridan kelib chiqqan. 20 va 21-asrlarning ba'zi tilshunoslari grammatikaga lotin ta'sirida bo'lgan ushbu yondashuvdan xafa bo'lishdi, chunki u munozarali ravishda tahlil qilinayotgan zamonaviy tillarga lotin toifalarini yuklaydi. Grafitlarda topilgan talaffuz va fonetik xatolarni muhokama qilgan yunon va lotin tilidagi matnlar tufayli zamonaviy tilshunoslar lotin tilida klassik talaffuz haqida juda yaxshi tasavvurga ega - ehtimol, ilgari aytilgan boshqa "o'lik" tillarga qaraganda yaxshiroqdir.
Lotin tili a lingua franca butun O'rta asrlarda butun Evropa bo'ylab va Uyg'onishdan keyingi davrning ko'p qismi uchun olimlar va faylasuflar uchun; Nyuton (ingliz), Dekart (frantsuz), Leybnits (nemis), Galiley (italyan), Kopernik (polyak) va Spinoza (Amsterdamda yashovchi portugal yahudiylari) o'z asarlarini lotin tilida nashr etishdi. Karl Linney biologik turlarning lotinlashtirilgan ilmiy nomlari amaliyotiga asos solgan. Zamonaviy ingliz va boshqa ko'plab tillarda huquq, tibbiyot va boshqa fanlarning ko'pgina atamalari lotin tilidan olingan. Ko'pincha biror narsani aytishning ikki yo'li mavjud; ko'p odamlar anglo-sakson tilidan "U oyog'ini sindirdi" kabi so'zlarni ishlatganda, shifokor lotin tilidan olingan atamalarni "U suyak suyagini sindirib tashlagan" kabi ishlatishi mumkin.
Ko'pgina Evropa o'rta maktablari va boshqa ba'zi joylarida 20-asrga qadar lotin tili o'quv dasturining talab qilinadigan qismi sifatida mavjud edi va ba'zilari hali ham o'qitmoqda. Hozirgi kunda ko'plab universitetlar klassiklar (lotin va qadimgi yunon tillari) bo'yicha ilmiy darajalar berishadi, ba'zilari esa ushbu tillarni o'rganish uchun falsafa yoki dinshunoslik talabalarini talab qiladilar. Lotin tili maktabda "mahalliy talaffuzlar" ni rivojlantirdi va kvidian tilidan foydalanildi, chunki bu asosan kattalar yoki maktabda o'zlashtirgan odamlarning yozma tili edi. Ushbu talaffuzlar hozirgi paytda olimlarga ma'lum bo'lgan va ba'zi maktablarda an'anaviy "milliy" talaffuz bilan bir qatorda va o'rniga o'qitiladigan qayta tiklangan klassik talaffuzdan farq qiladi - ba'zan keng tarqalgan. Inglizcha lotin tilidagi talaffuz ayniqsa o'ziga xosdir va qadimgi rimliklar ham, uning o'ziga xos xususiyatlarini yaxshi bilmaydigan boshqa ravon lotin tilida so'zlashuvchilar ham uni tushunishda muammolarga duch kelishlari mumkin. Bugungi kunda eng ko'p ishlatiladigan lotin talaffuzi ma'lum Diniy cherkov, asoslangan Italyancha talaffuz, ya'ni Rim-katolik cherkovi tomonidan ishlatiladigan rasmiy talaffuz.
Rim shaharsozligi va arxitekturasi
Rimliklar jiddiy yurish boshlagan paytlarda O'rta er dengizi dunyosida shaharlar mavjud bo'lgan va hatto yunonlar yoki shunga o'xshash hukmdorlar tomonidan qurilgan "rejalashtirilgan shaharlar" bo'lgan. Qadimgi MisrAxenaten, rimliklar o'zlarining ulkan imperiyalariga shahar qurish haqidagi tasavvurlarini taqdim etdilar. Rim qurollari g'alaba qozonadi, ammo Rim madaniyati, arxitekturasi, tijorat va turmush tarzi imperiyaning yangi fuqarolarini "madaniylashtirar" va zamonaviy atamani aytganda - "qalblar va aqllarni yutib yuborgan". Rimning o'zi ko'p jihatdan Rim shaharlarini rejalashtirish g'oyalaridan chetga chiqqan bo'lsa-da, ko'p jihatdan Rimliklarga "to'g'ri shahar" qanday bo'lishi kerakligi haqidagi tushunchasini ilgari surgan paytgacha ko'plab binolar va ko'chalar mavjud bo'lganligi sababli, Rim asos solgan shaharlarning aksariyati to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi panjara shaklidagi ko'cha tartibi bilan ajralib turar edi, bu rimliklar hatto o'zlarining armiya dala lagerlarida ham qo'llanilgan. "Kardo" va "Dekumanus" deb nomlangan to'g'ri burchak ostida kesishgan ikkita yo'l ko'cha tarmog'i uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi va ularning uchida shahar darvozalari bo'ladi. Mana shu ikki ko'cha kesib o'tgan joyda, shahar va forumning fuqarolik yuragi joylashgan bo'lar edi. Rimliklar tomonidan qayta tiklangan bir necha Rim shaharlari yoki shaharlari shu kungacha o'sha "Rim asosiy ko'chalari" dan birini yoki ikkalasini saqlab kelgan.
Atrofga boring
Nomlangan ajoyib onlayn-resurs mavjud Omnes Viae ("barcha yo'llar"), rasmiylardan tuzilgan Tabula Peutingeriana, bu har qanday Rim shaharlari orasidagi masofani (Rim millari va Galli ligalarida) va sayohat kunlarini (piyoda) hisoblaydi. Bir urinib ko'rishga arziydi.
Belgilangan joylar
Rim imperiyasi Italiyada paydo bo'lgan va bu hududni uzoq vaqt ushlab turganligi sababli, qoldiqlarning aksariyati u erda va O'rta er dengizi havzasi bo'ylab topilgan. Bir necha asrlar davomida rimliklar Medni tilga olishgan jag 'burni (bizning dengizimiz), ularning mintaqada deyarli ustunligi shunday edi. Biroq, Rimning qoldiqlarini chekka provinsiyalarda ham uchratish mumkin va aslida ularning ba'zilari eng ta'sirli bo'lib, bugungi Germaniya va Shotlandiyaning "barbarlari" ga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun qurilgan Rim chegara inshootlari. Galliya (Frantsiya) va kamroq darajada Britaniya (hozirgi Angliya va Uelsning aksariyati), shuningdek, muhim provinsiyalar bo'lgan va shuning uchun ham Rim davrining ko'plab qoldiqlari, shu jumladan ko'chalar va suv o'tkazgichlari mavjud. Ba'zi Rim ko'chalari avtomobillar paydo bo'lguncha foydalanishda va eng yaxshi holatida bo'lib, kengroq yo'llarni talab qilgan va shuning uchun ko'pgina Rim yo'llari asfaltlangan edi.
Italiya
- 1 Rim / Kolosseo ("Latsio"). Qadimgi Rimning yuragi, Kolizey, Forum, Konstantin arkasi va uning imperatori Markus Avreliyning otliq haykali bilan Kapitolin tepaligi (hozirgi nusxasi; asl nusxasi ham tepalikda joylashgan muzeyda).
- 2 Rim / Eski Rim ("Latsio"). Rimning bu qismida turli xil qadimiy Rim yodgorliklari mavjud, lekin ayniqsa Panteon, Rimning barcha xudolariga ibodatxona bo'lib, u ajoyib holatda va milodiy VII asrda cherkovga aylangan. Shuningdek, mahallada oldin joylashgan Domitian stadionining oval shaklida joylashgan Piazza Navona joylashgan.
- 3 Aosta (Aosta vodiysi). Avvalgi Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, Alpes Graies viloyatining poytaxti juda qiziqarli qoldiqlarga to'la.
- 4 Arezzo (Toskana). Etrusk va Rim qoldiqlariga to'la bo'lgan sobiq etrusklar poytaxti. Ajoyib Arxeologiya muzeyi bor.
- 5 Akviliya (Friuli-Venesiya-Juliya). Bir paytlar antik davrda yirik va ko'zga ko'ringan, milodiy 2-asrda 100000 aholisi bo'lgan dunyoning eng yirik shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan bugungi kunda bu shahar kichik (3500 ga yaqin aholi). Uning Rim xarobalari, afsuski, tik turgan ustunlar qatori bilan cheklangan.
- 6 Brescia (Lombardiya). Italiyada eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Rim jamoat majmuasiga uy, a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati, forum bilan yakunlangan, amfiteatr va kapitoliy (Rim ma'badi), imperator Vespasian tomonidan qurilgan.
- 7 Brindisi (Apuliya). Brundisium yunon tilidan keladi Brentesion (Chryos) "kiyik boshi" ma'nosini anglatadi, bu uning tabiiy bandargohi shakliga ishora qiladi. Miloddan avvalgi 267 yilda Rimliklar tomonidan bosib olingan. Punik urushlaridan so'ng u Rim dengiz kuchlari va dengiz savdosining yirik markaziga aylandi. Hozirgi kunda ba'zi ustunlar qolmoqda.
- 8 Kalyari (Sardiniya). Karalis miloddan avvalgi VII / VII asrlarda Finikiya koloniyalaridan biri sifatida tashkil etilgan. Rim hukmronligi ostida u orolning poytaxt maqomini saqlab qoldi. Uning diqqatga sazovor joyi - Kasteloning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan chiroyli tog 'yonbag'ridagi amfiteatr.
- 9 Kapri (Kampaniya). Imperator Tiberius bilan mashhur.
- 10 Capua (Kampaniya). Katta Katon aytgan qadimgi Etrusk shahri miloddan avvalgi 600 yilda tashkil etilgan. Miloddan avvalgi 338 yilda Rimga bo'ysungan. Ikkinchi Punik urushi boshida, u Rim va Karfagenning o'zlaridan biroz orqada qolgan deb hisoblangan; Rimliklar Kanni mag'lubiyatga uchratganlaridan so'ng, u o'zining qishki qarorgohiga aylangan Gannibalga o'tib ketdi. Uzoq qamaldan so'ng, miloddan avvalgi 211 yilda rimliklar tomonidan olib ketilgan va qattiq jazolangan. Bir nechta Rim qoldiqlari bor, ulardan eng o'ziga xoslari amfiteatr bo'lib, omon qolish uchun ikkinchi o'rinda turadi (garchi Verona va Pozzuoli), Avgust davrida qurilgan, Hadrian tomonidan tiklangan va Antoninus Piy tomonidan bag'ishlangan.
- 11 Cerveteri ("Latsio"). Etrusk nekropoli bilan mashhur.
- 12 Chiusi (Val di Chiana). Etrusklar ligasining o'n ikki shahridan biri.
- 13 Civita di Bagnorejio ("Latsio"). Etrüsk va Rimning muhim qoldiqlari bo'lgan chiroyli tepalik shahar.
- 14 Kortona (Toskana). Bir necha etrusk va rim qoldiqlari bo'lgan qadimgi Etrusk sayti.
- 15 Kuma (Kampaniya). Zamonaviy shahar atrofi Neapol, unga miloddan avvalgi 8-asrda Magna Graecia evbek yunon kolonistlari tomonidan asos solingan, materikdagi birinchi koloniya. Bu yunon xudolari ibodatxonalari xarobalariga to'la, lekin, ehtimol, Kumaey Sibilining o'rni sifatida eng mashhurdir. Endi uning muqaddas joyi jamoatchilik uchun ochiq. Rim mifologiyasida yer osti dunyosiga kirish mavjud 1 Avernus, Cumae yaqinidagi krater ko'l. Virjil tomonidan ta'riflanganidek, Aeneas Er osti dunyosiga tushish uchun foydalanadigan yo'l edi Eneyid.
- 16 Gerkulaneum (Kampaniya). Pompeydan kichikroq shahar, xuddi shu portlashda ko'milgan, shuningdek ajoyib mozaikalar va boshqa yodgorliklar bilan.
- 17 Milan (Lombardiya). Sifatida Mediolanum, 286 yilda G'arbiy Rim imperiyasining poytaxti bo'lish uchun imperator Diokletian tomonidan tanlangan. Shahar 402 yilda vestgotlar tomonidan qamal qilingandan so'ng, imperator qarorgohi strategik sabablarga ko'ra Ravennaga ko'chirildi. Bu erda bir nechta Rim qoldiqlari, xususan San-Lorentsoning yaxshi saqlanib qolgan ustunlari va qadimiy devorlar va eshiklarning izlari mavjud.
- 18 [o'lik havola]Neapol milliy arxeologik muzeyi. Qadimgi Rim rasmlari, mozaikalari va haykallari aks etgan, ularning ko'plari to'liq va o'ta yaxshi holatda bo'lgan buyuk arxeologik muzey. Pompei, Gerkulaneum, Stabiae va turli xil Campanian shaharlari milodning 67-yilgi otilishidan jabrlangan.
- 19 Orvieto (Umbriya). Qadimgi shahar (urbs vetus Lotin tilida, "Orvieto") Etrusk davridan beri yashaydi va 100 dan ortiq qabrlar, Etrusklar xarobalari va 2000 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin shaharni o'rab turgan devor qoldiqlari bo'lgan Etrusk nekropoli mavjud.
- 20 Ostiya ("Latsio"). Imperator Klavdiyning buyrug'i bilan qurilgan poytaxtga xizmat ko'rsatgan port inshootlari.
- 21 Perujiya (Umbriya). Yozma tarixda birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'ladi Perusiya, Etruriyaning 12 konfederatsion shaharlaridan biri. Uyda ko'plab etrusk yodgorliklari mavjud.
- 22 Pompei (Kampaniya). Milodning 67-yilida Vesuviy kullari ostida ko'milgan va faqat 1599 yilda kashf etilgan Rim shaharchasi. Hattoki ularning ba'zilari uni yaxshiroq saqlab qolish uchun hanuzgacha kulga ko'milgan.
- 23 Pozzuoli (Kampaniya). Qadimgi davrlarda ma'lum bo'lgan Puteoli, ajoyib savdo porti, ammo mahalliy vulqon qumi bilan eng mashhur pozzolana (lotin tilida, pulvis puteolanus, "Puteoli changlari"), birinchi samarali betonning asosi bo'lib, undan Rim Panteonining gumbazi yasalgan. Bundan tashqari, o'nlab juda qiziqarli Rim qoldiqlari, shu jumladan ichki qismi buzilmagan juda katta amfiteatr, bu erda hali ham maydon maydonchasiga kataklarni ko'tarish uchun ishlatilgan tishli g'ildiraklarning qismlari ko'rish mumkin.
- 24 Ravenna (Emiliya-Romagna). G'arbiy Rim imperiyasining 402 yildan to 476 yilda qulaguniga qadar poytaxti. Miloddan avvalgi 49 yilda Yuliy Tsezar Rubikonni kesib o'tishdan oldin o'z kuchlarini to'plagan joy, shuningdek, Vizantiya favqulodda va juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan cherkovlari uchun mashhur. mozaika.
- 25 Regjio di Kalabriya (Kalabriya). Avvaliga yunon mustamlakasi bo'lgan Reggio Italiyaning eng muhim arxeologik muzeylaridan biri - Magna Greccia nomidagi Milliy arxeologik muzeyga ega. Qadimgi Yunoniston. Imperatorlik davrida u shunday nomlangan Rheium Julium, dengiz va materik transporti uchun markaziy burilish va to'qqizta termal hammom bilan maqtandi, ulardan biri bugungi kunda ham ko'rinib turibdi.
- 26 Rimini (Emiliya-Romagna). Via Flaminiyaning dengiz bo'yidagi terminali. Avgust arkasi, Tiberius ko'prigi, amfiteater va Domus del Chirurgo joylashgan uy. Uning shahar muzeyida Rim va Etrusk antikvarlari mavjud.
- 27 Spoleto (Umbriya). Spoletium birinchi marta miloddan avvalgi 241 yilda qayd etilgan. Shaharning qadimgi Rimdagi ahamiyatini aks ettirgan holda, turli xil yodgorliklar, jumladan, milodiy 1-asrdagi villa, ko'prik va Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Spoleto Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Spoleto bilan qo'shni bo'lgan kichik, ammo yaxshi arxeologik muzey mavjud.
- 28 Sutri ("Latsio"). Etrusk va Rim qoldiqlarining xususiyatlari.
- 29 Taormina (Sitsiliya). Dastlab yunon mustamlakasi, Tauromenion Strabon va boshqa qadimgi yozuvchilarning so'zlariga ko'ra Naxos kolonistlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Sitsiliyadagi eng taniqli xarobalaridan biri bo'lgan teatri bilan mashhur, chunki uning ajoyib saqlanib qolishi va go'zal joylashuvi.
- 30 Tivoli ("Latsio"). Imperator Hadrianning mamlakat mulki.
- 31 Triest (Friuli-Venesiya-Juliya). Miloddan avvalgi 52-46 yillarda Yuliy Tsezar boshchiligidagi Rim mustamlakasi maqomi berilgan bo'lib, u o'z nomini shunday yozgan Tergeste uning ichida Bello Gallico sharhlari. Uning saqlanib qolgan Rim yodgorliklariga San-Justo tepaligining etagida, dengizga qaragan teatr kiradi; ikkita ibodatxona, biri Afinaga, biri Zevsga bag'ishlangan, ikkalasi ham bitta tepalikning tepasida; Miloddan avvalgi 33 yilda Rim devorlarida qurilgan Rimkardoning arkasi, Piazzetta Barbacan shahrida joylashgan; va shahar muzeyida saqlangan ko'plab kichik qismlar.
- 32 Turin (Pyemont). Harbiy lager sifatida yaratilgan (Castra Taurinorum) miloddan avvalgi 28-yillarda, keyinchalik uning nomi o'zgartirilgan Augusta Taurinorum imperator Avgust sharafiga. Odatda Rim ko'chalari tarmog'ini, ayniqsa Quadrilatero Romano (Rim to'rtburchagi) deb nomlanuvchi mahallada ko'rish mumkin. Garibaldi orqali Rim shahri aniq yo'lni kuzatib boradi dekumanus Porta Dekumani shahrida boshlangan (asosiy ko'cha), keyinchalik Kastello yoki Palazzo Madamaga kiritilgan. Hozirgi shahar markazining shimoliy qismida joylashgan Porta Palatina sobori yaqinidagi bog'da saqlanib qolgan. Rim davri teatri qoldiqlari Manika Nuova hududida saqlanib qolgan.
- 33 Verona (Veneto). Rim davridan omon qolish uchun dunyodagi eng katta uchinchi amfiteatrning uyi.
- 34 Ventimigliya (Liguriya). Ilgari Albium Intemelium deb nomlangan, Intemelii poytaxti, uzoq vaqt rimliklarga qarshilik ko'rsatgan Liguriya qabilasi, miloddan avvalgi 115 yilda Rimga bo'ysunishga majbur bo'lib, u qayta nomlandi. Albintimilium. Rim teatri qoldiqlari (2-asrning birinchi yarmi) ko'rinadi va boshqa ko'plab binolarning qoldiqlari, ular orasida qadimiy shahar devorlarining izlari topilgan.
- 35 Volterra (Toskana). Tepalik tepasida qurilgan chiroyli devorli shahar. Qadimgi Etrusklar ligasining o'n ikki shaharlaridan biri, o'sha davrdagi ba'zi asl darvozalar hanuzgacha saqlanib kelinmoqda, shuningdek, Etrusk va Rim yodgorliklari bilan to'ldirilgan maxsus muzey.
Frantsiya
- 1 Amiens (Pikardiya). Ilgari sifatida tanilgan Samarobriva ("Somme ko'prigi"), Yuliy Tsezarda birinchi marta eslatilgan Bello Gallico sharhlari. Shahar hokimiyati va Adliya saroyi yaqinidagi qazishmalar natijasida ikkalasidan ham ko'proq aholi uchun qurilgan forum, termal vannalar va amfiteatr asoslari aniqlandi. Londinium yoki Lutetiya. Gambetta pleysining so'nggi ishlanmasida kesilgan ikkita yorug 'forum qoldiqlarini kuzatish imkonini beradi. Pikardiya muzeyi, Frantsiyada shu kabi muzey sifatida qurilgan birinchi bino, o'zining podvalida boy kollektsiyaga ega bo'lgan arxeologiyaga bag'ishlangan.
- 2 Arles (Kamarg). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Arelate Rim davrida, bu Yuliy Tsezar tomonidan Massaliya ustidan ustun bo'lgan Rône daryosi og'zidagi obod savdo markazi va harbiy baza bo'lgan. Ko'plab Rim qoldiqlari mavjud, ulardan Ares d'ArlesMiloddan avvalgi birinchi yoki ikkinchi asrlarda qurilgan, eng mashhur. Yaqin atrofda (12 km shimolda) qoldiqlari turibdi 3 Barbegal suv o'tkazgichi va tegirmoni, Rim suv tegirmoni majmuasi, dastlab tik tog 'yonbag'riga o'rnatilgan ikkita alohida tushayotgan qatorda 16 suv g'ildiragidan iborat; "qadimgi dunyoda ma'lum bo'lgan mexanik quvvatning eng katta kontsentratsiyasi" deb nomlangan. The Antik muzey, shahar ichida tegirmonning informatsion rekonstruksiya qilingan modeli mavjud.
- 4 Autun (Burgundiya). Bu kichik shahar Rim garnizoni shaharchasi edi Augustodunum. Yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Gallo-Rim devorlari hanuzgacha shaharning aksariyat qismini o'rab turibdi va boshqa Rim yodgorliklari orasida teatr va ikkita darvoza mavjud bo'lib, ulardan biri juda yaxshi holatda ajoyib ikki qavatli tosh inshootdir.
- 5 Bavay (Nord-Pas-de-Kale). Qadimgi Bagakum, etti yo'lning muhim kavşağı. 1-asr forumi bo'lib, uning ahamiyati 1940 yilgi bombardimon tufayli ochilgan binolarni vayron qilgan.
- 6 Besanson (Franche-Comte). Qadimgi Vesontio Yura va Alp tog'lari orasidagi bo'shliqda strategik harbiy ahamiyatga ega joy edi. Uning Rim qoldiqlari asosan Port-Noire, milodiy 2-asrda Vauban qal'asi joylashgan tepalik etagidagi zafarli kamar va Porte Noire yonida, Korinf ustunlari bilan bezatilgan Square Castan arxeologik bog'idan iborat.
- 7 Bordo (Jironde). Avval Burdigala, Gallia Aquitania poytaxti. Uning amfiteatrining qoldiqlari, 20 ming tomoshabinga mo'ljallangan, Pale Gallienida saqlanib qolgan.
- 8 Bulogne-sur-Mer (Nord-Pas-de-Kale). Ism ostida Gesoriakum, Buyuk Britaniya bilan savdo va aloqa qilish uchun Rimning yirik porti bo'lgan. O'rta asrlarning qal'asi va devorlari Rim davridan boshlangan poydevor asosida qurilgan. Qo'ng'iroq fondi Rim istilosidan qolgan Keltlar muzeyi bo'lib xizmat qiladi.
- 9 Brest (Finister). Strategik jihatdan Frantsiyaning eng yaxshi Atlantika tabiiy portida joylashgan Brest qadimgi dengiz porti joylashgan deb ishoniladi Gesocribate, Peutinger Stolida aytib o'tilgan. Hozirgi qasrning ba'zi devorlari, ehtimol Gallo-Rim mahoratidan qilingan.
- 10 Klermont-Ferran (Overgne). Yuliy Tsezar boshchiligidagi Rim istilosiga qarshi yagona Galli qarshilik ko'rsatuvining etakchisi Vercingetorixning tug'ilgan joyi. Shaharning birinchi nomi edi Nemessos - muqaddas o'rmon uchun Gaulish so'zi (hozirgi shahar sobori joylashgan tepada turgan). Miloddan avvalgi 52 yilda Gergoviya jangida gallar Rim hujumini orqaga qaytargan Gergoviya platosidan unchalik uzoq emas. Rim istilosidan keyin shahar nomi ma'lum bo'ldi Augustonemetum. Uning nomi o'zgartirildi Arvernis III asrda. Hozirgi kunda uning asosiy maydonida Vercingetorixning ulkan haykali joylashgan. Shahardan 6 km janubda, jang maydonidagi plato ustidagi xarobalar va arxeologik qazishmalar ham diqqatga sazovor.
- 11 Freyus (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur). Bir paytlar O'rta dengizning eng muhim portlaridan biri bo'lgan Forum Julii uning arxeologik ahamiyatiga ega bo'lgan xarobalari juda ko'p. Bu erda Rim amfiteatri, Oree darvozasining arkadalari va Akveduk arklari qoldiqlari mavjud. Uning porti tiqilib qolgan va hozir asosan botqoqqa aylangan.
- 12 Glanum (Saint-Rémy-de-Provence shahridan 1 km janubda). Bir vaqtlar Via Domitia shahridagi obod mustahkam shahar bo'lgan atmosfera xarobalari, shifobaxsh kuchga ega deb hisoblangan buloq atrofida qurilgan. Milodiy 260 yilda Alamanni tomonidan bosib olingan va yo'q qilingan va keyinchalik tark qilingan; birinchi muntazam qazish ishlari 1921 yilda boshlangan. Ko'plab topilgan narsalar bugungi kunda Sent-Rémy-de-Provence yaqinidagi Hotel de Sade mehmonxonasida namoyish etilmoqda.
- 13 Oltin hovli muzeyi (Musiqa de La Cour d'Or), 2 rue du Haut Poirier (Metz, Lotaringiya). Qadimgi Gallo-Rim hammomlari qoldiqlarini saqlash uchun qurilgan Divodurum Mediomatricumva Gallo-Rim antikalarining boy to'plami.
- 14 Le-Man (Pays de la Loire). Miloddan avvalgi 47 yilda rimliklar tomonidan tortib olingan, Tsenomanus Gallia Lugdunensis tarkibida bo'lgan. 3-asr amfiteatri hali ham ko'rinib turibdi. Uning qadimiy devori Gallo-Rim shahar devorlarining omon qolish uchun eng to'liq sxemalaridan biridir. 3-asrga tegishli bo'lgan Rim issiqlik binosining xarobalari topildi.
- 15 Lion (Rhone-Alpes). Qadimgi Lugdunum, ehtimol Galliya Lugdunensisning poytaxti va imperator Klavdiyning tug'ilgan joyi bo'lgan Rim Galiyasining eng muhim shahri. Gallo-Rim muzeyi, bu ajoyib saqlanib qolgan teatr va uchta galliyaning amfiteatrining yonida joylashgan.
- 16 Marsel (Bouches-du-Rhone). Yunon mustamlakachilari tomonidan tashkil etilgan Massaliya (Aσσapa), miloddan avvalgi 4-asrga kelib qadimiy dunyoning eng yirik savdo portlaridan biriga aylangan. Shahar Pompey tomonidan Yulius Tsezarni qamal qilgani va kamtar bo'lganiga qarshi bo'lganida, bu maqom qisqa vaqt ichida silkitildi; shuhrat bir necha asrlar davomida Arelate-ga o'tdi. Vieux-Port mahallasidagi Musée des Docks Romains muzeyi qadimgi Rim porti omborlaridan qoldiqlarni saqlaydi.
- 17 Musée de l'Ancien Évéché (Sobiq yepiskoplik muzeyi), 2, Très Cloître rue (Grenobl, Isere). Muzey Notre Dame shahridagi sobiq episkopning saroyida joylashgan. Muzey ostida arxeologik ashyo mavjud; the remains of Grenoble's Roman walls and a remarkable 4th-century baptistery, discovered during work on tram line B, are not to be missed. Ask for a free audioguide (French or English) at reception.
- 18 Narbonne (Languedoc-Roussillon). Founded in 118 BC, as Colonia Narbo Martius. Former capital of Gallia Narbonensis. A strategically important place in Roman times, being at the junction between the Via Domitia and the Via Aquitania. Trade was prominent here and there was a Forum and warehouses for grain and products. The underground storage sites are worth visiting.
- 19 Nice (Alpes-Maritimes). The upper city of Cimiez was a Greek, then Gallo-Roman settlement and it contains a good archaeological museum, the Musée d'Archeologie de Nice, next to some Gallo-Roman ruins.
- 20 Nîmes (Gard). Home to the most pristine Roman temple in France, a very well preserved arena, and the gorgeous 2 Pont Du Gard aqueduct nearby.
- 21 apelsin (Provence). Features one of the best preserved theaters, dating from Augustus's reign, and a triumphal arch.
- 22 Périgueux (Aquitaine). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Vesunna in antiquity. Here stand the remains of a Roman amphitheatre (known locally as the Arènes Romaines) the centre of which has been turned into a green park with a water fountain; the remains of a temple of the Gallic goddess "Vesunna"; and a luxurious Roman villa, called the "Domus of Vesunna", built around a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded peristyle now housed in the Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum.
- 23 Reims (Champagne-Ardenne). Known in ancient times as Durocortōrum, was capital of Gallia Belgica province. Has a triumphal arch as centerpiece of its Place de la République.
- 24 Thermes de Cluny, 6 place Paul Painlevé (Paris/5th arrondissement). The remains of the bathing complex of ancient Lutetia Parisiorum, now partly an archeological site, and partly incorporated into the adjacent Musée National du Moyen Age. Site of the coronation of emperor Julian "the Apostate" in February 360. Lutetia, renamed Parisius in the 5th century AD, was mainly built on the Seine's southern margin; the Roman cardo maximus (main axis) is still observed on the Left Bank (Rue St-Jacques) and on the Right Bank (Rue St-Martin). Some 800 m away, stand the 3 Arènes de Lutèce, a preserved 1st century amphitheater. There's also the Early Christian archeological crypt under the Notre Dame cathedral's forecourt. For more Roman antiquities in Paris, the Louvre is the obvious place to go.
- 25 Tropaeum Alpium (La Turbie village, 4 km east of Monaco). Built in honor of emperor Augustus, to celebrate his definitive victory over the ancient tribes who populated the Alps, at the boundary between Italy and Gallia Narbonensis. Visitors can also see the Roman quarry, about 500 metres away, with its sections of carved columns in the stone.
- 26 Vaison-la-Romaine (Provence). Features a beautiful bridge from the 1st century.
- 27 Vienne (Rhône-Alpes). Once the capital city of the Allobroges, a Gallic people, ancient Vienna was transformed into a Roman colony in 47 BC under Julius Caesar. Has extensive Roman remains, which include an Imperial temple of Augustus and Livia, the Plan de l'Aiguille, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, originally inside its circus, (out of town) the remains of a Roman theatre, and a ruined thirteenth-century castle that was built on Roman footings. Several ancient aqueducts and traces of Roman roads can also be seen.
Ispaniya
- 1 Acinipo (20 km north of Ronda, Andalusia). Remains of a Roman city, destroyed in 429 AD by the Vandals. Includes the remains of a Roman theatre, as well as Roman baths.
- 2 A Coruña (Galicia). Home to the Tower of Hercules, it may be the oldest lighthouse in the world that is still in use. It's a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- 3 Alcalá de Henares (Community of Madrid). Roman Alcalá was called Complutum. It features the House of Hyppolitus, one of the better fitted-out Roman archaeological complexes in the Madrid area, built at the end of the 3rd century or beginnings of the 4th century AD. It is famous for its well preserved mosaics.
- 4 Alicante (Valencian Community). Ancient Lucentum, probably founded as a Phoenician colony, enjoyed its peak between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. Its archaeological site covers an area of some 30,000 m² (7.4 acres), and features the remains of the fortifying wall (including the foundations of the pre-Roman defensive towers), the baths, the forum, part of the Muslim necropolis, and a multitude of houses.
- 5 Almuñécar (Andalusia). City with Phoenician origins, home to very interesting remains, of which the most significant are five aqueducts. All, remarkably, are still standing and four of them are still in use after 2,000 years.
- 6 Baelo Claudia (22 km west of Tarifa, Andalusia). Trading post and garum (fish sauce) production center, beautifully restored and preserved, includes a forum, theatre and market.
- 7 Cádiz (Andalusia). Oldest continuously inhabited city in the Iberian Peninsula, traditionally dated to 1104 BC. The remains of its Roman theatre are just behind the Old Cathedral.
- 8 Cartagena (Murcia). Founded as a colony of Carthage, it was conquered by general Scipio Africanus in 209 BC and renamed Carthago Nova. Home to a restored Roman theatre, two important archaeological museums, the remains of the Punic rampart (built in 227 BC with the foundation of the city), a colonnade, among other nice antiquities.
- 9 Castro Urdiales (Cantabria). Established as a Roman colony in AD 74 under the name Flaviobriga, during the reign of emperor Vespasian. The Flaviobriga archaeological site is under the Casco Viejo (old town), two meters deep. Remains of the Roman colony can be visited in the Regional Museum of Prehistory and Archaeology of Cantabria.
- 10 Ceuta (exclave in North Africa). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Abyla by the Carthaginians, and Ad Septem Fratres or simply Septem, by the Romans (due to the seven little hills of the promontory where the city lies, that looked like seven brothers, or septem fratres in Latin). The ruins of a Roman basilica have been discovered.
- 11 Córdoba (Andalusia). Former capital of Hispania Baetica. Has a Roman bridge marked by a triumphal arch and an adjacent single-column monument and it crosses to an old fortified gate (now a museum).
- 12 Elche (Valencian Community). This original location was settled by the Greeks and later occupied by Carthaginians and Romans. Greek colonists named it Helike around 600 BC. The Romans called the city Ilici (or Illice) and granted it the status of colonia. The present-day Baños Arabes (Arabic Baths) actually re-uses old Roman baths.
- 13 Guadalmina (12 km west of Marbella, Costa del Sol). 3rd-century AD ruins of Roman baths, known as Las Bóvedas ("the domes") within a protected archaeological site.
- 14 Gijón (Asturias). Features a lot of interesting remains, such as the Roman baths of Campo Valdés (1st or 2nd centuries AD), the Roman wall (3rd and 4th centuries) and the Roman village of Veranes.
- 15 León (Castile and Leon). León was founded in the 1st century BC by the Roman legion Legio VI Victrix, which served under Caesar Augustus during the Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC), the final stage of the Roman conquest of Hispania. In the year 74 AD, the Legio VII Gemina —recruited from the Hispanics by Galba in 69 AD— settled in a permanent military camp that was the origin of the city. Its modern name is derived from the city's Latin name Castra Legionis, or Legio for short. There are significant remains of its walls, built in the 1st century BC and enlarged in the 3rd-4th centuries AD, and the typical Roman street grid is observed - Calle Ancha is the Decumanus Maximus.
- 16 Lugo (Galicia). Only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls.
- 17 Málaga (Andalusia). Founded by the Phoenicians as Malaka about 770 BC. From 218 BC it was ruled by Rome, as Malaca. Its highlight is the Roman theatre, which dates from the 1st century BC and was excavated in 1951.
- 18 Melilla (exclave in North Africa). Founded as a Phoenician settlement called "Rhusadhir", Russaderion ( Ῥυσσάδειρον) for the Greeks or Rusadir for the Romans. Later it became a part of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana. The large fortress which stands immediately to the north of the port, Melilla la Vieja ("Old Melilla"), has ramparts of fundamentally Roman workmanship.
- 19 Mérida (Extremadura). Formerly Emerita Augusta, the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania. Featured on the YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati for its several impressive remains, among them the longest of all existing Roman bridges.
- 20 Museu d'Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona (Barcelona/Ciutat Vella). Includes access to the underground ruins of ancient Barcino, whose Roman urban planning is very evident inside the walled city, which is correspondent to the contemporary Barri Gòtic.
- 21 Santiponce (Andalusia). Features the ruins of Italica, founded in 206 BC by the great Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio "Africanus", and the birthplace of emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Its highlight is one of the largest known Roman amphitheatres, with seats for 25,000. Well worth the quick trip from Seville (9 km).
- 22 Segovia (Castile and Leon). Famous for its aqueduct, one of the best preserved and most scenic anywhere.
- 23 Tarragona (Catalonia). Former Tarraco, capital of Hispania Tarraconensis. A beautiful amphitheater by the beach, a small preserved Forum and a good museum
- 24 Zaragoza (Aragon). First named Caesaraugusta, after Emperor Augustus. Its Forum, Thermal Baths, Riverine Port and Great Theatre are very well preserved. You can purchase a "Caesaraugusta route" joint ticket for this route of 4 museums, with a better price than seeing them separately.
Portugaliya
- 1 Beja (Baixo Alentejo). Supposed to be the Roman Pax Julia, or Paca. Still surrounded by remains of old Roman walls. Said to be the richest in Roman remains of all the cities in Portugal, after Évora.
- 2 Braga (Minho). Ancient Bracara Augusta has some preserved remains and is host to the Braga Romana (Roman Braga) cultural fair, that celebrates the Roman influence in its history. It happens around the streets of the city centre, where people dress like ancient Romans and sell art and other souvenirs in tents. It is usually on the last weekend of May.
- 3 Chaves (Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro). Formerly known as Aquæ Flaviæ. Home to a lovely preserved Roman bridge, 140 m long, with 12 visible arches, built by order of Emperor Trajan.
- 4 Coimbra (Beira Litoral). In modern Coimbra there are a few remains from ancient Aeminium. The most important is the cryptoporticus, an underground gallery of arched corridors built in the 1st or 2nd century AD to support the forum of the city. It can be visited through the Machado de Castro Museum, formerly the bishop's palace, built during the Middle Ages. 16 km to the south, there's one of the largest Roman settlements excavated in Portugal, 4 Conímbriga, classified as a National Monument.
- 5 Évora (Alentejo Central). Julius Caesar called it Liberalitas Julia. Pliny the Elder also visited this town and mentioned it in his book Naturalis Historia as Ebora Cerealis. Vestiges from this period (the so-called Temple of Diana, city walls and ruins of Roman baths) still remain.
- 6 Lisbon. Believed to have Phoenician origins, Felicitas Iulia Olisipo, built on seven hills at the mouth of the Tagus river, quickly rose to prominence after the Punic wars, as Lusitania's primary port and commercial centre (which it still is). Several buildings on Rua Augusta have underground visitable archeological finds. Its old wall (Cerca Velha) has been studied, proven to be a primarily Roman construction, and been made a valued touristic attraction with several "Wall Walk" signs. The ruins of its theater are enclosed in a dedicated museum.
- 7 Santiago do Cacém (Alentejo Litoral). Features the ruins of ancient Miróbriga, with a Forum, a hippodrome, baths, an Imperial temple (to worship the Roman Emperors) and a temple dedicated to Venus. The hippodrome and baths are among the best preserved in Portugal.
England and Wales
- 1 Bath (Somerset). Aquae Sulis is the location of the Roman baths, the ruins of which are still visitable. The waters of the Celtic goddess Sulis are the only thermal waters in Britain. You can bathe like a Roman in the modern baths next door.
- 2 Birdoswald Roman Fort, Gilsland, CA8 7DD (7 miles north-east of Brampton, Cumbria). Only fort extensively excavated on the turf sector of Hadrian's Wall. It has produced lots of archaeological evidence for the phases of construction of the wall. Also the first fort to produce substantial evidence for what happened on the wall when Roman rule in Britain ended.
- 3 Caerleon (Monmouthshire). Isca was the hub of Roman civilisation in Wales. In the town are the public baths, large amphitheatre (with mythological links to Camelot) and the world's last-remaining legionary barracks. The other main attraction is the National Roman Legion Museum, which researches and displays half a million objects of Antiquity from the area around Caerleon.
- 4 Caernarfon (Gwynedd). The mediaeval castle is the main attraction here, but just a few hundred metres away are the remains of the most north-westerly fort in the Roman Empire, Segontium.
- 5 Caerwent (yaqin Caldicot, Monmouthshire). Tribal capital of the Silures, most of Venta Silurum's remains date from the 4th century, including the impressive 5 metre-high town wall, houses, forum-basilica and a Romano-British temple, the latter highlighting how Romanisation often existed in harmony with older local traditions.
- 6 Canterbury (Kent). Founded as the Romano-Celtic town of Durovernum Cantiacorum. Home to the Canterbury Roman Museum, built to house the remains of a Roman domus and its courtyard.
- 7 Carlisle (Cumbria). An ideal base for exploring the western part of Hadrian's Wall.
- 8 Chester (Cheshire). Ancient Deva, or Castra Devana, the fortress city of the 20th Legion (Legio XX Valeria Victrix). As one of the great military bases in Roman England, has its fair share of Roman ruins.
- 9 Chichester (West Sussex). Believed to have been one of the bridgeheads of the Roman invasion of Britain. The city centre is built on the Roman town of Noviomagus, and it benefits from the cross-shaped design favoured by the Romans - North Street, South Street, East Street and West Street converge on the Chichester Cross, a medieval market cross. Just outside the city is Fishbourne Palace, home to the largest collection of mosaics in the UK and a unique formal Roman garden.
- 10 Cirencester (Gloucestershire). Ancient Corinium is the Roman highlight of the Cotswolds, with the remains of an amphitheatre - nowadays a grass-covered bowl - and the Corinium Museum. A small section of the old Roman wall can be seen at Abbey Park.
- 11 Colchester (Essex). Oldest recorded Roman town in Britain, claimed to be the oldest town in the UK. Sifatida Camulodunum, was for a time the capital of Roman Britain. Some modern scholars often speculate that "Camelot" could actually be "Camulod" misspelled. Its castle is built upon the foundations of the Temple of Emperor Claudius.
- 12 Dolaucothi Gold Mines, Pumsaint, Llanwrda (yaqin Lampeter, Carmarthenshire), ☏ 44 1558 650177, ✉[email protected]. The presence of untapped gold resources was one of the primary reasons the Romans invaded Britain, and here is the proof. Visitors can tour the mines, and walk in the footsteps of 2000 year-old miners.
- 13 Dover (Kent). Portus Dubris was founded at the closest point to continental Europe, ideal for a cross-channel port. In the Roman era, it grew into an important military and mercantile harbour. The Roman lighthouse built on the present-day site of Dover Castle may be the oldest stone building in Britain.
- 14 Exeter (Devon). Its Roman name was Isca Dumnomiorum, and it served as the base of the 5000-man Legio II Augusta for 20 years. Most of the original Roman wall can still be seen today; about 70% of it remains, and most of its route can be traced on foot.
- 15 Gloucester (Gloucestershire). Founded in 97 AD under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, or shortly, Glevum. Roman tunnels and fortifications exist underneath the city centre and can be visited through the museum.
- 16 Hardknott Fort, Hardknott Pass, Eskdale, Cumbria (Lake District National Park). The remains of this northern military outpost are well-marked and the situation is dramatic, high in the Cumbrian mountains.
- 17 Hexham (Northumberland). An ideal base for exploring the middle section of Hadrian's Wall.
- 18 Leicester (Leicestershire). Founded as Ratae Corieltauvorum in 50 AD. Its Jewry Wall Museum features the 2000 year old remains of a Roman bathing complex. In 2013, the discovery of a Roman cemetery, found just outside the old city walls and dating back to 300 AD, was announced.
- 19 Lincoln (Lincolnshire). Developed from the Roman town of Lindum Colonia. Its Roman remains are mainly scattered around the cathedral quarter. Walking along Bailgate, notice the circles of old stones in the modern road surface: these are the original foundations of the Roman pillars which lined this route - Ermine Street, which stretched from London to York.
- 20 City of London. Major port and commercial centre in Roman Britain, under the name Londinium. Its Roman wall survived for another 1,600 years and broadly continues to define its perimeter. There are picturesque exposed sections close to the present Museum of London (which has a permanent exhibition of life in Londinium), near the Barbican Centre, as well as close to the Tower of London. The amphitheatre is now open to the public, underneath the Guildhall.
- 21 Richborough Roman Fort and Amphitheatre, Off Richborough Road (yaqin Sendvich, Kent), ☏ 44 1304 612013. One of the main beachheads of the Claudian invasion of 43 AD, today a collection of many phases of Roman remains still visible, under the auspices of English Heritage, which describes it as 'perhaps the most symbolically important of all Roman sites in Britain'.
- 22 Segedunum Roman Fort, Baths & Museum, Buddle Street, Wallsend (Tyne and Wear). The remains of the Roman fort at Segedunum, eastern terminus of Hadrian's Wall. It's a short walk away from the Wallsend Metro station. In fact many of the signs at the metro station have been translated into Latin, including the aptly named Vomitorium. A.
- 23 Silchester (yaqin Basingstoke, Hampshire). Known to the Romans as Calleva Atrebatum, Silchester was abandoned after the Roman era which means that much of the archaeology remains. All that is left on the surface now is a complete ring of city walls and the amphitheatre, though ongoing archaeological digs (which you may get to see) could reveal more. Silchester is about as isolated a place as you will find in south-east England; on a spring weekday you are likely to find yourself sharing the ruins only with cows. Free to access every day, sunrise-sunset.
- 24 St Albans (Hertfordshire). Verulamium has left behind a well-preserved amphitheatre and city walls. The city's Verulamium Museum is dedicated to local Roman history, and hosts many artefacts including mosaics, coins and wall plasters.
- 25 Wroxeter Roman City, Wroxeter (yaqin Shrewsbury, Shropshire). At one stage, Viroconium Cornoviorum was the fourth-largest city in Roman Britain. The main attractions today are the remains of the bath house and a tall section of free-standing wall, as well as a reconstructed town house, an impressive piece of experimental archaeology using only methods and materials available to Roman Britons.
- 26 York (North Yorkshire). Founded as Eboracum in 71 AD. After 211, became the capital of the province Britannia Inferior. Constantine the Great was first proclaimed Emperor in this city. Its medieval city walls are built on Roman era foundations. Features several events with re-enactors.
Belgiya
- 1 Arlon (Wallonia). Formerly the vicus of Orolaunum, Arlon has parts of its Gallo-Roman defensive wall, built in the 3rd century, still standing, and an outstanding archeological museum.
- 2 Liège (Wallonia). Was known as Vicus Leudicus in Roman times. An archeological display, the Archeoforum, can be visited under the Place St Lambert, showing Roman and medieval remains.
- 3 Tongeren (Flanders). Oldest town of Belgium. Founded as the military camp Atuatuca Tungrorum, built around 50 BC by Sabinus and Cotta, lieutenants in the army of Julius Caesar. More than 1,500 meters of the original Roman wall, dating from the 2nd century, has been preserved. The town market features a statue of Gallic leader Ambiorix. There's also a Gallo-Roman museum.
Gollandiya
- 1 Alphen aan den Rijn (Groene Hart). Formerly the frontier garrison of Castellum Albanianae on the Old Rhine. Home to the Archeon, a theme park about living history of the Netherlands, containing 43 buildings from the Prehistory, Roman era and Middle Ages.
- 2 Heerlen (Janubiy Limburg). Former Roman military settlement, known as Coriovallum, at the crossroads of the Boulogne-Cologne and Xanten-Axen-Trier routes. Its bathing complex has been excavated and is now a museum.
- 3 Katwijk (Bollenstreek). In Romans times, its name was Lugdunum Batavorum. It was a place of strategic importance, at the Empire's northern border, at the mouth of the Rhine, which in Roman times was larger in this area than it is today. There was a good deal of traffic along the Rhine. It was also a jumping-off point for the voyage to Britain.
- 4 Maastrixt (Limburg). Started to exist when the Romans built a bridge over the river Meuse (Maas in Dutch, Mosa in Latin) in the 1st century AD, and named it Traiectum ad Mosam. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).The cellar of the Derlon Hotel was surveyed by Maastricht's city archeologists before restoration could start; several Roman remains, from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th century, were found, and considered so important that it was decided to conserve and exhibit them. In the cellar of Derlon Hote can be seen part of a 2nd- and 3rd-century square, a 3rd-century well, part of a pre-Roman cobblestone road and sections of a wall and a gate dating from the 4th century.
- 5 Nijmegen (Gelderland). Founded as Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, or Noviomagus for short, a frontier garrison, in the 1st century BC. A few Roman remains are visible today; a fragment of the old city wall can be seen near the casino, and the foundations of the amphitheatre are traced in the paving of the present-day Rembrandtstraat. The Valkhof museum includes artifacts from the Roman era.
- 6 Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities), Rapenburg 28 (Leiden, Bollenstreek), ✉[email protected]. This is a traditional museum on the history of people. Includes an outstanding collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities, and a small temple that was given to the Netherlands by the Egyptians for their help with the Aswan monuments transfer project. It also features an exhibition on the archeological history of the Netherlands, including dug-up burial treasures and relics from Roman sites in the country.
- 7 Utrecht (Western Netherlands). Its history goes back to 47 AD, when emperor Claudius ordered his general Corbulo to build a defensive line along the Rhine, then the Empire's northernmost border. A stronghold (Castrum) was built at a crossing in the river, and called Traiectum ("crossingplace"). In the local language this became Trecht, Uut-Trecht (uut, "downriver", added to distinguish U-trecht from Maas-tricht) and later Utrecht. On the place where once the castrum stood, now stands the Domchurch built in the 13th century. Remnants of the Roman stone wall can be visited below the buildings around Dom Square.
- 8 Woerden (Western Netherlands). Former frontier garrison town, called Laurum or Laurium. Artifacts and even ships from that time have been found and some of them are exhibited in the parking garage (appropriately called Castellum) and in the city museum.
Germaniya
- 1 Axen (Eifel). According to legend, the Roman spa resort town of Aquae Granni was founded by order of emperor Hadrian, circa 124 AD. Remains have been found of three bathhouses, including two fountains at the Elisenbrunnen, a neo-classical hall covering one of the city's famous hot springs.
- 2 Archäologisches Museum Frankfurt (Archaeological Museum), Karmelitergasse 1 (Frankfurt, Rhine-Main), ☏ 49 69-212-35896, faks: 49 69-212-30700, ✉[email protected]. Located in a former Carmelite monastery, it displays finds from the Roman town of Nida (Frankfurt-Heddernheim). There's also an open-air archaeological installation, showing the foundations of the oldest building in the city: the Roman baths from the 1st and 2nd century.
- 3 Augsburg (Bavariya). Germany's third oldest city, being founded as Augusta Vindelicorum, named after the emperor Augustus. Former capital of the province of Raetia and administrative and economic centre of the Roman dominion from the northern Alps to the Danube River. Nowadays, features the Römisches Museum, founded as early as 1822 as "Antiquarium Romanum" (closed for renovation, it has been rehoused at a temporary location until 2022), and hosts the annual German Römerfest.
- 4 Baden-Baden (Black Forest). Known as Aquae to the Romans. The bath-conscious emperor Caracalla once came here to ease his arthritic aches. The ruins of the bathing complex are preserved under the aptly-named Römerplatz (Roman Square).
- 5 Cologne (North Rhine-Westphalia). Founded as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, was the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Home to an extensive Romano-Germanic Museum, above several ruins, right beside the famous cathedral.
- 6 Maynts (Rhineland-Palatinate). Ancient Mogontiacum was founded by the Roman general Drusus, brother of emperor Tiberius and father of emperor Claudius, at the strategic confluence of the Rhine and the Main; later, it became the provincial capital of Germania Superior, and an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus was built. The so-called Drususstein still stands inside the citadel of Mainz.
- 7 Regensburg (Upper Palatinate). Founded as the military camp Castra Regina. Its Porta Praetoria is believed to be Germany's most ancient stone building, dating back to 179 AD.
- 8 Saalburg (Bad Homburg). The Saalburg fort is on the Limes Germanicus, built to keep the various "Barbarians" out, which has been included in the YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.
- 9 Trier (Moselle Valley). The oldest city of Germaniya is home to the Porta Nigra ("black gate") monument, and the remains of three thermae (bathing complexes).
- 10 Wiesbaden (Xesse). Pliny the Elder first mentioned the thermal springs of Aquae Mattiacorum in his Naturalis Historia. Mogontiacum, base of 2 (at times 3) Roman legions, was just over the Rhine and connected by a bridge at the present-day borough of Mainz-Kastel (Roman "castellum"), a strongly fortified bridgehead. Mainz-Kastel was only detached from Mainz and incorporated into Wiesbaden no sooner than 25 July 1945. Some remains of the so-called Heidenmauer ("Heathen Wall"), and of a Roman triumphal arch, can be seen.
- 11 Xanten Archeological Park (North Rhine-Westphalia). Germany's largest archeological park, on the site of ancient Castra Vetera, another part of the Limes Germanicus.
- 12 Kempten (Allgäu). Cambodunum was conquered from the Celts by general Nero Claudius Drusus, the founder of Mogontiacum, and rebuilt on a classical Roman city plan with baths, forum and temples. Initially in wood, the city was later rebuilt in stone after a devastating fire that destroyed almost the entire city in the year 69 AD. The city possibly served as provincial capital of Raetia during the first century before Augusta Vindelicorum took over this role. Extensive archaeological excavations at the end of the 19th century, and again during the 1950s at what were then the outskirts of Kempten, unearthed extensive structural foundations.
- 13 Museum and Park Kalkriese (Kalkriese near Osnabrück). Here was fought the Teutoburg Forest battle, in 9 CE, in which Varus and three Roman legions perished against Arminius, a Roman officer of Germanic origin who betrayed the Romans and fought against them.
Shveytsariya
- 1 Augusta Raurica (Northwestern Switzerland). Very well preserved theater and arena in the greater Basel urban area. Site of the Swiss Römerfest.
- 2 Musée Romain Lausanne-Vidy, Chemin du Bois-de-Vaux 24 (Lausanne). On display are architectural finds from the Roman camp Lausanna, just by the lake, which still features the remains of walls and a forum from the time of Julius Caesar.
- 3 Martigny (Valais). Features interesting remains from Octodurus, conquered by the Roman Empire in 57 BC, in order to protect the strategically important pass of Poeninus (now known as the Great St. Bernard). It was later renamed Forum Claudii Vallensium Octodurensium.
- 4 Nyon (Vaud). Founded as Colonia Julia Equestris, later Noviodunum. Home to the best Roman museum inside Shveytsariya.
- 5 Solothurn (Berne Region). Founded as early as 350 BC as Castrum Salodurum, a bell-shaped walled fort. The remains can still be seen at Friedhofplatz and in Löwengasse.
Avstriya
- 1 Vienna Roman Museum (Römermuseum), Hoher Markt 3 (Vienna/Innere Stadt), ✉[email protected]. This museum houses a collection of artifacts from Vindobona, as this Danubian garrison settlement was then known. There are Roman ruins in the cellar of the museum itself, first discovered during construction work in 1948, and for many years only accessible to the public via a narrow staircase, before the building was transformed into a full-fledged museum in 2008.
- 2 Carnuntum. Roman city and archaeological park on the site of the former capital of Pannonia Superior. Site of the contemporary Austrian Römerfest.
- 3 Villach (Carinthia). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Sanctium in Roman times, home to a hot spring (something very valued at those times) and a museum.
- 4 Archaeological Park Magdalensberg (close to Klagenfurt, Carinthia). About 4 hectares large, shows important areas of the ancient settlement of Virunum, archaeologically studied since 1948.
- 5 Wattens (Tirol). Nowadays best known as the headquarters of the Swarovski crystal company, the town features remains of a Roman villa, unearthed during construction works in 2012. Next to the glass covered archaeological remains, there are display cases with pottery and coins from a 732-piece gold and silver treasure belonging to a legionary. The St. Larentius church, very near in the town center, also dates back to the Roman period.
Vengriya
- 1 Aquincum Museum (Budapest/Aquincum). Aquincum was first a Danubian garrison town and later became capital of Pannonia Inferior. Emperor-philosopher Marcus Aurelius may have written at least part of his Meditations at Aquincum. The Aquincum Museum features indoor and outdoor parts; the latter include two amphitheaters, the Aquincum Civil Amphitheater and the Aquincum Military Amphitheater (both built in the 1st century AD) and the remains of the Roman camp's eastern gate. It hosts the annual Floralia spring festival.
- 2 Dunakeszi (Central Hungary). Small wall remains of a fort, belonging to the Ripa Pannonica - the fluvial part of the Limes protection system - can be see here.
- 3 Esztergom (Transdanubia). As a Roman town, was called Solva. Its castle, built on ancient Roman foundations, is nowadays a museum, with a permanent Roman exhibition.
- 4 Györ (Transdanubia). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Arrabona in Roman times, is home to a good archeological museum.
- 5 Pécs (Transdanubia). Founded as Sopianae. Its centre was where the Postal Palace now stands. Some parts of the Roman aqueduct are still visible. Its early Christian necropolis, called Cella Septichora, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- 6 Sopron (Transdanubia). a Roman city called Scarbantia stood here. Its present main square, which has an archeology museum, was the forum. Its firewatch tower's cylindrical lower part was built on the remains of the Roman town wall, and served as the north tower of the city from the 13th century onwards.
- 7 Szombathely (Transdanubia). Oldest recorded city in Hungary, founded in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum or Savaria for short. It was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province. Home to a reconstructed Temple of Isis, a restored Roman garden and the Savaria historical theme park. Every year, in August, it hosts the Savaria Historical Carnival.
- 8 Tác (Transdanubia). Home to the archeological site of Roman Gorsium, the country's largest open-air museum of this period
Slovenia
- 1 Celje (Pohorje-Savinjska). Famous for its multitude of remains from the rich Roman settlement called Celeia. Has a rich regional museum. Remains of various buildings and the ancient city walls are also scattered around the town itself.
- 2 Ljubljana (Central Slovenia). Ljubljana was anciently called Colonia Iulia Aemona. There still are remains of its Roman city walls, including a number of pillars from an entrance gate.
- 3 Ptuj (Eastern Slovenia). Emperor Trajan granted this settlement city status and named it Colonia Ulpia Traiana Poetovio. The central square of the modern town features The Orpheus Monument, originally a grave marker of Marcus Valerius Verus, the mayor of Poetovio in the 2nd century AD. There is also a Mithraeum and a good regional museum.
Croatia
- 1 Poreč (Istria). The Roman colony of Colonia Iulia Parentium. The town plan still shows the ancient Roman Castrum structure. The main streets are Decumanus and Cardo Maximus, still preserved in their original forms. Marafor is a Roman square with two temples attached. One of them, erected in the first century AD, is dedicated to the Roman god Neptune. There's a preserved floor mosaic, originally part of a large Roman house, in the garden of the Euphrasian Basilica, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- 2 Pula (Istria). Known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its 1st-century amphitheater, among the largest surviving Roman arenas in the world.
- 3 Split (Dalmatia). A city built around the palace of emperor Diocletian, where he voluntarily retired after having had enough of ruling his empire.
- 4 Zadar (Northern Dalmatia). Has a preserved Forum, built by order of Augustus, and an archeological museum.
Serbia
- 1 Belgrade. Its oldest core, nowadays called the Kalemegdan Fortress, was founded in the 3rd century BC as Singidunum by the Celtic tribe of Scordisci, who had defeated Thracian and Dacian tribes that previously lived in and around the fort. The city-fortress was conquered in 34–33 BC by the Roman army led by Silanus, and became a part of the Danubian military frontier. Relics of that era can still be seen inside and outside the fortress.
- 2 Niš (Podunavlje). Birthplace of emperor Constantine the Great. The exact place where he was born (Villa Mediana) has been preserved.
- 3 Viminacium Archeological Park (12 km from Požarevac). Remains of a major city and military camp, the provincial capital of Moesia Superior. The archaeological site occupies a total of 450 hectares (1,100 acres), and contains remains of temples, streets, squares, amphitheatres, palaces, hippodromes and Roman baths.
Ruminiya
- 1 Alba Iulia (Transylvania). Apulum was the largest castrum (fortress city) in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres). The present citadel, built in the 18th century, houses some Roman remains.
- 2 Constanța (Northern Dobruja). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Tomis in antiquity. Famous poet Ovid died in exile here. Has a big floor mosaic which had a dedicated museum built around it.
- 3 Deva (Transylvania). Fortress city known in ancient times as Castrum Deva. Home to the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization.
- 4 Mangalia (Northern Dobruja). Started to exist as a Greek colony named Callatis in the 6th century BC. Today, it's a rich archeological site, with ruins of the original Callatis citadel and an archeological museum.
- 5 Roșia Montană (Transylvania). Trajan hukmronligi davrida konchilar shahri sifatida tashkil etilgan, Alburnus Maior. Rim oltin konlarining eng keng tarmoqlaridan biri, ularning ba'zilari tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun ochiq.
- 6 Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, Shimoliy Dobruja). Milodiy 109 yilda Trajanning Dacians ustidan qozongan g'alabasini yodga olish uchun qurilgan yodgorlik. Hozirgi imorat 1977 yilda qurilgan qayta qurishdir. Yaqin atrofda ko'plab arxeologik ashyolarni, shu jumladan asl Rim yodgorligining qismlarini o'z ichiga olgan muzey mavjud.
- 7 Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (ga yaqin Xagg, Transilvaniya). Dakiya viloyati poytaxtining arxeologik joyi.
- 8 Jidava (ga yaqin Kempulung, Munteniya). Rimning Dakiya viloyatidagi Fort.
Bolgariya
- 1 Burgas (Bolgariya Qora dengiz qirg'og'i). Hozirgi shahar hududida Via Pontitaning uchta qadimiy joylari joylashgan: Develtum, Poros va yangi qazilgan Aquae Calidae. Shuningdek, arxeologik muzey mavjud.
- 2 Hisarya (Hisor) (Yuqori Trakya tekisligi). Mineral issiq buloqlar joylashgan joy. Rim hukmronligi davrida ushbu shaharcha chaqirilgan Augusta va keyinroq Sevastopolis, Imperial saroylari, keng tosh ko'chalari, marmar hammomlari, kanalizatsiya tizimi va ko'plab Rim xudolarining haykallari bilan boy kurort markazi edi. III asrda gotlar tomonidan yoqib yuborilgandan so'ng, u 4-asrning boshlarida, bu safar katta va baland mudofaa devorlari bilan tiklandi. Endi bu dunyoga mashhur balneoterapiya kurorti, bu Bolgariyadagi eng yirik kurortlardan biri. Hamma joyda ko'plab xaroba Rim xarobalari ko'rinadi - jamoat binolari, kichik amfiteatr, Rim garnizoni kazarmalari, Bolgariyadagi eng qadimgi cherkovlarning poydevori, shuningdek, mamlakatning eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Rim qal'asi.
- 3 Nesebar (Bolgariya Qora dengiz qirg'og'i). Qadimgi yunon mustamlakasi Mesembriya suv ostida cho'kib ketgan orolda joylashgan edi. Biroq, ellinizm davridan qolgan ba'zi qoldiqlar mavjud. Bularga akropol, Apollon ibodatxonasi, bozor joyi va istehkom devori kiradi, bu yarimorolning shimoliy tomonida hamon ko'rinadi.
- 4 Plovdiv (Yuqori Trakya tekisligi). Qadimgi Filippopolis, keyinchalik o'zgartirildi Trimontium. Trakiyaning tarixiy poytaxti. Shahar markazida yoki yaqinida ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan bir nechta Rim xarobalari, shu jumladan suv o'tkazgich va juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan teatr mavjud.
- 5 Sofiya (Bolgariya Shopluk). Miloddan avvalgi 29-yillarda rimliklar tomonidan bosib olingan, Serdika asta-sekin mintaqaning eng muhim Rim shahriga aylandi. Bu Rim va Konstantinopolni bog'laydigan Via Militarisning o'rta yo'li edi. Bu erda Aurelian (215-275) va Galerius (260-311) tug'ilgan. Zamonaviy shaharning geografik markazi Evropa Ittifoqi bayroqlari ostida Serdica amfiteatrini namoyish etadi.
- 6 Sozopol (Bolgariya Qora dengiz qirg'og'i). Qadimgi sifatida tanilgan Apolloniya Pontika (ya'ni "Qora dengizdagi Apolloniya", qadimgi Pontus Evsin) va Apolloniya Magna ("Buyuk Apolloniya"). Qadimgi dengiz qirg'oqlarining bir qismi, shu jumladan darvoza, amfiteatr bilan birga saqlanib qolgan.
- 7 Stara Zagora (Yuqori Trakya tekisligi). deb nomlangan Augusta Traiana, Trakiyaning eng taniqli shaharlaridan biri edi. Marmar plita bilan qoplangan, haykallar bilan o'ralgan ulkan xiyobonlar va juda ko'p miqdordagi arxeologik asarlar, shu davrdan beri shaharning Rim devorlari va darvozasi, mozaikalar va Rim forumi qolgan.
- 8 Varna (Bolgariya Qora dengiz qirg'og'i). Rim davrida ma'lum bo'lgan Odessus. Katta cho'milish majmuasi va arxeologik muzey qoldiqlari joylashgan uy.
Albaniya
- 5 Butrthum (Dan 10 km Sarande). Bu YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati. Butrōtum yoki Βorυθ (Boutrōton) yunon tilida butun Yunon, Rim, episkoplik va Vizantiya davrlarida qadimiy shahar bo'lgan. Shahar nihoyat O'rta asrlarda, ehtimol atrofdagi botqoq tufayli va undan keyin tark qilingan bezgak epidemiya. O'rta er dengizi buyuk klassik shaharlaridan biri bo'lishiga qaramay, Butrint deyarli noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda. Hozirgi arxeologik yodgorlik tarkibiga ta'sirli Rim amfiteatri, Vizantiya bazilika (Istanbuldagi Ayasofyadan keyin dunyodagi eng yirik), mozaikali polga ega Rim ibodatxonasi, chiroyli o'yilgan sher darvozasi va davrlar davomida qurilgan ko'plab inshootlar kiradi. Qolaversa, siz ko'rgan narsalar ostidagi narsalarning atigi 15 foizini tashkil etadi. Butrint-ga tashrif buyuruvchilar saytdan bahramand bo'lish uchun taxminan 2 soat vaqt ajratishlari kerak; arxeologiya muxlislari, ehtimol, 3 soatga yaqinroq bo'lishlarini xohlashadi.
- 6 Durres (Albaniya qirg'og'i). Ilgari nomlangan Drakrakiy, ning g'arbiy oxiri edi Egnatiya orqali, olib borgan buyuk Rim yo'li Salonika va ustiga Konstantinopol. Yuliy Tsezar va Pompey Magnus o'rtasidagi hal qiluvchi jang joyi. Qazib olingan amfiteatrning xususiyatlari.
Gretsiya
- 7 Afina (Attika). Afinaga Rim hukmronligi ostida erkin shahar maqomi berilgan, chunki u keng tarqalgan maktablar edi. Milodning II asrida imperator Hadrian kutubxona, gimnaziya, bir qancha ibodatxonalar va ma'badlar, ko'prik, suv o'tkazgichini barpo etdi va hali ham asosiy sayyoh bo'lib kelayotgan Olimpiya Zevs ibodatxonasini qurishni moliyalashtirdi. diqqatga sazovor joy.
- 8 Korinf (Peloponnes). Axay provinsiyasining poytaxti, nomi bilan Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis.
- 9 Preveza (Epirus). Hozirgi shahar Actium burnida joylashgan; 7 km shimolda qadimiy yotadi Nikopolis, Oktavian tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 28-yilda, Mark Antoniy va Kleopatra ustidan g'alaba qozongan Aktium dengiz jangidan so'ng, G'alaba shahri. Keyinchalik u Rimning Epirus Vetus provinsiyasining poytaxti bo'lgan. Boy arxeologik maydonda shahar devorlari, Alkisson Bazilikasi, Domitius Bazilikasi, Rim Odeoni, Nympheum, Rim hammomlari, nekropol, Rim teatri, Avgust yodgorligi, Rim stadioni va Manius Antoninusning Rim villasi joylashgan.
- 10 Saloniki (Markaziy Makedoniya). Rim, Vizantiya va Usmonlilarning o'tmishdagi yodgorliklarini saqlab qolgan 3000 yillik uzluksiz tarixga ega shahar.
- 11 Filippi. Bo'ylab mashhur stantsiya Egnatiya orqali bu erda Havoriy Pavlus rimliklar tomonidan asirga olingan va Bibliyadan filippiliklarning maktublarini yozgan va Evropada birinchi nasroniy suvga cho'mish marosimi o'tkazilgan. Manzarali atrofdagi juda qiziqarli xarobalar.
- 12 Kavala. Turistik juda qiziqarli shahar yana bir muhim stantsiya edi Egnatiya orqali. Bu erda eski Roemer ko'chasining eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan qismlaridan biriga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin.
kurka
- 13 Amasra (Qora dengiz Turkiya). Kichik Pliniy, Bitiniya va Pontus hokimi bo'lganida, tasvirlangan Amastris Trajanga chiroyli shahar sifatida yozgan xatida. Rim davrida qurilgan Amasra qal'asi; quruqlikdan ham, suv ostidan ham qoldiqlari bo'lgan dengiz bo'yidagi mayda o'rta arxeologik muzey; Miloddan 41-54 yillarda Bitiniya va Pontus gubernatori Gay Yuliy Akvilaning buyrug'i bilan imperator Klavdiy sharafiga qurilgan, shahar tashqarisidan taxminan 4 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Qushlarning Rok yo'li yodgorligi.
- 14 Anamur (Kilikiya tog'lari). Qadimgi Anamurium Qisman xarobaga aylangan ba'zi binolar - garchi ular tark etilishidan oldin qanday bo'lganligi haqida tasavvurga ega bo'lish uchun etarli darajada yaxlit bo'lsa-da, tog 'yonbag'ridagi baland shahar devorlari bilan aylanib yurish juda yoqimli. Uning qasrlari Turkiyadagi eng manzarali joylardan biri sifatida xabar berilgan bo'lib, Rim davridan boshlangan.
- 15 Anqara (Markaziy Anadolu). Avval Ancyra, Galatiya Rim viloyatining poytaxti. Avgustus va Rim ibodatxonasi, puxta qazilgan cho'milish majmuasi va teatr orasida ko'plab yodgorliklar mavjud.
- 16 Antakya (Hatay). Sifatida Antioxiya va Orontes, u Suriyaning Palestina viloyatining poytaxti bo'lib, dastlabki yashirin bo'lmagan cherkovlardan ba'zilari bilan ilk nasroniylikning muhim markazi sifatida mashhur bo'lgan. Mahalliy muzeyda 3-asr Antioxiya mozaikasining keng to'plami mavjud bo'lib, unda mifologik belgilar va geometrik naqshlar alohida uslubda tasvirlangan. Rim muhandisligi mo''jizasi bo'lgan Titus tunnelining atrofidagi qishloq, toshni taxminan bir milya (1,4 km) bo'ylab kesib o'tgan kanalga ega. Bugun kanal quruq, ammo hali ham tashrif buyurishga arziydi.
- 17 Antaliya (Pamfiliya). Imperator Hadrian tashrif buyurdi Attalea 130 yilda. Uning sharafiga qurilgan "Hadrian darvozasi" deb nomlangan bu tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joy.
- 18 Afrodiziya (Janubiy Egey). Rim dunyosida haykaltaroshlik uslubini mashhur qilgan marmar kareriga yaqin. Endi u Turkiyaning eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Rim shaharlaridan biri bo'lib, Efesning odatiy olomonisiz.
- 19 Aspendoslar (Serikka yaqin, Pamfiliya). Eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan teatrlardan biri va uzunligi 15 km bo'lgan suv o'tkazgichi.
- 20 Cavdarhisar (Markaziy Anadolu). Rim shahrining ajoyib xarobalari Ayzanoyvannalardan, bozor binosidan va daryoning janubiy tomonidagi agordan va dahshatli joylardan iborat Zevs ibodatxonasi, yana bir hammom to'plami (ikkinchisidan kattaroq) va daryoning shimolida joylashgan stadion / teatr majmuasi, uning yon tomonlari hanuzgacha mavjud bo'lgan (va haqiqatan ham zamonaviy transport vositalarida ishlatiladigan) Rim tosh ko'prigi bilan bog'langan. bir-biriga, bir-birini, o'zaro.
- 21 Dalyan (Likiya). Qadimgi dengiz porti shahri Kaunos, hozirda qirg'oqdan 8 km uzoqlikda siljigan va shu erda joylashgan. Jiddiylikdan so'ng Kaunos butunlay tark etildi bezgak eramizning XV asridagi epidemiya va shu sababli uning keng qoldiqlari juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan.
- 22 Diyarbakir (Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu). Qo'ng'iroq qilindi Amida Rim davrida. Uning devorlari Konstantiy II tomonidan qurilgan va Valentin I tomonidan 367 va 375 yillarda kengaytirilgan bo'lib, hali ham deyarli uzilmasdan 6 km ga cho'zilgan. An'anaviy Diyarbakir uslubida qora bazalt va oq ohaktoshdan qurilgan Ich Kale qo'rg'oni ichidagi 19-asr sud binosi, bugungi kunda eng zamonaviy arxeologiya muzeyiga aylandi.
- 23 Efes (Markaziy Egey). Strabonning ta'kidlashicha, ahamiyati va kattaligi bo'yicha Rimdan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turuvchi Osiyo Prokonsularis viloyatining poytaxti, hozirda bu dunyo merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan yirik arxeologik yodgorlik va Turkiyaning eng yirik sayyohlik markazlaridan biri.
- 24 Gaziantep (Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu). Dunyodagi eng boy qadimiy mozaikaning kollektsiyasiga ega bo'lish uchun da'vogar bo'lgan Zeugma mozaika muzeyi joylashgan joy. Muzey yaqinidagi qadimiy shaharda joylashgan Rim villalaridan qazib olingan mozaikalarni saqlaydi ZeugmaRim davrida mashhurlikka ko'tarilgan ponton ko'prigi tufayli Ipak yo'li Furot daryosi ustida va hozir afsuski Birecik to'g'onining ko'lida cho'kib ketgan.
- 25 Istanbul / Sultanahmet-Eski shahar. Qadimgi Vizantiya milodiy 73 yilda Rim imperiyasining tarkibiga kirdi. Keyinchalik Septimius Severus tomonidan qamal qilingan va qayta qurilgan. III asrda Buyuk Konstantin o'zining yangi poytaxti sifatida tanlagan va ulug'lagan Konstantinopol, shahar ming yillikdan ko'proq vaqt davomida saqlanib qolgan maqom. 2004-2013 yillarda Yenikapi metro stantsiyasining qurilishi (bir necha muhim arxeologik topilmalar qatorida) Konstantin devorlarining ba'zi poydevorlarini topdi. Sobiq imperatorlik poytaxtining ko'chalarida Rim antikvarlari kam emas. The Ayasofya Vizantiya davrida qurilgan cherkov bo'lib, keyinchalik Usmonli imperiyasi tomonidan masjidga aylantirildi.
- 26 Izmir (Markaziy Egey). Qadimgi Smirna har doim Gomerning tug'ilgan joyi sifatida mashhur bo'lib, miloddan avvalgi VIII asrda bu erda yashagan deb o'ylagan. Rim davridan buyon uning markaziy bozori hozirgi kunda ochiq osmon ostidagi muzeyga aylangan.
- 27 Izmit (Sharqiy Marmara). Miloddan avvalgi 264 yilda Bithiniya fuqarosi Nikomedes I tomonidan tashkil etilgan Nikomedia. O'shandan beri u Kichik Osiyoning shimoli-g'arbiy qismidagi eng muhim shaharlardan biri bo'lgan. Diokletian 286 yilda Tetrarxiya tizimini joriy qilganida uni Rim imperiyasining sharqiy poytaxti qildi. Nicomedia 324 yilda Buyuk Konstantin tomonidan mag'lub bo'lgunga qadar Rim imperiyasining sharqiy (va eng katta) poytaxti bo'lib qoldi. Konstantin asosan Nikomediyada keyingi olti yil davomida uning vaqtinchalik poytaxti sifatida istiqomat qildi, 330 yilda u yaqin Vizantiyani e'lon qildi. oxir-oqibat Konstantinopol sifatida tanilgan Nova Roma sifatida. Izmitdagi tarixiy yodgorliklarga Nicomedia va Vizantiya qal'asining qadimiy devorlari qoldiqlari kiradi.
- 28 Iznik (Sharqiy Marmara). Dastlab nomlangan Nikeya. Xristian cherkovining dastlabki tarixidagi birinchi va ettinchi Ekumenik kengashlarning Nikeya birinchi va ikkinchi kengashlari sayti. Nikaeyaning Rim va Vizantiya shaharlari devorlari, atrofi 14.520 fut (4.426 m), shahar atrofida deyarli butunligicha qolmoqda. Nikeyaning Ikkinchi Kengashi joylashgan IV asr Avliyo Sofiya sobori hamon saqlanib qolgan.
- 29 Olimpos (Likiya). Hozir plyajda xarobalar ostida bo'lgan toshli lahitlar va tog 'yonidan sirli ravishda yonib turgan alevlar bo'lgan Likiya / Rim shahri (ular yunonlarning Bellerofon va Ximera afsonalarini ilhomlantirgan bo'lishi mumkin).
- 30 Sagalassos (Aglasun yaqinida, Ko'llar tumani). Toros tog'lari balandligida, uzoq va go'zal Sagalassos rimliklar kelishidan oldin tarixga ega, garchi bugungi kunda ko'rilgan qoldiqlarning aksariyati, shu jumladan, nimfalarga bag'ishlangan ta'sirchan yodgorlik favvorasi asli Rimdir.
- 31 Sardis (Markaziy Egey). Rimgacha bo'lgan Lidiyaliklar tomonidan asos solingan va qirol Krez bilan mashhur bo'lgan Sardisda u bilan zamonaviy bo'lgan boshqa joylarda odatiy ma'bad xarobalari mavjud. Biroq, uning ajralib turadigan jihati shundaki, unda yahudiylar diasporasining eng qadimiylaridan biri bo'lgan Rim davri ibodatxonasi xarobalari joylashgan.
- 32 Yon (Pamfiliya). Dengiz bo'yidagi kurort shahri juda katta amfiteatr, Apollon ibodatxonasi va darvozasi bilan juda yaxshi holatda.
- 33 Silifke (Kilikiya tog'lari). Ilgari chaqirilgan Salaviya. Uning markazida buzilmagan Rim ko'prigi va Yupiterga bag'ishlangan Rim ma'badining xarobalari joylashgan. Shuningdek, arxeologik muzey mavjud.
- 34 Tarsus (Kilikiya tekisliklari). Aynan shu erda Kleopatra va Mark Antoniy uchrashgan va ularning parkini qurish paytida (miloddan avvalgi 41-yil) nishonlangan bayramlar sahnasi bo'lgan. Kleopatra darvozasi deb ataladigan narsa hali ham mavjud.
- 35 Urfa (Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu). Bo'lganiga ishonishdi Ur, Injil patriarxi Ibrohimning tug'ilgan joyi. Rimliklar buni chaqirdilar Edessa. Uning imperiyaning sharqiy chegarasida joylashganligi, uni Rim / Vizantiya markaziy hukumati zaif bo'lgan davrlarda tez-tez bosib olinishini va asrlar davomida arab, Vizantiya, Armaniston va Turkiya hukmdorlari tomonidan zabt etilishini anglatardi. Qadimgi xaroba qasr bor, u erda ba'zi Rim ustunlari qolgan.
Suriya
Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushi tufayli, ayniqsa, qadimgi narsalarni nishonga olgan va ba'zi jangchilar tomonidan talon-taroj qilingan qasddan qilingan harakatlar tufayli, ushbu joylarning ba'zilari yoki barchasi o'zlarining asl holiga kelmasligi yoki umuman yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin. Tufayli hozirgi holat Vikivoyaj Suriyaga har qanday sayohat qilmaslikni maslahat beradi. |
- 36 Apamea (Orontes vodiysi). Qadimgi Suriya Tetrapolis a'zosi. Saytda bir nechta xarobalar to'plami mavjud, ular 2008 yilda ham ko'proq qazish ishlari olib borilgan. Apameaning asosiy ko'chasidagi ustunlar bir mil uzunlikda va haqiqiy Rim uslubida o'lik holda, qiziqarli "g'oyib bo'ladigan nuqta" fotosuratini taqdim etadi. Saytda, shuningdek, mahalliy aholi ko'chib o'tib, atrofini qurayotgani va bir necha kichikroq xarobalar shahardan kirish yo'lidagi shaharni ko'rgan.
- 37 Bosra (Xauran). Birinchi marta Tutmose III va Axenaton fir'avnlari hujjatlarida eslatib o'tilgan qadimgi Neabat davri (miloddan avvalgi 14-asr). Rim imperiyasi davrida Bosra nomi o'zgartirildi Novaya Trajana Bostra, Legio III Kirenaika qarorgohi va Arabistonning Rim viloyati Petreeya poytaxti edi. Bugungi kunda Bosra Rim, Vizantiya va Musulmon davridagi xarobalarni o'z ichiga olgan yirik arxeologik joy bo'lib, uning asosiy xususiyati yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Rim teatri hisoblanadi.
- 38 Damashq (Xauran). Dunyodagi eng qadimgi doimiy yashaydigan shahar ekanligi bilan tasdiqlangan. Kichkina do'konlar bilan to'ldirilgan Souq al-Hamidiyya, qadimgi ma'bad egallagan joyda qurilgan Rim ibodatxonasidan ustunlar orqali kirib boradi. Uchta minorasi bo'lgan me'moriy mo''jiza bo'lgan buyuk Umaviylar masjidi Ossuriya ibodatxonasi, keyinchalik Yupiterga Rim ibodatxonasi, Rim nasroniylikni qabul qilganida cherkov, so'ngra masjid va cherkov birgalikda bo'lib, nihoyat shu paytgacha masjid bo'lgan. Barcha ramzlar hali ham u erda juda yaxshi va ba'zi bir nasroniy rasmlari hali ham devorlarda juda aniq ko'rinib turibdi.
- 39 Latakiya (Suriya qirg'og'i va tog'lari). Qadimgi Suriyada etti asr davomida Rim imperiyasining muhim koloniyasi. U chaqirildi Suriyadagi Laodikiya yoki "Laodicea ad mare" va milodiy 528 yildan milodiy 637 yilgacha Sharqiy Rimning Teodoriya viloyatining poytaxti bo'lgan. Uning xarobalari orasida 183 yilda Septimius Severus tomonidan qurilgan tetraportik va Bacchus ibodatxonasi mavjud.
- 1 Palmira (Suriya sahrosi). Xurmo bilan o'ralgan vohaning malikasi, bu shahar birinchi marta miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikning boshlarida Suriya cho'lidan o'tgan sayohatchilar uchun karvon bekat sifatida hujjatlashtirilgan. U boyligini savdo karvonlaridan olgan; Palmirinalar, taniqli savdogarlar, Ipak yo'li bo'ylab mustamlakalar tashkil etishgan va butun Rim imperiyasida ishlashgan. 129 yilda Palmiraga Hadrian tashrif buyurgan va u unga "Hadriane Palmira" deb nom bergan va uni erkin shaharga aylantirgan. Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushiga qadar u Suriyaning yagona chinakam sayyohlik shahri deb ta'riflangan va YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Afsuski, "Islomiy davlat" tashkiloti 2015 yilda xarobalarga katta zarar etkazdi.
Livan
- 40 Baalbek (Bekaa). Heliopolis, ma'lum bo'lganidek, Finikiyaliklar, Rimliklar va mintaqani zabt etgan boshqa tsivilizatsiyalar tomonidan qurilgan buyuk qadimiy ibodatxonalari bo'lgan ajoyib joy. Baalbek hozirda Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushi avj olgani sababli, sayohat qilish uchun qat'iyatli ruhda.
- 41 Byblos (Livan tog'i). Dunyodagi eng qadimiy doimiy yashaydigan shaharlardan biri bo'lgan Byblos o'zining salibchilar qal'asiga yaqin Rim teatriga ega.
- 42 Shinalar (Janubiy Livan). Buyuk Aleksandr Makedonskiy tomonidan qamal qilingan juda qadimiy shahar. Rim yodgorliklarining katta miqdori, shu jumladan Rim Hipodromining eng katta va eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan namunasi, buzilmagan Rim yo'li va suv o'tkazgichi va yodgorlik kamari.
Isroil
Ning Rim davri Isroil va Falastin hududlari yaxshi tanilgan Nasroniy Yangi Ahd orqali jamoatlar - Masih va uning shogirdlarining hikoyalari. Qarang Muqaddas er Bibliya yo'nalishlari uchun.
- 43 Kesariya (Caesarea Maritima, Caesarea Palestinae) (Isroilning qirg'oq tekisligi). Yahudiya viloyatining sobiq poytaxti Hirod Buyuk tomonidan qurilgan, 1961 yilda Rim prefekti Pontiy Pilat zikr qilingan yagona arxeologik buyum - Pilat toshi topilgan joy, uning buyrug'iga binoan Nazariyalik Iso xochga mixlangan. Bu dunyodagi birinchi suv osti muzeyi deb hisoblanadigan narsa, qadimiy port orqali suv ostida o'tkazilgan to'rtta yo'l bo'ylab 36 ta diqqat markazini suv o'tkazmaydigan xaritalar bilan jihozlangan g'avvoslar o'rganishlari mumkin.
- 44 Quddus / Eski shahar. Milodiy 70 yilda Vespasian va Tit tomonidan bosib olingan va keyinchalik Bar Koxba qo'zg'olonidan keyin Hadrian tomonidan kamtar bo'lgan. Keyin uning nomi o'zgartirildi Aelia Capitolina va Rim shaharsozlik uslubida qayta qurilgan, bu devor bilan o'ralgan shahar ichida hamon kuzatilishi mumkin.
- 45 Masada (Negev). Miloddan avvalgi 37-31 yillarda O'lik dengizga yaqin tepalikning tepasida Rim mijozi Buyuk Hirod Buyuk tomonidan qurilgan qal'a saroyi. Milodiy 1-asrda yahudiylarning Rimga qarshi qo'zg'oloni paytida yahudiylarning Kanay deb nomlangan mazhabi ajratilgan Masadada panoh topgan. Ular yunoncha sifatida tanilgan zelotlaryoki zelandlar. U erda etti yil yashaganidan so'ng, zelandiyaliklar milodning 73-yilida Rim qo'shinlari qo'liga o'tdilar. Biroq, o'ldirilish yoki qulga aylanish o'rniga, isyon ko'targanlar o'z joniga qasd qilishni tanladilar.
- 46 Tiberialar (Galiley). Milodning 20-yillari atrofida Buyuk Hirodning o'g'li Rim mijozi qirol Hirod Antipas tomonidan tashkil etilgan va imperator Tiberius sharafiga nomlangan. Asosiy diqqatga sazovor joy - Xammat Tiberiasning qaynoq buloqlari, ular Rim davrida, 40000 qizg'in hammomchilar jamoasining diqqat markazida bo'lgan, agar bo'lmasa. Hozirgi kunda ular o'zlarining arxeologiyasiga bag'ishlangan Milliy bog'da joylashgan.
Iordaniya
- 47 Amman (Shimoliy Iordaniya). Muqaddas Kitobda shunday eslatib o'tilgan Rabbat Ammon, Ossuriyaliklar, keyin Nabataeylar, keyinchalik uni qayta nomlagan Rimliklar tomonidan bosib olingan Ammoniylarning poytaxti edi. Filadelfiya va uni ajoyib savdo markaziga aylantirdi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab Antoniy Piy (mil. 138-161) davrida qurilgan, 6000 kishiga sig'inadigan Rim teatri va Nymphaeum qoldi.
- 48 Aqaba (Janubiy cho'l). Miloddan avvalgi 4000 yildan buyon aholi yashaydigan Aqaba Rim davrida eng yuqori cho'qqisiga erishgan, keyin u ma'lum bo'lgan Aela. Bostra shahridan janubga, Amman orqali kelgan Via Traiana Nova, Akabada tugadi va u erda Palestina va Misrga olib boradigan g'arbiy yo'l bilan bog'landi. Milodiy 106 yil atrofida Aqaba rimliklar uchun asosiy portlardan biri bo'lgan. Via Traiana Nova-ning so'nggi bosqichi Aqaba arxeologik muzeyida namoyish etiladi.
- 49 Jerash (Shimoliy Iordaniya). Yunon-Rim shahrining xarobalari bilan tanilgan Gerasa, shuningdek, deb nomlanadi Oltin daryodagi Antioxiya. Ba'zan uni noto'g'ri deb "Yaqin Sharqning Pompei" deb atashadi (atrofida vulqon yo'q va u hech qachon kul ostida ko'milmagan), uning kattaligi, qazish hajmi va saqlanish darajasiga ishora qiladi; zamonaviy Jerash xarobalarning sharqiga tarqalib, xuddi shu shahar devorini baham ko'rmoqda, ammo boshqa hech narsa yo'q. Shuningdek, a Rim armiyasi va aravalar tajribasi: Ipodromda (sirkda) har kuni bo'lib o'tadigan ikkita ko'rgazmada Rim legioni taktikasi, gladiatorlarning soxta janglari va aravalar ko'rgazmalari mavjud. Faqat so'rang va tomoshadan keyin sizga aravada yurishga ruxsat beriladi. Kirish 10JD.
- 50 Petra (Janubiy cho'l). Miloddan avvalgi VI asrga oid Nabataean qirolligining ta'sirchan poytaxti milodning 106-yilida Rim imperiyasiga singib ketgan va rimliklar shaharni kengaytirishda davom etishgan. Savdo va tijorat uchun muhim markaz bo'lgan Petra, milodiy 663 yil atrofida katastrofik zilzila binolarni vayron qilib, hayotiy suv boshqarish tizimini nogironlarga aylantirguncha rivojlanib boraverdi. Bugungi kunda u Iordaniyaning eng muhim turistik diqqatga sazovor joyiga aylandi Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati YuNESKO tomonidan.
Misr
- 51 Iskandariya (Quyi Misr). 1000 yil davomida Ellinistik, Rim va Vizantiya Misrining poytaxti, qadimgi dunyoning Rimdan keyingi ikkinchi qudratli shahri. Uning Rim davri yodgorliklari orasida Pompeyning ustuni (aslida Diokletian tomonidan qurilgan), yaxshi saqlanib qolgan teatr va uning cho'milish majmuasining qoldiqlari mavjud.
- 52 Bobil qal'asi (Qohira / Eski Qohira). Imperator Trajan buyrug'i bilan, Qizil dengizga boradigan sobiq kanalning kirish qismida qurilgan, bu Rim istilosining tayanch nuqtasiga aylandi. Imperiya qulaganidan ko'p o'tmay, uning poydevorida birinchi Misr nasroniylari (aka Koptik) va yunon pravoslav cherkovlari qurilgan.
Liviya
- 53 Kiren (ga yaqin Shahxat, Kirenaika). Kirenaika viloyatining sobiq poytaxti. Uning muhim xususiyatlaridan biri bu dastlab miloddan avvalgi VII asrda qurilgan Apollon ibodatxonasidir. Boshqa qadimiy inshootlarga Demeterga ma'bad va Zevsga qisman qazilmaydigan ma'bad kiradi. Kiren va uning qadimiy Apolloniya porti o'rtasida taxminan 10 km masofada katta nekropol mavjud. 1982 yildan beri u YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Afsuski, 2013 yil avgust oyida mahalliy aholi tomonidan uylar va do'konlarga yo'l ochish uchun YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatidagi Sirenaning ayrim qismlari vayron qilinganligi xabar qilingan.
- 54 Leptis Magna (Tripolitaniya). O'zining tug'ilgan shahrini barcha viloyat shaharlaridan ustun qo'yishga kelgan imperator Septimius Severus tug'ilgan joy. Uning ustiga qurdirgan binolari va boyliklari Leptis Magnani Karfagen va Iskandariya bilan raqobatlashib Afrikaning uchinchi eng muhim shahriga aylantirdi. Hozirgi kunda bu O'rta dengizdagi eng ajoyib va buzilmagan Rim xarobalaridan biri.
- 55 Tripoli (Tripolitaniya). Miloddan avvalgi VII asrda Finikiyaliklar tomonidan asos solingan, miloddan avvalgi II asrning ikkinchi yarmidan boshlab, Rimliklarga tegishli bo'lib, uni Afrikaning o'z viloyatiga qo'shgan va unga nom bergan. Regio Syrtica. Milodiy 3-asrning boshlarida u Regio Tripolitana. Tarqalgan ustunlar va poytaxtlardan tashqari (odatda keyingi binolarda birlashtirilgan) yagona ko'rinadigan Rim qoldiqlari milodning II asridan boshlab Mark Avreliyning arkidir.
- 56 Sabrata (G'arbdan 66 km (41 milya) Tripoli). Uch qavatli me'morchilik fonini, Liber Pater, Serapis va Isisga bag'ishlangan ibodatxonalarni, Yustinian davridagi xristian bazilikasini va shuningdek, o'zining mozaik pollari qoldiqlari bilan uchta cho'milish majmuasini saqlaydigan 3-asrning oxiridagi muhtasham teatr. Sabratadan qolgan ba'zi yodgorliklarni o'z ichiga olgan qo'shni muzey bor, ammo boshqalarini Tripolining milliy muzeyida ko'rish mumkin.
Tunis
- 57 Karfagen (Shimoldan 15 km Tunis). Bir paytlar Rim Respublikasining eng katta dushmani bo'lgan Karfagen Punik urushlarida mag'lubiyatga uchragan va yo'q qilingan va keyinchalik Afrika viloyatining poytaxti sifatida qayta qurilgan. A YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati sayt.
- 58 Dugga (Shimoliy Tunis). Hali ham yaxshi holatda bo'lgan Rim shaharchasining keng xarobalari. A YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati sayt.
- 59 El-Jem. Ilgari Rim shaharchasi Thysdrus. Shimoliy Tunisda eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan amfiteatrning xususiyatlari.
- 60 El Kef (Shimoliy Tunis). Birinchi nomi bilan tanilgan Sicca Karfagen davrida, keyinroq Sicca Veneria Rim davrida. Asosiy diqqatga sazovor joy - bu Vizantiya kelib chiqishi qal'asi bo'lgan shahar, uning deyarli barcha qismlaridan osongina sezilib turadigan kasbidir. Kasb etagida Rim hammomlari xarobalarini ko'rish mumkin.
- 61 Haydra (Shimoliy Tunis). Bu erda xarobalar yotadi Ammaedara, Afrikadagi eng qadimgi Rim shaharlaridan biri. Uning eng ko'zga ko'ringan xususiyati - bu milodiy 195 yilda qurilgan va juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan, dekorativ belgilar bilan hali ham buzilmagan Septimius Severus arkidir. Er osti hammom majmuasida bir qator oqilona buzilmagan hammom xonalari va koridorlari mavjud bo'lib, siz ularni hanuzgacha bemalol aylanib yurishingiz mumkin - bu kashf qilish uchun ajoyib deb xabar beradi. Shuningdek, asl bozor va teatrning ozgina qoldiqlari, qadimiy ma'baddan saqlanib qolgan bitta ustun, Rim qabristoni va uchta maqbaralar minoralari ham ko'rish mumkin.
- 62 Kerkuan (Shimoliy Tunis). Miloddan avvalgi III asrda tashlab qo'yilgan va shuning uchun rimliklar tomonidan e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan Punik shahri. Shunday qilib, bu omon qolish uchun ushbu turdagi yagona misoldir. Shahar va uning nekropollari a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati sayt.
- 63 Sfaks (Markaziy qirg'oq Tunisi). Shahar hokimligining pastki qavatida mintaqadan, xususan Rim shaharlaridan mozaikalarning ta'sirchan to'plami mavjud Taparura (hozirda Sfax qaerda) va Tayen (hozirda Tina, Sfaksdan 11 km g'arbda).
- 64 Sufetula (Sahro Tunisi). Ichki Rim shaharchasi juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan.
Jazoir
- 65 Jazoir. Casbah joyi ilgari Finikiya aholi punkti bo'lgan, Rim tomonidan bosib olingan va uning nomi o'zgartirilgan Ikozium. Marine avtobusi sobiq Rim ko'chasi bo'ylab harakatlanadi. Uning qadimiy yodgorliklar muzeyida ba'zi yaxshi yodgorliklar mavjud.
- 66 Cherchell. Saytida joylashgan zamonaviy yirik shahar Kesariya Mauretaniensis, Mauretaniyaning qadimiy viloyat poytaxti Sezariensis. Shaharda hippodrom, amfiteatr, bazilika, ko'plab yunon ibodatxonalari, Rim fuqarolari binolari, o'zining falsafa maktabi, akademiyasi va kutubxonasi mavjud edi. Hozirgi kunda Cherchell - Punik, Numidian va Rim davridagi turli xil ajoyib ibodatxonalar va yodgorliklar bilan mashhur sayyohlik maskani.
- 67 Konstantin. Qadimgi Numidian poytaxtining sayti Cirta, Yuliy Tsezar tomonidan zabt etilgan va keyinchalik "Konstantina" deb nomlangan, imperator Buyuk Konstantin sharafiga. U strategik jihatdan dengiz sathidan 640 metr balandlikda, chuqur jar bilan o'ralgan platoda joylashgan va ajoyib ko'rinishga ega. Bu erda suv o'tkazgichning qoldiqlari, qadimiy maqbaralar va muzey mavjud.
- 68 Diana Veteranorum (54 km janubda Batna). Trajan buyrug'i bilan tashkil etilgan sobiq koloniyaning oddiy xarobalari, katta asfaltlangan to'rtburchaklar forumi va suv o'tkazgichi. Bundan tashqari, ehtimol Dianaga bag'ishlangan ibodatxonaning qoldiqlari va ikkita zafarli ark bor.
- 69 Djemila (Dan 46 km shimoli-sharqda Sétif). YuNESKOning Jahon merosi obidasi, qadimiy Cuicul Shimoliy Afrikadagi eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan Berbero-Rim xarobalari, shu jumladan ajoyib toza teatr, ikkita forum, ibodatxonalar, bazilikalar, arklar, ko'chalar va uylar.
- 70 Guelma (Jazoirning shimoli-sharqi). Qadimgi Numidian sayti Kalama rimliklar tomonidan. Oddiy xarobalar uchun uy. Kalamada va mintaqadan tiklangan qadimiy narsalarning aksariyati Guelma muzeyida saqlanadi.
- 71 Hippo Regius (Janubdan 2 km Annaba). Finikiyaliklar tomonidan dastlab miloddan avvalgi 12-asrda joylashtirilgan, miloddan avvalgi 46 yilda Rim mustamlakasi bo'lgan. Bu 395 yildan to vafotigacha milodiy 430 yilda avliyo Avgustin episkopikasi sifatida mashhurdir. Avliyo Avgustin Bazilikasi yonida Hippo Regius xarobalariga bag'ishlangan muzey bor, bu o'zi diqqatga sazovor joy; avliyoning ba'zi suyaklari muqaddas yodgorliklar sifatida saqlanadi.
- 72 Lambaez (Janubi-sharqdan 11 km Batna). Dengiz sathidan 622 m balandlikda joylashgan Atlas tog'larining pastki ayvonlarida qadimiy shahar va harbiy lager xarobalari, zafarli kamarlar (biri Septimius Severusga, boshqasi Commodusgacha), ibodatxonalar, suv o'tkazgichlari, amfiteatr qoldiqlari. , vannalar va xususiy uylarga tegishli juda katta miqdordagi toshlar. Shimol va sharqda toshlar asl tekisligida turgan keng qabristonlar joylashgan.
- 73 Maskula (104 km sharqda Batna). Atlas tog'larida dengiz sathidan 1200 metr balandlikda Maskula Rim legionerlari tomonidan faxriy sifatida nafaqaga chiqishi uchun mustamlaka sifatida tashkil etilgan. Bu erda uchinchi asrning oxiridagi Rim hammomlari mavjud, ular qayta tiklanganidan keyin ham samarali ishlaydi.
- 74 Timgad (Dan 35 km sharqda Batna). Parfiya urushlarida qatnashgan faxriylarni joylashtirish uchun imperator Trajan tomonidan harbiy koloniya sifatida tashkil etilgan, milodiy 100 yil. Bu viloyatni Atlas tog'laridagi Berberlardan himoya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. 5-asrda shahar Vandallar tomonidan ishdan bo'shatildi, tanazzulga uchradi va qum ostida saqlanib qoldi, taxminan bir metr chuqurlikka qadar; shuning uchun u juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan. Rim ko'chalarining asl panjarasi ajoyib ko'rinishga ega bo'lib, Decumanus Maximus (sharqdan g'arbiy yo'naltirilgan ko'cha) va qisman tiklangan Korinf kolonnadasi tomonidan tikilgan Kardoning (shimoliy-janubga yo'naltirilgan ko'chasi) ta'kidlangan. Dekumanusning g'arbiy qismida 12 metr balandlikdagi zafarli kamar ko'tarilgan bo'lib, u "Trajan Arch" deb nomlangan bo'lib, u 1900 yilda qisman tiklangan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy sharoitda ishlab chiqarishda ishlatiladigan 3500 o'rinli teatr, to'rtta termal, kutubxona va bazilika.
- 75 Tipaza. Birinchidan, Punik savdo punkti - bu chiroyli xarobalar va mashhur dengiz bo'yidagi sayyohlik maskani.
Marokash
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- 1 Chellah (janubdan taxminan 3 km Rabat). Qadimgi Sala Koloniya, Karfagenlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan, rimliklar tomonidan bosib olingan va keyinchalik arablar hukmronligi ostiga o'tgan eski dengiz porti, shunchaki tashlab yuborilishi va ishonib bo'lmaydigan qushlar tomonidan yana joylashishi uchun. Dekumanus Maksimus yoki asosiy Rim ko'chasi, forum va zafarli kamarni o'z ichiga olgan ajoyib Rim qismlari bilan tarixiy qatlamlar ko'rinadi. Siz u erdan Rabatdan yurishingiz mumkin, ammo bu uzoq yurish.
- 2 Essauira (Atlantika qirg'og'i). Qadimgi davrlarda ajoyib tabiiy port joylashgan joy Mogadorva Essauira va Iles Purpurairesdagi intertidal toshlardan topilgan murex va purpura chig'anoqlarini qayta ishlagan Tyrian binafsha fabrikasi bilan maqtandi. Ushbu bo'yoq binafsha rangli chiziqni Imperial Roman Senatorial togas rangiga bo'yalgan. Shahar devorlari Rim poydevorlari asosida qurilgan. Mogador orolida, portdan tashqarida, Rim villasi qazilgan.
- 3 Lixus (Sharqdan 2 km Larache). Miloddan avvalgi 1180 yilda Berber qiroli tomonidan qurilgan Lixus, Mauretaniya Qirolligining qadimiy shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan. Lixusda joylashgan ba'zi qadimgi yunon yozuvchilari Hesperidlarning mifologik bog'ida, oltin olma saqlovchilarida (ular apelsin bo'lishi mumkin) joylashgan. Lixusning 75 gektar (190 gektar) maydonida asosan xarobalar mavjud. Qazilgan zonalar uchastkaning umumiy yuzasining taxminan 20% ni tashkil qiladi.
- 4 Tanjer (O'rta er dengizi Marokash). Savdo shaharchasi rang-barang o'tmishga ega bo'lgan kosmopolit port shahri Tingislar (Qadimgi yunon tilida Tius) Punik urushlaridan so'ng Rim hukmronligi ostiga o'tdi va miloddan avvalgi 38-yil Mavritaniya Tingitana viloyatining poytaxti bo'ldi. The Museum of Antiquities, in the former kitchen of the Dar El Makhzen palace, houses finds from ancient Roman sites as Lixus, Chellah and Volubilis, as well as a life-size Carthaginian tomb and finds from the Tangier region from prehistory until the Middle Ages.
- 5 Tetouan (Mediterranean Morocco). Known in Roman times as Tamuda, a settlement used for the elaboration of fish salting and purple production. Nowadays, it's home to an archaeological museum constructed in 1943. Its exhibits are dedicated to the pre-historic and the pre-Islamic times of Morocco, with an emphasis on the history of the Romans, Mauritanians and the Phoenicians.
- 6 Volubilis (Middle Atlas). A partly excavated Roman city with UNESCO World Heritage status, listed for being "an exceptionally well preserved example of a large Roman colonial town on the fringes of the Empire".
Qil
Several museums as well as a number of privately organized groups offer reenactment, including Roman food or Roman dress. The historical accuracy of these things varies widely but is usually better than for "medieval" themed events. If you have a lot of time on your hand and/or are a scholar in that field you might even find yourself doing "experimental archeology" and cross the alps in full Roman era military equipment to shine a light on Roman military life.
- Hike The German Limes Road in Germany, or along Hadrian's Wall in England.
- A more ambitious proposition would be to hike or bike along the whole of the Via Claudia Augusta, from Augsburg through Innsbruck and the Alps all the way to Trento va Verona, maybe even Venice, which is not the historically correct itinerary, but is a great travelling option.
- The original pavement and milestones of the Via Egnatia, which together with Via Pontica, connected the two imperial capitals, Rome and Constantinople, remain intact in parts along its route.
Yemoq
The Roman tribal staple food was the puls, a thick pottage made of unground wheat, water, salt and fat, plus whatever vegetables and meats were at hand to be chopped up and added to the pot. Greek migrants on the 2nd century BC set up shop in Rome as bakers, introducing the concept of grinding the wheat into flour and baking it into bread. This practice slowly gained popularity, and by Imperial times, was prevalent. However, puls was a traditional and practical military ration, as well as ceremonially important for several Roman religious rites, and never disappeared.
Romans would eat their ientaculum (breakfast) at dawn and have prandium (more like a big snack) in the late morning. Both could be as simple as some bread dipped in wine or olive oil, plus olives, nuts and raisins - richer and foodier people also had meats, eggs, cheese, honey and a wider choice of fresh and dried fruit. The day finished with cena ("supper", the main daily meal), in the early evening. Rich folk would finish their daily business mid-afternoon, then hit the baths and go home to have cena lying on couches (lectus triclinaris, plural lecti triclinarii) for hours, in the triclinium, the familiar Roman dining room made famous by paintings and movies. The meal started with drinking preliminaries (comissatio) followed by salads and light hors d'oeuvre (gustatio), then the main courses (mensa prima) and fruits and dessert for last (mensa secunda). Romans had an idiom referring to a full-course meal, ab ovo usque mala, "from the egg to the apples", which came to mean "the whole story". The dining habits of the upper classes, and the decadence of Roman national values thus implied, are described and commented on by almost every Roman historian and social chronicler, from Cato the Elder (a hardcore xenophobic Republican traditionalist) to Tacitus (who was fond of comparing the Romans unfavorably to the Germanic tribes he writes about), and make for amusing reading.
Most members of the Roman elite were landowners, i.e. proud farmers, eager to consume and show off their own produce, to import and develop exotic crops and fruit trees, to store and preserve for winter; most of them had, as children, learned their letters and Latin from Cato the Elder's handbook of farming techniques De Agri Cultura. Pliny the Elder, in his books, discusses more than 30 varieties of olive, 40 kinds of pear, African and eastern figs, and a wide variety of greens and vegetables. It was considered more "civilized" to eat produce than hunted meat and mushrooms. Butcher's meat was an uncommon luxury; seafood, held in high esteem, and poultry were more common. Roman foodies would delight in eating roasted exotic birds (such as flamingos and peacocks). Aquaculture was sophisticated; there were large-scale industries devoted to oyster farming. The Romans also engaged in snail farming and oak grub farming. From the Eastern merchants they would buy black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, turmeric and other "oriental spices" that were in high demand; some of them were worth their weight in silver.
A list of whatever food items were available to the Romans of any given period, according to geographic location, is easy to compile using online resources, and is a great conversation topic with local merchants and food connoisseurs, while in the field.
There is a famous cookbook in Latin called De Re Coquinaria ("About cookable things"), said by modern scholars to date probably from the 4th or 5th century AD, and attributed to the name Apicius, a famous rich gourmet contemporary to emperor Augustus. Whoever really wrote the book seems to have been particularly fond of sauces, as roughly 100 of the 400 recipes in his book are for sauces. The menus of places such as the restaurant inside the Caesar's Palace casino of Las-Vegas are rather likely inspired by this book, if not outright based on it. Modern writers on Roman cookery often make a point of avoiding the Apicius recipes altogether, concentrating instead on content from Cato, Columella, Pliny and other classic sources.
Products similar to pasta were known in Rome under such names as lagana va itrion. In fact, Apicius describes a dish very similar to the traditional lasagne (he calls it lasana yoki lasanum, Latin for "container", "pot") in his book. There is no support for the legend that Marco Polo brought pasta to Italy from the Chinese Empire in the 13th century.
Some products which are today ubiquitous in Mediterranean cuisines were unknown by Romans. Most of them are crops from the Americas, such as tomato, maize, potato, avocado, squashes, pumpkins and chilli peppers.
Qarang Italian cuisine for contemporary food in Italy.
Ichish
In Vino Veritas.
"In wine, [there's] truth." – ancient popular Roman saying
To say that the central theme here is wine seems somewhat obvious. Romans were avid wine drinkers and traders, and are known to have influenced, if not started, every major wine-producing European enterprise, from Portugaliya uchun Crimea. The northern limes mostly coincides with the northern limit for viticulture - at least as it was understood then. This was no mere coincidence, as Romans liked to have all comforts of their culture even in the provinces as far as climate and distance would allow.
Most provinces were capable of producing wine, but regional varietals were desirable. In addition to regular consumption with meals, wine was a part of everyday religious observances. Before a meal, a libation was offered to the household gods. Romans made regular visits to burial sites, to care for the dead; they poured a libation at the tombs. In some of them, this was facilitated by a feeding tube built into the grave.
As in much of the ancient world, sweet white wine was the most highly regarded style. Wines were often very alcoholic, with Pliny noting that a cup of Falernian (the most celebrated and sung-about Roman wine variety, now extinct) would catch fire from a candle flame drawn too close. Research does not indicate that Roman wine was stored for several years or even decades like contemporary wine is, but wine amphorae from all provinces have been found in Rome's trash heaps, as the amphorae were too cheap to produce to make it worthwhile to transport them back empty.
Like in Greek culture, wine was drunk mixed with water, and sometimes flavored with herbs and spices. Drinking wine purum yoki merum (unmixed) was a mark of the "barbarian". Modern wine enthusiasts enjoy the wisdom of this ancient custom, and advise modern wine drinkers to consume one glass of water after each one of wine, which helps maintain mental focus.
Beer (cervisia) was known and widely consumed by Gauls and Germans, but considered vulgar, and a barbarous habit, among the Romans.
Keyingisi
While many Roman remains are outside of cities, some cities that were founded or significantly influenced by the Romans still have Roman remains side by side with a medieval or early modern old town, so after you are done with the Roman era you can often walk into another part of town and see buildings from totally different periods.
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