Frantsiya - France

COVID-19 ma `lumot: Metropolitan France kompaniyasi o'zining ikkinchi qulfini tugatdi, ammo soat 18:00 dan 06:00 gacha komendantlik soati amal qiladi. Evropa Ittifoqi / EEA va Buyuk Britaniyaning chegaralari ochiq bo'lsa-da, boshqa chegaralar muhim bo'lmagan sayohat uchun yopiq. Do'konlar va ba'zi xizmatlar ochiq, ammo restoranlar va ba'zi dam olish joylari keyingi xabarlarga qadar yopiq. Evropa Ittifoqidan tashqarida Frantsiyaga etib kelgan barcha yo'lovchilar, kelganidan keyin 72 soat ichida salbiy PCR sinovini topshirishlari kerak, aks holda siz kelganingizdan keyin sinovdan o'tishingiz shart. Agar siz komendantlik soati paytida biron bir muhim maqsadda chiqib ketishingiz kerak bo'lsa, siz kerak to'liq va taqdim eting ozod qilish to'g'risidagi guvohnoma. Bu shuningdek orqali yaratilishi mumkin TousAntiCovid dasturi Android va iOS qurilmalarida (ingliz va frantsuz tillarida) yoki onlayn (Faqat frantsuzcha). Ushbu qoidalarga rioya qilmaslik va / yoki to'ldirilgan sertifikatni ko'rsatish 135 evro miqdorida jarimaga tortiladi. Ga qarang rasmiy sayt dolzarb ma'lumotlar uchun.

(Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 19-martda yangilangan)

Frantsiya deyarli har bir sayohatchining aloqasi bo'lgan mamlakat. Ko'pchilik buni orzu qiladi joie de vivre son-sanoqsiz kafelar tomonidan namoyish etilgan, manzarali qishloqlarva dunyoga mashhur gastronomiya. Ba'zilar Frantsiyaning buyuk faylasuflari, yozuvchilari va rassomlarining izidan yurish yoki dunyoga bergan go'zal tiliga singib ketish uchun keladi. Boshqalar hanuzgacha mamlakatning geografik xilma-xilligi bilan ajralib turadi, uning qirg'oqlari, ulkan tog 'tizmalari va qishloq xo'jaligining hayratlanarli ko'rinishlari.

Yigirma yildan ortiq vaqt mobaynida Frantsiya dunyoning eng ko'p tashrif buyurgan mamlakati hisoblanadi. 2018 yilda 89 million mehmon tashrif buyurgan. Bularning barchasi Frantsiyaga ko'p sabablarga ko'ra kelishadi: uning shaharlari qit'adagi eng katta boyliklarga ega, uning qishloq joylari obod va parvarishlangan va o'nlab yirik sayyohlik ob'ektlari, shu jumladan Evropaning eng mashhur, Disneylend Parij. Frantsiya Evropaning geografik jihatdan eng xilma-xil mamlakatlaridan biri bo'lib, bir-biridan shaharlik shinamligi bilan farq qiladigan hududlarni o'z ichiga oladi Parij, quyoshli Frantsiya Rivierasi, shamol ko'targan Atlantika plyajlari, qorli kurortlari Frantsuz Alplari, Uyg'onish davri shateoni Luara vodiysi, qo'pol Celtic Bretan va tarixchining orzusi Normandiya.

Boy his-tuyg'ular, notinch siyosat, oqilona fikrlash va ma'rifat xazinalari bilan mashhur bo'lgan mamlakat; ta'tildan nimani xohlasangiz, uni Frantsiyada topmoqchisiz.

Mintaqalar

Avvalo Evropa mamlakati deb o'ylagan bo'lsada, Frantsiya Respublikasi (Republique franiseise) dunyo bo'ylab bir nechta hududlardan tashkil topgan.

Metropolitan Frantsiya

"Metropolitan France" tarkibiga 12 ta ma'muriy hudud kiradi (frantsuzcha: mintaqalar) materikda ortiqcha Korsika yoki boshqa so'z bilan aytganda Evropaning barcha frantsuz hududlari. Bular quyida aytib o'tilgan mamlakatning boshqa qit'alardagi chet eldagi hududlaridan ajralib turadi. 96 bo'lim (bo'linmalar) ma'muriy bo'linishning keyingi darajasidir, ularning uchdan ikki qismi daryo nomi bilan, boshqalari esa boshqa tabiiy xususiyatga, masalan, tog 'yoki dengizga tegishli.

Frantsiya mintaqalari - rangli kodlangan xarita

Overgne-Rhone-Alpes Frantsuz chang'isi uyi, katta vulqon mintaqasi va Frantsiyaning oshxona poytaxti, Lion.

Bourgogne-Franche-Comte O'rta asrlar tarixi, yoqimli tabiiy manzaralar va Bordo sharob.

Bretan Keltlar, kromleklar va kreplarning uyi bo'lgan g'arbiy yarim orol

Sent-Val de Luara Daryo vodiylari, shato va tarixiy shaharlarni o'z ichiga olgan, asosan qishloq xo'jaligi va uzumchilik mintaqasi Loire.

Korsika Napoleonning tug'ilgan joyi - O'rta dengizdagi Italiya ta'sirida bo'lgan subtropik orol.

Grand Est Evropa va ayniqsa german madaniyati keng bo'lgan frantsuzlar bilan birlashib, qiziqarli natijalarni bergan mintaqa.

Xot-de-Frans Jahon urushlari va og'ir sanoatning ko'tarilishi va pasayishi ko'plab izlarni qoldirgan mintaqa.

Fransiya Aholi zich joylashgan metropol Parijva atrofdagi boy qishloqlar.

Normandiya Frantsiyaning eng mashhur diqqatga sazovor joylari, shu jumladan Mont-Mishel, Kunning plyajlari va Klod Monening uyi.

Nouvelle-Akvitaniya Birlashgan yaxlitlikdan ko'ra, sehrli qarama-qarshiliklari bilan ko'proq aniqlangan eng katta frantsuz mintaqasi.

Oksitaniya Janub tufayli, qaerda Pireneylar ichiga to'kib tashlang O'rtayer dengizi.

Pays de la Loire Pastki Luara vodiysi va Vendi maydon, Atlantika sohilida.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur O'tkazib bo'lmaydigan Frantsiya Rivierasi, Marsel, Avignon, va Kamarg.

Chet elda Frantsiya

Dunyo bo'ylab frantsuz mulklari (kattalashtirish uchun bosing)

Metropolitan France-dan tashqari, shuningdek tanilgan L'Hexagone uning shakli uchun chet elda beshta bo'lim mavjud (départements d'outre-mer - DOMs), har biri boshqa bo'limlar singari Frantsiya uchun ajralmas: Frantsiya Gvianasi yilda Janubiy Amerika, Gvadelupa va Martinika ichida Karib dengiziva Mayot va Reunion orasida Sharqiy Afrika orollari.

Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, Frantsiyada oltita chet el hududlari tashkil etilgan (territoires d'outre mer - TOMs) -Frantsiya Polineziyasi, Yangi Kaledoniya, Sankt-Bartelemiya, Avliyo Martin, Sent-Pyer va Mikelon va Uollis va Futuna- va tabiat qo'riqxonasi sifatida ba'zi uzoq, odam yashamaydigan orollar, shu jumladan Klipperton oroli va Frantsiyaning Janubiy va Antarktika erlari. Ma'muriy jihatdan Frantsiyaning bir qismi bo'lishiga qaramay, ushbu sub'ektlar bu erda ko'proq muhokama qilinmaydi, aksincha o'zlarining maqolalarida.

Dunyo bo'ylab tarqalgan ko'plab chet el bo'limlari va hududlari tufayli Frantsiya haqiqatan ham tarqalib ketgan o'n ikki vaqt zonalari - bu boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda ko'proq. Shunday qilib, Angliya va uning chet eldagi hududlari bilan bir qatorda, Frantsiya va uning hududlari dunyodagi boshqa mavjudotdir, uni quyosh hech qachon yoqmaydi deyish mumkin. Biroq, butun Metropolitan Frantsiya Markaziy Evropa vaqtidan foydalanadi (qishda UTC 01:00, yozda UTC 02:00).

Shaharlar

Frantsiyada sayohatchilarni qiziqtiradigan ko'plab shaharlar mavjud; quyida to'qqiz eng taniqli:

• 48.85672.35081 Parij - "Nur shahri", romantik va Eyfel minorasi.
• 44.84-0.582 Bordo - sharob shahri, an'anaviy tosh qasrlar va aqlli teraslar
• 43.70347.26633 Yaxshi - dunyoga mashhur plyaj sayohati bilan Frantsiya Rivierasining yuragi va kichik xalqqa kirish eshigi. Monako
• 50.62783.05834 Lill - o'zining chiroyli markazi va faol madaniy hayoti bilan tanilgan dinamik shimoliy shahar
• 45.764.845 Lion - Rim davridan Qarshilikka qadar bo'lgan tarixga ega Frantsiyaning gastronomik poytaxti
• 43.29645.376 Marsel - O'rta er dengizi porti bilan tanilgan Frantsiyaning kosmopolit ikkinchi shahri, uning calanquesva uning dengiz maxsulotlari
• 47.2181-1.55287 Nant - Jyul Vern, dengizchilar va Bretonlar madaniyati bilan tanilgan yashil va juda yashashga yaroqli shahar
• 48.587.758 Strasburg - kanallar bilan o'ralgan go'zal tarixiy markaz va ko'plab Evropa muassasalarining uyi
• 43.60451.4449 Tuluza - "Pushti shahar" o'ziga xos g'isht me'morchiligi va jonli janubiy atmosferasi bilan mashhur

Bellecour-ni Lionga joylashtiring

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• 43.5333334.51 Kamarg - buqalar va kovboylarning Provans madaniyati kuchli Evropaning eng katta daryo deltalari va botqoqlaridan biri.
• 48.8687192.78182 Disneylend Parij - Evropada eng ko'p tashrif buyurilgan diqqatga sazovor joy, Magic Kingdom hatto o'z TGV markaziga ega.
• 45.8336116.8653 Frantsuz Alplari - G'arbiy Evropaning eng baland tog'i - Mont Blan, bu kvintessensial chang'i sporti mamlakati.
• 43.3656.8497224 Frantsiya Rivierasi (Frantsuzcha: Kot-d'Azur "Azure Coast") - Yuqori sinf dengiz bo'yidagi kurortlari, yaxtalari va quyoshga botgan taniqli odamlari bilan O'rta er dengizi sohillari.
• 47.3988890.7027785 Luara vodiysi - sharoblari va Uyg'onish davri shatosi bilan mashhur bo'lgan dunyoga mashhur daryo vodiysi.
• 43.7961115.2238896 Lyuberon - manzarali qishloqlarning stereotipik Provansi, joie de vivre va sharob.
• 48.636-1.51147 Mont-Mishel - materikdan baland oqim bilan kesilgan, qumdagi mayda tosh ustiga qurilgan monastir va shahar.
• 43.7377786.3638898 Verdon darasi - chiroyli firuza-yashil daryo kanyoni, baydarka, piyoda yurish, toshga chiqish yoki shunchaki ohaktosh qoyalari atrofida haydash uchun juda yaxshi.

Tushuning

Poytaxt	Parij
Valyuta	evro (evro)
Aholisi	66,6 million (2016)
Elektr	230 volt / 50 gerts va 400 volt / 50 gerts (Europlug, E turi)
Mamlakat kodi	33
Vaqt zonasi	UTC 01:00
Favqulodda vaziyatlar	112, 15 (shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xizmatlari), 17 (politsiya), 18 (o't o'chirish bo'limi), 114 (karlar jamoasi)
Haydash tomoni	to'g'ri
Wikidata-da tahrirlash

Iqlim va relyef

Rhone daryosi

Geografik jihatdan xilma-xil mamlakat bo'lgan Frantsiya iqlimning kattaligi bo'yicha hayratlanarli darajada o'zgarib turadi. Umumiy qoida bo'yicha iqlim shimoliy-janub yo'nalishi bo'yicha sovuqdan iliqroq, g'arbdan sharqqa esa namroqdan qurg'oqchilikka o'tadi. Mamlakatning aksariyat qismida mo''tadil qishlar va yozlar iliq va ko'pincha nam bo'ladi, va bu ayniqsa to'g'ri keladi Parij va Luara vodiysi. Shimoliy va shimoliy g'arbda yumshoq, nam qish va salqin yoz davom etadi (Bretan, Normandiya, Xot-de-Frans) bu erda butun iqlim Angliyaning janubiga o'xshaydi. Sharqiy chegara bo'ylab (Grand-Est), salqin va sovuq qishda va yozda issiq bo'lgan kontinental iqlim mavjud. The Rhone vodiysi Butun mintaqa kuchli, sovuq, quruq, shimoldan shimoli-g'arbiy shamolni boshdan kechirayotgan bo'lsa ham, janubdan iliqroq tomon tugaydi. noto'g'ri. O'rta er dengizi (Oksitaniya, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Korsika) butun yil davomida qisqa, yumshoq qishda va uzoq, issiq yozda quyoshli soatlari yoqadi. Janubiy g'arbiy (Nouvelle-Akvitaniya, Oksitaniya) yozi xuddi shunday issiq, ammo qishda juda ko'p yomg'ir yog'adi, Atlantika va tog'lar ta'sir qiladi. Alp tog'lari, Pireney va Overgne kabi tog'li hududlarda qishni ko'p qor yog'ishini kuting. Biroq, ba'zida qish yumshoq bo'lishi mumkin va har yili qishki sport turlari boomiga tayanadigan biznes egalari umidvor bo'lib osmonga tikilib qolishmoqda.

Frantsiyaning markaziy, g'arbiy va shimoliy qismining aksariyat qismiga tekisliklar yoki yumshoq dumaloq tepaliklar kiradi, ular ko'plab uzun daryo vodiylari bilan kesilgan. Ushbu oson erning katta maydoni va mukammal iqlimga yaqin bo'lgan la'nat Frantsiyaning qishloq xo'jaligini juda boy va samarali qiladi. Mamlakatning qolgan qismi tog'li, janubi-sharqiy bilan Alp tog'lari va janubi-g'arbiy Pireneylar G'arbiy Evropaning eng baland tog'lari orasida. Kichik diapazonlarga quyidagilar kiradi Vosges va Yura sharqda va janubning o'rtalarida Massif Markaziy. Tushunchasi terroir frantsuz dehqonlari va vinochilari uchun juda muhimdir va ma'lum bir hududning iqlimi, tuproq turi va relyefi qanday qilib o'simlikning lazzati yoki xususiyatiga ta'sir qilishini namoyish etadi.

Siz Frantsiyaga yilning istalgan vaqtida tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin va, albatta, ba'zi mintaqalar ma'lum mavsumlarga qarz berishadi (masalan, Alp tog'lari qishda, Parij bahorda), lekin umuman olganda bahor va kuzda ob-havoning ideal aralashmasi mavjud. mamlakat va tinchroq sayyohlik mavsumi. Yoz Frantsiyaning aksariyat qismida iliq va quyoshli bo'lib, ko'pincha mahalliy festivallar bo'ladimi, ochiq havoda kontsertlar bo'ladimi yoki har yili 14 iyulda bo'ladigan milliy bayram bo'ladimi, sayohatchini vasvasaga soladigan ko'plab voqealar bo'lib turadi. Biroq, sayohatchilarga avgust oyidan qochish tavsiya etiladi, chunki Frantsiyaning barcha aholisi tayoq ko'tarib janubga qarab yurishadi les vacances. Bu transport uchun yilning eng qizg'in davri, bilan samedi noir (qora shanba; oyning birinchi kuni) ko'pincha yo'l tarmog'i bo'ylab 1000 km gacha bo'lgan tirbandlikni ko'rish. Bundan tashqari, siz ko'plab mahalliy korxonalarni, xususan qishloq joylarida va yozgi tashrif buyuruvchilar bor-yo'qligidan qat'i nazar, butun oy davomida yopiq ishlarni topasiz. Mahalliy aholi yo'qligida, chet ellik sayyohlar yig'indisi mamlakatning yirik diqqatga sazovor joylari va shaharlarini qamrab oldi va Parij ayniqsa, xona narxlarining osmonga ko'tarilishini ko'rishlari mumkin.

Bayramlar

Frantsuzlarning rasmiy bayramlariga katoliklarning muhim ta'tillari ta'sir qiladi, faqat Juma kuni bundan mustasno Elzas. Ularning aksariyati yilga qarab har xil sanalarga to'g'ri keladi. Ushbu ro'yxatda Pasxa bayrami (Paklar) yakshanba va dushanba kunlari bank ta'tiliga ega. Maryamning osmonga tushishi (Taxmin) har doim 15 avgustga, barcha azizlar kuniga to'g'ri keladi (Tussaint1 noyabr va Rojdestvo kuni (Noël) 25 dekabrda. Boshqa bayramlarga Yangi yil (Nouvel An / Jour de l'an, 1-yanvar), 1-may (Fête du Travail, 1 may), G'alaba kuni (8 mai, 8 may), Bastiliya kuni (Fête nationale, 14 iyul) va Sulh kuni (Jour du suvenir / Jour de l'Armistice, 11 noyabr). Ba'zi qo'shnilari singari (xususan, Ispaniya va Germaniya) ham Frantsiyada mahalliy bayramlar va avliyo kunlarining keng taqvimi mavjud, ammo bu mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, odatda bu biznes va hukumat tomonidan kuzatilmaydi.

Sayohatingizni, ayniqsa frantsuzlar paytida oldindan rejalashtirish tavsiya etiladi maktab ta'tillari odatda quyidagi davrlarda ikki haftaga to'g'ri keladi: oktyabr oyining oxiridan noyabr oyining boshigacha, Rojdestvo, Fisih bayrami va May va G'alaba kuni o'rtasida. Qolaversa, butun mamlakat maktablari yozga ta'tilni iyulning birinchi juma kunida o'tkazadilar va sentyabrning birinchi dushanbasiga qaytadilar. Tabiiyki, shu kunlarda va uning atrofida yo'llar gavjum bo'lib, poezdlar va samolyotlar narxi osmonga ko'tariladi. Agar ushbu vaqtlarda sayohatdan qochishingiz mumkin bo'lsa, buni qiling.

Tarix

Frantsiyada Neolit ​​davridan beri aholi yashaydi. Dordogne mintaqasi, ayniqsa, tarixdan oldingi g'orlarga boy, ba'zilari yashash joyi sifatida ishlatilgan, boshqalari hayvonlar va ovchilarning ajoyib rasmlari bo'lgan ibodatxonalar, masalan, Lascaux.

Rim imperiyasining qulashi va qulashi

Avignonda Rim xarobalari

Yozma tarix Frantsiyada hududning bosib olinishi bilan boshlandi RimliklargaMiloddan avvalgi 118 va 50 yillar orasida. Bugungi kunda Frantsiya deb ataladigan hudud bu hududning bir qismiga aylandi Rim imperiyasi, va Gallar (Rimliklar tomonidan mahalliy Keltlarga berilgan ism), u erda Rim bosqinlaridan oldin yashab, "Gallo-Rimliklarga" aylandi. Gallar hozirgi Shimoliy Italiya hududida ham yashagan va shuning uchun "Galliya Sisalpina" Rim hukmronligi ostiga o'tgan birinchi Golish hududi bo'lgan. Keyinchalik, hozirgi maydon Proventsiya Rimlarning nazorati ostida "Gallia Transalpina" (Alp tog'laridan tashqari Galliya) nomi ostida bo'lgan va aynan shu viloyat hokimi sifatida Yuliy Tsezar Gaulish qabilalari o'rtasidagi mahalliy siyosatni "mudofaa" urushi olib borgan (viloyat gubernatorlari o'zlarining tashabbusi bilan hujumkor urush boshlashga ruxsat berilmagan) bu butun Galliyani zabt etish va Alesiya jangida Galli boshlig'i va isyonchilar etakchisi Vercingetorixni mag'lub etish va qo'lga olish bilan yakunlandi. Seasar va uning ishonchli odami Aulus Xirtius (8-kitob) urush nomi bilan tanilgan kitoblar to'plamini yozdilar. De Bello Galliko, o'sha paytdan beri har qanday davrdagi lotin talabalarining ta'qib etilishi, chunki targ'ibot asari o'zining aniq va aniq tili va ulkan tarixiy shaxs o'z xatti-harakatlari haqida yozadigan juda kam qadimiy manbalardan biri bilan maqtalgan. Qaysar o'zini kitobdagi uchinchi shaxsga ishora qiladi, bu xususiyat kamdan-kam hollarda frantsuz chiziq romaniga o'xshash madaniy tasvirlarda qayd etilmagan. Asterika, bu erda takrorlanadigan hazil. Rim qonunchiligiga binoan Qaysarning harakatlari shubhali qonuniy edi va uning Rubikonni taniqli kesib o'tishi, agar u Italiyaga armiyasiz kirsa, sudga tortilishidan qo'rqishidan kelib chiqqan. Shunday qilib, Galliyani bosib olish Rim respublikasining qulashiga sabab bo'lgan voqealar zanjirida muhim rol o'ynadi.

Imperator Klavdiy Lugdunumda tug'ilgan Lion, hozirgi vaqtda eng muhim Gallo-Rim shahri. Galliyadagi Rim hukmronligi nisbatan tinchlik va farovonlik davri bo'lgan, ammo 3-asr inqirozi paytida markaziy kuchsiz boshqaruv davrida Galliyani va Germaniyaning bir qismini boshqargan "Galliya imperiyasini" tashkil etgan mahalliy sudxo'rlar bo'lgan. Rimliklar tomonidan o'sha davrda qurilgan ba'zi binolar hanuzgacha saqlanib kelinmoqda va ularning yo'llari avtomobil paydo bo'lguncha keng tarqalgan bo'lib ishlatilib kelinmoqda, chunki ularning sifati o'rta asrlar qurilishidan ancha ustundir.

Milodiy V asrda G'arbiy Rim imperiyasining qulashi bilan Gallo-Rimliklar va "barbar" sharqchilar (asosan franklar, shuningdek "burgondalar" singari boshqa qabilalar) o'rtasidagi o'zaro nikoh avlodlari yashaydigan joylar qoldi.

The meros Rim ishtiroki hanuzgacha ko'rinib turibdi, ayniqsa mamlakat janubiy qismida, rim sirklari hanuzgacha buqalar va rok-n'roll kontsertlari uchun ishlatilgan. Frantsiyaning ba'zi asosiy yo'llari hanuzgacha 2000 yil oldin kuzatilgan marshrutlar bo'ylab harakatlanmoqda va ko'plab eski shahar markazlarining shahar tashkiloti hanuzgacha transkriptda cardo et decumanus Rim lagerining odatiy panjarasi. Rim tsivilizatsiyasining boshqa asosiy meroslari katolik cherkovi, kodifikatsiyalangan huquq tizimi va frantsuz tili.

O'rta asrlar

Shuningdek qarang: Franks, Frantsiya qirolligi

511 yilda vafot etgan Klovis birinchi frantsuz qiroli hisoblanadi, garchi uning franklar shohligi hozirgi Parij atrofidagi hozirgi Il-de-Fransiya hududidan ancha uzoqqa cho'zilmagan bo'lsa ham. Biroq, uning (uchlik) nasroniylikka suvga cho'mishi, o'sha paytda german boshliqlari tomonidan mashhur bo'lgan Arianizmdan farqli o'laroq, Evropaning keyingi tarixi uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega edi. 800 yilda yangi G'arbiy Rim imperiyasining imperatori sifatida tan olingan Buyuk Karl birinchi kuchli hukmdor edi. Uning hukmronligi ostida u Frantsiyani, shuningdek Belgiya, Germaniya va Italiyaning zamonaviy qismlarini birlashtirdi. Uning asosiy qarorgohi Aix-la-Shapelle edi (hozirgi Germaniyada, nomi bilan tanilgan) Axen). U deyarli doimo yo'lda va "egardan hukmronlik" qilganligi sababli, bir nechta joylarni uning "poytaxti" yoki "yashash joyi" deb hisoblash mumkin.

Ushbu davrda Frantsiya Vikinglar shimoldan kelib, daryolar bo'ylab harakatlanib, shahar va abbatliklarni talon-taroj qilgan. Ispaniyada tashkil etilgan musulmon Saracens tomonidan janub tomonidan ham hujumga uchragan. Vikinglarga 911 yilda hududning bir qismi (bugungi Normandiya) berildi va tezda mahalliy dehqonlarga feodal krepostnoylik tizimini o'rnatdi. Saratsenlar 732 yilda to'xtatilgan Poitiers Buyuk Karlning bobosi va keyinchalik milliy qahramon sifatida nishonlangan juda qo'pol jangchi Charlz Martel tomonidan.

Buyuk Karldan boshlab feodalizm tizimiga asoslangan yangi jamiyat barpo etildi. Odatda turg'unlik davri sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsa-da, uni iqtisodiy va madaniy rivojlanish davri (trubadur va trouverlarning musiqasi va she'rlari, Romanesk va undan keyin Gothic sobori binosi) davri deb ta'riflash mumkin. pandemiya kasalligi va urushlar.

987 yilda Xyuz Kape Frantsiya qiroli tojiga sazovor bo'ldi; u keyinchalik hukmronlik qiladigan qirol oilalarining ildizi Frantsiya qirolligi. Darhaqiqat, fransuz inqilobchilari tomonidan Lyudovik XVI umumiy nomni olishga majbur bo'lganida, Xyuzga nisbatan "Lui Kapet" tanlangan. 1154 yilda Frantsiyaning g'arbiy qismining aksariyati Akvitaniya Eleanorasining Angliya qiroli Genri II (Le Mans shahrida tug'ilgan Anju grafi) ga to'y bilan inglizlar qo'li ostiga o'tdi. Plantagenet sulolasining ba'zi podshohlari hanuzgacha Frantsiyada dafn etilganlar, eng mashhurlari Valter Skottning shon-shuhrati Richard I 'sher yuragi' va uning otasi Genrix II Abbay de Fontevroda joylashgan. 1337-1435 yillarda ingliz va frantsuz qirollari o'rtasidagi kurash "Yuz yillik urush" nomi bilan tanilgan va uning eng taniqli namoyandasi Joan Ark (Janna d'Ark), endi frantsuz milliy qahramoni deb hisoblanadi.

Dastlabki zamonaviy vaqt

XVI asrning boshlarida feodal tuzumning yo'q bo'lib ketishi va Frantsiyaning "zamonaviy" davlat sifatida paydo bo'lishi, chegaralari hozirgi chegaralarga nisbatan ancha yaqin bo'lgan (garchi Elzas, Korsika, Savoy va Nitstsa mintaqalari mavjud bo'lmagan) hali frantsuzcha). 1643 yildan 1715 yilgacha (72 yosh) shoh bo'lgan "quyosh shohi" Lyudovik XIV, ehtimol, o'z davrining eng qudratli monarxi bo'lgan. Frantsuzlarning ta'siri Evropaning qolgan qismiga chuqur kirib bordi, hatto tarqalib ketdi Rossiya; uning tili ko'plab Evropa sudlarida ishlatilib, xalqaro diplomatiya tiliga aylandi va madaniyati butun qit'aga eksport qilindi.

O'sha davr va keyingi asrda Frantsiyaning global ta'siri kengaygan. Ushbu mustamlakachilik kengayishi boshqa mustamlaka imperiyalari bilan, asosan Angliya (keyinchalik Buyuk Britaniya) va Ispaniyada Amerika va Hindiston ustidan nazorat olib borilgan urushlarning bir qatoriga sabab bo'ldi. Ayni paytda, bosh harbiy muhandis Vauban Frantsiya chegaralari atrofida istehkomlar qurilishini nazorat qilgan va ulardan 12 tasi Vaubanning istehkomlari YuNESKO tomonidan jahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Oxir oqibat Frantsiya ikkala jabhada ham mag'lubiyatga uchradi (so'nggi mag'lubiyat Napoleon urushlari) ammo frantsuz ta'siri hali ham juda aniq Luiziana va Kvebek (bu erda shtat / viloyat qonunchiligi hali ham frantsuz fuqarolik qonunchiligiga asoslangan bo'lib, ingliz umumiy qonuni emas)

Inqiloblar asri

Shuningdek qarang: Napoleon urushlari, Frantsiya mustamlaka imperiyasi

Dome des Invalides, Parijdagi Napoleon maqbarasi

Frantsuz inqilobi 1789 yilda boshlangan. Qirol Lui XVI va uning rafiqasi Mari Antuanet hibsga olingan va oxir-oqibat gilyotin tomonidan qatl etilgan va deyarli 1000 yillik monarxiya o'rniga birinchi Frantsiya Respublikasi tashkil etilgan. Bu qonli davr bo'lsa-da, bu dunyodagi boshqa ko'plab ozodlik kurashlari uchun ilhom manbai bo'lgan va shunday bo'lib qolmoqda. Inqilob paytida Frantsiya ham o'zining "inson huquqlari deklaratsiyasini" qonunga imzo chekdi, hamkasbidan bir necha oy oldin Qo'shma Shtatlar. Bugungi kunga qadar ko'plab konstitutsiyalar ushbu hujjatning ta'siriga ega bo'lgan huquqlar to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyani o'z ichiga oladi.

Napoleon Bonapart davlat to'ntarishida hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritdi va 1804 yilda imperatorlik tojini kiyib, Frantsiyani monarxiya tuzumiga tikladi, ammo uni g'arbiy Evropaning aksariyat hukmdori qilgan militaristik ambitsiyasi uning qulashi edi. Uning 1805 yildagi Trafalgar jangida Qirollik floti qo'lidan mag'lub bo'lganligi, u hech qachon inglizlarni dunyodagi hukmron dengiz kuchi sifatida tutishga muvaffaq bo'lmaganligini anglatadi. 1815 yilda Napoleon jangidagi so'nggi mag'lubiyatini kutib oldi Vaterloo (Belgiya) inglizlar ittifoqi tomonidan va Prusscha kuchlar va Evropadan asirga olingan va surgun qilingan. Uning qo'shinlari va hukumati o'zlari bilan frantsuz faylasuflarining g'oyalarini olib kelgani sababli, u hali ham ba'zi Sharqiy Evropa mamlakatlarida hurmatga sazovor.

Frantsiya yana monarxiyaga qaytdi (avval Burbonni qayta tiklash, so'ngra 1830 yilgi inqilob bilan boshlangan Lui Filipp boshchiligidagi liberal qirollik) 1848 yildagi boshqa inqilob Napoleonning jiyani prezident etib saylanishiga va keyin Napoleon III nomi bilan imperator bo'lishiga imkon berdi. O'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxiri mamlakatni sanoatlashtirish va temir yo'llarni rivojlantirish bilan bir qatorda Prussiya va keyinchalik Germaniya bilan ayovsiz urushlar boshlandi.

1870 yilgi urush, bo'sh Ispaniya taxtiga nisbatan kichik kelishmovchilik tufayli boshlandi (a Hohenzollern shahzoda merosxo'r sifatida taklif qilingan va Frantsiya hukumati Prussiya hukumatidan uning nomidan qat'iy rad etishni talab qilgan), frantsuzlar uchun halokatli bo'lgan. Nafaqat Prussiya, balki Bavariya singari Janubiy Germaniya davlatlari ham safarbar bo'lganda, yomon tayyorgarlik ko'rgan armiya hibsga olindi, hech kim Frantsiyaga yordam bermadi. Shikastlanish uchun haqoratni qo'shish uchun Napoleon III Sedan yaqinidagi dastlabki jangda qo'lga olindi va Uchinchi respublika e'lon qilindi. Bu bilan qanoatlanmagan prusslar Parijni qamal qilib (uning aholisini hayvonot bog'i hayvonlarini eyishga majbur qilishdi) va qisqa umr ko'rgan Parij Kommunasini tor-mor etishdi. Nihoyat tinchlik shartnomasi imzolanganda, Frantsiya Elzas va Lotaringiyadan voz kechishi kerak edi, bular nemis tilida so'zlashadigan aholi qismlarga ega, ammo eng muhimi boy temir javhari konlari. Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda Frantsiya besh milliard frankni oltinga to'lashga majbur bo'ldi, bu juda katta miqdordagi pul edi, chunki Frantsiya Germaniyani mag'lubiyatga uchratganida, yana bir narsa qolgan edi. Birinchi jahon urushi qirq yildan keyin.

Uchinchi respublika o'sha paytda va mavjudligining dastlabki davrida vaqtinchalik echim sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsa-da, u Milliy assambleyada monarxist ko'pchilikka ega edi, turli xil monarxistik fraksiyalar o'rtasida janjal va ularning "murosaga kelgan nomzodlari" Trikolor bayrog'ini uning old sharti sifatida qabul qilishdan bosh tortdilar. toj kiyib olish respublikaning shov-shuvli dastlabki bosqichidan omon qolishiga olib keldi. Respublika Dreyfus ishida ham omon qoldi, unda yahudiy polkovnigi harbiy sud ostida xiyonat qilganligi uchun yolg'on sudlangan va Emile Zolaning harbiylarni qattiq tanbeh qilgani (Aybdor) va undan keyingi qarama-qarshiliklar Frantsiyani madaniy va siyosiy markaziga silkitdi. Birinchi jahon urushidan so'ng, Evropaning boshqa joylarida bo'lgani kabi, urushlararo yillarda ham antidemokratik kuchlar kuchayib borar edi, ular tarkibiga markaziy partiyalar bilan bir qatorda kommunistlarni ham o'z ichiga olgan Leon Blum boshchiligidagi "xalq fronti" hukumati kerak edi. Uchinchi respublika faqat Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining dastlabki bosqichida Frantsiyaning harbiy mag'lubiyatidan so'ng qulab tushdi va Frantsiya 1792 yilda Louis XVI taxtdan ag'darilgandan buyon davom etgan eng uzoq umr ko'rgan rejim bo'lib qolmoqda. Hozirgi Beshinchi Respublika davomiyligi bo'yicha uchinchi respublikadan faqat davomiyligi bo'yicha o'tib ketishi mumkin edi. 2028 yilgacha yoki undan uzoqroq.

20 va 21 asrlar

1905 yilda cherkov va davlat ajralib chiqqan, tashabbus ostida litsenziya Dreyfus ishiga javoban ("dunyoviylik"). Bu, ayniqsa, qishloq joylarida shikast etkazuvchi jarayon edi. O'shandan beri Frantsiyada din mavjud emas. "So'ramang, aytmang" siyosatiga binoan, qonun frantsuz talabalari va davlat xizmatchilariga maktabda yoki ish joyida bo'lganlarida dinlarini aniq ko'rsatadigan har qanday belgini ko'rsatishni taqiqlaydi. Ushbu siyosat xristian xochlari va yahudiy kippalarini kiyish uchun qo'llaniladi va musulmonlarning hijobiga ham tegishli. 21-asrning boshlarida cherkovga borish va Xudoga ishonish statistikasi Evropada eng past ko'rsatkichlardan biri edi. Va din siyosatda hech qanday rol o'ynamasa ham, litsenziya - bu nimani anglatadi va u qanchalik uzoqqa borishi kerak - buni amalga oshiradi.

Ikkala jahon urushida ham halok bo'lganlarni yod etish, Annemasse

The Birinchi jahon urushi (1914 -18) Frantsiya tarixidagi shikast davri bo'ldi. Frantsiya va uning ittifoqchilari g'alaba qozonganiga qaramay, deyarli 1,7 million frantsuzlar o'ldirildi, ko'plab shahar va qishloqlar va katta qishloqlar vayron bo'ldi. Xandaqdagi shafqatsiz urushning katta qismi Frantsiyaning sharqiy yarmi bo'ylab olib borildi. Frantsiya urushda ikki marotaba mag'lub bo'lishga yaqin edi va faqatgina 1914 yilgi Germaniyaning oldinga siljishini "mo''jizaviy" tarzda to'xtatishi va marshal Filipp Pétain tomonidan qo'shinlarni jangga yig'ish orqali kurashishga ishongan edi. Verdun 1916 yilda. Urushdan keyin Frantsiya ilgari Germaniya hududlarini o'z qo'liga oldi Elzas va Lotaringiya, shuningdek Germaniyaning bir qancha chet eldagi mustamlakalari va keyingi o'n yil ichida Evropada etakchi kuchga aylandi.

The Ikkinchi jahon urushi (1939 - 45) Frantsiya urushning ko'p qismini fashistlar Germaniyasi tomonidan bosib olinganini ko'rdi. Shimoliy Frantsiya to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Germaniya nazorati ostida bo'lgan va janub qo'g'irchoqlar hukumati tomonidan boshqarilgan (Vichi rejimi nomi bilan tanilgan, keksa yoshdagi urush qahramoni Marshal Pétain davomiylik illyuziyasini namoyish etish uchun boshliq qilib o'rnatilgan), ko'plab totalitar choralar, shu jumladan majburiy deportatsiya Yahudiylar kontsentratsion lagerlarga (qarang) Holokostni yod etish). Pétain davridagi Vichi rejimi natsistlar bilan rasmiy ravishda hamkorlik qilgan va ko'plab oddiy frantsuz fuqarolari bu yo'lni ta'qib qilishgan, ba'zilari boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq g'ayrat bilan harakat qilishgan. Biroq, urush davom etar ekan, asosiy oziq-ovqat ta'minoti kamaydi va rejimning fashistik haddan oshishi yomonlashdi, faol va passiv qarshilik ko'rsatgan tinch aholi soni sezilarli darajada oshdi. 1944 yilda, ittifoqchilarning Normandiya va O'rta er dengizi sohillariga tushishidan (shu jumladan, surgun qilingan frantsuz askarlari va Frantsiyaning imperiya mustamlakalaridan bo'lganlar) Frantsiya Germaniya nazorati ostidan ozod qilindi.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan so'ng, Frantsiya qayta qurish davrini boshdan kechirdi va sanoatning rivojlanishi bilan yangi farovonlikka erishildi va shu vaqtdan boshlab Evropaning Germaniyadan keyingi ikkinchi yirik iqtisodiyotiga aylandi. Frantsiya va Germaniya shartnomalarning birinchi a'zolari bo'lib, oxir-oqibat Evropa Ittifoqiga aylandi. Urushdan keyingi davrda Frantsiya Indochinada og'riqli dekolonizatsiya jarayonlarini boshidan kechirdi (qarang) Hind xitoy urushi) va Jazoir va deyarli barcha mulklarini mustaqillikka chiqarishdi. Frantsiya o'zlarining buyuk kuch maqomi o'tmishda qolganligi bilan shug'ullanishi kerak edi, ammo hech bo'lmaganda qisman butun dunyoga Frantsiya hali ham buyukligini namoyish etish uchun mo'ljallangan ba'zi texnologik yutuqlarga erishildi. TGV bo'lsin, Frantsiya kosmik dasturi yoki Frantsiyaning yadro dasturi. Boshqa tomondan, ilgari rasmiy ittifoq davrida ham qiyin bo'lgan Frantsiya-Buyuk Britaniya munosabatlari, xususan, Kanal Tuneli va qo'shma Konkord loyihasi kabi loyihalar orqali yaxshilandi. Frantsiyaning Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zoligining eng ko'zga ko'ringan oqibatlaridan biri 2002 yilda evroni (€) muomalaga kiritishi edi. Hozirda bu "Evrozona" ni tashkil etuvchi o'n olti Evropa davlatining umumiy pul birligi.

Bugungi kunda Frantsiya - besh yillik muddatga saylangan Prezidenti bo'lgan respublika (beshlik). Beshinchi respublika deb nomlanuvchi amaldagi konstitutsiyasi urushdan keyingi to'rtinchi respublika qulaganidan so'ng, asosan Sharl de Gollning xohishiga ko'ra yozilgan. Respublikaning amaldagi Prezidenti Emmanuel Makron. Mamlakat oldida turgan dolzarb muammolar qatoriga Frantsiyani Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilishi va iqtisodiyot, mudofaa va boshqa sohalar uchun umumiy standartlarni qabul qilish kiradi.

Elektr

Elektr 220 dan 230 V gacha 50 Gts kuchlanish bilan ta'minlanadi. Chiqish joylari CEE7 / 5 (chiqadigan er pimi) va CEE 7/5 (Topraklanmış), CEE 7/7 (Topraklanmış) yoki CEE 7/16 (topraklanmamış) vilkalarini qabul qiladi. Qadimgi nemis tipidagi CEE 7/4 vilkalari mos kelmaydi, chunki ular ushbu turdagi rozetkada joylashgan topraklama piniga mos kelmaydi. Shu bilan birga, zamonaviy Evropaning aksariyat jihozlari CEE 7/5 (Belgiya va Frantsiya) va CEE 7/4 (Germaniya, Gollandiya, Ispaniya, Shvetsiya va Evropaning aksariyati) savdo nuqtalariga mos keladigan gibrid CEE 7/7 vilkasi bilan jihozlangan.

Vilkalar 230 V 50 Hz dan foydalanadigan Buyuk Britaniya, Irlandiya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Daniya, Italiya, Shveytsariya va boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan sayohatchilar o'zlarining elektr jihozlarini Frantsiyada ishlatishi uchun shunchaki vilka adapteri kerak. AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyadagi vilkalar uchun vilka adapterlari Bricorama kabi elektr va "o'zingiz bajaring" do'konlarida mavjud.

Kuchlanish: 110 V 60 Hz dan foydalanadigan AQSh, Kanada, Yaponiya va boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan sayohatchilarga voltaj konvertori kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, ba'zi noutbuklar, uyali telefon zaryadlovchilari va boshqa qurilmalar 110 V yoki 230 V ni qabul qilishi mumkin, shuning uchun faqat oddiy vilka adapteri kerak. Ulanishdan oldin qurilmalaringizdagi kuchlanish ko'rsatkichlarini tekshiring.

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Frantsuzcha so'zlashuv kitobi

Frantsuz (Frantsiya) Fransiyaning rasmiy tili hisoblanadi. Frantsuzlar o'z tili bilan juda faxrlanadilar va bu tilda gapirish uchun ozgina kuch sarflamagan har qanday mehmon mamlakatning o'ziga xosligi va madaniyatining muhim qismidan mahrum bo'lmoqda va ko'pchilik bu tilni eng chiroyli til deb biladi dunyo.

The following phrases go a long way:

• Excusez-moi, Monsieur/Madame — Excuse me, sir / madam (ehk-SKEW-zay MWAH muh-SYUH/ma-DAHM)
• S'il vous plaît — Please (seel voo PLEH)
• Merci — Thank you (merr-SEE)
• Au revoir — Goodbye (oh ruh-VWAHR)
• Parlez-vous anglais ? — Do you speak English? (par-lay VOO ahng-LEH)

As France is a multicultural society with immigrants from all over the world (particularly from former French colonies), many African languages, Arabic, Chinese dialects (such as Teochew), Vietnamese, Lao, and Khmer are spoken. French is in the Romance family of languages, along with Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian and Romanian, so if you speak any of those languages, you will recognise many cognates, particularly in written form.

Although most French people, including virtually everyone born after 1990, have studied Ingliz tili in school, proficiency has historically been poor, with only a small minority being conversant in it. With that said, things have changed dramatically since the late 2000s. You can now expect major hotels and tourist attractions to have staff who speak basic English and other foreign languages (German and Spanish being the most common). Furthermore, the younger generation of French (especially those in larger urban areas) is far more proficient in English than their elders.

When approaching the locals, always be sure to begin the conversation in French, as assuming that a foreign language will be spoken is considered to be very rude. The French understand that their language is a challenging one for foreigners to learn, but generally react well to even clumsy, but sincere, attempts to speak their language, and will feel much more inclined to respond using whatever English they know if they judge you to have made an effort.

Foreign shows and movies usually come in two formats: VF (version française), dubbed in French, and VO (version originale) or VOSTFR (version originale sous-titrée en français), original audio with French subtitles.

The standard sign language is French Sign Language, locally known by its native initialism LSF (langue des signes française). Whenever an interpreter is present at a public event, he or she will use LSF. It's partially mutually intelligible with American Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language, and Irish Sign Language. However, it's not mutually intelligible at all with British Sign Language, Auslan, or New Zealand Sign Language.

Chiqinglar

Kirish talablari

The French impressionist painter Claude Monet's house in Giverny, Normandy, Northern France

France is a member of the Schengen Agreement.

• There are normally no border controls between countries that have signed and implemented the treaty. This includes most of the European Union and a few other countries.
• There are usually identity checks before boarding international flights or boats. Sometimes there are temporary border controls at land borders.
• Likewise, a viza granted for any Schengen member is valid in all other countries that have signed va implemented the treaty.
• Please see Travelling around the Schengen Area for more information on how the scheme works, which countries are members and what the requirements are for your nationality.

Citizens of Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, Israel, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Panama, Paraguay, San Marino, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, Taiwan and Uruguay, as well as British Nationals (Overseas), bor permitted to work in France without the need to obtain a visa or any further authorisation for the period of their 90 day visa-free stay. All other visa-exempt nationals are exempt from holding a visa for short-term employment if they possess a valid work permit, with limited exceptions. However, this ability to work visa-free does not necessarily extend to other Schengen countries. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun tashrif buyuring this webpage of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Foreign nationals who are emas visa-exempt (e.g. South Africans) must make a 'declaration of entry' (déclaration d'entrée) at a police station or to border inspection personnel if they arrive in France directly from another country of the Schengen Area (e.g. Italiya), unless they hold a long-term visa or residence permit issued by a Schengen member state. Their passports will be endorsed by the authorities to prove that such a declaration has been made. This government webpage (in French) provides more information.

If you intend to stay in France for longer than 90 days, regardless of purpose, an advance long-stay visa is har doim required of non-EEA or non-Swiss citizens. It is almost impossible to switch from a "C" (visitor) entry status to a "D" (long-stay) status from inside France.

As of 2009, certain categories of long-stay visa, such as "visitor" (visiteur), family (vie privée et familiale), "student" (étudiant), "salaried worker" (salarié), and "short-term worker" (travailleur temporaire), do not require persons to obtain a separate residence permit (carte de séjour) for the first year of the stay in France. However, the long-stay visa must be validated by the OFII within three months of entering France. This is done by sending in a form to the OFII received along with the visa with the address of residence in France, completing a medical examination, and attending an introductory meeting to validate the visa. As of 2013, the tax paid to OFII must now be paid at the consulate where the visa is obtained. The validated visa will serve as a residence permit and, likewise, allow travel throughout the other Schengen countries for up to 90 days in a 6 month period. After the first year, however, and for many other visa categories which state carte de séjour à solliciter dès l'arrivée, a carte de séjour is required. Consult the OFII for more information.

French overseas departments and territories are emas part of the Schengen Area and operate a separate immigration regime to metropolitan France.

Samolyotda

Flights to/from Paris

The main international airport, Roissy - Charles de Gaulle (CDG ^IATA), is likely to be your port of entry if you fly into France from outside Europe. CDG is the main intercontinental hub for national airline Air France. AF and the companies forming the SkyTeam Alliance (KLM, Aeroméxico, Alitalia, Delta Air Lines, Korean Air, Saudia) use Terminal 2, as do Oneworld airlines, while most Star Alliance airlines use Terminal 1. A third terminal is used mainly for charter and some low-costs flights. If transferring through CDG (especially between the various terminals) it is important to leave substantial time between flights. Ensure you have no less than one hour between transfers. Add more if you have to change terminals as you will need to clear through security. For transfers within CDG you can use the free train shuttle linking all terminals, train stations, parking lots and hotels in the airport.

Transfers to another flight in France: AF operates domestic flights from CDG too, but a lot of domestic flights, and also some internal European flights, use Orly (ORY ^IATA), the second Paris airport. For transfers to Orly there is a bus link operated by AF (free for AF passengers). The two airports are also linked by a local train (RER) which is slightly less expensive, runs faster but is much more cumbersome to use with heavy luggage.

AF, Corsair, Emirates, Qatar Airways have agreements with SNCF, the national rail company, which operates TGVs services, serving CDG airport (some trains even carry flight numbers). The TGV station is in Terminal 2 and is on the route of the free shuttle. For transfers to the city centre of Paris, see Parij.

Some low-cost airlines, including Ryanair and Volare, fly to Beauvais airport situated about 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Paris. Buses to Paris are provided by the airlines. Check schedules and fares on their websites.

Flights to/from regional airports

Many airports outside Paris have flights to/from international destinations: among the most served are Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Nice, Toulouse, they have flights to cities in western Europe and North Africa; these airports are hubs to smaller airports in France and may be useful to avoid the transfer between the two Paris airports. Two airports, Basel-Mulhouse and Geneva, are shared by France and Switzerland and can allow entry into either country.

Regional airports in France also have long-haul flights from these cities:

• Dubai: Lyon (Emirates), Nice (Emirates)
• Montreal: Bordeaux (Air Transat), Marseille (Air Transat), Lyon (Air Canada, Air Transat), Nantes (Air Transat), Nice (Air Canada Rouge, Air Transat), Toulouse (Air Transat)
• New York City: Nice (Delta Air Lines)
• Toronto: Marseille (Air Transat)

Qayiqda

The coast at Quiberon, Brittany

France is served by numerous services from England to France:

• P&O feribotlari - operate freight and passenger services from Dover ga Calais.
• DFDS Seaways - operate freight and passenger services from Dover ga Dunkirk.
• LD Lines - operate freight and passenger services from Portsmouth ga Le Havr.
• Brittany Ferries - operate freight and passenger services from Portsmouth ga Caen, CherbourgvaSt Malo, from Poole ga Cherbourg and from Plimut ga Roscoff.
• Condor Ferries - operate freight and passenger services from Portsmouth ga Cherbourg, Poole ga St Malo va Weymouth ga St Malo.

Prices vary considerably depending on which route you choose. Generally the cheapest route is the short sea route across the English Channel which is Dover ga Calais, so it is worth comparing prices before you decide which is the most suitable route to France.

Passengers travelling from Dover by ferry to France go through French passport/identity card checks in the UK before boarding, rather than on arrival in France. Passengers travelling from all other UK ports to France go through French passport/identity card checks on arrival in France.

There are also connections from Ireland to France:

• Brittany Ferries - operate ferry services from Cork ga Roscoff
• Celtic Link Ferries - operate ferry services from Rosslar ga Cherbourg
• Irish Ferries - operate ferry services from Rosslar ga Cherbourg and from Rosslar ga Roscoff

Poyezdda

Shuningdek qarang: Rail travel in France

The French rail company, SNCF, as well as many other companies (sometimes in cooperation with SNCF), provide direct service from most European countries using regular as well as high speed poezdlar.

• TGVs between Paris, Metz and Luxembourg, as well as TGV between Brussels and France (except Paris) are operated by SNCF
• TGVs between Paris, Lille, Calais and Ebbsfleet, Ashford and London in the UK, through the Channel Tunnel (also called Chunnel by some), are operated by Eurostar
• TGVs between Paris, Lille, Belgium, Netherlands and northwest Germany (Cologne, Essen) are operated by Thalys
• High speed trains between France and South Germany (Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich) are operated by Alleo^{[o'lik havola]}, with either a SNCF TGV or a Deutsche Bahn ICE, and bilingual crew from both countries.
• TGVs between France and Switzerland are operated by Lyria
• TGVs between France and Italy are operated by TGV France Italie
• TGVs between France and Barcelona/Madrid are operated by Elipsos, with either a SNCF TGV or a RENFE AVE, and bilingual crew.
• Night trains between Paris, Dijon and Italy are operated by Thello
• Day trains between Marseille and Milan (via Nice) are operated by Thello as well
• Night trains between Moscow and Paris operated by the russian RZD run weekly, they stop en-route in Belarus (Minsk), Poland (Warsaw, Poznan) and Germany (Berlin, Erfurt)
• Night trains between Moscow and Nice operated by the Russian company RZD run weekly, they stop en-route in Belarus (Minsk), Poland (Warsaw, Katowice), Austria (Vienna, Linz, Innsbruck) and Italy
• Upon reservation, you can take your velosiped with you in night trains and single-deck TGV's.

Avtobusda

Shuningdek qarang: Intercity buses in France, Intercity buses in Germany

Several companies operate between France and the rest of Europe:

• Eurolines
• ouibus
• Megabus
• Flixbus

Mashinada

Several weekends throughout the year in France are known as 'Black Saturday' (Samedi noir) because of the start or end of school holidays and the coinciding traffic jams on French roads caused by thousands of tourists travelling to and from their holiday destinations. When possible it is wise to avoid these days. For traffic reports, see the website of the French traffic service .

Ridesharing, or carpooling, is very popular in France. Websites such as BlaBlaCar allow drivers with empty seats to safely connect with passengers looking for a ride.

Shuningdek qarang: Driving in France.

From the United Kingdom

In the Channel Tunnel vehicle car

The Channel Tunnel provides a rail / road connection between South East England and France. Shuttle trains operated by Eurotunnel carry vehicles from Folkestone yilda Kent ga Calais (Xot-de-Frans) in 35 minutes, though you only spend about 20 minutes in the tunnel itself. Passengers remain with their vehicles for the duration, with trips to the toilet allowed. Fares start at £23 one way and can be booked online months in advance, though it is entirely possible to 'turn up and go' without a reservation, at a cost of course! The terminal on the British side is in Cheriton, 3 mi (4.8 km) outside Folkestone, and directly accessible from junction 11a of the M20 motorway, about 70 mi (110 km) from London. Passengers undergo French passport/identity card and customs checks and British exit checks before departure. On arrival at Calais, you can drive straight on to the A16 (E402) motorway which heads towards Parij in one direction and Belgiya in the other. Mainland Europe drives on the right and uses the metric system for distance and speed limit measures. In the reverse direction, you will go through British passport control in France before driving onto the train.

See the 'By boat' section above for information on car ferries to France from the Birlashgan Qirollik va Irlandiya.

Velosipedda

Bicycles may be taken on car ferries and on Eurotunnel shuttle trains. They may also be carried on aeroplanes, though you should consult your airline beforehand: bikes often count as "oversized luggage" and there is sometimes an extra charge to check them in. You may also be asked to partially dismantle your bicycle, but this policy will vary from carrier to carrier. Eurostar allows folding bikes on all its trains, and offers a more restricted service for other bikes, but has quite strict and specific rules that are worth reading up on before you travel.

From London

The adventurous (and fit!) may want to try cycling between two great capitals - London and Paris. The Avenue Verte follows high quality bike trails all the way from the London Eye to Notre Dame, passing through beautiful countryside on both sides of the Channel. Highlights of the 406 km (252 mile) journey include the Janubiy Downs' rolling chalk hills, the ferry crossing between Nyukaven va Dieppe, and the rich farmland of Normandy. The itinerary is fully signposted all the way, and its accompanying website gives a detailed breakdown of the route, its points of interest and practical information such as places to rest, eat and sleep the night. Count on at least four days in the saddle, depending how fit you are and how you pace yourself. As there is plenty to see and do en route, there's no rush!

Tramvay orqali

The Strasburg tram system inaugurated a cross-border link to the German town of Kehl in 2017. There is another cross-border link under construction between Basel in Switzerland and Saint Louis in France. While the German-French border imposes no problems, as both countries are EU members, going to/from Switzerland, you are leaving (or entering) the EU and thus crossing a customs border with the limits on imports that implies and there may be customs checks. However, Switzerland is in the Schengen Area so those with no goods to declare shouldn't worry.

Atrofga boring

Samolyotda

The following carriers offer domestic flights within France:

1. Air France has the biggest domestic network in France
2. HOP!, a subsidiary of Air France, operates domestic flights with smaller aircrafts than Air France
3. easyJet, a low-cost airline, has the second biggest domestic network in France
4. Ryanair, an Irish low-cost airline, serves mainly secondary airports
5. Volotea has a network of domestic flights
6. Air Corsica links Corsica with mainland France
7. Twin Jet operates domestic flights with 19-seat Beech 1900D aircrafts
8. Hex'Air operates flights between Paris-Orly and Lourdes, using 19-seat Beech 1900D aircrafts
9. Eastern Airways operates domestic flights between Lyon and Lorient
10. Chalair Aviation has a limited network of domestic flights, using mainly 19-seat Beech 1900D aircrafts
11. Heli Securite (Cannes (Croisette Heliport), Nice (Cote D'Azur Airport))

Mashinada

Shuningdek qarang:Driving in France

Driving in France

France has a well-developed system of highways. Most of the motorway (autoroute) network is made up of toll roads. Some have a single toll station giving you access to a section, others have entrance and exit toll stations at every junction. Upon entering a tolled section of a road, you must collect an entry ticket from a machine which records the point on the road you started at and ensures you only pay for the distance you travel. Be careful not to lose your entrance ticket or you will be charged for the longest possible distance. All toll stations accept major credit cards although they may not accept foreign credit cards. It is also possible to use the automatic booth, but only if your card is equipped with a special chip.

Roads range from the narrow single-carriageway lanes found in the countryside to major highways. Most towns and cities were built before the general availability of the automobile and thus city centres tend to be unwieldy for cars. Keep this in mind when renting: large cars can be very unwieldy. It often makes sense to just park and then use public transportation.

A French driver flashing headlights is asserting right of way and warning you of intentions and presence. Do not use it to mean thanks. Flashing headlights can also mean, "Watch out as there's a police speed-check ahead of you!" Horns should be used only in legitimate emergencies; use of the horn in urban areas outside such circumstances might win you a traffic ticket. Parisian drivers were notorious for honking their horns at anything and everything, though increased enforcement has greatly reduced this practice.

Don't forget that, in France and the rest of continental Europe, they drive on the right!

Renting a car

Once you arrive in France you may need to use car hire services. Most of the leading companies operate from French airports and it is advisable to book car hire in advance. It is a common experience at smaller French airports to not get the type of car you booked online but an alternative model. Sometimes the alternative model is quite different so check carefully before accepting the vehicle and stand your ground if it does not match your booking request and is not suitable to your needs.

Most cars in France are equipped with standard transmissions (voiture à boîte manuelle / mécanique), a fact that derives equally from the preferences of the driving public and the peculiarities of French licensing laws. Automatic transmissions (voiture à boîte automatique) are generally only used by the elderly or those with physical disabilities. This extends to vehicle categories that in other countries (read: the US) are virtually never equipped with a manual transmission, such as vans and large sedans. Accordingly, virtually all of the vehicles available for rent at the average car hire will be equipped with a manual gearbox. If you do not know how to drive a car with a manual transmission and don't have the time to learn before your trip, be certain to reserve your rental car well in advance and confirm your reservation. Otherwise, you may find yourself in a car that is much larger than you can afford (or with no car at all).

It is a good tip when travelling in numbers to get one member of the party with hand luggage to go straight through to the car hire desk ahead of everybody else, this will avoid the crush once the main luggage is picked up from the conveyor.

Bosh barmog'i bilan

France is a good country for hitchhiking. Be patient, prepare yourself for a long wait or walk and in the meantime enjoy the landscape. A ride will come along. People who stop are usually friendly and not dangerous. They will like you more if you speak a little French. They never expect any money for the ride.

Remember that getting out of Paris by thumb is almost impossible. You can try your luck at the portes (city gates), but heavy traffic and limited areas for stopping will try your patience. It's a good idea to take the local train to a nearby suburb as your chance of being picked up will increase dramatically.

Outside Paris, it's advisable to try your luck by roundabouts. As it's illegal to hitchhike on the motorways (autoroutes) and they are well observed by the police, you may try at a motorway junction.

The greatest chance is at toll plazas (stations de péage), some of which require all cars to stop and are thus great places to catch a lift. If you've been waiting for a while with an indication of where to go, drop it and try with your thumb only. You can also try to get a ride to the next good spot in the wrong direction. However, while hitching from a péage is a common practice, it is illegal. French police or highway security, who are normally very tolerant of hitchhikers, may stop and force you to leave. You can get free maps in the toll offices - these also indicate where you can find the "all-stop-Péage".

By shared ride

Blablacar has a quasi-monopoly in France, but it is still a convenient, economical and efficient way to see the country. Prices for distances are below the ones of the train and buses, about €8-10 per 100 km. Between the largest cities you will find many options, some starting in the centre, others just going by the highway—checkout the exact meeting point before committing to a booking. BlaBlaCar has a rating system and the rides are very reliable.

Poyezdda

Main article: Rail travel in France

A TGV crossing the Cize-Bolozon viaduct over the Ain river

Trains are a great way to get around in France. You can get from pretty much anywhere to anywhere else by train. For long distances, use the TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, yoki High-speed train) on which reservations are obligatory. But if you have time, take the slow train and enjoy the scenery. The landscape is part of what makes France one of the top tourist destinations in the world. Like many things in France, the TGV network is focused on Paris to an almost ridiculous degree, and you may be out of luck when searching for a fast connection between secondary cities. Quite often a considerable detour via the Paris region can be faster than the direct train would be. Usually, if you need to change trains, you can do so at one of three out of town TGV stations: Massy, Marne-la-Vallée yoki Charles de Gaulle Airport, which are on a connection line linking the northern, eastern, south-eastern and south-western high-speed lines, but it is still sometimes necessary to change in central Paris. However, the capital has several terminus stations, which are not linked by mainline rail, so you'll likely have to use the RER or metro to transfer from one train to another.

The French national railway network is managed by SNCF Réseaux, a branch of the nationalised company SNCF (Société nationale des chemins de fer français). The SNCF is the butt of jokes about delays and industrial action, but it actually offers a reliable, punctual service on the two days a year there are no strikes on.

For regional trains, schedules can be found at ter.sncf.com (choose your region, then "Carte and horaires" for maps and timetables). Booking is available in two classes: première classe (first class) is less crowded and more comfortable but can also be about 50% more expensive than deuxième classe (second class).

The SNCF website Gares & Connexions provides live train schedules, keeping you informed about platform numbers and delays. This information is also available on smartphones via the free application SNCF.

There are a number of different kinds of high speed and normal trains:

• TER (Train Express Régional): Regional trains form the backbone of the SNCF system. TER are sometimes slower but do serve most stations. Available on Eurail va InterRail passes.
• Intercités
• TGV (Trains à Grande Vitesse): The world-famous French high-speed trains run several times a day from Paris to the south-east Yaxshi (5-6h), Marseille (3h) and Avignon (2.5 h), the east Jeneva (3h) or Lozanna, Shveytsariya va Dijon (1h15), the south-west Bordo (3h), the west Rennes (2h), Nant (2h), Brest (4h) and the north Lille (1h). Eurostar to London (2h15) and Thalys to Brussels (1h20) use almost identical trains. Reservations are compulsory.
• Night train services (Intercités de Nuit) include couchettes second class (6 bunk beds in a compartment), first class (4 bunks) and reclining seats. You can ask for a "private room" (in first class). Night trains have been gradually phased out, and there were only a handful of them still in service in 2015.

Booking online

Booking tickets online can be quite a confusing process: SNCF does not sell tickets online by itself, and it is possible to book the same journey through a number of different travel agencies websites (in different languages and currencies). The fares for journeys inside France are the same with every travel agency.

• Voyages-sncf.com French language booking website by Expedia and the SNCF. It can get sometimes confusing, and is known to hardly work when you try to buy a ticket from abroad or with a non-French credit card. Be careful: you will need the credit card that has been used for payment to retrieve your tickets from the ticket machines. If you don't have it, your tickets will be lost, and you will need to buy new tickets.
• Trainline French, English, German, Spanish and Italian language booking website. It aims to be as easy to use as possible. Unlike "Voyages SNCF", you don't need your credit card to retrieve the tickets, only the reservation number and the last name entered for reservation. You can pay with Visa, MasterCard, American Express or Paypal. Tickets can be printed or downloaded on your mobile phone or Apple watch or Android watch.
• RailEurope are booking agencies owned by the SNCF. Fares will often be more expensive on these sites than on the "official" sites, but they are generally easier to use than the SNCF sites.

Beware: To avoid any form of fraud, your ticket must be punched by an automatic machine ("composteur") before entering the platform area to be valid. The machines are situated at the entrance of all platforms. Biroq, e-Billet electronic tickets do not have to be punched: in doubt, punch it anyway, you won't be fined for punching an e-Billet.

French information booths, especially in larger train stations, can be quite unhelpful, especially if you do not understand much French. If something does not seem to make sense, just say "excusez-moi" and they should repeat it.

It is cheaper to book and purchase train tickets, especially those with reservations, in advance.

Avtobusda

Shuningdek qarang: Intercity buses in France

There is no single national bus service. Buses used to be limited to local mass transit or departmental/regional service. However, a market liberalization (similar to that in Germany) has meant that long distance buses are now allowed to run everywhere in France and prices can be quite low, especially when booked in advance. However, journey time and comfort tend to be worse than on the train.

The tourist information will often recommend the train before the bus, even though there are often many options to choose from. Be insistent when asking for the bus there, and they will hand you a local long distance bus time table.

On local/city buses always validate your ticket if necessary, especially the card-like tickets with magnet-band.

By bicycle

Main article: Cycling in France

France is not a particularly cyclist-friendly country (unlike, say, the Netherlands), but the situation is improving: more cycle paths are being built and about 40 cities have a bike-sharing system.

Beware of bike thieves. If you have to park your bike in the street, make sure to lock it properly, particularly in larger cities and at night. Avoid using the cable-locks that can be cut within seconds, instead use U-shaped locks, chains or folding locks. Lock your bike to a solid fixed support like a U-Rack. Lock the frame (not only the wheels) and make sure that your wheels cannot be removed without a more-determined thief with tools.

Qarang

The cathedral at Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, Northeastern France

If your first thought of France is the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe or the smile on the Mona Lisa, you're thinking of Paris. Paris, the "City of Light" and the capital of romance has been a travellers' magnet for centuries, hosting intellectuals who drank coffee in its lively cafés and dancers and jazz musicians who performed for them in the historic bars and nightclubs of Montmartre. But there is much more to France than Paris. France is full of gorgeous villages in the countryside; there are splendid châteaux, especially in the Loire Valley, and you can also find areas of lavender fields or vineyards as far as the eye can see. It is impossible to cover all of France's sights and attractions, but we present a summary below and more details are in city and region guides.

The French countryside

Some 156 villages have been identified as the most beautiful in France, or "Les Plus Beaux Villages de France". Numerous villages are dotted with medieval villages and castles.

The Alps va Pyrenees, with their many winter sports resorts, possess lush river valleys, dense forests and huge stretches of farmland and vineyards.

The western region of Brittany boasts many megalithic monuments such as those near Carnac.

The beaches of Normandy, also on the Atlantic coast, are famed for the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944. Although the humbling cemeteries and countless museums, memorials and wartime remains keep memory of those dark days alive, the region is now a pleasant and popular destination. Its picturesque coastline includes both long stretches of beach and steep limestone cliffs, such as those near Étretat). The region is also home to the splendid and World Heritage-listed Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay.

The lush hills of the Dordogne are pockmarked with caves, many of which house treasure troves of prehistoric art. The area is also famous for its castles, with over 1,500 of them.

Châteaux

The rolling riverine landscape of the Loire Valley is home to many great châteaux, of which Amboise, Villandry, Azay-le-Rideau, Chambord va Chenonceau are some of the finest examples. The Château d'Angers is also important for the fantastic Tapestries of the Apocalypse, the largest and best preserved series of 14th-century tapestries in the world.

There are also châteaux in Île-de-France, including the famous Château de Versailles, the former royal court of the Sun King, Louis XIV, and Vaux-le-Vicomte, which it was based on. Chantilly, north of Paris, is home to another château which has an excellent art collection.

Ibodat uylari

Just north of Paris, Saint-Denis is where the first Gothic cathedral was built, and though its style is now eclectic from later additions, it's still well worth visiting. Other famous cathedrals in France include those at Chartres, Reims, Rouen (famously painted in several kinds of light by Monet), Amiens, Bourges, Strasburg va Sens, and it's well worth your while to emulate centuries of French pilgrims and visitors by visiting these awe-inspiring houses of worship. Notre Dame de Parij is damaged for now, but you can see the intact Sainte-Chapelle, which though much smaller is comparably lovely. Also worth special note is the tiny town and impressive Romanesque/Gothic cathedral of Vézelay, a traditional point of departure for the Avliyo Jeyms yo'li to the Spanish Cathedral of Santyago de Kompostela.

Though many of France's most famous houses of worship are Medieval, all intervening styles are also represented, and one highlight in Alpes-Maritimes in the south, just outside the centre of the small city of Vence, is the Chapelle du Rosaire des Dominicaines, which was completely designed by the Modernist artist, Henri Matisse.

Art museums

At the Louvre you can see possibly the world's most famous painting...

The grandeur and fame of the Musée du Louvre yilda Parij can hardly be matched by any other museum in the world. It boasts a fabulous collection of art from antiquity to the 19th century and is home of the Mona Lisa and many other renowned works.

The Musée d'Orsay is another world class museum that picks up roughly where the Louvre's collections ends. It's in an old railway station and houses the national collection of art works from 1848 to 1914. Its excellent collection includes some of the best French Impressionist, post-Impressionist and Art Nouveau works, including Degas' ballerinas and Monet's water-lilies.

The Musée National d'Art Moderne yilda Centre Pompidou, still in France's capital, is the largest museum for modern art in Europe.

The Tasviriy san'at muzeyi yilda Lion has an excellent collection varying from ancient Egypt antiquities to Modern art paintings and sculptures.

In Lille you'll find the Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, one of the country's largest museums. Its varied collection is the second largest after the Louvre and boasts everything from antiquities to modern art.

Smaller, but still outstanding, are the collections of the Musée Fabre yilda Monpele, Musée Toulouse-Lautrec yilda Albi va Picasso Museum in Paris. Marsel has many galleries and the Musée Cantini has a good collection of modern art associated with Marseille as well as several works by Picasso. Fondation Maeght houses modern art too and is situated in Saint-Paul de Vence.

Parks & natural attractions

Disneyland Resort Paris is by far France's most popular park, visited by families from all over the world.

Vanoise National Park is the oldest and one of the largest parks, named after the Vanoise massif. Its highest peak is the Grande Casse at 3,855 m.

The impressive natural landscapes of Parc national des Pyrénées are right on the southern border of France and extend well into Ispaniya. The whole area is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. In the French part, the glacial cirques of Gavarnie, Estaubé and Troumouse are some of the best sights, as is the wall of Barroud.

The again mountainous Cévennes National Park covers parts, Oksitaniya (including the popular Ardèche) va Auvergene-Rhône-Alpes regions. The park's main offices are in the castle of Florac, but there are towns all over the park. Donkey rides are available and the cave formation of Aven Armand is one of the park's best sights.

Not yet under a protected status, but highly popular, is Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Europe and attractive for climbing, hiking and skiing. From the French side, it is mostly explored from Chamonix, a well known resort at the foot of the mountain.

Qil

Place du Général de Gaulle, Lille

There's a plethora of activities for the budding traveller to engage in. Some suggestions include the following:

• Go to the top of the Eiffel Tower yilda Parij
• Stroll grand Parisian Boulevards
• Toqqa Montmartre Hill in Parij
• See the Gothic monuments on the Île de la Cité, in particular the Sainte-Chapelle va Notre-Dame
• See some of the world-famous art in the Louvre, or visit the equally stunning Musée d'Orsay, installed in a former railway terminus
• See the modern architecture in the business district of La Defense
• See the Science Museum in Villette Park, and the other odd attractions assembled there
• Stroll an old train viaduct on the Promenade Plantée in Parij
• See the stunning, but crowded, Versailles Palace
• Ride the TGV, the train which holds the speed record for a conventional (wheel-on-rails) train, from Parij ga Lion, Marsel, Strasburg yoki Lille.
• See the "D-Day beaches" of Normandy and their museums
• Climb to the top of Mont Saint Michel
• O'rganing Chartres Cathedral
• See the quaintness of the Alsace
• Sunbathe on the beaches of the French Riviera
• Climb the Dune du Pilat, in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
• See the decorations of Stanislas Square (Place Stanislas) in Nancy

Mumtoz musiqa

Just like in neighbouring Germany, Italy and Austria, France has one of the world's strongest classical music traditions. French composers such as Lully, Rameau, Berlioz, Fauré, Gounod, Debussy, Bizet, Saint-Saëns, Ravel, Massenet, Delibes and Messiaen are generally well-known among classical music circles, and even to some members of the general public. Even if you have never heard of them, chances are you are already familiar with some of their pieces, which are commonly quoted in advertising, film scores and even modern pop music.

Even though Ballet originated during the days of the Italian Renaissance, France played a very important role in the development of the art form, and to this day, many modern-day terms used by ballerinas originate from French. The Paris Opera Ballet is one of the most famous ballet companies in the world, along with the Royal Ballet in London, the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, and the Mariinsky Ballet in Sankt-Peterburg. Competition for admission into the Opera Ballet is extremely fierce.

French opera is widely revered throughout Europe. Unlike in the rest of Europe, Italian opera never gained a foothold in France, which instead developed its own unique operatic tradition. One such style is the grand opéra, which combines opera and ballet into a single performance. Another style is operetta, developed by Jacques Offenbach, which combines elements of comedy, light-hearted music, and humour. Not only have French composers contributed to the development of French opera, but so have foreign composers such as Gluck, Rossini, Verdi, and Meyerbeer.

Mamlakatdagi eng taniqli Opera uylari orasida quyidagilar mavjud:

• Parij operasi - joylashgan mamlakatning asosiy opera va balet kompaniyasi Parij.
• Bordoning katta teatri - joylashgan eng qadimiy opera teatrlaridan biri Bordo.

Tomoshabinlar sporti

2017 yilgi "Tour de France" ning so'nggi o'yini

Shubhasiz, Frantsiyadagi eng mashhur tomoshabop jamoaviy sport turlari (garchi bu tartibda bo'lmasa ham) regbi ittifoqi, futbol va (Evropa / jamoaviy / olimpiada) gandbol ham kuchli ichki raqobat, ham oltita millat, jahon kubogi va Evropa chempionatida g'olib bo'lgan va odatda global darajada hisoblanadigan milliy tomon bilan.

Velosiped sporti Frantsiyada yana bir mashhur sport turi bo'lib, butun mamlakat bo'ylab yil davomida ko'plab professional musobaqalar bo'lib o'tmoqda. The "Tour de France", velosipedning eng nufuzli musobaqasi har iyulda uch hafta davomida bo'lib o'tadi. Musobaqada Frantsiya bo'ylab yo'llar bo'ylab 21 kunlik bir qator bosqichlar mavjud va odatda 3500 km. Tur har doim Parijdagi Yelisey Champesida tugashiga qaramay, u erga boradigan aniq yo'nalish har yili o'zgarib turadi. Musobaqaning boshlanishi sifatida tanilgan Buyuk qism, Frantsiya bo'ylab va g'arbiy Evropa atrofida bo'lib o'tadigan karnaval ishi. Ekskursiyani barcha bosqichlarida tomosha qilish bepul va juda qulay. Uni sahna shaharchalarida va uning eng hayajonli uchastkalarida tomosha qilish yaxshi: tekis sahnaning oxirida ommaviy sprintlar, toshli toshlar va atmosfera eng katta bo'lgan tog 'ko'tarilishlari.

Sotib oling

Ta'til

Ko'plab frantsuzlar ta'tilga avgust oyida kirishadi. Natijada, sayyohlik zonalaridan tashqarida, avgust oyining ayrim qismlarida kichik do'konlarning ko'pi (qassob do'konlari, novvoyxonalar ...) yopiladi. Bu ko'plab korporatsiyalarga ham, shifokorlarga ham tegishli. Shubhasiz, sayyohlik joylarida, ayniqsa, iyul va avgust oylari sayyohlar kelganda do'konlar ochiq bo'ladi. Aksincha, o'sha oylarda va Pasxa dam olish kunlari ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylar juda gavjum bo'ladi.

Ba'zi diqqatga sazovor joylar, ayniqsa qishloq joylarida, sayyohlik mavsumidan tashqarida ish vaqti yaqin yoki qisqartirilgan.

Tog'li hududlar ikki turistik mavsumga ega: qishda, chang'i, qor poyabzali va qor bilan bog'liq boshqa tadbirlar, yozda esa diqqatga sazovor joylar va sayr qilish.

Pul

Frantsiya evro, boshqa bir qancha Evropa davlatlari singari. Bir evro 100 sentga bo'lingan. Evroning rasmiy belgisi €, ISO kodi esa EUR. Tsent uchun rasmiy belgi yo'q.

Ushbu umumiy valyutadagi barcha banknotalar va tangalar barcha mamlakatlarda qonuniy to'lov vositasidir, faqat ayrimlarida past nominalli tangalar (bir va ikki tsent) bekor qilinadi. Banknotalar mamlakatlar bo'ylab bir xil ko'rinishga ega, tangalar esa teskari tomonida standart umumiy dizaynga ega bo'lib, qiymatini ifodalaydi va old tomonda milliy mamlakatga xos dizaynga ega. Shuningdek, old tomonda esdalik tangalarining turli xil dizaynlari uchun foydalanilgan. Old tomonning dizayni tanga ishlatilishiga ta'sir qilmaydi.

AQSh dollari va ingliz funti kabi ba'zi chet el valyutalari vaqti-vaqti bilan qabul qilinadi, ayniqsa sayyohlik zonalarida va yuqori darajadagi joylarda, lekin bunga ishonmaslik kerak; bundan tashqari, kassir noqulay kursni talab qilishi mumkin. Umuman olganda, do'konlar chet el valyutasidagi operatsiyalarni rad etadi.

Aksariyat korxonalar uchun narxlarni derazalarga joylashtirish majburiydir. Mehmonxonalar va restoranlarning narxlari tashqaridan ko'rinib turishi kerak (ammo ko'plab mehmonxonalar o'zlarining xonalarini to'ldirishda qiynalishlarini his qilsalar, joylashtirilgan mehmonxonalarga qaraganda arzonroq narxlarni taklif qilishadi; joylashtirilgan narxlar maksimal darajada).

Deyarli barcha do'konlar (ba'zi bir sayyohlik do'konlari va tamaki do'konlari, shu jumladan kichik mustaqil do'konlardan tashqari), restoran va mehmonxonalar CB Frantsiya debit kartasini va Visa va MasterCard xorijiy filiallarini oladi. American Express faqat yuqori darajadagi do'konlarda qabul qilinadi. Chakana sotuvchilar kartani ishlatishdan oldin minimal xarajat talab qilinadigan bo'lsa, kassaga yuborishadi. Tegishli to'lovlarni bankingizdan tekshiring (odatda banklar ulgurji banklararo valyuta kursini qo'llaydilar, bu eng yaxshi narx, lekin mutanosib va ​​/ yoki belgilangan to'lovni urishi mumkin).

Kitob do'koni Bordo

Frantsuz CB kartalarida (va CB / Visa va CB / MasterCard kartalarida) bitimlarning PIN-kod orqali tasdiqlanishiga imkon beruvchi "aqlli chip" mavjud. Frantsiyada boshlangan ushbu tizim hozirgi kunda xalqaro standartga aylandi va yangi Britaniya kartalari mos keladi. Ba'zi avtomatik chakana mashinalar (masalan, savdo chiptalari) faqat mikrochipli kartalar bilan mos kelishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, chet el kartalariga odatlanmagan kassirlar, ehtimol xorijiy Visa yoki MasterCard kartalarini siljitish va imzo olish kerakligini bilishmaydi, frantsuz mijozlari esa muntazam ravishda PIN-koddan foydalanadilar va operatsiyalarga imzo chekmaydilar. Kontaktsiz kartalarni qabul qilish ham keng tarqalmoqda.

Frantsiyada PIN-kodsiz kredit kartasidan naqd pul olishning deyarli imkoni yo'q.

Avtomatik kassalar (ATM) - bu Frantsiyada pul topishning eng yaxshi usuli. Ularning barchasi CB, Visa, MasterCard, Cirrus va Plus-ni oladi va butun Frantsiya bo'ylab juda ko'p. Ular boshqa turdagi kartalarni qabul qilishlari mumkin; kamida bitta mos keladigan bo'lsa, bankomatdagi va sizning kartangizdagi logotiplarni tekshiring (orqada, umuman). Ehtimol, ba'zi bir mashinalarda 6 xonali PIN-kodlar ishlamasligi mumkin (faqat 4 xonali) yoki ular turli xil hisoblar o'rtasida tanlov taklif qilmaydilar (tekshiruv hisobida sukut saqlanadi). Turli xil bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan amaldagi to'lovlar to'g'risida bankingiz bilan maslahatlashing (odatda banklar ulgurji banklararo valyuta kursini qo'llaydilar, bu mavjud bo'lgan eng yaxshi narx, lekin mutanosib va ​​/ yoki belgilangan to'lovni urishi mumkin; belgilangan to'lov tufayli bu odatda bir vaqtning o'zida 20 evroni emas, balki pulni katta bo'laklarga ajratib olish yaxshiroqdir). Shuningdek, amaldagi maksimal chegirmalar haqida tekshiring.

Sayohatchilarning cheklaridan foydalanish qiyin - aksariyat savdogarlar ularni qabul qilmaydilar va ularning almashinuvi ularni almashtirishni qabul qiladigan bankni qidirib topishi va ehtimol pul to'lashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.

Pochta xizmati bank vazifasini bajaradi, shuning uchun ko'pincha pochta aloqasi bo'limlarida bankomat bo'ladi. Natijada, hatto kichik shaharlarda ham chet el kartalari bilan ishlaydigan bankomatlar paydo bo'ladi.

Ayirboshlash shoxobchalari (bureaux de change) hozirgi kunda Evro paydo bo'lishi bilan kamdan-kam uchraydi - umuman olganda ular faqat Parij kabi muhim xorijiy sayyohlar tashrif buyuradigan shaharlarda uchraydi. Ba'zi banklar ko'pincha yuqori to'lovlar bilan pul almashadilar. Frantsiya Banki endi chet el valyutasini qilmaydi.

Qil Hisobingizga pul qo'ying, ustiga Cirrus yoki Plus logotipi tushirilgan bankomat kartasini va "0" dan boshlanmaydigan 4 xonali pinni olib, bankomatlardan naqd pul oling. Visa yoki MasterCard orqali kattaroq operatsiyalarni (mehmonxona, restoranlar ...) to'lang. Favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun har doim bir oz evro naqd pul olib boring.

Qilmang Chet el valyutasini yoki sayohatchilarning cheklarini olib boring va ularni yo'lda almashtiring yoki do'konlarda qabul qilinishini kuting.

Tips

Frantsiyada maslahatlar kutilmaydi, chunki xizmat to'lovlari hisob-kitobga kiritilgan. Biroq, frantsuzlar, odatda, xizmat ko'rsatish sifatidan mamnun bo'lgan taqdirda, to'lovni to'lashdan keyin qolgan kichik o'zgarishlarni yoki birdan besh evrogacha qoldiradilar.

Do'konlar

Shahar va shahar markazlarida siz har doim kichik do'konlarni, tarmoq do'konlarini (Kazino) shuningdek, vaqti-vaqti bilan do'konlar va kichik savdo markazlari. Uy-joy zonalarida ko'pincha kichik supermarketlar bo'ladi (masalan Carrefour bozori yoki Intermarche). Katta supermarketlar (gipermarxlar kabi Auchan, Karrefur, E.Leklerk, Géant Casino) asosan shaharlarning chekkalarida joylashgan va ehtimol siz mashinaga kirishingiz mumkin bo'lmaguncha foydali bo'lmaydi.

Narxlar barcha soliqlarni (ya'ni TVA yoki qo'shilgan qiymat solig'ini) o'z ichiga olgan holda ko'rsatiladi. Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lmagan davlatlar uchun "soliqsiz xaridlar" stikeri qo'yilgan ba'zi do'konlardan jo'nab ketganda qisman pulni qaytarib olishlari mumkin; ichida so'rash. TVA ko'p narsalarda 20% ni tashkil qiladi, ammo kitoblar, restoranlarda ovqatlanish va jamoat transporti kabi ba'zi narsalarda 10% va oziq-ovqat do'konlaridan sotib olingan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarida 5,5% (shirinliklardan tashqari!). Spirtli ichimliklar qayerda sotib olinganligidan qat'i nazar, har doim 20% soliqqa tortiladi.

Yemoq

Shuningdek qarang: Frantsuz oshxonasi

Lion yaqinidagi L'Auberge du Pont de Collonges ichida, 1965 yildan beri 3-Mishel yulduzli restoran va marhum yulduz oshpaz Pol Bokuzening asosiy restorani.

Xalqaro obro'si bilan yaxshi ovqatlanish, Frantsuz oshxonasi, albatta, juda yaxshi bo'lishi mumkinligini eshitib, bir necha kishi hayron qoladi. Buning tasdig'i sifatida Frantsiya bilan bog'langan Yaponiya eng ko'p Michelin yulduzli restoranlari bo'lgan mamlakat sifatida birinchi o'rin uchun. Frantsuz oshxonasi umuman YuNESKOning nomoddiy madaniy merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Afsuski, mahalliy oziq-ovqat ham umidsizlikka olib kelishi mumkin; sayyohlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan ko'plab restoranlar juda oddiy tariflarga xizmat qiladi, ba'zilari esa yopiq. To'g'ri restoranni va frantsuzlar boradigan joyni topish juda muhim - mahalliy aholidan, mehmonxonalar xodimlaridan so'rab ko'ring yoki hatto restoran ko'rsatmalaridan yoki veb-saytlaridan ko'rib chiqing, shunchaki ko'chada yurish zararli va sog'inib ketishi mumkin. Salbiy tomoni shundaki, turistik tuzoqlardan tashqarida ingliz tilida gaplashadigan ofitsiantlar joylashgan restoranni topish juda kam uchraydi, shuning uchun frantsuz tilida gaplashishga tayyor bo'ling.

Frantsiyada uch yulduzli Mishel restoranlaridan frantsuzgacha frantsuz taomlarini sinab ko'rish uchun ko'plab joylar mavjud brasseries yoki bistrotlar deyarli har bir burchakda, ayniqsa katta shaharlarda topishingiz mumkin. Umuman olganda, unutilmas taom uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyat uchun mahalliy aholi qaerda ovqat eyishga harakat qilish kerak. Ko'pgina kichik shaharlarda yoki hatto qishloqlarda ba'zan eng ishonchli ko'rsatmalarga kiritilgan mahalliy restoranlar mavjud. Darhaqiqat, ko'plab yaxshi ovqatlanish restoranlari katta shaharlarda emas, balki qishloqlarda joylashgan bo'lib, frantsuzlar ko'pincha maxsus qishloqlarda ovqatlanish uchun bu qishloqlarga borishadi. Hatto shaharlar orasida Parij ham mavjud emas frantsuzlar tomonidan eng yaxshi chiroyli ovqatlanish sahnasi deb hisoblangan; bu sharaf Lionga tegishli. Kabi maxsus mahalliy restoranlar ham mavjud bouchons lyonnais Lionda, krakerlar Bretaniyada (va Parijning Montparnas mintaqasida) va baraques à frites shimolda

Xitoy, Vetnam, Kambodja, hattoki Tailand taomlari restoranlari Parijda oddiy restoran yoki mavjud traiteurs (tez tayyorlanadigan ovqat). Frantsiyaning kichik shaharlarida ular unchalik keng tarqalgan emas va qimmatroq. Ko'pgina joylarda "italyan" restoranlari mavjud, ammo ular ko'pincha tasavvurga ega bo'lmagan pizza va makaron salonlaridan biroz ko'proq. Shuningdek, siz Marokash, Jazoir, Tunis, shuningdek yunon va livan taomlarini topasiz. Hamma joyda joylashgan gamburger barlari - AQShdagi asl nusxasi yoki ularning frantsuzcha nusxalari ham mavjud.

Frantsiyada soliqlar (restoranlarning umumiy miqdoridan 7%) va xizmat ko'rsatish (odatda 10%) har doim hisob-kitobga kiritiladi, shuning uchun mijozlar hisob-kitob summasiga qo'shadigan har qanday narsa "qo'shimcha maslahat" hisoblanadi. Reklama qilingan narxga hech qanday qo'shimchalar kiritilmasligi kerak, bunday qo'shimchalarni shubha ostiga qo'yishdan qo'rqmang. Frantsuzlar, odatda, xizmatdan mamnun bo'lsa, bitta yoki ikkita tanga qoldiradilar, ammo bu majburiy emas. Non va musluk suvi har doim bepul, idish-tovoq uchun qo'shimcha narx olinmasligi kerak.

Belgilangan narx menyusida kamdan-kam hollarda ichimliklar mavjud. Agar siz suv istasangiz, ofitsiantlar sizga mineral suv yoki gazlangan suvni yuqori narxda sotishga harakat qilishadi; so'rang grafin d'eau ichish bepul va xavfsiz bo'lgan musluk suvi uchun. Suv hech qachon unda so'ralmasa muz bilan birga keladi va muzli suv bo'lmasligi mumkin.

Boshqa mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, restoranlarda ham ichimliklar katta foyda keltiradi. Sharob supermarketdagidan ancha qimmatga tushishini kuting.

Buyurtma yoki belgilangan narx menyusidan (menyu tuzatish) yoki alakart.

Odatiy belgilangan narx menyusi quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

• chaqirdi kiruvchilar yoki hors d'œuvres
• a deb nomlangan asosiy taom plat [bosh direktor]
• shirinlik (shirin) yoki pishloq (yoshdan)

Ba'zan, restoranlar arzonlashtirilgan narxlarda uchta kursdan atigi ikkitasida qatnashish imkoniyatini taklif qilishadi.

Qahva har doim oxirgi qadam sifatida xizmat qiladi, ammo undan keyin likyorlar kelishi mumkin. Agar boshqacha talab qilinmasa, kofe har doim qora rangda beriladi. Oq kofe uchun so'rang café au lait. Ovqatlanish paytida kofe uchun so'rov g'alati hisoblanadi.

Hamma restoranlar ham tushlik, ham kechki ovqat uchun ochiq emas, balki butun yil davomida har doim ham ochiq emas. Shuning uchun ochilish vaqtlari va kunlarini diqqat bilan tekshirish tavsiya etiladi. Tushlik uchun ochilgan restoran odatda peshin vaqtida xizmatni boshlaydi va soat 13:30 gacha mijozlarni qabul qiladi. Kechki ovqat soat 19:30 atrofida boshlanadi va homiylar soat 21: 30gacha qabul qilinadi. Xizmat soatlari uzoqroq bo'lgan restoranlarni odatda faqat katta shaharlarda va shahar markazlarida topish mumkin. Shanba va ayniqsa yakshanba kunlari ochiq restoran topish qiyin, agar siz sayyohlik zonalari yaqinida bo'lmasangiz.

O'rtacha miqdordagi restoranlarda, ayniqsa, sayyohlik zonalaridan tashqarida, bron majburiy bo'lib, odamlar hatto restoran to'liq sig'magan bo'lsa ham, mehmonxonalarsiz olib qo'yilishi mumkin. Shu sababli, potentsial ovqatlanish joylarini oldindan o'rganish va umidsizlikka tushmaslik uchun kerakli rezervasyonlarni amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa, siz ko'rib chiqayotgan restoran yo'riqnomalarda maxsus tavsiya etilgan bo'lsa.

Ikki kishilik 2-3 kurslik tushlik menyu shu jumladan sharob va kofe o'rtacha narxda (2018 yilga kelib) o'rtacha 30-50 evroga tushadi. Kechki ovqatdagi asosiy taom odatdagi restoranda 15-30 evroga, ichimliklar bilan ikki kishilik odatdagi kechki ovqat esa 50-110 evroga teng bo'ladi. Mahalliy pivo bilan bir xil bistro yoki a krepi 35-55 evro atrofida. Siz, albatta, ko'proq mablag 'sarflashingiz mumkin.

Parij va asosiy shaharlar tashqarisida narxlar har doim ham arzon emas, ammo menyuda ko'pincha to'rtinchi taom, odatda pishloq mavjud. Hamma joyda bo'lgani kabi, sayohat qilish joylari atrofida sayyohlik tuzoqlaridan ehtiyot bo'ling va ular chiroyli ko'rinishga ega bo'lishi mumkin, ammo sizning plastinangizda esda tutish juda muhimdir.

Restoran odob-axloq qoidalari

Frantsuz ofitsiantlari qo'pol muomalaga ega, ammo bu asosan noloyiq. Sizga xaridor sifatida nafratlanishini namoyish qilish uchun har qanday ko'rinishga boradigan bir nechta yomon tuxumlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, qo'pollik haqidagi aksariyat tushunchalar shunchaki Frantsuz madaniy me'yoridan farq qiluvchi xizmat ko'rsatishni kutayotgan sayohatchilarga tegishli.

Boshqa ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlardan ba'zi muhim farqlar mavjud. Fransiyada mijoz birinchi bo'lib kelmaydi. Siz emas har doim to'g'ri, sizning har bir injiqlik qiladi emas indulatsiyaga to'g'ri kelishi kerak, va siz qancha pul sarflasangiz emas sizni xonada boshqalarga ustun xizmat ko'rsatish huquqini beradi. Frantsiyadagi restoranlarning aksariyati xususiy mulk egalari bo'lgan mustaqillardir, bu barcha mulkiy g'ururga olib keladi; Siz xaridor sifatida restavrator uyida vaqtinchalik mehmon bo'lishingizdan boshqa narsa emassiz. Demak, siz odobli bo'lsangiz va bir nechta uy qoidalariga amal qilsangiz, sizga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishadi. Xatolar yuz berganda kamtarlik va hazil tuyg'usi bu o'yinda ikkalasi ham uzoq yo'l tutishi mumkin!

Biror restoranga kelganingizda, stolingizda ko'rsatilishi uchun eshik oldida kuting. Sizni taklif qilmasdan o'tirish ko'pincha o'zboshimchalik deb qabul qilinadi va hatto aytolmasdan noto'g'ri oyoqqa tushib ketishingizga olib kelishi mumkin. bonjur. Biron bir sababga ko'ra ovqatni almashtirishni so'rash g'ayrioddiy va uni oshpazning pishishiga tanqid sifatida qarash mumkin. Agar sizga qandaydir taom qanday tayyorlanishi yoqmasa yoki tarkibidagi biron bir narsani yeyish imkoni bo'lmasa, boshqa narsani buyurtma qiling. To'liq menyu har bir restoran eshigiga joylashtirilganining sababi bor, ya'ni odamlarga u erda ovqatlanish majburiyatini olishdan oldin taklif etilayotgan narsalar to'g'risida tasavvurga ega bo'lish. Ovqatlanish paytida tirsaklaringizni stol ustiga qo'yishingiz odobsizlik deb hisoblanadi; qo'llaringizni tizzangizga yotqizish uchun ditto. Agar sizga ichimlik bilan stakan yoki piyola berilsa, undan foydalaning.

Ofitsiantlik Frantsiyada hurmatga sazovor kasbdir. Frantsuz ruhiyatida yaxshi ofitsiant sizning ovqatingiz va ichimliklaringizni tegishli tartibda qabul qilishingizga ishonch hosil qiladi, so'ngra o'zingizni tinch tutishingiz uchun yo'lingizdan chetda qolishingiz kerak. Agar sizga biron bir narsa kerak bo'lsa, iltimos, iltimos, xush ko'rasiz, lekin ovqatlanish paytida sizga murojaat qilishini yoki ehtiyojlaringizni oldindan kutib olishlarini kutmang. Eng muhimi, ofitsiantingizga murojaat qilmang garçon (bola), chunki bu kamsituvchi va bir asrga yaqin eskirgan odob-axloq qoidalariga ziddir. Oddiy uzr-moi server e'tiborini jalb qilish uchun etarli emas. Yaxshi xizmat ko'rsatishni ta'minlash usullaridan biri ofitsiantdan sharob uchun tavsiyalarini so'rash yoki menyuda mahalliy xususiyatlarni ko'rsatishdir; bu sizning tajribangizni hurmat qilishingizni va sizga mahalliy oshxona haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olish imkoniyatini beradi.

O'zingizning minnatdorchiligingizni oxirida qoldirib, kichkintoyni qoldirishingiz mumkin uchi. Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar to'liq ish haqi olishlari sababli, pul to'lash majburiy emas va kutilmaydi, chunki ko'plab xizmatchilar oziq-ovqat narxiga 10% xizmat haqini qo'shadilar (bu bilan signal beriladi) xizmatni o'z ichiga oladi hisob-kitobda yoki menyuda bosilgan). Ko'pgina frantsuzlar, pul berishga qaror qilganda, hisobni keyingi beshlikka ko'paytiradilar - agar hisob 26 evroga tushsa, uni 30 evro deb chaqiring va hamma baxtli.

Non

Nonvoyxona va mijoz baget bilan

Nonvoyxonalar (boulangeries) bu frantsuzcha muassasa va butun mamlakat bo'ylab eng kichik qishloqlardan shahar ko'chalariga qadar mavjud. Oq nonning barcha variantlari qisqa vaqt ichida saqlanib qoladi va ularni o'sha kuni iste'mol qilish kerak, yoki ertasi kuni ertalab sho'rva yoki issiq shokoladni sho'rva qilish uchun saqlash kerak. Shuning uchun novvoylar kuniga kamida ikki marta pishiradilar.

• Mashhur baget: uzun, ingichka non;
• Bagetning variantlari: la ficelle (hatto ingichka), la flûte, la urf-odat (odatda yanada nozik ta'mga ega, ammo ayni paytda qimmatroq bo'lgan baget);
• Pain de campagne yoki Og'riq tugadi: nisbatan yaxshi saqlanadigan butun donadan tayyorlangan.

Pishiriqlar

Pishiriqlar - frantsuz taomlarining katta qismi. Mehmonxonalardagi nonushta quyidagilardan iborat bo'ladi tartinlar (sariyog 'yoki murabbo bilan non bo'laklari) yoki mashhur kruvasan va au chocolat, shokolad bilan to'ldirilgan kruvasanga o'xshamaydi, balki yarim oy shaklida emas, balki to'rtburchaklar.

Pishiriqlarni a ziravorlar shuningdek, boulangeriyalarning ko'pchiligida.

Mintaqaviy taomlar

Bouilabaisse

Fuagra turli xil usullar bilan xizmat qilishi mumkin

Frantsuzning har bir mintaqasida o'ziga xos taomlar mavjud. Ushbu taomlar qishloq xo'jaligi, ovchilik va baliq ovlash bo'yicha mintaqadagi mahalliy mahsulotlarga mos keladi. Frantsiyada osongina topishingiz mumkin bo'lgan mintaqaviy taomlarning kichik ro'yxati. Odatda har bir mintaqa o'ziga xos va keng tarqalgan taomga ega, chunki u ko'pchilik uchun oziq-ovqat edi:

• Kassulet (janubiy g'arbda): loviya, o'rdak, cho'chqa go'shti va kolbasa
• Chokroute, yoki tuzlangan karam (Elzasda): yalang'och fermentlangan karam cho'chqa go'shti
• Fondue Savoyarde (markaziy Alplar): oq sharob bilan eritilgan / issiq pishloq
• Fondue Bourguignonne (Burgundiyada): mol go'shti bo'laklari (qaynatilgan yog'da), odatda turli xil souslar bilan ta'minlanadi.
• Raklett (markaziy Alplar): eritilgan pishloq va kartoshka / go'sht
• Pot-o-feu (butun Frantsiya bo'ylab topilgan): sabzavot bilan qaynatilgan mol go'shti
• Boe Bourignon (Burgundy): qizil sharob sosli sekin pishirilgan mol go'shti
• Gratin dauphinois (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes): qaymoq va pishloqli pechda qovurilgan kartoshka bo'laklari
• Aligot (Aveyron): kartoshka pyuresi bilan aralashtirilgan eritilgan pishloq
• Bouilabaisse (baliq za'faron) (Marsel va Frantsiya Rivierasi). Aldanmang! Haqiqiy bouillabaisse talab qilinadigan yangi baliq miqdori tufayli chindan ham qimmat taom hisoblanadi. Bir kishi uchun kamida 30 evro to'lashga tayyor bo'ling. Agar xizmat ko'rsatishni da'vo qiladigan restoranlarni topsangiz bouillabaisse kishi boshiga 15 evroga teng bo'lgan narsa uchun siz uni juda sifatsiz deb bilasiz.
• Tartiflet (Savoie): Reblochon eritilgan pishloq, kartoshka va cho'chqa go'shti yoki cho'chqa go'shti.
• Confit de Canard (janubi-g'arbiy): Duck Confit, oyoq va qanotlardan yog'da cho'milishdan iborat. Yog 'aslida juda sog'lom va qizil sharob bilan "frantsuz paradoksi" deb ataladigan manbalardan biridir (mo'l-ko'l ovqatlaning, uzoq umr ko'ring).
• Fuagra (janubiy g'arbiy): o'rdak yoki g'ozning jigari. Odatda juda qimmat bo'lsa ham, Fuagra supermarketlarda Rojdestvo mavsumi atrofida (ularning sotib olish qobiliyati tufayli) arzonroq narxda topish mumkin. Bu yilning eng ko'p bo'lgan vaqti Fuagra Frantsiyada iste'mol qilinadi. Bu shampan bilan juda yaxshi mos keladi.
• Moules marinière (katta mintaqaviy farqlar bilan butun qirg'oq bo'ylab topilgan): Midiya turli xil mahalliy mahsulotlar bilan sharob yoki sidrda (Bretan va Normandiya) bug'lanadi. shimolda oddiy piyoz va sarimsoq, g'arbda qaymoq, janubda pomidor va qalampir va boshqalar ... Odatda po'stloq non va fritlar.

Ovqat pishirish va ichish frantsuz madaniyatining diqqatga sazovor qismidir; ovqatlanish uchun vaqt ajrating va yangi idishlarni kashf eting.

G'ayrioddiy ovqatlar

Escargots

Stereotipdan farqli o'laroq, salyangoz va qurbaqa oyoqlari Frantsiyada kamdan-kam uchraydigan oziq-ovqat hisoblanadi, chunki ko'plab frantsuzlar na lazzatlanishadi, na ba'zida hatto uni tatib ko'rmaganlar. Sifatli restoranlarda ba'zida ularning menyusida ular mavjud: agar siz yangi ovqatlarni sinab ko'rishni xohlasangiz, davom eting.

• Baqa oyoqlari (cuisses de grenouille) tovuqdan farqli bo'lmagan go'sht bilan juda nozik va nozik ta'mga ega. Ular ko'pincha sarimsoq kiyinishida xizmat qilishadi va eyish, masalan, qisqichbaqadan ko'ra g'alati emas.
• Ko'pchilik ta'mi Burgundiya salyangozlari (escargots de bururgogne) ular tayyorlanadigan saxiy sariyog ', sarimsoq va petrushka miqdoridan kelib chiqadi. Ular juda o'ziga xos shimgichli teriga va aniq sabablarga ko'ra kuchli sarimsoq ta'miga ega. Kataloniya uslubidagi salyangozlar (kargollar) butunlay boshqacha tarzda yaratilgan va ta'mi yanada g'alati!

Steak tartar

Keling, keling:

• Rillettes sarthoises shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Rillettes du Mans. Yupqa maydalangan va ziravorlangan cho'chqa go'shtidan tayyorlangan bir xil qozon go'shti. Pays de la Loire shimolidagi Sarthe mintaqasining mazali ixtisosligi va bu bilan aralashmaslik kerak rilletlar qo'polroq bo'lgan boshqa joylardan pate.
• Sigir suyagi iligi (os à moelle). Odatda ozgina miqdorda, katta tomoni bilan xizmat qiladi. Shunday qilib davom eting: agar sizga yoqmasa, sizning idish-tovoqingizda yana bir narsa bor bo'ladi!
• Buzoq noni (ris de veau), bu odatda juda yaxshi (va odatda qimmat) noziklikdir, ko'pincha morels bilan yoki shu kabi yanada murakkab idishlarda beriladi. bouchées à la reine.
• Sigir ichaklari (sayohatlar) ham xizmat qiladi à la mode de Caen (Normandiyadagi shahar nomi bilan atalgan oq sharob sousi bilan) yoki à la catalane (ozgina ziravorlangan pomidor sousi bilan)
• Andilyetlar Lionning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lgan tripadan tayyorlangan kolbasa
• Trikandillalar Bordo mintaqasidan tajribali va panjara qilingan cho'chqa go'shti
• Sigir tili (langue de bœuf) va mol go'shti burni (muzey) va dana boshi (tête de veau) odatda ishtaha sifatida sovuq (lekin yaxshilab pishirilgan!) iste'mol qilinadi.
• Istiridye (huitres) ko'pincha yarim po'stlog'ida xom ashyo bilan ta'minlanadi. Ular ko'pincha o'lchamlari bo'yicha baholanadi, №1 eng katta (va eng qimmat).
• Oursinlar (dengiz kirpiklari), yodni yaxshi ko'radiganlar uchun.
• Steak tartar pishganidan farqli o'laroq, kislota bilan davolangan katta go'shtli go'sht. Yaxshi biftek tartarlari stol yonida buyurtma qilish uchun tayyorlanadi. Shunga o'xshash taom boeuf carpaccio, bu zaytun moyi va o'tlar bilan sug'orilgan xom biftekning ingichka bo'laklari yoki chiziqlari.
• Cervelle (talaffuzi ser-VELL), qo'zichoq miyasi.

Pishloq

Frantsiya, albatta The mamlakat uchun pishloq (yoshdan), deyarli 400 xil turlari bilan. Darhaqiqat, sobiq prezident general Charlz De Gollning so'zlaridan iqtibos keltirilgan: "365 turdagi pishloq bo'lgan mamlakatni qanday boshqarish mumkin?".

Ovqatlanish cheklovlari

Vegetarianizm odatdagidek emas, ayniqsa katta shaharlarda. Shunga qaramay, juda oz sonli restoranlarda vegetarianlar uchun menyu taklif etiladi, shuning uchun siz vegetarianlardan biron bir narsa so'rasangiz, ularda mavjud bo'lgan yagona narsa - salat va sabzavotli garnitürlar.

Hali ham vegetarianizm va petsetarianizm o'rtasida chalkashliklar bo'lishi mumkin. Vejetaryen va organik oziq-ovqat restoranlari paydo bo'lishni boshlaydi. Biroq, "an'anaviy" frantsuz restoranlarida vegetarianlar bo'lmasligi mumkin menyu tuzatish, shuning uchun siz biror narsani tanlashingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin alakart, bu odatda qimmatroq.

Yaxshiyamki Shimoliy Afrika oshxonasi Frantsiyada juda mashhur, kuskus Frantsiyada (ayniqsa Sharqiy Frantsiyada) eng taniqli taomlardan biri bo'lib, keng tarqalgan.

Veganizm tobora ko'payib bormoqda, hali ham juda kam uchraydi va vegan taomlarini topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Shunga qaramay, frantsuz veganlari hamjamiyati vegan taomlari va restoranlarini topishda yordam beradigan ba'zi vositalarni yaratdilar: vegan-mafia.com va vegoresto.fr. Parijda Evropada eng tez o'sadigan vegan jamoalaridan biri bor, shuning uchun siz bir yoki ikkita vegan restoranini topishingiz kerak.

Deyarli har bir shaharchada kamida bittadan halol restoran yoki ovqatlanish joyi mavjud, aksariyatida halol qassoblar bor. Kosher (belgilarini qidiring kasher, kesher va shunga o'xshash boshqa so'zlar) restoranlar va do'konlar yirik shaharlardan tashqarida kamroq uchraydi.

Nonushta

Frantsiyadagi nonushta odatda juda engil, odatda kofe va kruvasan yoki boshqa narsalardan iborat Viennoiserie maxsus holatlarda. Oddiy kunlarda ko'pchilik ichimlik (qahva, choy, issiq shokolad, apelsin sharbati) va baget tosti yoki sariyog 'va murabbo / asal / Nutella qo'shilgan tushdi noni, issiq ichimlikka botirilishi mumkin bo'lgan sut yoki donli yormalar. va qatiq. Frantsuz nonushta asosan shirin, ammo hamma narsa o'zgarishi mumkin va bugun hamma joyda mazali nonushta qilishingiz mumkin.

Ichish

Shampan!

Shampan, Burgundiya, Bordo, Rhone, Luara vodiysi ... Frantsiya - bu uy vino (vin). Uni deyarli hamma joyda arzon topish mumkin. Pivo (birov), shuningdek, "Bière de Garde" ni topish mumkin bo'lgan shimoliy Frantsiyada juda mashhur. Spirtli ichimliklarni sotib olish yoshi 18 barcha ichimliklar uchun, lekin bu har doim ham qat'iy bajarilmaydi; shu bilan birga, mast holda transport vositasini boshqarishga qarshi qonunlar qat'iyan jazolanadi.

Frantsuz vinolari asosan mintaqaga qarab tasniflanadi. Ko'plab sharoblarda ishlatilgan uzum navlari yozilmagan, shuning uchun nima olishingizni bilish uchun har bir mintaqada qanday sharob turlari ma'lum ekanligini bilib olishingiz kerak. Sharoblar odatda mintaqa (keng yoki o'ziga xos bo'lishi mumkin) va sifat darajasi bilan etiketlanadi:

• Barcha sharoblarning taxminan yarmi AOP (Appellation d'origine protégée), yoki AOC (Appellation d'origine contrôlée2012 yilgacha bo'lgan vinolarda. Ushbu eng yuqori daraja uchun sharob uzum navlari, sharob tayyorlash usullari va lazzat profilidagi cheklovlar bilan belgilangan joylardan kelishi kerak.
• Sharoblarning yana uchdan bir qismi IGP (Indikatsiya géographique protégée), yoki Vin de Pays 2012 yilgacha. Bular ham mintaqadagi sharob xarakteriga javob beradi, ammo AOP / AOC sharoblaridan kamroq cheklovlarga ega.
• Eng past daraja Vin de Frans, yoki Vin de Stol 2010 yilgacha, bu mintaqalar bo'yicha belgilanmagan kundalik stol sharoblari.

Sharob va spirtli ichimliklarni supermarketlardan yoki Nikolas tarmog'i kabi ixtisoslashgan do'konlardan sotib olish mumkin. Nikola nima sotib olish kerakligi haqida yaxshi maslahat beradi (sharob turini va kerakli narx oralig'ini ko'rsating). Umuman olganda, faqat frantsuz vinolari mavjud, agar xorijiy sharob Frantsiyada tengsiz (masalan, port) "ixtisos" bo'lmasa va ular uzum bilan emas, kelib chiqishi mintaqasi bo'yicha tasniflanadi.

Odob-axloq qoidalariga ko'ra siz alkogolli ichimliklarni (ayniqsa, qizil sharob yoki konyak kabi kuchli spirtli ichimliklarni) to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 70 kl shishadan ichmasligingiz kerak. Bunday xatti-harakatlar odatda ichkilikbozlar bilan bog'liq (garchi sizning atrofingizda kollej o'quvchilari bo'lsa, siz yaxshi bo'lishingiz mumkin). 25 dan 50 gacha bo'lgan idish yoki shishadan pivo ichish yaxshi.

Ovqat va ichimliklar narxi ular sizga barda yoki stolda o'tirganingizga qarab farq qiladi - xuddi shu stakan espresso barda emas, stolda berilsa 0,50 evroga qimmatga tushishi mumkin, agar yana 0,50 evro bo'lsa. terasta xizmat qildi. Darhaqiqat, siz ichimlik uchun emas, balki dasturxon uchun juda ko'p pul to'laysiz. Barni o'ylab ko'ring - baribir kafe barlari ko'pincha jamoat nutqi va o'zaro aloqalar sodir bo'lgan joyda bo'ladi. Har qanday holatda ham, kafelar o'zlarining narxlarini korxonaning biron bir joyiga, odatda derazada yoki barda devorga joylashtirishlari shart.

Frantsiyaga va unga yaqin bo'lgan frankofon mamlakatlariga xos bo'lgan bir nechta aralash ichimliklar mavjud.

• Panaché pivo va limonad aralashmasi, asosan pivo shandy.
• Monako bu bir necha granata siropi qo'shilgan Panaché.
• Kir oq sharobning yoqimli aperitividir (nazariyada, Bourgogne Aligote) yoki kamroq, shampan (keyin nomlangan) kir royal oddiy kir) va kassi (smorodina likyor) yoki péche (shaftoli) yoki mûre (karapuz).
• Pastis ta'mi jihatidan Sambuca yoki Ouzoga o'xshash anisga asoslangan (qizilmiya xushbo'yli) ruhdir, unga spirtni suyultirish uchun bir necha dona shakar va kichik krujka sovuq suv bilan xizmat qilinadi. Bu an'anaviy ravishda juda issiq kunlarda yoqadi va shu sababli mamlakat janubida ko'proq mashhur, ammo ozmi-ko'pmi hamma joyda mavjud.

Bu erda turli xil shisha suvlar mavjud, jumladan:

• Évian, Thonon, Contrex, Volvic: mineral suv
• Perrier: gazlangan suv
• Badoit: ozgina gazlangan va sho'r suv.

Uyqu

Frantsiya - bu xilma-xil va rang-barang mamlakat, siz Alp tog'laridagi ajoyib yog'och toshlardan, qishloqdagi chateaux-dan va Rivieradagi plyajdagi villalardan ... yana shu jumladan hamma narsani topasiz!

Mehmonxonalar

Mehmonxonalar 1 dan 5 yulduzgacha bo'lgan 5 toifaga bo'lingan. Bu Turizm vazirligi tomonidan berilgan rasmiy reyting va u kirish qismida ko'k qalqonda joylashtirilgan. Yulduzlar ob'ektiv, ammo bir muncha eskirgan ma'muriy mezonlarga muvofiq qabul qilinadi (qabul zali maydoni, hammom bilan jihozlangan xonalarning ulushi ...).

Narxlar turar joy, joylashish joyi va ba'zan yuqori yoki past mavsum yoki maxsus tadbirlarga qarab farqlanadi.

2004 yildan boshlab ishonchli yo'riqnomada ko'rsatilgan *** mehmonxonaning narxi nonushta qilmasdan ikki kishilik xona uchun 70 evrodan (arzon) va 110 evrogacha (qimmat) tushadi.

Qonunga ko'ra barcha mehmonxonalar o'zlarining narxlarini tashqarida (yoki tashqaridan ko'rinadigan) joyda joylashtirishi kerak. Bu maksimal narxlar: mehmonxonalar o'z xonalarini to'ldirish uchun har doim ham pastroq narxni taklif qilishlari mumkin. Savdolashish odatiy hol emas, lekin siz har doim chegirma so'rashingiz mumkin.

Shahar markazlari yoki temir yo'l stantsiyalari yaqinidagi mehmonxonalar ko'pincha juda kichik (15-30 xona), ya'ni oldindan buyurtma qilish kerakligini anglatadi. Biznesga yo'naltirilgan ko'plab yangi mehmonxonalar shaharlarning chekkalarida joylashgan bo'lib, ba'zida kattaroq tuzilmalar (100 xona va undan ko'p); jamoat transporti bilan ularga borish oson bo'lmasligi mumkin. Yangi mehmonxonalar ko'pincha milliy yoki xalqaro tarmoqlarning bir qismi bo'lib, yuqori standartlarga ega. Ko'pgina eski mehmonxonalar bugungi kunda zanjirlarning bir qismiga aylangan va standartlashtirilgan xizmatni taqdim etishadi, ammo ular o'zlarining atmosferasini saqlab qolishadi.

Parijga tashrif buyurganingizda, shaharda to'g'ri turishingizni maslahat beramiz; shahar atrofi hududida arzonroq turistik mehmonxonalar mavjud, ammo ular avtoulovlarda guruhlarga murojaat qilishadi; ularga jamoat transporti orqali borish qiyin bo'ladi.

Avtotrassa (avtomagistral) tarmog'i bo'ylab va shaharlarning kirish qismida siz AQSh uslubidagi motellarni topasiz; ularga tez-tez faqat avtoulov orqali borish mumkin. Ba'zi motellar (masalan.) Formula 1) minimal xizmatga ega bo'ling, agar siz kech kelgan bo'lsangiz, o'zingizning xonangizga etib borish uchun kodni etkazib beradigan kredit kartalaridan foydalangan holda bankomatga o'xshash mashinani topasiz.

B va B va Gites

Qishloq qishloq

Butun Frantsiya bo'ylab, asosan qishloq joylarda, shuningdek shahar va shaharlarda siz topishingiz mumkin B va B va gitlar.

B va B frantsuz tilida "nomi bilan tanilganchambres d'hôtes"va odatda tunda tunda mavjud. Qonunga ko'ra, nonushta e'lon qilingan narxga qo'shilishi shart chambre d'hôte. Nonushta xona narxiga kiritilmagan mehmonxonalar bilan narxlarni taqqoslashda buni yodda tuting.

Gitlar yoki gîtes ruraux dam olish uchun kottejlar bo'lib, odatda to'liq haftalik ravishda oshxonani o'z ichiga olgan to'liq turar joy sifatida ijaraga beriladi. To'liq ma'noda frantsuzcha gîte so'zi shunchaki tunash uchun joy degan ma'noni anglatadi; however it is now mostly used to describe rental cottages or self-catering holiday homes, usually in rural parts of France. There are very few near or in the cities. Finding them requires buying a guide or, for greater choice, using the internet, as you will not find many signposted on the road.

Traditionally, gîtes provided basic good value accommodation, typically adjacent to the owner's household or in a nearby outbuilding. The term can now also be used to describe most country-based self-catering accommodation in France. Hence it includes accommodation as varied as small cottages to villas with private swimming pools.

During peak summer months the best self-catering gîtes require booking several months in advance.

There are thousands of B&Bs and gîtes in France rented out by foreign owners, particularly British and Dutch, and these tend to be listed, sometimes exclusively, with English-language or international organisations and websites that can be found by keying the words "chambres d'hôtes", "gîtes" or "gîtes de france" into any of the major search engines.

There is a large number of organisations and websites offering gîtes.

Gîtes de France

A France-wide cooperative organisation, Gîtes de France groups more than 50,000 rural places of accommodation together and was the first in France to offer a consistent rating system with comprehensive descriptions.

Despite the name, Gîtes de France offers B&B as well as holiday rental (gîte) accommodation.

The Gîtes de France rating system uses wheat stalks called épis (equivalent to a star rating), based on amenities rather than quality - though generally the two go together.

Through its website, bookings can be done directly with owners or through the local Gîtes de France booking agency (no extra fee for the traveller). Although an English language version is available for many of the website pages, for some departments the pages giving details of an individual gîte are only in French.

There is no particular advantage in using Gîtes de France rather than one of the other online gîtes sites, or booking directly with a gîte owner. The procedure is pretty standard for all gîte booking sites, whether French or foreign - with the advantage that the whole booking process can be done in English, which is not always the case with Gîtes de France.

After making a gîte booking you will receive, by post, a contract to sign (for gîtes only). Sign and return one copy. When signing write the words "Read and approved", and the name of your home town, before signing and dating the contract. You will normally be asked to pay a deposit of a quarter to a third of the booking fee. The rest will be required one month before the start of your holiday. When you arrive at the gîte a security deposit, specified in the contact, should be given to the owner in cash. This will be returned at the end of your stay, minus any fuel charges and breakages.

Another great resource for booking gîtes and villas in France is Holiday France Direct, which enables you to deal directly with the property owners and offers customers discounted ferry travel with Brittany Ferries.

Gîtes d'étape

Another possibility is gîtes d'étape. These are more like overnight stays for hikers, like a mountain hut. They are mostly cheaper than the Gîtes de France but also much more basic.

Short term rentals

Travellers should definitely consider short-term villa/apartment/studio rentals as an alternative to other accommodation options. Short term can be as few as several days up to months at a stretch. Summer rentals are usually from Saturday to Saturday only (July & August). This type accommodation belongs to a private party, and can range from basic to luxurious. A particular advantage, aside from competitive prices, is that the accommodations come with fully fitted kitchens.

Hundreds of agencies offer accommodation for short term rentals on behalf of the owner, and can guide you into finding the best property, at the best price in the most suitable location for you. An internet search for the location and type of property you're looking for will usually return the names of several listing sites, each of which may have hundreds or thousands of properties for you to choose from. There are plenty of sites in both English and French, and the rental properties may be owned by people of any nationality.

Well established holiday rental sites include Gitelink France, Holidaylettings.co.uk, Owners Direct va Alpha Holiday Lettings. If you are looking to stay in just a room or part of the property, Airbnb matches holiday makers with hosts who only rent out part of their homes.

Lager

Camping on the beach

Camping is very common in France. Most camp sites are a little way out of town and virtually all cater not just for tents but also for camper vans and caravans. While all camp sites have the basic facilities of shower and toilet blocks, larger sites tend to offer a range of additional facilities such as bars and restaurants, self-service launderettes, swimming pools or bicycle hire. All camp sites except for very small 'farm camping' establishments must be registered with the authorities, and are officially graded using a system of stars.

In coastal areas, three-star and four-star camp grounds must generally be booked in advance during the months of July and August, and many people book from one year to the next. In rural areas, outside of popular tourist spots, it is usually possible to show up unannounced, and find a place; this is particularly true with the municipal camp sites that can be found in most small towns; though even then it may be advisable to ring up or email in advance to make sure. There are always exceptions.

In France it's forbidden to camp:

• in woods, natural, regional and national parks
• on public roads and streets
• on beaches
• less than 200 metres from watering places used for human consumption
• on natural protected sites
• less than 500 metres from a protected monument
• everywhere where it's forbidden by local laws
• on private properties without the owner's consent.

Having said that, generally, camping in car parks near the beach is not prohibited and is a great way to be near the beach and camp for free. There are some comfy and less busy ones, even sometimes with shade around, especially in the evening after most other visitors have left.

Camping is a great way to explore the local area as it offers you the freedom of being able to travel around at short notice. Larger more popular campsites can be booked through websites such as Eurocamp, Canvas Holidays, Go Camp France va France Break^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}.

O'rganing

Education in France is generally of superior quality, and the country is home to many reputed, prestigious universities. A lot of courses are generally conducted in French, though some programmes are offered in English.

Some of the most reputed universities in the country include École normale supérieure de Paris, École Polytechniqueva Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires (INSEAD).

Grades in France are scored from 0 to 20, with 20 being the highest possible grade. Academic grading is noted for being competitive and strict, to the point that the French have various sayings about it. One of the most famous sayings is "20 is for God, 19 is for the king, 18 is for the Président de la République" (or variations thereof).

Ish

View of La Défense, the business district of Paris

If you are by law required to obtain a visa or other type of authorisation to work and fail to do so, you risk possible arrest, prosecution, expulsion and prohibition from re-entering France and the Schengen area.

Citizens of EU and EEA countries (save from some Eastern European countries, for a temporary period) and Switzerland can work in France without having to secure a work permit. Most non-EU citizens will need a work permit - however, some non-EU citizens (such as Canadians, New Zealanders etc.) do emas require a visa or work permit to work during their 90 day visa-free period of stay in France (see the 'Get in' section above for more information).

If you are an EU citizen or from an EEA country and want to earn money to continue travelling, Interim agencies (e.g. Adecco, Manpower) are a good source of temporary jobs. You can also consider working in bars, restaurants, and/or nightclubs (they are often looking for English-speaking workers, particularly those restaurants in tourist areas - fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's and Quick are also always looking for people).

A lot of 'student jobs', if you happen to be in a big city, are also available for younger travellers, and foreigners are often very welcome. Such example jobs include giving private English lessons, taking care of young children (i.e. au pairing) among other things...check out the buildings of various universities as they often have a lot of advertisements. An easy way to find jobs in France is to use dedicated search engines offered by various employment websites.

Don't forget that being an English speaker is a big advantage when you're looking for a job - French employers really have a problem finding English-speaking workers. However, it will be much easier for you if you know a bit of French, for the same reason (your colleagues are not likely to speak English). However, don't overestimate your chances of finding work; there are often more people applying for jobs than there are vacancies.

The French labour market tends to operate through personal contacts - if you know someone that works somewhere, you can probably figure out quite an easy way to work at that place too. It always helps to know people living in the area you wish to work.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Crimes

Municipal police officers in Strasbourg

Crime-related emergencies can be reported to the toll-free number 17 or 112 (European emergency telephone number). Law enforcement agencies are the National Police (Police nationale) in urban areas and the Gendarmerie nationale in the countryside, though for minor crimes such as parking and traffic offences some towns and villages also have a municipal police force (Police municipale).

While it remains among the safest countries in the world, France has experienced a noticeable surge in crime, mostly in large metropolitan areas that are plagued with the usual woes. Violent crime against visitors is generally rare, but pickpocketing and purse-snatching are very common, some of which may result in aggravated assaults. If the usual precautions against these are taken, you should be safe.

The inner city areas and some (mostly wealthy) suburbs are usually safe at all hours. In large cities, especially Paris and Marseille, there are a few areas which should be avoided. Parts of the suburbs are hives of youth gang-related activities and drug dealing; however these are almost always far from tourist areas and you should have no reason to visit them. Common sense applies: it is very easy to spot derelict areas.

The subject of crime in poorer suburbs and areas is very touchy as it may easily have racist overtones or interpretations, since many people associate it with working-class youth of North African, Arabic and Sub-Saharan origins. You probably should not express an opinion on the issue.

While it is not compulsory for French citizens to carry identification, they usually do so. Foreigners should carry some kind of official identity document. Although random checks are not the norm, you may be asked for ID in some kinds of situations, for example if you cannot show a valid ticket when using public transportation; not having one in such cases will result in you being taken to a police station for further checks. Even if you feel that law enforcement officers have no right to check your identity (they can do so only in certain circumstances), it is a bad idea to enter a legal discussion with them; it is better to put up with it and show your ID. Again, the subject is sensitive as the police have often been accused of targeting people according to criteria of ethnicity (e.g. délit de sale gueule = literally "crime of a dirty face" but perhaps equivalent to the American "driving while black.")

Due to the international threat of terrorism, police with the help of military units, often patrol monuments, the Paris Metro, train stations and airports. Depending on the status of the "Vigipirate" plan (anti terrorist units) it is not uncommon to see armed patrols in those areas. The presence of police should be of help to tourists, as it also deters pickpockets and the like. However, suspicious behaviour, public disturbances etc., may attract police officers' attention for the wrong reasons.

In France, failing to offer assistance to 'a person in danger' is a criminal offence in itself. This means that if you fail to stop upon witnessing a motor accident, fail to report such an accident to emergency services, or ignore appeals for help or urgent assistance, you may be charged. Penalties include suspended prison sentence and fines. The law does not apply in situations where answering an appeal for help might endanger your life or the lives of others.

Controlled substances

Carrying or using narcotic substances, from marijuana to hard drugs, is illegal whatever the quantity. The penalty can be severe especially if you are suspected of dealing. Trains and cars coming from countries which have a more lenient attitude (such as the Netherlands) are especially targeted. Police have often been known to stop entire coaches and search every passenger and their bags thoroughly.

France has a liberal policy with respect to alcohol; there are usually no ID checks for purchasing alcohol (unless you look much younger than 18). However, causing problems due to public drunkenness is a misdemeanor and may result in a night spent in the cells of a police station. Drunk driving is a severe offence and may result in heavy fines and jail sentences.

A little etiquette note: while it is common to drink beer straight from the bottle at informal meetings, doing the same with wine is normally only done by tramps (clochards).

Sog'lom bo'ling

Tap water

Tap water (eau du robinet) is drinkable, except in rare cases such as in rural rest areas and sinks in railway carriage toilets, in which case it will be clearly signposted as eau non potable. Eau potable is drinkable water (you may, however, not like the taste and prefer bottled water).

Tap water is generally acceptable in taste, but mineral water (eau minérale) is generally considered to taste better, except in areas that use mountain water from the Alps for their municipal supply. Volvic and Évian are cheap and available most everywhere, and many locals consider them nothing special. You may find Vittel a more interesting-tasting inexpensive French mineral water, and Badoit, a sparkling water, is quite good.

Medical help

French pharmacy signs often feature a display showing time and temperature

Health care in France is of a very high standard.

Pharmacies are denoted by a green cross, usually in flashing neon (or LED). They sell medicine, contraceptives, and often beauty and related products (though these can be very expensive). Medicines must be ordered from the counter, even non-prescription medicines. The pharmacist may ask you questions about your symptoms and then can recommend various medicines and suggest generic drugs.

Since drug brand names vary across countries even though the effective ingredients stay the same, it is better to carry prescriptions using the international nomenclature in addition to the commercial brand name. Prescription drugs, including oral contraceptives (aka "the pill"), will only be delivered if a doctor's prescription is shown.

In addition, supermarkets sell condoms (préservatifs) and also often personal lubricant, bandages, disinfectant and other minor medical items. Condom machines are often found in bar toilets, etc.

Medical treatment can be obtained from self-employed physicians, clinics and hospitals. Most general practitioners, specialists (e.g. gynaecologists), and dentists are self-employed; look for signs saying Docteur (médecin généraliste means general practitioner). The normal price for a consultation with a general practitioner is €23, though some physicians charge more (this is the full price and not a co-payment). Physicians may also do home calls, but these are more expensive.

Residents of the European Union are covered by the French social security system, which will reimburse or directly pay for 70% of health expenses (30% co-payment) in general, though many physicians and surgeons apply surcharges. Other travellers are emas covered and will be billed the full price, even when at a public hospital; non-EU travellers should have travel insurance covering medical costs.

Favqulodda vaziyatlar

Hospitals will have an emergency room signposted Urgences.

The following numbers are toll-free:

• 15 Medical emergencies
• 17 Law enforcement emergencies (for e.g. reporting a crime)
• 18 Firefighters
• 112 European standard emergency number.

Operators at these numbers can transfer requests to other services if needed (e.g. some medical emergencies may be answered by firefighter groups).

Chekish

Smoking is prohibited by law in all enclosed spaces accessible to the public (this includes train and metro cars, and station enclosures, workplaces, restaurants and cafés), except in areas specifically designated for smoking, and there are few of these. There is no longer an exception for restaurants and cafés. You may face a fine of €68 if you are found smoking in these places.

As well as police officers, metro and train conductors can and do enforce the anti-smoking law and will fine you for smoking in non-designated places; if you encounter problems with a smoker in train, you may go find the conductor.

As hotels are not considered public places, some offer smoking and non-smoking rooms.

Only people over the age of 18 may purchase tobacco products. Shopkeepers may request a photo ID. A pack of 20 cigarettes costs around €10.20 (Nov 2020).

Hurmat

The French adhere to a strong set of values. They cherish their culture, history, language and cuisine, which is revered by many around the globe. Once gained acquaintance, the French become warm, sincere and welcoming.

The French have an undeserved reputation for being "rude" or "arrogant" by many around the globe, but this is simply a cross-cultural misunderstanding. Compared to other European countries, the French are direct in a way that might seem abrupt in other parts of the world, and at times they might come across as being dissatisfied with everything and anything, including yourself. Do not be annoyed as it is unlikely that they intend to insult, cause offense or make you feel uncomfortable. Directness is usually seen as a platform to initiate friendly arguments, intellectual conversations, and/or invite opinions on something.

The French take matters of etiquette seriously, and it's not uncommon to be dismissed, ignored, or told off for exhibiting behaviour that is seen as impolite. When conversing with locals, always exchange a simple pleasantry (Excusez-moi, Bonjour, yoki Bonsoir) and wait for them to reply before getting into something. It's also customary to use the terms Monsieur (male) or Madame (female) with people you don't know on a personal level. By applying a bit of common courtesy, you'll find that the French are approachable and friendly.

On the Métro

Beautiful entrance to a Métropolitain station in Paris

The Métro subway system is a great way to get around Paris (or Lyon, Marseille, et al.), a fact which is readily apparent by the throngs of people that use it to get to work, school, and the like. If you do not ride the train at home, or if you come from a place that doesn't have a subway system, there are certain points of etiquette that you may not be aware of:

• When boarding at the station, let those exiting the train step off onto the platform before boarding, and once aboard move to the centre of the car.
• If you have luggage, move it as far out of the path of others as possible.
• Certain stations have moving walkways to cover the distances between platforms - walk on the left and stand on the right!
• Finally, the doors on French subway cars don't generally open automatically once the train has stopped at the station; rather, most cars have a small button or lever on the doors that opens them. If you should happen to be standing near the door in a crowded car you might hear someone behind you say "la porte, s'il vous plait," which means that person would like to get off the train and is asking you to open the door for him/her. Pop the door open and step aside (or down onto the platform) while that person exits the train - the driver will wait for you to get back on.

Noise

The French consider it very rude to be loud in a crowded indoor place, such as a museum or restaurant, and you can expect to be told off for doing so.

Shopping etiquette

In many shops, it's customary to exchange pleasantries with the staff and have them take items for you. Even if you're exploring a shop, always request a staff member to guide you around.

Dress code

Dress codes are fast disappearing, but generally speaking, the French are conservative dressers. To avoid being seen in a negative light, you should avoid white trainers, baseball caps, tracksuits, shorts (except in summer) and flip-flops (except at the beach).

At the beach and at hotel swimming pool, it is normal for women to take off their bikinis while sunbathing. Taking off your bikini bottom is reserved to designated nude beaches. Most resort cities insist on your wearing a shirt when leaving the beach area.

Everyone at public swimming pools is required by law to wear suitable swimming attire. This means swim caps (even if you're bald) and snug-fitting Lycra-based swimsuits. Baggy or "board" swim shorts are banned, as are T-shirts, UV-protective rash guards, and other cover-ups. If you're unlucky in your choice, then most public pools sell pre-approved swimsuits from vending machines on-site, often for rather inflated prices. Watch also for local prohibitions on sunscreen, which can mess with older pools' filtration systems.

Breastfeeding in public is very rare, but nobody will mind if you do.

Addressing people (tu va vous)

The French language has two variants of the word "you". They are tu, which is used for people you're on familiar terms with or with people much younger than you, and vous, which is used for people much older than you, people you're not on familiar terms with, and/or a group of people. As a general rule, the only time you should use tu with an adult is if that person indicates it's alright to do so, usually by saying "On peut se tutoyer." For more information on tu va vous, see the Frantsuzcha so'zlashuv kitobi

Sensitive issues

Politics:

• Unless you really follow French news closely, you should steer clear of discussing French politics, especially sensitive issues such as immigration. Be aware of the position that being a foreigner puts you in. It is considered rude to ask a person point-blank about which candidate they voted for in an election; instead, talk about the issues and take it from there.

Religion:

• It is generally considered impolite to have a conversation about religion with someone you do not know well. The French are fiercely protective of their tradition of secularism (litsenziya). For instance, the wearing of religious items of clothing, such as hijabs, kippas or crucifixes, is illegal for public servants when they are at work, and for all students and staff at public schools. It is also illegal to cover your face in public, which effectively outlaws the burqa (and masks, balaclavas etc.) This has been interpreted by some as an anti-Muslim law.
• France remains a majority Roman Catholic country, though due to the culture of secularism, religion plays virtually no role in French public life, and church attendance levels are among the lowest in the world. However, you are still expected to behave in a respectful manner when visiting churches.

Money:

• You should also avoid presenting yourself through your possessions (house, car, etc.). It is considered to be quite crass to discuss your salary, or to ask someone else directly about theirs. Instead express your enthusiasm about how great are the responsibilities, or how lucky you were to get there, etc.

City/rural differences:

• While roughly one sixth of the country's population lives in the Paris region, don't treat France as Paris or assume that all French people act like Parisians. Life in Paris can be closer to life in London or New York City than in the rest of France, and Parisian customs and opinions differ from those found en province. Bretan, Korsika va Basque Country in particular have their own national identities.

Ulanmoq

Phone numbers

To call a French number from abroad, dial: international prefix 33 local number without the leading 0.For example: 33 2 47 66 41 18

All French numbers have 10 digits. The first two digits are:

• 01 for the Paris region, 02 for the northwest, 03 for the northeast, 04 for southeast, 05 for southwest,
• 06 va 07 for cellphones
• 08 have special prices that can be deduced from the two following figures: from free - 08 00 - to very costly (as far as €20.40 per hour) - 08 99. Skype numbers also start with 08.
• 09 if they are attached to voice-over IP telephones connected to DSL modems from French DSL providers that integrate such functions.

You cannot drop the first two digits even if your call remains within the same area. The initial '0' may be replaced by some other digit or longer code indicating a choice of long-distance operator. Don't use this unless explicitly told to.

When speaking phone numbers, people will usually group the digits by sets of two. Masalan, 02 47 76 41 94 will be said as "zéro deux, quarante-sept, soixante-seize, quarante-et-un, quatre-vingt-quatorze". The two-digit pair 00 is said as "zéro zéro", not "double zéro". If you find it too hard to follow, you may ask the person to say the number digit-by-digit ("chiffre par chiffre"). It would then be "zéro, deux, quatre, sept, sept, six, quatre, un, neuf, quatre".

Toll-free

There are few companies that provide toll-free numbers (often starting with 08 00) and there are also numbers which start with 081, for which you pay the cost of a local call regardless of where you are in the country. Numbers starting with 089 carry a premium toll.

Emergency numbers are 15 (medical aid), 17 (police station) and 18 (fire/rescue). You can also use the European emergency number 112 (perhaps a better choice if you don't speak French). These calls are free and accessible from virtually any phone, including locked cellphones. In case of a jiddiy emergency, if you find a code-protected cellphone, enter a random code three times: the phone will lock, but you will be able to dial emergency numbers.

Cheap international calls

To enjoy cheap international calls from France travellers can get a local SIM card online before they leave or use low-cost dial-around services. Dial-around services are directly available from any landline in France. No contract or registration is required. Most dial-around services allows you to call the USA, Canada, Western Europe and many other countries at the local rate (tarif local). They also work from payphones, though the first minute is surcharged by France Télécom.

Fixed line

If you need a landline (ligne fixe) in France, use VoIP over DSL, such as the Livebox or Freebox service (free long distance calls within France and to a number of countries).

Phone booths

Phone booths have been largely removed. You may still find one in some rural areas. Most use a card (no coins). They accept CB, Visa or MasterCard cards but almost always only with a microchip.

Mobil

France uses the GSM standard of cellular phones (900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands) used in most of the world outside of the U.S. Many companies (e.g., Orange, SFR, Free, Bouygues Télécom, Virgin Mobile) offer wireless service. The country is almost totally covered but you may have difficulties using your mobile phone in rural or mountainous areas. However, for emergency numbers, the three companies are required by law to accept your call if they are able to, even if you are not one of their customers.

If you stay for some time, it may be advisable to buy a pre-paid cell phone card that you can use in any phone that supports the GSM standard on the 900/1800 MHz bands. Then incoming calls and SMSes are free. You can get it from most mobile service providers, but they have a very short validity for the card if you don't recharge it.

An Orange pre-paid SIM card is called a Mobicarte, costs €9.90 and comes with a credit of €5 included. SMSes within Orange France cost €0.12; to international mobile GSM users €0.28. Other operators (SFR, Bouygues) have similar prices. The mobile operator Free offers €2/month subscription without any minimum subscription time including 120 minutes per month, 50 MB internet, and unlimited national SMSes (as of Oct 2020). This is only available through the web and you need a postal address.

Internet

Internet cafés: Internet access is available in cyber cafés all over large and medium-sized cities. Service is usually around €4 per hour.

Residential broadband: In all major cities, there are multiple companies offering residential broadband service. Typical prices are €30 a month for unmetered ADSL (with speeds of up to 24 megabits per second), digital HDTV over DSL and free unlimited voice-over-IP phone calls to land lines within France and about twenty other countries (including the EU, and the U.S.) with external SIP access too (the price includes a modem/router/switch with integrated WiFi MiMo access point).

Wi-Fi: You'll also find wi-fi access (in cities and towns) in a lot of cafés usually those that are a bit trendy. There will be a sign on the door or on the wall. Also look for the @ symbol prominently displayed, which indicates internet availability. However, cyber cafés are increasingly hard to find, especially outside the major cities. Also, check out Carrefour, most of them have free Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is prounonced "wee-fee" in France even by English speakers. Asking for "wye-fie" will generally not be understood.

Short-term SIM cards

(for smartphones and tablets)

Orange has nearly-unlimited Internet 1-month package for €9 called InternetMax. The official limit of 500MB is not enforced. Tethering is not allowed, but this is also not enforced. Email (POP3/SMTP/IMAP) is not covered, and sold as a separate package for €9 per month. P2P, VoIP and USENET are specifically banned, and risk getting your plan cancelled as well as the loss of any call credit remaining on your account.

As the plan is not marketed by Orange, staff at outlets and hotline operators are often completely unaware of it, and Orange website tells very little on it even in French. If your French is poor, detailed third-party instructions can be very helpful.

Xabar

Post offices ("La Poste") are found in all cities and villages but their opening hours vary. In the main cities the central office may be open during lunchtime; typically the day's opening hours are 09:00 to 18:00. Most offices are only open on Saturday morning and there is only one office in Paris which is open 24 hours and 365 days (on the Rue du Louvre).

Letter boxes are coloured in yellow.

Postal rates

There are three levels of service for French domestic mail, as of May 2019 (Andorra and Monaco included):

• Priority Letter (lettre prioritaire), usually arrives next day. Cost (up to 20g): €1.05
• Green Letter (lettre verte), usually arrives in two days. Cost (up to 20g): €0.88
• Economy Letter (écopli), usually arrives in four days. Cost (up to 20g): €0.86

For international mail, there is only one service:

• Priority Letter (lettre prioritaire), cost (up to 20g): €1.30 (to European Union and Switzerland), €1.30 (all other countries)

Parcels

International delivery services like FedEx and UPS are available in cities, however you generally have to call them for them to come to you as they have very few physical locations. Another option is to simply use La Poste with a wide network around the country and the same services as its competitors.