 | COVID-19 ma `lumot: 2020 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab Ispaniya qayta tiklanmoqda COVID-19. Ba'zi hukumatlar Ispaniyaga zarur bo'lmagan barcha sayohatlardan voz kechishni maslahat berishdi. Qaerga sayohat qilayotganingizga qarab kirish cheklangan va ba'zi mamlakatlar va mintaqalar so'nggi haftalarda Ispaniyaga tashrif buyurganlar uchun kirishni cheklashmoqda. Sayohatchilar a ni to'ldirishlari kerak sog'liqni saqlashni nazorat qilish shakli kelishidan oldin. Ispaniya ichida harakatlanish cheklovlari va jamoat hayotidagi ba'zi cheklovlar turli darajalarda qayta tiklandi. Ular tezda o'zgarib turadi, shuning uchun xabardor bo'ling. Niqoblar hamma joyda jamoat joylarida, ochiq va ochiq joylarda talab qilinadi. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 03 Noyabr 2020 yangilangan) |
Ispaniya (Ispaniya: Ispaniya) o'zining do'stona aholisi, tinch hayot tarzi, oshxonasi, tungi hayoti va dunyoga mashhur folklor va bayramlari hamda tarixini keng Ispaniya imperiyasining yadrosi sifatida mashhurdir.
Ispaniya bu ulushni Iberiya Yarim orol Andorra, Gibraltarva Portugaliya. U eng katta ikkinchi raqamga ega YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ob'ektlari keyin Italiya va eng ko'p Jahon merosi shaharlari.
Mintaqalar
Ispaniya turli tillarga va noyob tarixiy, siyosiy va madaniy an'analarga ega bo'lgan qarama-qarshi mintaqalarga ega bo'lgan xilma-xil mamlakatdir. Shu sababli Ispaniya 17 ta avtonom jamoalarga bo'lingan (comunidades autónomas), shuningdek, ikkita avtonom shahar. Natijada, ba'zilar Ispaniyani "federalizmsiz federatsiya" deb ta'riflashadi. Ba'zi avtonom jamoalar, xususan, ispan tili bilan bir qatorda boshqa rasmiy tillarga ega bo'lganlar ham o'ziga xos tarixiy o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega bo'lgan "tarixiy millatlar" sifatida tan olingan. Bularga Basklar mamlakati, Kataloniya, Galisiya, Valensiya viloyati, Andalusiya, Balear orollari, Aragon va Kanareykalar kiradi.
Ispaniyaning ko'plab mintaqalarini quyidagicha guruhlash mumkin:
| Yashil Ispaniya (Galisiya, Asturiya, Kantabriya) Yumshoq iqlim, dahshatli tog'lar va dengiz bilan aloqalar. |
| Shimoliy Ispaniya (Aragon, Basklar mamlakati, Navarra, La Rioja) O'zining oshxonasi va plyajlaridan tortib landshaftlari bilan tanilgan San-Sebastyan sharob zavodlariga La Rioja. |
| Sharqiy Ispaniya (Kataloniya, "Valensiya", Murcia) Ta'sirli Rim xarobalari va mashhur O'rta er dengizi plyajlari. |
| Markaziy Ispaniya (Madrid jamoasi, Kastiliya-La Mancha, Kastiliya va Leon, Ekstremadura) Ispaniyaning boshqa joylariga qaraganda o'ta iqlimi bo'lgan ushbu mintaqada poytaxt hukmronlik qiladi, Madrid. |
| Andalusiya Moorish me'morchiligi va arablar ta'siri ostida bo'lgan madaniyat, shuningdek tog'lar va sayohlarni o'z ichiga olgan tarixga to'la. |
| Balear orollari (Mallorca, Menorka, Ibiza, Formentera) O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab plyaj yo'nalishlari juda mashhur. |
| Kanareykalar orollari (Tenerife, Gran-Kanariya, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, Lanzarote, La Palma, El-Yerro) Afrikaning qirg'og'idagi vulqon orollari, Ispaniya materikidan mashhur qochish. |
| Ispaniyaning Shimoliy Afrikasi (Seuta, Melilla, Vélez de la Gomera Crag, Alhucemas Crag, Chafarinas orollari, Alboran Island) Sohilidagi Ispaniya eksklavlari Marokash. |
Shaharlar
Ispaniyada yuzlab qiziqarli shaharlar mavjud. Mana eng mashhur to'qqiztasi:
- 1 Madrid - hayoliy muzeylar, qiziqarli arxitektura, ajoyib taomlar va tungi hayotga ega jonli poytaxt
- 2 "Barselona" - Ispaniyaning modernist binolar va jonli madaniy hayot bilan to'la ikkinchi shahri, shuningdek tungi klublar va plyajlar va shubhasiz olam futboli (futbol) poytaxti.
- 3 Bilbao - sobiq sanoat shahri, Guggenxaym muzeyi joylashgan va boshqa madaniy xususiyatlar; asosiy Bask shahri
- 4 Kordova - Kordova deb ham nomlangan Kordobaning Ulkan masjidi ('Mezquita') dunyodagi eng yaxshi binolardan biridir.
- 5 Granada - La Alhambra uyi bo'lgan Syerra Nevadaning qorli tog'lari bilan o'ralgan janubdagi ajoyib shahar
- 6 Malaga - Kostaning del Sol plyajlari bilan flamenko yuragi
- 7 Sevilya (Ispancha: Sevilla) - go'zal va ko'rkam shahar va dunyodagi eng katta soborning uyi
- 8 "Valensiya" - paella bu erda ixtiro qilingan, juda chiroyli plyajga ega
- 9 Saragoza - Saragossa deb ham ataladi. 2008 yilda Butunjahon ko'rgazmasini o'tkazgan Ispaniyaning beshinchi yirik shahri
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Kosta-Blanka - mo'l-ko'l plyajlar va kichik qishloqlar bilan 200 km oq qirg'oq
- 2 Kosta-Brava - ko'plab dengiz kurortlari bo'lgan qo'pol qirg'oq
- 3 Kosta-del-Sol - mamlakat janubidagi quyoshli qirg'oq
- 4 Galisiya - tarixiy shaharlar va kichik shaharchalar, dunyoga mashhur dengiz mahsulotlari va boshqa avtonom jamoalarga qaraganda ko'proq Moviy Bayroq plyajlari
- 5 Gran-Kanariya - turli xil iqlim va landshaftlar tufayli "miniatyuradagi qit'a" sifatida tanilgan
- 6 Ibiza - Balear oroli; butun dunyoda klublar, ravinglar va DJlar uchun eng yaxshi joylardan biri
- 7 La Rioja - Rioja sharob va toshbo'ron qilingan dinozavr izlari
- 8 Mallorca - ajoyib dengiz sohillari va tungi hayotga to'la Balearlarning eng katta oroli
- 9 Syerra Nevada - Iberiya yarim orolidagi eng baland tog'lar, yurish va chang'i uchun juda yaxshi
- 10 Tenerife - serhosil o'rmonlar, ekzotik fauna va flora, cho'llar, tog'lar, vulqonlar, go'zal qirg'oq va ajoyib plyajlarni taklif etadi.
Tushuning
 | |
| Poytaxt | Madrid |
| Valyuta | evro (evro) |
| Aholisi | 46,7 million (2018) |
| Elektr | 230 volt / 50 gerts (Europlug, Schuko) |
| Mamlakat kodi | 34 |
| Vaqt zonasi | UTC ± 00: 00 dan UTC 02:00 gacha |
| Favqulodda vaziyatlar | 112, 34-061 (shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xizmatlari), 34-091 (politsiya) |
| Haydash tomoni | to'g'ri |
| Wikidata-da tahrirlash | |
Ajoyib plyajlar, tog'lar, lagerlar, chang'i kurortlari, ajoyib ob-havo, turli xil va qiziqarli tungi hayot, ko'plab madaniy mintaqalar va tarixiy shaharlar bilan Ispaniya har qanday sayohat uchun Evropaning eng mashhur sayyohlik maskani ekanligi ajablanarli emas. Katta geografik va madaniy xilma-xillik mamlakati bo'lgan Ispaniya nafaqat buyuk plyaj ta'tillari va deyarli cheksiz quyosh nurlari uchun obro'sini biladiganlar uchun ajablantirishi mumkin. Yam-yashil o'tloqlar va qorli tog'lardan tortib janubi-sharqda ulkan botqoq va cho'llarga qadar hamma narsa bor. Yoz mavsumi eng qizg'in fasl bo'lsa-da, olomondan qochishni istaganlar qishda tashrif buyurishni o'ylashlari kerak, chunki bu nafaqat yumshoq va quyoshli, balki Granada shahridagi Alhambra saroyi va Kordobadagi La Gran Mezquita kabi diqqatga sazovor joylar odamlarga to'lib ketmaydi. Biroq Syerra Nevadadagi tog'-chang'i kurortlari juda gavjum. Janubiy va Markaziy Ispaniyada hukmronlik qilayotgan O'rta er dengizi iqlimi yozning quruqligi va (biroz) nam (qishda) qishlari bilan ajralib turadi, shuning uchun qishda yoki bahorda tashrif buyurish o'simliklarning qo'shimcha sog'lom bo'lishiga qo'shimcha foyda keltiradi. Shimoliy Ispaniya (masalan, Asturiya) esa yil bo'yi biroz yomg'ir yog'adi va avgust oyida ham yam-yashil o'simliklar bilan pishgan.
Tarix
Qadimgi ba'zi qoldiqlari Homo har qanday turdagi Evropada Ispaniyada topilgan. Ispaniya ham neandertallarning so'nggi panohi va muzlik davrida yashaydigan va yashaydigan kam sonli joylardan biri bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi.
Ilk Ispaniya va Rim davri
- Shuningdek qarang: Rim imperiyasi
Iberiya yarim orolining eng qadimgi aholisi Iberianlar, Keltlar (Gaulish, Britannic va Markaziy Evropa Keltlari bilan til va madaniyat bilan bog'liq) va basklar edi. Ushbu guruhlarning aksariyati yozma ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli, biz ularni miloddan avvalgi III asrdan boshlab Ispaniyani janubdan mustamlaka qilgan yunon, punik va keyinchalik Rim ko'chmanchilari va bosqinchilarining tavsiflari tufayli bilamiz. Rim madaniyati yarim orolda taxminan yarim ming yil davom etgan, migratsiya davrida Visigotlar Rim viloyatini bosib olgan Ispaniya.
Visigot Ispaniya
Hududning aksariyat aholisi lotin tilida yoki aniqrog'i lotin tilidan kelib chiqqan tillarda / shevalarda gaplashishni davom ettirishgan va Ispan tiliga germancha so'zlarning ozgina qismi kiritilgan"ganso" eng keng tarqalgan narsa). Istilo qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay, vestgotlar bir-biri bilan yoki unga qarshi doimo o'zgarib turadigan titroq ittifoqlarida deyarli doimiy ziddiyatda bir qator raqib "qirolliklarni" va mayda zodagon davlatlarni tuzdilar va doimiy urushlarni keltirib chiqardilar.
Musulmonlar istilosi va "al-Andalus"
- Shuningdek qarang: Islomiy Oltin Asr
711 yilda Visgot hukmdorlaridan biri, Umaviy musulmonlarini u yoki bu raqibiga qarshi kurashda yordam berishga chaqirgan. (Ispaniyada bu davr uchun tarixiy yozuvlar juda yomon va masalan, zamonaviy musulmon manbalari mavjud emas.) Bu u tasavvur qilganidan ham muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va VIII asrning oxiriga kelib yarim orolning katta qismi musulmonlarning qo'lida edi. . Iberiya yarim orolida nasroniy va musulmon hukmdorlarining qariyb 800 yillik bo'linishdagi hukmronligi hech qanday ma'noda tinch bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, xristian olami uchun "yo'qolgan erlarni" qaytarib olish "uchun qandaydir birlashtirilgan sa'y-harakatlarning zamonaviy hikoyasi hech qachon birinchi, ikkinchi yoki hech qachon bo'lmagan nasroniy hukmdorlarining aksariyati uchun ustuvorlik. Aslida, nasroniy hukmdorlari ko'p marta boshqa nasroniy hukmdorlariga qarshi musulmon hukmdorlari bilan ittifoq tuzgan va aksincha. Xristian mamlakatlaridagi musulmonlar va aksincha yahudiylarning ahvoli hukmdorning kayfiyatiga juda bog'liq bo'lgan va xayrixoh johillikdan qotillik va haydab chiqarishgacha bo'lgan har qanday joyda yotishi mumkin bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, diniy ozchiliklar Ispaniyada vaziyatga qaraganda ancha yaxshi edi. o'sha paytda Evropaning aksariyat qismi. Darhaqiqat, Separdi yahudiylari (ibroniycha Ispaniya so'zi bilan atalgan) o'sha paytda Ispaniyadagi ilm-fan va ma'rifat jihatidan nafaqat eng muhim guruhlardan biri, balki ular orasida ham hukmron edi. Yahudiy xalqi, butun dunyo bo'ylab. O'sha davrda yahudiylarning taxminan 90% Sefardi edi. (Boshqa tomondan, 19-asrda yahudiylarning taxminan 90% ashkenazimlar edi [nemis va sharqiy evropaliklar va, avvalambor, yahudiy tilida so'zlashuvchi].)
Biroq, bu davr bosib olish va nikoh orqali Kastiliya va Aragon podshohliklari hamda bir nechta kichik nasroniy erlari birlashganda va ularning hukmdorlari musulmon hukmdorlariga qarshi bosqinchilik urushini boshlaganlarida tugadi. Ko'p sonli nasroniy shohliklarining birlashishi zamonaviy Ispaniya gerbida esga olinadi, bu ittifoqdan oldin to'rtta asosiy qirollikning, ya'ni Kastiliya, Aragon, Leon va Navarre qirolliklarining birlashishi. Ispaniyani qayta bosib olish jarayonida ko'plab buyuk masjidlar va ibodatxonalar xorlanib, xristian cherkovlariga aylantirildi.
Ispaniyadagi eng ulug'vor tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylarning ba'zilari musulmonlar hukmronligi davrida, shu jumladan Mezquita, Buyuk masjidi sifatida qurilgan Kordova va Medina Azaxara, shuningdek, Kordovada va hozirda xarobalardadir, ammo hanuzgacha ziyorat qilinadigan va Madinat az-Zahra, al-Andalus saroyi kabi qurilgan; va Alhambra yilda Granada, ajoyib, buzilmagan saroy. Musulmon Ispaniya davrida barpo etilgan ikkita ibodatxona mavjud: Santa Mariya la Blanka yilda Toledo va Kordova ibodatxonasi, Eski shaharda.
Rekonkista va imperatorlik davri
1492 yilda Granada qulashi bilan "rekonkista" deb nomlangan va barcha yahudiylar Ispaniyani tark etishga yoki o'sha yili dinni qabul qilishga majbur bo'ldilar; 1526 yilga kelib barcha Ispaniya musulmonlari bir xil taqdirga duch kelishdi. 1492 yilda Ispaniya hududlari bo'lgan dunyodagi eng kuchli imperiyaga aylana boshlagan payt ham qayd etilgan Shimoliy, Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika, Afrika, va Filippinlar (Ispaniya qiroli Felipe II nomi bilan atalgan). Ular chaqirgan "yangi nasroniylar" ko'pincha (majburan) konvertatsiya qilishda samimiy emas edilar (raqamga o'ting) va diniy "poklik" ni ta'minlash uchun taniqli ispaniyalik inkvizitsiya tashkil etildi. Zamonaviy davrda olib borilgan genetik tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, zamonaviy ispanlarning katta foizida hech bo'lmaganda qisman yahudiy va / yoki musulmon ajdodlari bor, bu esa ba'zilarni hayratga solishi mumkin, chunki yaqinda "haqiqiy xristian" ("konverso" emas) tushunchasi boshlandi. 1609 yilda Islomni majburan qabul qilganlarning barcha avlodlarini chiqarib yuborish bilan irsiy tus olish.
Habsburg uyi ostida Ispaniya shaxsiy ittifoqqa aylandi Avstriya imperiyasi, va 16-asrda va 17-asrning boshlarida Evropada o'zining yuqori darajasiga yetib, ko'p qismini nazorat qildi Beniluks va Italiya. Ispaniya zaiflashdi, chunki Habsburg uyi yutqazdi O'ttiz yillik urush 1648 yilda. Ispaniya samarasiz boshqaruv, diniy murosasizlik tufayli yahudiy va musulmon ozchilikni quvib chiqargan hamda erkin surishtiruvga xalaqit bergan va paradoksal ravishda - valyutani qadrsizlantirgan va hali ham urush xarajatlarini qoplay olmayotgan Lotin Amerikasi oltin va kumushlari tufayli zaiflashdi. . Ispaniyalik Xabsburglar - oila ichida turmush qurishga moyil bo'lib, shu sababli irsiy kasalliklarni to'plashdi - Charlz II merosxo'rni tug'dira olmaganida vafot etdi, bu uning boshqa ko'plab azoblari singari qarindoshlarning qarindoshligi natijasida ham bo'lgan. Evropaning aksariyat kuchlari Ispaniya taxtiga o'zlaridan birini qo'yish imkoniyati uchun kurashdilar va buni Burbon uyi amalga oshirdi. Burbonlar o'zlarining ko'plab domenlarini isloh qilishda muvaffaqiyat qozonishadi, ammo mahalliy avtonomiyalar yoki feodal huquqlarining eski imtiyozlariga ega bo'lganlarni g'azablantiradilar.
Markaziy va Janubiy Amerikaning mustamlakasi va Meksika ayniqsa chuqur edi, millionlab mahalliy odamlar kasallik, urush va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qotillik tufayli o'ldi, chunki ispaniyaliklar ushbu "ochilmagan" erlarga boylik qidirmoqdalar. Bugungi kunda ushbu sohadagi ko'plab mamlakatlar ispan tili va madaniyati bilan belgilanadi (ispan tili bugungi kunda dunyoda eng ko'p gapiriladigan ona tili Mandarindan keyin va ingliz tilidan oldin va katoliklik sobiq Ispaniya mustamlakalarida hukmronlik qilmoqda).
19-asr inqirozlari
1788 yilda Charlz III vafot etishi bilan Ispaniya hal qiluvchi pallada uzoq vaqt iroda, kuch va qobiliyat bilan so'nggi monarxidan ayrildi - keyingi yil frantsuz inqilobi boshlanib ketadi. Uning vorisi Karl IV avvaliga otasining ba'zi siyosatini olib borishga harakat qilgan, ammo oxir-oqibat ov qilishda siyosatdan ko'ra ko'proq zavqlanar edi. Yaqinda Ispaniyada siyosat bosh vazir Manuel de Godoy tomonidan hukmronlik qilishi kerak edi, u malika bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. Ayni paytda Charlzning o'g'li Ferdinand VII otasini shohga almashtirishni xohlagan edi, bu unga ikkinchisining nafratlanishiga sabab bo'ldi. 1808 yilda Ferdinand nafratlangan Godoy va uning otasini almashtirishga qisqa vaqt ichida erishganga o'xshaydi, ammo Napoleon Bonapart vositachilik bahonasida janjallashayotgan ikki shohni Bayonga taklif qildi, ammo ikkalasini ham akasi Jozef Bonapart foydasiga taxtdan voz kechishga majbur qildi. Ispaniyaning elitalari orasida ko'pchilik bunday narsalarga ega emas edi Xuntas Ispaniya monarxiyasiga sodiq hukumatni saqlab qolish. Kadiz 1812 yilgi liberal konstitutsiya o'sha yillarda ishlab chiqilgan va Ferdinand taxtga qaytish uchun hamma uchun hamma narsani va'da qilishga tayyor bo'lganligi sababli, u "xohlagan" nomi bilan tanilgan bo'lib, u liberal fuqaro sifatida hukmronlik qilishiga katta umidlar bilan - Kadis konstitutsiyasiga binoan qirol. Ferdinand hech qachon bunday narsani o'ylamagan va uning og'ir siyosati nafaqat Ispaniyadagi fuqarolarning, balki hatto ularning g'azabiga sabab bo'lgan Xuntas Lotin Amerikasida Burbon hukmronligini tiklash yoki mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilmasdan tuzilgan - ular Napoleon va uning rejimiga qarshi bo'lishlariga aminlar. Ferdinand 1833 yilda vafot etgach, noma'lum mutloq monarxiyani baxtsiz aholi bilan tark etdi, ular mustamlakalarining katta qismini hali uch yoshga to'lmagan Izabella II ga boy berishdi. Darhol ba'zi giper-konservativ elementlar, balki Bask mamlakatlarida ham eskisini qaytarishni istaganlar fuero avtonomiya Izabellaning ayol bo'lganligi sababli da'vosini rad etib, "Carlist" harakatini tug'di. XIX asrda mustaqillik harakatlari Ispaniya qirolligiga qarshi kurash olib bordi, Simon Bolivar va Augustin de Iturbide kabi rahbarlar yangi mustaqillikni muvaffaqiyatli yaratdilar. Lotin Amerikasi bo'ylab millatlar. 1898 yilga kelib Ispaniya Ispaniya-Amerika urushi paytida qolgan aksariyat hududlarini yo'qotdi: yutqazdi Kuba va keyin sotilgan Puerto-Riko, Filippinlarva Guam uchun Qo'shma Shtatlar. 1898 yildagi urush Ispaniya madaniyati uchun katta zarba bo'ldi va Ispaniyaning birinchi darajali qudratga bo'lgan obro'sini buzdi va shu tariqa "98" avlodi deb nomlanuvchi butun adabiy harakatga ilhom berdi. Bu vaqtning ko'p qismida Ispaniya haqiqatan ham bo'lmagan bitta shohlik juda ko'p bir nechta monarxni baham ko'rgan sohalar. Monarx keng vakolatlarga ega bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Ispaniyada va turli mintaqalarda "mutlaq" monarxiya degan narsa yo'q edi, xususan Basklar mamlakati - "xalq" ga, mahalliy lordga yoki "erkin odamlarga" berilgan ko'plab maxsus imtiyoz va avtonomiyalarga ega edi. ". Ispaniya respublikaga aylangach, bu hal qilinishi qiyin bo'lgan va hozir ham 21-asrda Ispaniya bilan kurashayotgan muammo.
20-asr
Ispaniyada 1936-1939 yillarda yarim million ispanlar o'ldirilgan va generalissimo Fransisko Franko boshchiligidagi 30 yildan ortiq diktatura davri boshlangan halokatli fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. Fuqarolar urushi Ispaniyaning Shimoliy Afrikasida (bugungi kunda Marokashning bir qismi) Ispaniyaning chap qanotli xalq fronti rejimiga qarshi amalga oshirilgan davlat to'ntarishidan boshlandi (xalq jabhasi o'sha kunlarda kommunistik, sotsialistik, liberal, xristian demokratlar va hattoki konservativ partiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan rejim edi) va fashizmga javob sifatida Frantsiyada paydo bo'lgan). Fashistlar tomonini bir guruh generallar boshqargan; ammo, ularning ba'zilari tez orada aviahalokatlarda vafot etgan yoki Franko tomonidan yon tomonga surilgan. Millatlar Ligasi (bugungi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining kashshofi) aralashuvni imkonsiz qilishga urinib ko'rgan bo'lsa-da, Mussolinining Italiyasi va fashistlar Germaniyasi buni e'tiborsiz qoldirib, millatchi (Franko) tomonga yordam berishdi, Sovet Ittifoqi va ma'lum darajada Meksika respublikachilarga yordam ko'rsatdi ( mashhur old) tomon. Respublika tomoni "xalqaro brigadalar" deb nomlangan ko'ngillilarni chaqirdi va ularning yoniga 20 mingga yaqin inglizlar, amerikaliklar, frantsuzlar va hattoki nemislar qo'shildi. Biroq, respublika tomoni qurol va o'q-dorilarning etishmasligi (ularning ba'zi miltiqlari 19-asrda ishlab chiqarilgan), kommunistlar va anarxistlar o'rtasidagi mojarolar va Moskvadagi respublika Ispaniyasining superparanoid tarafdorlari tomonidan buyurtma qilingan stalinistlar tomonidan olib borilgan azob-uqubatlarga duch keldi. O'sha avlodning ko'plab odamlari Ispaniyadagi fuqarolar urushida qatnashgan yoki urush muxbirlari sifatida (ko'pincha Jorj Oruell, Ernest Xeminguey va keyinchalik Germaniya kansleri Villi Brandt, shu jumladan) ochiq-oydin tarafkashlik qilganlar kabi, juda yaxshi yozilgan adabiyotlar (va ba'zi filmlar) mavjud. ), bu har doim ham tarixiy jihatdan aniq bo'lmasada, ko'plab interbrigadistalarni birinchi navbatda Ispaniyaga borishiga olib kelgan behuda idealizm ruhini mukammal egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Xuddi Amerika fuqarolar urushi fotojurnalistika uchun kashfiyot qildi, Birinchi jahon urushi yangiliklar radiosi va Ikkinchi jahon urushi uchun kinostudiya uchun Ispaniyadagi fuqarolar urushi jurnalistika, adabiyot va san'atda o'z izini qoldirdi. Madriddagi Reyna Sofiya muzeyida Pikassoning rasmlari bilan urushning badiiy tasvirlari uchun ko'rgazma mavjud Gernika - 1937 yilda Parijda bo'lib o'tgan jahon ko'rgazmasida respublika Ispaniya pavilyoni uchun ishlab chiqarilgan - uning markaziy qismi sifatida.
Urush Franko uchun yuqori darajadagi olov kuchi va fashistlarning harbiy yordami (shu jumladan, bombardimon qilish jinoyati bilan) g'alaba qozondi. Gernika). Franko o'zining xarizmatik rahbarligi orqasida umuman bir hil bo'lmagan millatchi kuchlarni birlashtira oldi va hokimiyatni kuch bilan ushlab turishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi (unda u betaraf qoldi) o'limigacha. Uning o'rnini qirol Xuan Karlos egalladi. Ispaniyadagi fuqarolar urushi hali ham ma'lum ma'noda ochiq yara bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki Franko rejimi davrida bu haqda deyarli gaplashmagan. Bugungi kunga qadar konservatorlar va katoliklar (respublikachilar antiklerlerizmga qarshi edilar) ba'zan Franko va urushning "zaruriyati" haqida kechirim so'rashmoqda. Franko merosi shundan iboratki, tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan mintaqaviy o'ziga xoslik va tillar (kataloniya va bask kabi) shafqatsizlarcha bostirilgan va ispan / kastiliya tili ostida kuchli milliy o'ziga xoslik siyosati ilgari surilgan. ETA kabi zo'ravon guruhlar (quyida ko'rib chiqing) Franko davrida ham faol bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Franko hukmronligining aksariyat qismida zo'ravonlik va tinchlik yo'lida hech qanday uyushgan muxolifat deyarli bo'lmagan. Franko Ispaniyaning 60-yillarda sanoatlashishi bilan jadal iqtisodiy kengayishini nazorat qildi. Ispaniya ham Franko tomonidan boshqarilayotganda NATOga (garchi Evropa Ittifoqi yoki boshqa biron bir davlatga kirmasa ham) kirdi. Franko hayotining so'nggi yillari va kunlarida Ispaniyaning afrikalik mustamlakalaridan ajrashgan ajralishi ham mojaroning sabablaridan biri hisoblanadi G'arbiy Sahara, Ispaniyaning sobiq mustamlakasi.
Franko vafotidan keyin demokratiyaga tinch yo'l bilan o'tish bilan mintaqaviy identifikatsiyadagi cheklovlar bekor qilindi, bir nechta viloyatlarga avtonomiya berildi va mintaqaviy tillar o'z hududlarida rasmiy rasmiy maqomga ega bo'ldilar. O'tish davri tabiati shuni anglatadiki, Franko diktaturasi ostida azob chekkanlarga nisbatan adolat kam edi va bo'linishlar hanuzgacha saqlanib qolmoqda. Qirol Xuan Karlosdan ko'p vaqt o'tmay - ko'pchilikni ajablantiradigan narsa - mamlakat nomzod davlat rahbari sifatida taniqli qirol bilan parlament demokratiyasiga aylanishini talab qilganidan so'ng, o'ng qanot generallari 1981 yil 23 fevralda yangi tanilgan demokratiyani ag'darishga harakat qildilar. 23F. To'ntarishning eng yorqin tasvirlaridan biri general Tejero 200 Guardia Civil a'zolarining boshida Deputatlar Kongressiga bostirib kirishi va bosh vazir lavozimiga o'ng-o'ng qanot markazidagi o'ng qanot Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo bilan ovoz berishni to'xtatish edi. To'ntarish, asosan, xalq tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagani sababli muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va chunki qirol - bosh qo'mondonlik vazifasida - televizorda askarlarni o'z kazarmalariga qaytarish uchun to'liq forma kiyib chiqdi va shu tariqa o'z demokratiyasini qabul qildi. Bu shohni, aksariyat respublikalarga moyil ispanlar orasida, uning hukmronligining aksariyat qismida shaxsan shaxsan katta qo'llab-quvvatlashga olib keldi. Biroq, monarxiya Kataloniya yoki Bask mamlakati avtonomistlari yoki mustaqil harakatlari orasida juda mashhur emas. Leopoldo Kalvo-Sotelo boshchiligidagi hukmron markaziy UCD partiyasi Andalusiyaning mintaqaviy o'zini o'zi boshqarish istagini yomon baholagan va shu tariqa 1982 yilgi saylovda, har qanday zamonaviy demokratiyada eng katta ommaviy ovoz ko'chishlaridan birida chap PSOEga yutqazgan. Bu markaz-o'ngning vaqtincha qulashi natijasida ortda qolgan xarobalardan Partido Popular (PP) shakllanishiga olib keldi. O'sha paytda PSOE ni nisbatan yosh andalusiyalik Felipe Gonsales boshqargan va shu kungacha Andalusiyada kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlanmoqda.
1959 yilda Frankoga qarshi zo'ravon qarshilik ko'rsatishni boshlagan Ispaniya shimolidagi Basklar mamlakati, mintaqa ta'minlanganiga qaramay, terroristik ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna; Basklar mamlakati va erkinligi uchun bask) guruhi bilan demokratik davrga qadar portlashlar va suiqasdlar kampaniyasini davom ettirdi. yuqori darajadagi muxtoriyat bilan. Guruh 2011 yilda sulh e'lon qildi va qurolli kurash hozircha paydo bo'ldi. Ispaniya hukumati "demokratik" 1980-yillarda ham (uzoq yillik bosh vazir Felipe Gonsales davrida [PSOE 1982-1996]) terrorizmga qarshi kurashda "o'lim otryadlari" ni o'z ichiga olgan usullari bilan javob qaytargan.
Uchinchi ming yillikdagi noaniq vaqtlar
2000-yillarda ko'proq iqtisodiy kengayish va uy-joy narxining ko'tarilishi kuzatilib, keyinchalik qulab tushdi va Ispaniyani yuqori ishsizlik va iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarga olib keldi. Iqtisodiy jihatdan muhim Kataloniya mintaqasi mustaqillikka bo'lgan talablarini yanada kuchaytirdi. 2017/18 yillarda ushbu mojaro markaziy hukumat muxtoriyat nizomining muhim jihatlarini bekor qilish ustida ish olib borganligi sababli avj oldi, Kataloniya parlamentining ayrim qismlari mustaqillik muxoliflari tomonidan "noqonuniy" deb topilgan mustaqillik referendumini o'tkazdilar. Markaziy hukumat mustaqillik harakatiga qarshi keskin choralar ko'rdi va referendumda qatnashgan bir necha kishi uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.
Migratsiya
Ispaniya Iberian yarimorolidagi qo'shnilariga tarixiy munosabatda bo'lib, Andorra va Portugaliya, uning sobiq koloniyalariga, sobiq fuqarolarga va ularning avlodlariga va sobiq fuqarolarning alohida toifasiga, ya'ni sefardiy yahudiylarga.
Ispaniya aholisi asosan Lotin Amerikasining nisbatan kambag'al yoki siyosiy jihatdan beqaror hududlaridan kelganlarning ko'chishi tufayli o'smoqda, masalan. Kolumbiya, Kuba, Ekvador, SalvadorNikaragua, Peru yoki Venesuela; Evropaning boshqa qismlari, ayniqsa Sharqiy Evropa; va Afrika va Osiyo, xususan, Ispaniyaga tarixiy yoki lingvistik bog'lanish sohalari. Shuningdek, asosan nafaqaxo'rlar va ular uchun biznes yuritadigan odamlar va chet ellik sayyohlar, masalan, Evropaning boy mamlakatlaridan kelgan immigratsiya muhim segmenti mavjud. Birlashgan Qirollik, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Beniluks va Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar, O'rta er dengizi bo'yida, ayniqsa Kosta-Blanka, Kosta-del-Sol, Kanareykalar orollari va Balear orollari, ayniqsa yoz oylarida.
Ichki tomondan har doim ham kambag'al qishloq joylaridan (masalan, Andalusiya) shaharlarga va qurilish va sayyohlik ishlariga ko'chishlar bo'lgan. 2000 va 2010 yillardagi iqtisodiy inqiroz tufayli yoshlar ishsizligi 50% oralig'ida chidab bo'lmas darajaga ko'tarildi va ko'plab yoshlar mamlakatni o'qish, ishlash yoki ishlash uchun Evropa Ittifoqining boshqa mamlakatlariga qochib ketishdi. yoki Ispaniyada ishlar yaxshilanmaguncha yoki abadiy amaliyot o'tash. 2010 yillarning ikkinchi yarmida Ispaniyaga qaytib kelgan ba'zi iqtisodiy emigrantlar bilan iqtisodiy rivojlanishning taxminiy belgilari mavjud edi.
Gapir
- Shuningdek qarang: Ispancha so'zlashuv kitobi
Men juda homiladorman Ko'pgina ingliz so'zlari lotin tilidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, bu ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun ko'plab ispancha so'zlarning ma'nosini taxmin qilishni osonlashtiradi. Biroq, ispan va ingliz tillarida bir qator soxta do'stlar bor, ular sharmandali xatolarga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun bilishlari kerak.
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Ispaniyada rasmiy va universal til ispan tilidir (español) Romantika tillari oilasining a'zosi bo'lgan (boshqalarga portugal, italyan, frantsuz va rumin tillari kiradi). Ko'p odamlar, ayniqsa Kastiliya tashqarisida, uni chaqirishni afzal ko'rishadi Kastiliya (kastellano).
Ammo Ispaniyaning turli joylarida bir qator tillarda (katalon, bask, galisiya, asturiya va boshqalar) gaplashish mumkin. Ushbu tillarning ba'zilari o'z mintaqalarida dominant va rasmiy rasmiydir, ammo ko'pchilik odamlar o'zlarining mahalliy tillarida va ispan tillarida ikki tilli bo'lishadi. Ispaniya konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq kataloniya, bask va galis tili rasmiy tillar deb tan olingan. Bask tilidan tashqari (kelib chiqishi hali ham muhokama qilinmoqda), Iberiya yarimorolidagi tillar romantik oilaning bir qismidir va agar siz Kastiliyani yaxshi bilsangiz, ularni olish juda oson.
- Kataloniya (Katalancha: katala, Kastiliya: katalon), Kastilian tiliga o'xshash, ammo romantik tillarning Oc filiali bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan va ko'pchilik tomonidan Ispaniya, Frantsiya va Italiya bo'ylab, shuningdek, Provans kabi boshqa tillarni o'z ichiga olgan dialekt davomiyligining bir qismi deb hisoblangan. , Bearnais, Limousin, Auvernhat va Nicard. Shimoliy-sharqiy mintaqasida turli lahjalarda so'zlashiladi Kataloniya, Balear orollariva "Valensiya" (bu erda u ko'pincha deb nomlanadi Valensiya), sharqiy Aragon, shuningdek qo'shni Andorra va janubiy Frantsiya. Tasodifiy tinglovchiga kataloniya yuzaki ko'rinishda kastiliya, frantsuz va portugal tillarining xochi bo'lib tuyuladi, ammo u uchalasining xususiyatlarini birlashtirsa ham, bu alohida til.
- Galisiya (Galisiya: galego, Kastiliya: gallego), portugal tiliga juda yaqin bo'lgan, Galis tilida gaplashadi Galisiya va g'arbiy qismlari Asturiya va Leon. Galisian portugal tilidan oldinroq bo'lgan va Braziliya, Janubiy Portugal, Markaziy Portugaliya va Galisian tillarini o'z ichiga olgan Galisiya-Portugal tillar oilaviy guruhining to'rtta asosiy lahjalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Portugallar buni portugal tilining lahjasi deb bilsalar, Galisiyaliklar ularning tillarini mustaqil deb hisoblashadi.
- Bask (Baskcha: evkara, Kastiliya: vasko), Kastiliya (yoki dunyodagi boshqa biron bir boshqa til) bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan til, uchta viloyatida gaplashadi. Basklar mamlakati, Ispaniya va Frantsiya chegarasining Frantsiya tomonidagi ikkita qo'shni provintsiyada va Navarda. Bask har qanday romantikaga yoki hind-evropa tiliga aloqador bo'lmagan til deb hisoblanadi.
- Asturiano (Asturiano: asturianu, Kastiliya: asturiano, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan ertak), viloyatida so'zlashadigan Asturiya, u erda yarim rasmiy himoya mavjud. Qishloq joylarida ham gapirishgan Leon, Zamora, Salamanka, Portugaliyaning bir nechta qishloqlarida (u erda Mirandes deyiladi) va shimolning shimolidagi qishloqlarda Ekstremadura. Ispaniya konstitutsiyasi kataloniya, galisian va kastilian atamasi bilan bask, balear-kataloniya-valensiyani aniq himoya qilsa-da, asturianni aniq himoya qilmaydi. Shunday bo'lsa-da, Asturiya viloyati uni aniq himoya qiladi va Ispaniya uni Oliy sud oldida e'tiroz bildirmaslik bilan bevosita himoya qiladi.
- Aragoncha (Aragoncha: aragones, Kastiliya: aragones, shuningdek, so'zlashuv sifatida tanilgan fabla) ning shimolida gapirilgan Aragon, va rasmiy ravishda tan olinmagan. Ushbu til katalon tiliga yaqin (maxsus Benask) va ba'zi bir Bask va Occitan (janubiy Frantsiya) ta'sirida bo'lgan Kastilianga. Hozirgi kunda faqat bir nechta qishloqlar Pireneylar tilni kuchli ishlating, aksariyat odamlar uni kundalik nutqlarida Kastilian bilan aralashtiradilar.
- Arancha (Kastiliya: Aranes, Kataloniya / Arancha oksitan: Aranes), Aran vodiysida so'zlashadigan va Kataloniya va Kastiliya bilan bir qatorda Kataloniyaning (Ispaniyaning emas) rasmiy tili sifatida tanilgan. Ushbu til turli xil Gascon Occitan tilidir va shuning uchun ular Provans, Limuzin, Languedok va Katalon tillari bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir.
Ona tillaridan tashqari, kabi ko'plab tillar Ingliz tili, Frantsuzva Nemis odatda maktabda o'rganiladi. Ispanlar chet tillarini yaxshi bilishlari bilan mashhur emaslar, ammo mahalliy sayyohlik zonalari yoki yirik xalqaro mehmonxonalardan tashqarida chet tillarida suhbatlashadigan mahalliy aholini topish juda kam.
Aytish joizki, Ispaniyaning muhim sayyohlik sanoatidagi aksariyat korxonalarda odatda ingliz tilini yaxshi biladigan, xususan, dengiz sohilidagi mashhur kurortlarda ishlaydigan xodimlar mavjud. Kosta-del-Sol, siz bir nechta tillarni yaxshi biladigan odamlarni topasiz, eng keng tarqalganlari nemis va frantsuz tillari. Odatda ingliz tilida keng tarqalgan "Barselona" va boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda Madrid (bir xil darajada bo'lmasa ham). Sifatida Portugal va Italyancha ispan tili bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir, agar siz ushbu tillarning birortasida gaplashsangiz, mahalliy aholi sizni biroz jumboq bilan topa olardi. Nemis tilida nemis sayyohlari tez-tez uchrab turadigan ba'zi joylarda, masalan, Mallorca shahrida gaplashadi.
Kastiliyalik ispan tilidan farq qiladi Lotin Amerikasi Ispan talaffuzi va grammatikasi bo'yicha navlar, garchi barcha Lotin Amerikasi navlari ispanlar tomonidan osonlikcha tushuniladi va aksincha. Imlodagi farqlar deyarli mavjud bo'lmasa-da, "ispan-ispan" va "lotin-ispan" o'rtasidagi so'zlar va talaffuzdagi farqlar "amerikaliklar" va "inglizlar" ingliz tillariga qaraganda ancha katta.
Frantsuz tili Ispaniyaning shimoli-sharqida eng keng tarqalgan chet tili hisoblanadi.
Mahalliy aholi ularning tilida gaplashishga qilingan har qanday urinishlaringizni qadrlashadi. Masalan, hech bo'lmaganda "xayrli tong" uchun Kastiliyani biling (buenos días) va "rahmat" (gratsiyalar).
Chiqinglar
Kirish talablari
Sayohat hujjatlarining minimal amal qilish muddati
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Ispaniya Shengen shartnomasi.
- Odatda shartnomani imzolagan va amalga oshirgan mamlakatlar o'rtasida chegara nazorati mavjud emas. Bunga Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat qismi va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlar kiradi.
- Odatda xalqaro reyslarga yoki qayiqlarga chiqishdan oldin shaxsni tekshirish tekshiruvi o'tkaziladi. Ba'zida quruqlik chegaralarida vaqtinchalik chegara nazorati mavjud.
- Xuddi shunday, a viza har qanday Shengen a'zosi uchun berilgan, imzolagan barcha boshqa mamlakatlarda amal qiladi va shartnomani amalga oshirdi.
- Iltimos, ko'ring Shengen zonasi bo'ylab sayohat qilish sxema qanday ishlashi, qaysi mamlakatlar a'zo ekanligi va qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun sizning fuqaroligingizga qanday talablar qo'yiladi.
Ispaniyaga milliy guvohnoma bilan kirgan, 18 yoshga to'lmagan va ota-onasiz sayohat qilayotgan Evropa Ittifoqi, EEA va Shveytsariya fuqarolaridan ota-onalarning yozma roziligi talab qilinadi. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun ushbu sahifaga tashrif buyuring Ispaniya Tashqi ishlar va hamkorlik vazirligining veb-sahifasi.
Antigua va Barbuda, Bagama orollari, Barbados, Mavrikiy, Sent-Kits va Nevis va Seyshel orollari fuqarolariga 90 kunlik vizasiz qolish muddati davomida viza olish yoki boshqa ruxsatnoma talab qilmasdan Ispaniyada ishlashga ruxsat beriladi. Biroq, vizasiz ishlashning ushbu qobiliyati boshqa Shengen mamlakatlariga taalluqli emas.
EEAga a'zo bo'lmagan yoki Shveytsariya fuqarolari uchun 90 kundan ortiq qolish deyarli har doim oldindan vizani talab qiladi. Agar kimdir 6 oydan ko'proq qolsa, yashash uchun ruxsatnoma (Titulo de Residencia) Ispaniyaga kirgandan keyin dastlabki 30 kun ichida olinishi kerak.
There are a number of ways to get into Spain. From neighboring European countries, a drive with the car or a train ride is feasible; from a number of Mediterranean countries more or less regular ferry connections are available; visitors from further away will probably be using air travel.
Samolyotda
Spain's flag carrier is Iberiya, and its two other main airlines are Vueling va Air Europa. There are many airlines connecting from most European countries, Africa, the Americas and Asia. Virtually all European low cost carriers provide frequent services to Spain including: TUI Airways, EasyJet, Ryanair, Wizz Air va Jet2.com.
The busiest airports are Madrid–Barajas Airport, Barselona El Prat, Palma de Mallorca va Malaga, followed by Sevilya, Valencia, Bilbao, Alicante va Santyago de Kompostela.
For mainland Spain, Madrid Barajas (MAD IATA), Barcelona (BCN IATA) and Malaga (AGP IATA) are your most likely ports of entry, as they have by far the highest number of international flights. For the islands, you will most likely directly arrive at an airport on the island, without connecting through another Spanish airport. If your destination does not have a direct flight, you can make use of Iberia's temir yo'l havo ittifoqi with Renfe. Searching for your destination directly on the Iberia website will give you flights with a connecting train service automatically.
Poyezdda
Shuningdek qarangrail travel in Europe
The train system in Spain is modern and reliable, most of the trains are brand new and the punctuality rate is one of the highest in Europe, the only problem is that not all the populated areas have a train station; sometimes small towns don't have one, in those cases you need to take a bus. Another issue with the Spanish Rail network is that the lines are disposed in a radial way so almost all the lines head to Madrid. That's why sometimes travelling from one city to another geographically close to it might take longer by train than by bus if they are not on the same line. Always check whether the bus or the train is more convenient. The Spanish yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan temir yo'l system is, however, more reliable than that of - say - Germany, because the gauge of traditional and high speed trains is different and thus high speed lines are only used by high speed passenger trains meaning fewer delays due to congested lines or technical problems. All lines that cross the border into France have either a break of gauge (thus making changing train or a lengthy gauge change necessary) or are high speed, thus making the high speed trains the vastly preferable option to cross the border. Trains between Barcelona and France are operated jointly by SNCF and RENFE and both sell tickets for any international train on that route. Spain has numerous rail links with neighboring Portugal, none of them high speed. There are only three rail links with France, one at Xenday on a traditional line requiring a break of gauge, a connection used for local traffic near Latour de Carol (this is the closest rail line to Andorra) and one near Figeres for high speed trains. The former two see the occasional shpal poezdi while the latter sees the vast majority of passenger travel and all high speed trains. The former link through the Pyrenees near Kanfrank has been abandoned but the former border station at Canfranc is still served from the Spanish site and worth a visit if you're a railway enthusiast or history buff.
Avtobusda
Virtually all companies operating Intercity buses in France shu jumladan Uyibus and even German players DeinBus va Flixbus offer buses to/from Spanish destinations. Spanish operators with international connections include Alsa va Linebus. Generally speaking the buses will be reasonably save and may even have WiFi or electric outlets at your seat, but if your main concern is anything but cost, opt for a train or plane instead as the former is both vastly more comfortable and faster and the latter is still a lot faster and can even be cheaper, if you manages to travel on carry-on only. Buses generally have greater luggage allowances than the airlines, but then again, you'd have the same advantage taking the train.
Qayiqda
From the UK, Bretan feribotlari offers services from Portsmut va Plimut ga Santander va dan Portsmut ga Bilbao. The journey time from Portsmut ga Santander is approximately 24 hours.
Spain is also well connected by ferry to Northern Africa (particularly Tunis va Marokash) and the Kanareykalar orollari which are part of Spain. Routes are also naturally available to the Spanish Balearic islands of Mallorca, Minorca, Ibiza va Formentera.
Another popular route is from Barcelona ga Genoa.
Atrofga boring
Poyezdda
- Renfe is the Spanish national rail carrier. Long-distance trains always run on time, but be aware that short-distance trains (called Serkaniya) can bear long delays, from ten to twenty minutes, and especially in the Barcelona area, where delays up to 30 minutes are not uncommon. To be safe, always take the train before the one you need. It also manages FEVE narrow-gauge trains which mainly run near the northern atlantic coast (from Ferrol to Bilbao). Buying tickets online with a foreign credit card may be difficult, however, those with a PayPal account may find it easier to pay using the website. Renfe also operates the AVEtezyurar poezdlar, whose network radiates out of Madrid to the major cities along the coasts - Spain boasts the second-longest high speed network (behind Xitoy) and has constructed a lot of new lines until the economic downturn at the end of the 2000s. The AVE is easily the fastest option wherever it goes (faster even than flying in most cases) but can be on the expensive side. Tickets don't go on sale until 30 days before departure, and few discount tickets are available.
- FGC operates several local routes near Barcelona. On these places where both Renfe and FGC operate, usually FGC provides more trains per hour, has better punctuality records and stations are closer to the city centers; on the other side, trains are slower and single fares are more expensive.
- FGV provides local services in Valencia area uncovered by Renfe and a tram service in Alicante.
- Euskotren operates affordable services from Bilbao to Gernika, Bermeo and San Sebastian plus a line connecting San Sebastian with Irun and Hendaye (France). The Bilbao - San Sebastian trip is about 2hr 40min while buses connect the cities in around just an hour, although bus tickets cost about twice as the train. All but the whole Bilbao - San Sebastian line run twice an hour with extra trains on peak hours.
Avtobusda
The least expensive way to get around most parts of Spain is by bus. Most major routes are point to point, and very high frequency. There are many companies serving within certain autonomous communities or provinces of the country on multiple routes or on a single route going from a major city to several surrounding villages and towns. The following operators serve more than a single region:
- ALSA (formerly Continental Auto), ☏ 34 902 422242. Largest bus company with point to point routes across the country and alliances with various other regional companies and/or subsidiary brands.
- Grupo Avanza, ☏ 34 902 020999. Operates buses between Madrid and the surrounding autonomous communities of Extremadura, Castile-Leon, Valencia (via Castile-Leon). In some areas they operate through their subsidiary brands of Alosa, Tusza, Vitrasa, Suroeste and Auto Res.
- Socibus and Secorbus, ☏ 34 902 229292. These companies jointly operate buses between Madrid and western Andalucia including Cadiz, Cordoba, Huelva and Seville.
At the bus station, each operator has its own ticket counter or window and usually a single operator from here to a particular destination. Therefore, the easiest is to ask the staff who will be happy to tell you who operates which route and point you to a specific desk or window. You can also see what is all available on Movelia.es or see "By bus" under "Getting in" or "Getting Around" in the article for a particular autonomous community region, province or locale. It is usually not necessary or more advantageous to book tickets in advance as one can show up and get on the next available bus. Most bus companies can be booked in advance online. however English translation on their websites is patchy at best.
Qayiqda
Wherever you are in Spain, from your private yacht you can enjoy gorgeous scenery and distance yourself from the inevitable crowds of tourists that flock to these destinations. May is a particularly pleasant time to charter in the regions of Costa Brava, Costa Blanca and the Balearic Islands as the weather is good and the crowds have yet to descend. The summer months of July and August are the hottest and tend to have lighter winds. There is no low season for the Kanareykalar orollari, as the weather resembles springtime all year round.
If you would like to bareboat anywhere in Spain, including the Balearic or Canary Islands, a US Coast Guard License is the only acceptable certification needed by Americans to bareboat. For everyone else, a RYA Yacht Master Certification or International Certificate of Competence will normally do.
Although a skipper may be required, a hostess/chef may or may not be necessary. Dining out is strong part of Spanish custom and tradition. If you are planning on docking in a port and exploring fabulous bars and restaurants a hostess/cook may just be useful for serving drinks and making beds. Extra crew can take up valuable room on a tight ship.
Mashinada
- Shuningdek qarang: Driving in Spain
In major cities like Madrid yoki Barcelona and in mid-sized ones like San-Sebastyan, moving around by car is expensive and nerve-wracking. Fines for improper parking are uncompromising (€85 and up). Access by car has been made more difficult by municipal policies in Barcelona and Madrid in the 2010s. The positive effects on the urban fabric of those policies have proven widely popular, so expect more of this.
Having a driving map is essential - many streets are one-way; left turns are more rare than rights (and are unpredictable).
Getting around by car makes sense if you plan to move from one city to another every other day, ideally if you don't plan to park overnight in large cities. It also doesn't hurt that the scenery is beautiful and well worth a drive. With a good public transport network that connects to (almost) all points of interest for travellers, you might ask yourself whether driving is really worth the cost and the hassle, as you are often much faster by train than by car.
There are two types of highway in Spain: autopistas, or motorways, and autovías, which are more akin to expressways. Most autopistas are toll roads while autovías are generally free of charge. In some autonomous communities whether a highway is tolled depends on whether the central or regional government built and operates them. To a foreigner the system can seem rather confusing. Tolls often work out to "odd" Euro amounts leading you with a lot of copper coins if you pay cash. Speed limits range from 50 km/h (30 mph) in towns to 90 km/h on rural roads, 100 km/h on roads and 120 km/h (75 mph) on autopistas and autovías. Starting from May 2021 all roads with only one lane per direction inside built up areas will have a blanket speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph).
Spaniards are somewhat notorious for seeing traffic infractions such as speeding, second row parking or red light infractions as "minor", but the government is increasingly cracking down on this kind of behavior and police will have a field day writing a ticket to a foreigner who doesn't speak the language.
Gasoline/petrol costs in the range of €1.32/L in Jan 2020, and diesel costs €1.25/L. Filling procedure for gas stations varies from brand to brand. At Agip, you first fill the tank yourself, and then pay inside the shop.
Bosh barmog'i bilan
Spain isn't a good country for avtostop. Sometimes you can wait many hours. Try to speak with people at gas stations, parking lots, etc. They are scared and suspicious, but when you make them feel that they don't need to be afraid, they gladly accept you and mostly also show their generosity.
In the south of Spain, in and around the Alpujarras, hitchhiking is very common and it is also very easy to get a ride. As long as you can speak a bit of Spanish and don't look too dirty or frightening, you should be able to get a ride moderately easily.
Velosipedda
Spain is a suitable country for cycling, and it is possible to see many cyclists in some of the cities. Cycling lanes are available in most mid-sized and large cities, although they are not comparable in number to what you can find in for example central Europe.
Depending on where you are in Spain, you could face a very mountainous area. Much of central Spain is very flat, though elevated, but towards the coast the landscape is often very hilly, especially in the north.
There are several options for touring in Spain by bicycle: guided or supported tours, rent bicycles in Spain or bring your own bike, or any combination. Supported tours are ubiquitous on the web. For unsupported tours a little Spanish helps a lot. Shoulder seasons avoid extremes of temperature and ensure hotel availability in non-tourist areas. Good hotels are €35–45 in the interior, breakfast usually included. Menú del día meals are €8–10 eating where the locals eat. Secondary roads are usually well paved and have good shoulders, and as a rule Spanish drivers are careful and courteous around touring cyclists. Road signs are usually very good and easy to follow.
Most municipalities in Spain, towns and cities are modernizing their streets to introduce special lanes for bicycles. Bike share systems with usually quite reasonable prices are also being installed in cities throughout the country.
Taksida
All the major cities in Spain are served by taxis, which are a convenient, if somewhat expensive way to get around. That being said, taxis in Spain are more reasonably priced than those in say, the Birlashgan Qirollik yoki Yaponiya. Most taxi drivers do not speak English or any other foreign languages, so it would be necessary to have the names and/or addresses of your destinations written in Spanish to show your taxi driver. Likewise, get your hotel's business card to show your taxi driver in case you get lost.
Qarang
The most popular beaches are the ones along the Mediterranean coast, in the Balearic Islands and in the Canary Islands. Meanwhile, for hiking, the mountains of Sierra Nevada in the south, the Central Cordillera and the northern Pyrenees are the best places.
Historic cities
Historically, Spain has been an important crossroads: between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, between North Africa and Europe, and as Europe began colonizing the New World, between Europe and the Americas. The country thus is blessed with a fantastic collection of historical landmarks — in fact, it has the second largest number of UNESCO Heritage Sites and the largest number of World Heritage Cities of any nation in the world.
In the south of Spain, Andalusia holds many reminders of old Spain. Kadis is regarded as one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in western Europe, with remnants of the Roman settlement that once stood here. Nearby, Ronda is a beautiful town atop steep cliffs and noted for its gorge-spanning bridge and the oldest bullring in Spain. Cordoba va Granada hold the most spectacular reminders of the nation's Muslim past, with the red-and-white striped arches of the Mezquita in Cordoba and the stunning Alhambra palace perched on a hill above Granada. Sevilya, the cultural centre of Andalusia, has a dazzling collection of sights built when the city was the main port for goods from the Americas, the grandest of which being the city's cathedral, the largest in the country.
Moving north across the plains of La Mancha into Central Spain, picturesque Toledo stands as perhaps The historical center of the nation, a beautiful medieval city sitting atop a hill that once served as the capital of Spain before Madrid was built. North of Madrid and an easy day-trip from the capital city is El eskaliy, once the center of the Spanish empire during the time of the Inquisition, and Segoviya, noted for its spectacular Roman aqueduct which spans one of the city's squares.
Further north in Castile-Leon is Salamanca, known for its famous university and abundance of historic architecture. Galicia in northwestern Spain is home to Santyago de Kompostela, the end point of the old Avliyo Jeyms yo'li (Camino de Santiago) pilgrimage route and the supposed burial place of St. James, with perhaps the most beautiful cathedral in all of Spain at the heart of its lovely old town. Northeastern Spain has a couple of historical centers to note: Saragoza, with Roman, Muslim, medieval and Renaissance buildings from throughout its two thousand years of history, and Barcelona with its pseudo-medieval Barri Gòtic neighborhood.
Be prepared to have your luggage scanned airport style at the entrance of most museums. There's usually a locker where you can (or must) leave your bags.
San'at muzeylari
Spain has played a key role in Western art, heavily influenced by French and Italian artists but very distinct in its own regard, owing to the nation's history of Muslim influence, Counter-Reformation climate and, later, the hardships from the decline of the Spanish empire, giving rise to such noted artists like El Greco, Diego Velázquez and Francisco Goya. In the last century, Spain's unique position in Europe brought forth some of the leading artists of the Modernist and Surrealist movements, most notably the famed Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí.
Today, Spain's two largest cities hold the lion's share of Spain's most famous artworks. Madrid's Museum Triangle is home to the Museo del Prado, the largest art museum in Spain with many of the most famous works by El Greco, Velázquez, and Goya as well as some notable works by Italian, Flemish, Dutch and German masters. Nearby sits the Reina Sofía, most notable for holding Picasso's Guernica but also containing a number of works by Dalí and other Modernist, Surrealist and abstract painters. The Prado goes back to the former royal collection and the Reina Sofia Museum is named for King Juan Carlos' wife, in practice the dividing line between the two is largely one of era, with anything made roughly after the birth of Picasso found in the Reina Sofia and everything else in the Prado.
Barcelona is renowned for its stunning collection of modern and contemporary art and architecture. This is where you will find the Pikasso muzeyi, which covers the artist's early career quite well, and the architectural wonders of Antoni Gaudi, with their twisting organic forms that are a delight to look at.
Outside of Madrid and Barcelona, the art museums quickly dwindle in size and importance, although there are a couple of worthy mentions that should not be overlooked. Many of El Greco's most famous works lie in Toledo, an easy day trip from Madrid. The Disrobing of Christ, perhaps El Greco's most famous work, sits in the Cathedral, but you can also find work by him in one of the small art museums around town. Bilbao in the Basque Country of northern Spain is home to a spectacular Guggenheim Museum designed by Frank Gehry that has put the city on the map. A day trip from Barcelona is the town of Figeres, noted for the Salvador Dalí Museum, designed by the Surrealist himself. Malaga in the south is Picasso's city of birth, and is also home to two museums dedicated to his life and works.
Arxeologik yodgorliklar
- Ampurias, excavations of a Greek and Roman town, Roman basilica, temples of Asclepios and Serapis, (between Gerona and Figueras, Catalonia)
- Antequetera, La Menga and Viera dolmens,
- Calatrava la Nueva, well preserved medieval castle,
- Calatrava la Vieja, remains of the Arab town, castle of the order of Calatrava,
- Clunia, Roman town with forum, shops, temple, public bath houses and Roman villa,
- Fraga, Roman villa, Bronze Age settlements,
- Gormaz, Arab castle,
- Italica, Roman town with amphitheatre, city walls, House of the Exedra, House of the Peacocks, Baths of the Moorish Queen, House of the Hylas, temple complex (near Sevilla),
- Merida, Roman city, Roman bridge, Amphitheatre, Hippodrome, House of the Amphitheatre, House of the Mithraeum with mosaics, aquaeducts, museum
- San Juan de los Banos, Visigoth church (between Burgos and Valladolid),
- San Pedro de la Nave, Visigoth church (near Zamora),
- Santa Maria de Melque, Visigoth church,
- Segobriga (Cabeza del Griego), Roman town, Visigoth church, museum (between Madrid and Albacete)
- Tarragona, Roman town with “Cyclopean wall”, amphitheatre, hippodrome, form and triumphal arch,
Sport
Association Football
Ispaniyaning La Liga is one of the strongest in the world, boasting world class teams like Real Madrid va FC Barcelona that play to sold out crowds on a weekly basis. The rivalry between the two aforementioned clubs, known as El Clásico, is undoubtedly one of the most intense in the world as a result of the long history of political conflict behind it. The Spanish national team is also one of the strongest in the world, being able to draw world class players from its world class league. It long had a reputation of always failing to win big games, but this reputation has been pretty much shattered by the wins of Spain in the 2008 and 2012 European Championships as well as the 2010 World Cup.
Basketbol
Spain also has a strong basketball tradition, with Spanish clubs generally doing well in European competition, and the Spanish national team also being one of the best in Europe. Many of the top football clubs in Spain also have basketball teams, and as with their football counterparts, both Real Madrid Baloncesto and FC Barcelona Bàsquet are among Europe's most successful basketball teams.
Gandbol
- Shuningdek qarang: Evropada gandbol
Spain is among the most successful Handball nations on earth, although it may not always reach the level of play of some Nordic or ex-Yugoslavian countries or Germany. The Liga Asobal, Spain's national handball league is among the toughest in the world.
Cycling
Spain is home to one of the three grand tours on the international cycling calendar, the Vuelta a España.
Itineraries
- Via de la Plata Route Historic 800-km route from Gijón ga "Sevilya".
- Avliyo Jeyms yo'li
Qil
Bayramlar
Spain has a lot of local festivals that are worth going to.
- Semana Santa (Holy week). The week between Palm Sunday and Easter Sunday. Visit Spain when many processions take place in cities and Christians march through the streets in the evening with replicas of Jesus on their shoulders and play music. Make sure to book ahead since accommodations fill up quickly during that time and often nothing is left shortly before the celebrations. Notorious cities to see the best processions are Malaga, Jirona, Kadis, Sevilya va qolganlari Andalusiya; but it's also interesting in Valyadolid (silent processions) and Saragoza (where hundreds of drums are played in processions).
- Córdoba en Mayo (Cordoba in May) - great month to visit the Southern city
- Las Cruces (1st week in May) - big flower-made crosses embellishing public squares in the city centre, where you will also find at night music and drinking and lot of people having fun!
- Festival de Patios - one of the most interesting cultural exhibitions, 2 weeks when some people open doors of their houses to show their old Patios full of flowers
- Cata del Vino Montilla-Moriles - great wine tasting in a big tent in the city center during one week in May
- Dia de Sant Jordi - The Catalan must. On 23 April Barcelona is embellished with roses everywhere and book-selling stands can be found in the Rambla. There are also book signings, concerts and diverse animations.
- Fallas - Valencia's festival in March - burning the "fallas" is a must
- Malaga's August Fair - flamenco dancing, drinking sherry, bullfights
- San Fermines - July in Pamplona, Navarra.
- Fiesta de San Isidro - 15 May in Madrid - a celebration of Madrid's patron saint.
- Carnival - best in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las-Palmas-de-Gran-Kanariya va Kadis
- Cabalgata de los Reyes Magos (Three wise men parade) - on the eve of Epiphany, 5 January, the night before Spanish kids get their Christmas presents, it rains sweets and toys in every single town and city
- San Sebastian International Film Festival - held annually in San-Sebastyan, a gorgeous city in the Basque Country, towards the end of September
- La Tomatina - a giant tomato fight in Buñol
- Moros y Cristianos (Moors and Christians, mostly found in Southeastern Spain during spring time) - parades and "battles" remembering the fights of medieval ages
- In Galisiya 85 festivals take place throughout the year from wine to wild horses.
Holidays
New Year eve: "Nochevieja" in Spanish. There's a tradition in Spain to eat grapes as the clock counts down the New Year, one grape for each of the last 12 seconds before midnight. For this, even small packs of grapes (exactly 12 grapes per pack) are sold in supermarkets before New Year.
La Puerta del Sol, is the venue for the New Year's party in Spain. At 23:59 sound "los cuartos (In Spanish)" some bells announcing that it will begin to sound the 12 chimes (campanadas in Spanish). While sounding "los cuartos", moves down from the top chime of the clock, with the same purpose as "los cuartos" sound will indicate that "las campanadas". That will sound at 24:00 and that indicate the start of a new year. During each chime must eat a grape, according to tradition. Between each chime, there is a time span of three seconds.
"Las Campanadas", are broadcast live on the main national TV channels, as in the rest of Spain, people are still taking grapes from home or on giant screens installed in major cities, following the chimes from the Puerta del Sol in Madrid.
After ringing "las campanadas", starts a fireworks extravaganza.This is a famous party in Spain and is a great time to enjoy because show is secured in the center of the capital of Spain.
Outdoor activities
- Kanyoning: qarang Spain section in the Canyoning article
- Toqqa chiqish in: Los Mallos (Aragon) va Siurana (yaqin Barcelona)
- Futbol (soccer): The most popular sport in Spain, with both the Spanish league and national team being among the strongest in the world.
- Oq suv sporti in: Campo, Murillo de Gallego (Aragon)
- Hiking in Galicia
- Tog'dan chang'i: There are a lot of downhill skiing resorts in Spain.
Skiing in the northern region of Spain
Akvalang yordamida suv ostida suzish
For a treat, try Costa Brava and the world renowned Canary Islands.
Ish
Citizens of the EU, EEA, or Switzerland can work in Spain without having to secure a work permit. Everyone else, however, needs to apply for a work permit.
Finding a job in Spain is quite tough, owing the country's fragile economic situation. Unemployment is high (16.2% as of August 2020), and salaries are quite low compared to neighbouring countries. For these reasons, many Spaniards have emigrated to other countries in search of better opportunities.
Tourism is an important economic sector which disproportionately employs foreigners but which took a hit in the Covid crisis. Owing to its sunny climate, Spain is one of Europe's largest agricultural exporters, but most agricultural work in Spain is hard, measly paid and done largely by immigrants from the global south, many of them undocumented.
Sotib oling
Pul
Evro uchun valyuta kurslari As of 04 January 2021:
Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from XE.com |
Spain uses the evro, boshqa bir qancha Evropa davlatlari singari. Bir evro 100 sentga bo'lingan. Evroning rasmiy belgisi €, ISO kodi esa EUR. Tsent uchun rasmiy belgi yo'q.
Ushbu umumiy valyutadagi barcha banknotalar va tangalar barcha mamlakatlarda qonuniy to'lov vositasidir, faqat ayrimlarida past nominalli tangalar (bir va ikki tsent) bekor qilinadi. Banknotlar mamlakatlar bo'ylab bir xil ko'rinishga ega, tangalar esa teskari tomonida standart umumiy dizaynga ega bo'lib, ularning qiymatini ifodalaydi va old tomonda milliy mamlakatga xos dizaynga ega. Shuningdek, old tomonda esdalik tangalarining turli xil dizaynlari uchun foydalanilgan. Old tomonning dizayni tanga ishlatilishiga ta'sir qilmaydi.
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€500 banknotes are not accepted in many stores—always have alternative banknotes.
Pul ayirboshlash
Do not expect anybody to accept other types of currency, or to be willing to exchange currency. Exceptions are shops and restaurants at airports. These will generally accept at least U.S. dollars at a bad exchange rate.
Banks are the main places to exchange money. However, some banks may only exchange money for those with an account there.
Currency exchanges, once a common sight, have all but disappeared since the introduction of the euro. Again, international airports are an exception to this rule; other exception is tourist districts in the large cities (Barcelona, Madrid).
Kredit kartasi
Credit cards are well accepted: even in a stall at La Boqueria market in Barcelona, on an average highway gas station in the middle of the country, or in small towns like Alquezar. It is more difficult to find a place where credit card is not accepted in Spain.
Most Spanish stores will ask for ID before accepting your credit card. Some stores may not accept a foreign driving license or ID card, and you will need to show your passport. This measure is designed to help avoid credit card fraud.
Bankomat
Most ATMs will allow you to withdraw money with your credit card. There is a come machine fee in addition to what your bank charges you of about €2.
Tipping
Tipping, or "propina" in Spanish, is not mandatory or considered customary in Spain unless there was something absolutely exceptional about the service. As a result, you may find that waiters are not as attentive or courteous as you may be used to since they don't work for tips. If you choose to tip, the tip amount in restaurants depends on your economic status, the locale and type of establishment. If you feel that you have experienced good service then leave some loose change on the table - possibly €1 or €2 . If you don't, it is no big deal.
Bars expect only tourists, particularly American tourists, to leave a tip. They are aware that it is customary in the United States to leave a tip for every drink or meal. It is rare to see anyone other than Americans tipping in Spain. In major resorts tipping may be common; look around at other diners to assess if tipping is appropriate.
Outside the restaurant business, some service providers, such as taxi drivers, hairdressers and hotel personnel may expect a tip in an upscale setting.
Business hours
Most businesses (including most shops, but not restaurants) close in the afternoons around 13:30/14:00 and reopen for the evening around 16:30/17:00. Exceptions are large malls or major chain stores.
For most Spaniards, lunch is the main meal of the day and you will find bars and restaurants open during this time. On Saturdays, businesses often do not reopen in the evening and almost everywhere is closed on Sundays. The exception is the month of December, where most shops in Madrid and Barcelona will be open as per on weekdays on Sundays to cash in on the festive season. Also, many public offices and banks do not reopen in the evenings even on weekdays, so if you have any important business to take care of, be sure to check hours of operation.
If you plan to spend whole day shopping in small shops, the following rule of thumb can work: a closed shop should remind it's also time for your own lunch. And when you finish your lunch, some shops will be likely open again.
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Xarid qilish
Designer brands
Besides well-known mass brands which are known around the world (Zara, Mango, Bershka, Camper, Desigual), Spain has many designer brands which are more hard to find outside Spain--and may be worth looking for if you shop for designer wear while travelling. Some of these brands include:
- [o'lik havola]Custo Barcelona. Headquartered in Barcelona, has stores in Bilbao, Ibiza, La Coruna, Las-Palmas-de-Gran-Kanariya, León, Madrid, Marbella, Palma de Mallorca, Salamanca, Tenerife.
- [ilgari o'lik havola]Kowalski, head office: Ctra. del Leon, km, 2; 03293 Elche, ☏ 34 966 630 612. Designer shoes and sneakers (trademark Herman Monster and others) for women, men and unisex.
Do'konlar
- El Corte Ingles. Major national chain that can be found in nearly every city. In most cities, enjoys central location but resides in functional, uninspiring buildings. Has department for everything--but is not good enough for most purposes, except maybe for buying gourmet food and local food specialties. Tax refund for purchases at El Corte Ingles, unlike most other stores in Spain, can be returned only to a debit/credit card, even if you originally paid in cash.
Boshqalar
- Casas. A chain of footwear stores that selects most popular (?) models from a dozen of mid-range brands.
- Camper. Camper shoes can be seen in most cities in the country. While it may seem that they are sold everywhere, finding right model and size may be a trouble--so if you find what you need, don't postpone your purchase. Campers are sold both in standalone branded shops, and as a part of a mix with other brands in local shoe stores. Standalones generally provide wider choice of models and sizes; local stores can help if you need to hunt for a specific model and size.
- Uchun. Private national fashion chain featuring many premium brands. Main location is Bilbao; some stores in San-Sebastyan va Saragoza.
Yemoq
- Shuningdek qarang: Ispan oshxonasi
The Spanish are very passionate about their food and wine and Spanish cuisine. Spanish food can be described as quite light with a lot of vegetables and a huge variety of meat and fish. Perhaps owing to the inquisition trying to "find out" lapsed conversos pork (religiously prohibited in both Judaism and Islam) is easily the most consumed meat and features prominently in many dishes. Spanish cuisine does not use many spices; it relies only on the use of high quality ingredients to give a good taste. As such, you may find Spanish food bland at times but there are usually a variety of restaurants in most cities (Italian, Chinese, American fast food) if you would like to experience a variety of flavors. If you are familiar with Latin American cuisines, keep in mind that many Spanish dishes may have the same name as several Latin American dishes, but actually refer to completely different dishes (e.g. tortilla va horchata refer to completely different things in Spain and Mexico).
Like much of Europe, Spain's top tourism destinations are full of tourist-trap restaurants that serve overpriced and mediocre food. If you want a good and reasonably-priced meal, it's generally best to go restaurants with a primarily local clientele. However, as it is rare to find English-speaking waiters in such establishments, be prepared to have to speak some Spanish.
Breakfast, lunch and dinner times
Spaniards have a different eating timetable than many people are used to.
The key thing to remember for a traveller is:
- breakfast (desayuno) for most Spaniards is light and consists of just coffee and perhaps a galleta (like a graham cracker) or magdalena (sweet muffin-like bread). Later, some will go to a cafe for a pastry midmorning, but not too close to lunchtime.
- "el aperitivo" is a light snack eaten around 12:00. However, this could include a couple of glasses of beer and a large filled baguette or a "pincho de tortilla".
- lunch (comida) starts at 13:30-14:30 (though often not until 15:00) and was once typically followed by a short siesta, usually at summer when temperatures can be quite hot in the afternoon. This is the main meal of the day with two courses (el primer plato va el segundo plato followed by dessert. La comida and siesta are usually over by 16:00 at the latest. However, since life has become busier, there is no opportunity for a siesta.
- dinner (cena) starts at 20:30 or 21:00, with most clientèle coming after 21:00. It is a lighter meal than lunch. In Madrid restaurants rarely open before 21:00 and most customers do not appear before 23:00.
- there is also an afternoon snack that some take between la comida va la cena deb nomlangan merienda. It is similar to a tea time in England and is taken around 18:00 or so.
- between the lunch and dinner times, most restaurants and cafes are closed, and it takes extra effort to find a place to eat if you missed lunch time. Despite this, you can always look for a bar and ask for a bocadillo, a baguette sandwich. Lar bor bocadillos fríos, cold sandwiches, which can be filled with ham, cheese or any kind of embutidova bocadillos calientes, hot sandwiches, filled with pork loin, tortilla, bacon, sausage and similar options with cheese. This can be a really cheap and tasty option if you find a good place.
Normally, restaurants in big cities don't close until midnight during the week and 02:00-03:00 during the weekend.
Nonushta
Breakfast is eaten by most Spaniards. Traditional Spanish breakfast includes coffee or orange juice, and pastries or a small sandwich. In Madrid, it is also common to have hot chocolate with "churros" or "porras". In cafes, you can expect varieties of tortilla de patatas (qarang Spanish dishes Bo'lim), sometimes tapas (either breakfast variety or same kind as served in the evenings with alcohol).
Tapas
The entry level to Spanish food is found in bars as tapas, which are a bit like "starters" or "appetizers", but are instead considered side orders to accompany your drink; in some parts of Spain, a drink is still accompanied automatically by a free tapa, but in places where it's not, ask for tapa y caña pivo va tapaga buyurtma berish. Ba'zi barlarda turli xil turli xil tapalar mavjud; boshqalar ma'lum bir turga ixtisoslashgan (masalan, dengiz mahsulotlari asosida). Ispaniyaliklarning odati shundaki, barda bitta tapa va bitta mayda ichimlik ichish, so'ngra keyingi barga borish va xuddi shunday qilish. Ikki yoki undan ortiq kishidan iborat guruh ikki yoki undan ortiq buyurtma berishlari mumkin tapas yoki buyurtma irqchilar almashish uchun biroz kattaroq bo'lgan o'rniga.
Ovqat turlari
Dengiz mahsulotlari (mariskoslar): qirg'oqda yangi dengiz mahsulotlari keng tarqalgan va juda arzon. Ichki mintaqalarda muzlatilgan (va sifatsiz) dengiz maxsulotlari juda kam taniqli (va qimmat) restoranlarning tashqarisida tez-tez uchraydi. Dengiz mahsulotlari dengiz mahsulotlari, ayniqsa Atlantika shimoliy qirg'og'ida, ba'zi e'tiborga loyiqdir.
Ispaniyada sifatli dengiz maxsulotlari Ispaniyaning shimoli-g'arbiy Galisiya mintaqasidan keladi. Shunday qilib, so'zlar bilan restoran Gallego (Galisiya) odatda dengiz maxsulotlariga ixtisoslashgan bo'ladi. Agar o'zingizni sarguzasht his qilsangiz, Galisiyaning mintaqaviy ixtisosini sinab ko'rishingiz mumkin Pulpo a la Gallega, qaynoq ahtapot qalampir, tosh tuzi va zaytun moyi bilan xizmat qiladi. Yana bir sarguzashtli variant Sepiya bu mushuk baliqlari, kalamarning qarindoshi yoki turli xil turlari Kalamar (kalmar) ko'plab dengiz maxsulotlari restoranlarida topishingiz mumkin. Agar bu sizning uslubingiz bo'lmasa, siz har doim buyurtma berishingiz mumkin Gambas Ajillo (sarimsoq qisqichbaqasi), Peskado Frito (qovurilgan baliq), Buñuelos de Bacalao (non va chuqur qovurilgan cod) yoki doimo mavjud Paella idishlar.
Go'sht mahsulotlari odatda juda sifatli, chunki Ispaniya erkin hayvonlarning juda yuqori foizini saqlab qoldi.
Mol go'shti bifteklariga buyurtma berish juda tavsiya etiladi, chunki ularning aksariyati shaharning shimolidagi tog'lardan bepul sigirlardan keladi.
Cho'chqa go'shti ham juda orzu qilingan bo'lib, ular tanilganlardir presa ibérica va sekreto iberiko, har qanday restoran menyusida mavjud bo'lsa, mutlaqo kerak.
Sho'rvalar: Ispan restoranlarida gazpachodan tashqari oshlarni tanlash juda cheklangan.
Restoranlar
Suv tez-tez ma'lum bir so'rovsiz xizmat ko'rsatiladi va odatda siz uchun qo'shilmagan bo'lsa, haq olinadi menyu del diia. Agar siz shisha suv o'rniga musluk suvini bepul olishni istasangiz, "agua del grifo" (musluktan suv) so'rang. Biroq, barcha restoranlarda buni taklif qilishmaydi va siz shisha suvga buyurtma berishga majbur bo'lishingiz mumkin.
Aperitivlar masalan, non, pishloq va boshqa narsalar siz buyurtma qilmagan bo'lsangiz ham, stolingizga keltirilishi mumkin. Ular uchun sizdan hali ham haq olinishi mumkin. Agar siz ushbu appetiserlarni xohlamasangiz, ofitsiantga ularni istamasligingizni xushmuomalalik bilan xabar qiling.
Dunyoga mashhur restoranlar: Ispaniyada bir nechta restoranlar mavjud, ular o'zlari uchun mo'ljallangan joy bo'lib, ma'lum bir shaharga sayohat qilishning yagona sababiga aylanadi. Ulardan biri El Bulli yilda Atirgullar.
Tez tayyorlanadigan ovqat
Fast tamaddi qilishga hali ispanlar kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatmagan va siz McDonalds va Burger Kingni odatdagidek katta shaharlarda topasiz. Aytish kerakki, Madrid va boshqa yirik Ispaniya shaharlari ko'pincha shimoliy Amerika zanjirlari uchun barmoqlarini Evropa bozoriga tushirish uchun birinchi o'rinda turadi va siz u erda Taco Bell, TGI Friday's or Five Guys-ni topasiz, lekin Evropaning markaziy shaharlarida yoki kamdan-kam hollarda. Menyu ajablantirishi mumkin, chunki u mahalliy aholiga yoqish uchun tayyorlangan va pivo, salatlar, yogurt (birinchi navbatda Danone) va sharob mashhur. Pitsa tobora ommalashib bormoqda va siz katta shaharlarda ba'zi savdo do'konlarini topasiz, ammo bu ularning o'zlari ishlab chiqargan Franchayzalar bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, TelePizza. Menyuda pivo va sharobga qaramasdan, tezkor ovqat ko'pincha "kiddie food" sifatida qaraladi. Amerika franchayzalari odatda Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaraganda yuqori narxlarni talab qiladilar va tez ovqatlanish bu tashqarida ovqatlanishning eng arzon alternativasi emas.
Xizmat narxi va QQS
Yo'q xizmat haqi qonun loyihasiga kiritilgan. Biroz qo'shimcha maslahat tez-tez uchraydi va agar siz juda mamnun bo'lsangiz, buni oshirishingiz mumkin. Shubhasiz, siz beozor ofitsiantga maslahat berishingiz shart emas. Odatda kichik o'zgarishlarni eslatma bilan to'laganingizdan keyin qoldirasiz.
Menu del día
Ko'plab restoranlar belgilangan narxga to'liq tushlik ovqatini taklif qilishadi - menú del día - va bu ko'pincha savdolashish sifatida ishlaydi. Odatda suv yoki sharob narxga qo'shiladi.
Ispaniyalik bo'lmagan oshxona
Schnitzel, to'liq inglizcha nonushta, pizza, döner va muzlatilgan baliq kabi narsalar asosan sayyohlik yo'nalishlarida mavjud. Ko'pgina shaharlarda siz Italiya, Xitoy, Frantsiya, Tailand, Yapon, Yaqin Sharq, Vetnam va Argentinan kabi xalqaro taomlarni topishingiz mumkin. Shahar qanchalik katta bo'lsa, shuncha xilma-xillikni topishingiz mumkin.
Ba'zi shimoliy Evropa mamlakatlaridan farqli o'laroq, Ispaniya Franko vafotidan keyin va 1980-yillarda iqtisodiy o'sishga qadar juda kam immigratsiya oldi va shu sababli kichik va o'rta shaharlarda immigrantlarga tegishli restoranlarning xilma-xilligi bo'lishi mumkin edi, ammo bu albatta o'zgarib turadi ayniqsa, Ispaniyaga Lotin Amerikasi va Yaqin Sharq immigratsiyasi restoran sahnasida iz qoldirmoqda.
Ichish
- Shuningdek qarang: Ispan oshxonasi # Ichimliklar
Choy va kofe
Ispaniyaliklar o'zlarining sifati, intensivligi va ta'miga juda qiziqishadi kofe va yaxshi pishirilgan kofe deyarli hamma joyda mavjud.
Odatiy tanlov yakkaxon, sutsiz espresso versiyasi; kortado, yakkaxon sut bilan; leche, sut qo'shilgan yakkaxon; va manchado, ko'p sutli kofe (frantsuzlarga o'xshash) kafe au lait). So‘rayapmiz kafe latte Ehtimol, odatdagidan kam sut paydo bo'ladi - qo'shimcha sut so'rash har doim ham yaxshi.
Kabi mintaqaviy variantlarni topish mumkin bombon Sharqiy Ispaniyada, quyultirilgan sut bilan yakkaxon.
Starbucks Ispaniyada faoliyat yuritadigan yagona milliy zanjir. Mahalliy aholining ta'kidlashicha, u kofe sifati bo'yicha kichik mahalliy kafelar bilan raqobatlasha olmaydi va faqat sayyohlar tashrif buyurishadi. Bu kichik shaharlarda mavjud emas.
Agar kechki ovqat uchun 20 evro evaziga ovqat iste'mol qilsangiz, sizga hech qachon yaxshi choy berilmaydi; Pompadur yoki Liptonni kuting. Kunning ko'p vaqtini sayyohlik joylarida o'tkazsangiz, yaxshi choy topish uchun biroz kuch sarflash kerak.
Horchata - bu yo'lbars yong'og'i va shakaridan tayyorlangan sutli alkogolsiz ichimlik va shu nomdagi ichimliklardan juda farq qiladi Lotin Amerika. Alboraia, yaqin shaharcha "Valensiya", horchata ishlab chiqaradigan eng yaxshi joy sifatida qaraladi.
Spirtli ichimliklar
Ispaniyada ichish yoshi 18. Bu yoshgacha bo'lgan odamlarga alkogolli ichimliklar ichish va sotib olish taqiqlangan, ammo sayyohlik va klub zonalarida ijro etish sust. Ko'chalarda ichish taqiqlangan (garchi bu tungi hayotning aksariyat hududlarida odatiy holdir). "Quruq qonun" supermarketlarning 22:00 dan keyin spirtli ichimliklar sotishini taqiqlaydi
Absinthe kokteylini tatib ko'ring (bu erda spirtli ichimliklar hech qachon taqiqlanmagan, ammo bu Ispaniyada mashhur ichimlik emas).
Barlar
Ehtimol, Ispaniyada odamlar bilan tanishish uchun eng yaxshi joylardan biri barlarda. Hamma ularga tashrif buyuradi va ular doimo band bo'lib, ba'zan odamlar bilan yorilib ketishadi. Ushbu binolarga kirish uchun yosh cheklovi yo'q. ammo bolalar va o'spirinlarga ko'pincha alkogol ichimliklar berilmaydi. Spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilish uchun yosh cheklovlari barlarda aniq joylashtirilgan, ammo faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan amalga oshiriladi. Barda butun oilani ko'rish odatiy holdir.
Bar (3-03: 30da yopiladi) va klub (soat 06: 00-08: 00 gacha ochiladi, lekin odatda kechasi erta tashlab ketiladi) o'rtasidagi farqni bilish muhimdir.
Dam olish kunlari, chiqish vaqti kopalar (ichimliklar) odatda taxminan 23: 00-01: 00 da boshlanadi, bu Shimoliy va Markaziy Evropaga qaraganda biroz kechroq. Bungacha odamlar odatda har qanday ishni bajaradilar, ba'zi tapaslar bor (irqchilar, algo para picar), restoranda "haqiqiy" kechki ovqatni iste'mol qiling, oilangiz bilan uyda turing yoki madaniy tadbirlarga boring. Agar siz raqsga tushishni istasangiz, Madriddagi aksariyat klublar yarim tundan oldin nisbatan bo'sh bo'lganligini (ba'zilari hatto soat 01:00 gacha ochilmaydi) va aksariyati soat 03:00 gacha tiqilmasligini ko'rasiz. Odamlar odatda pablarga borishadi, keyin soat 06: 00-08: 00 gacha klublarga borishadi.
Haqiqiy ispan tajribasi uchun bir kecha raqs tushish va ichishdan keyin nonushta qilish odatiy holdir shokoladli churros uyga borishdan oldin do'stlaringiz bilan. (CcC bu shokoladga botirish uchun ishlatiladigan yangi qovurilgan shirin fritters bilan ishlangan kichik chashka qalin, eritilgan shokolad va agar uni ajoyib ta'mi uchun sinab ko'rish kerak bo'lsa.)
Baralar asosan ichimlik va ozgina bo'lishi kerak tapa ijtimoiylashish va ishdan yoki o'qishdan tushirish paytida. Odatda ispanlar alkogolli ichimliklarni shimoliy yevropalik qo'shnilariga qaraganda yaxshiroq nazorat qilishlari mumkin va barlarda yoki ko'chalarda mast odamlar kamdan-kam uchraydi. Ichimlik, agar unga ilova qilinmasdan, buyurtma qilingan bo'lsa, ko'pincha "mayda" yoki arzon bulon bilan xushmuomalalik sifatida xizmat qilinadi.
Ispaniyada tapas hajmi va narxi juda o'zgarib turadi. Masalan, Valensiya yoki Barselona singari yirik shaharlarda bepul tapalarni olish deyarli mumkin emas, bir nechta Tapa barlari bo'lgan Madridni hisobga olmaganda, ba'zilari biroz qimmatroq. Siz Granada, Badajoz yoki Salamanka kabi shaharlarda ulkan tapalar va arzon narxlar bilan bepul ovqatlanishingiz mumkin (shunchaki ichimliklar uchun pul to'laysiz).
Tapa va unga aloqador pincho Ispaniyada mavjudligini ikkala piyola sharob ustiga pashshani olib kirmasligi uchun qopqoq ("Tapa") vazifasini bajarganligi va korxonada sharobga xizmat qilishda qonun talablari bo'lganligi bilan izohlashadi. O'rta asrlarda.
Spirtli ichimliklar
Ispan pivo sinab ko'rishga arziydi. San Migel, Cruzcampo, Mahou, Ambar, Estrella Galicia, Keller va boshqa ko'plab mahalliy brendlar, shu jumladan aksariyat shaharlarda mahalliy brendlar; Ispaniyaliklar ko'pincha pivosiga limon sharbati (Fanta limon yoki limon Fanta) qo'shadilar. Xususan, yozning issiq kunlarida odamlar tetiklantiruvchi "klara" ichishadi, bu limon / limonad bilan aralashtirilgan engil pivo.
Kava Ispaniyaning ko'pikli sharobidir va ispan shampanidan Kavaga bu nom frantsuzlar bilan uzoq davom etgan tortishuvlardan keyin bo'lgan. Ispaniyaliklar buni uzoq vaqt shampan deb atashgan, ammo frantsuzlar shampanni faqat Frantsiyaning shampan mintaqasida etishtirilgan uzumdan tayyorlash mumkin degan fikrni ilgari surishgan. Shunga qaramay, Cava juda muvaffaqiyatli ko'pikli sharobdir va ishlab chiqarishning 99% atrofida joylashgan "Barselona". Sidr (Sidra) ni topish mumkin Galisiya, Asturiya, Kantabriya va Pais Vasko.
Ispaniya - buyuk mamlakat vino- ishlab chiqarish va ichish an'analari: Evropaning sharob etishtirish maydonining 22% Ispaniyada, shu bilan birga frantsuzlar ishlab chiqaradigan mahsulotlarning yarmiga teng. Barda qizil sharob uchun "un tinto por favor", oq sharob uchun "un blanco por favor", atirgul uchun: "un rosado por favor" deb so'rang. Sharob barlari tobora ommalashib bormoqda. Muxtasar qilib aytganda, sharob barasi siz sharobni stakanga buyurtma qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan murakkab tapas baridir. Siz darhol mavjud bo'lgan sharoblar va stakan narxi uchun taxtani ko'rasiz.
Sangriya sharob va mevalardan tayyorlangan ichimlik bo'lib, odatda oddiy sharoblardan tayyorlanadi. Sayyohlarni sayyohlar tez-tez uchrab turadigan joylarda topasiz. Ispaniyaliklar sanrilarni fiestalar va issiq yoz uchun tayyorlaydilar, va har kuni bunday turistik mintaqalarda bo'lgani kabi emas Mallorca. Chet elliklar uchun mo'ljallangan restoranlarda Sangriyadan saqlanish yaxshiroq, ammo ispaniyalik uni fiestaga tayyorlasa, uni sinab ko'rish juda yaxshi ichimlik!
Rangpar sheri Jerez atrofidagi "fino" deb nomlangan sharob 15 foizgacha spirtli ichimliklar bilan boyitilgan. Agar barda bitta bo'lishni xohlasangiz, buyurtma berishingiz kerak fino. Manzanilla ozgina sho'r, aperitiv sifatida yaxshi. Amontillado va Oloroso - bu oksidlanish keksayish jarayoni etakchi o'rin tutgan sheerning turli xil turlari.
Uyqu
Farqi nima? Ispaniyaning yirik shaharlarida mehmonxonalarga o'xshash turar joylarning uchta nomi mavjud: mehmonxona, xostal va pensiya. Yotoqxonani a bilan aralashtirib yubormaslik muhim xostal; mezbonel umumiy xonalari bo'lgan backpacker tipidagi turar joylarni taklif qiladi, a mezbonal mehmon uyiga juda o'xshash va odatda mehmonxonadan arzonroq. |
Turistik turar joylarning ko'plab turlari mavjud: mehmonxonalar, pensiyalar va ijaraga olingan villalardan tortib, lagerlar va hatto monastirlarga qadar.
"7% QQS hisobga olinmaydi" - bu o'rta darajadagi mehmonxonalar va mehmonxonalar uchun odatiy hiyla-nayrang: turar joyingizni tanlaganingizda har doim kichik nashrlarni tekshiring. QQS ispan tilida IVA hisoblanadi.
Kichik qishloqlar
Ispaniya qirg'oqlardan tashqari, kichik sayyohlarga qulay ichki kabi qishloqlar Alquezar: O'rta asrlarning tor ko'chalari bilan maftunkor sukunat va izolyatsiya, hali ham arzon restoran va turar joylarning yaxshi tanlovi.
Casa qishloq, yotoq va nonushta Ispaniya
Uyni qulayroq turar joy uchun kasa qishloqni ko'rib chiqing. Casa qishloq - bu to'shak va nonushta yoki gite uchun qo'pol ekvivalent. Nomidan ko'rinib turibdiki, hamma uylar ham qishloq joylarida joylashgan emas. Ba'zilari kichikroq shaharlarda joylashgan bo'lib, ular deyarli har bir viloyatda joylashgan.
Casas qishloqlari Ispaniya bo'ylab sifat va narx jihatidan farq qiladi. Ba'zi mintaqalarda, masalan Galisiya, ular qat'iy nazorat qilinadi va tekshiriladi. Boshqa mintaqalar o'zlarining me'yoriy hujjatlarini qo'llashda unchalik puxta emas.
Mehmonxonalar
Ko'pgina chet ellik mehmonlar turistik operatorlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan mehmonxonalarda turishadi, ular Kosta va orollardagi mashhur kurortlarga ta'tilni taklif qilishadi. Biroq, mustaqil sayohatchiga butun mamlakat bo'ylab har qanday toifadagi va har qanday byudjetga mos mehmonxonalar mavjud. Aslida, rivojlangan ichki va tashqi sayyohlik bozorlari tufayli Ispaniya mehmonxonalar soni va sifati bo'yicha eng yaxshi xizmat ko'rsatadigan Evropa mamlakatlaridan biri bo'lishi mumkin.
Paradores
A parador Ispaniyadagi davlat mehmonxonasi (3 dan 5 yulduzgacha bo'lgan reyting). Ushbu mehmonxonalar tarmog'iga 1928 yilda Ispaniya qiroli Alfonso XIII asos solgan. Paradorlarning o'ziga xos jihatlari ularning joylashuvi va tarixidir. Tarixiy binolarda, masalan, konventsiyalarda, Moorish qal'alarida (shunga o'xshash) topilgan La Alhambra), yoki haciendas, paradores - bu kabi qirg'oq mintaqalarida joylashgan nazoratsiz rivojlanishning teskari tomoni Kosta-del-Sol. Mehmondo'stlik Ispaniyaning tarixiy va madaniy merosi vakili bo'lgan vayronalardan va tashlandiq yodgorliklardan qutqarish, qal'alar, saroylar va konventsiyalarni tiklash bilan uyg'unlashtirilgan.
Masalan, Santyago-de-Komposteladagi parador 1499 yilda qurilgan sobiq qirol kasalxonasida sobori yonida joylashgan. Xonalar eski uslubda bezatilgan, ammo baribir zamonaviy sharoitga ega. Boshqa taniqli paradorlar bor Arcos de la Frontera, Ronda, Santillana del Mar (Altamira g'ori) va shuningdek, butun Ispaniya bo'ylab yuzdan ziyod yo'nalish.
Paradores nonushta qilishadi (taxminan 10 evro) va ko'pincha o'z mintaqalariga xos bo'lgan juda yaxshi mahalliy oshxonaga ega (taxminan 25 evro).
Turar joy narxlari yaxshi ahamiyatga ega, chunki mehmonxonalar ko'pincha tabiiy joylarning markazida joylashgan bo'lib, ular ikki kishilik xona uchun 85 yevrodan ikki kishilik xona uchun 245 yevrogacha o'zgarib turadi (masalan Granada). Ikkita eng chiroyli paradorlar Leon va Santyago de Kompostela.
Ba'zi aktsiyalar mavjud:
- 60 yoshdan oshganlar chegirmadan bahramand bo'lishlari mumkin.
- 30 yoshgacha bo'lgan yoshlar paradorlarga bir kishi uchun belgilangan 35 evro miqdorida tashrif buyurishlari mumkin.
- Ikki kecha yarim pansionat 20% chegirmaga ega.
- 6 kecha tush haftasi arzonroq.
- 5 kecha kishi boshiga 42 evro.
Aktsiyalar har doim ham amal qilmaydi, ayniqsa avgust oyida ular haqiqiy emas va oldindan buyurtma berishni talab qilishi mumkin.
Xostellar
Juda ko'p yotoqxonalar. Narxlar bir kecha uchun 15 dan 25 evrogacha farq qiladi. Ispaniyalik "xostallar" aslida xostellar emas, balki ko'proq tasniflanmagan kichik mehmonxonalarga o'xshaydi (umuman, o'ndan ortiq xonasi yo'q). Ular sifat jihatidan juda ibtidoiydan oqilona aqlga qadar farq qilishi mumkin.
- Independent-hotels.info Ispaniya. mehmonxonalar ro'yxatlari orasida yaxshi narxdagi mustaqil xostallarning adolatli sonini o'z ichiga oladi.
- Xanaskat. Kataloniyaning mintaqaviy yoshlar xostellari tarmog'i, agar siz Barselona, Jirona, Taragona yoki mintaqaning boshqa joylariga tashrif buyurgan bo'lsangiz.
Kvartira ijarasi
Qisqa muddatli o'z-o'zidan ovqatlanish uchun kvartirani ijaraga olish - bir hafta yoki undan ko'proq vaqt davomida bir joyda turishni istagan sayohatchilar uchun imkoniyatdir. Turar joylar kichkina kvartiralardan villalarga qadar.
Mavjud ta'til ijaralari soni siz tashrif buyurmoqchi bo'lgan Ispaniyaning hududiga bog'liq. Ular qirg'oq bo'yidagi hududlarda, yirik poytaxtlarda va boshqa mashhur sayyohlik shaharlarida keng tarqalgan bo'lsa-da, agar siz kichik ichki shaharlarga borishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, siz kasas qishloqlarini osonroq topasiz.
Lager
Kemping - bu eng arzon turar joy variantidir.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Qolganlari bo'yicha Yevropa Ittifoqi, barcha favqulodda vaziyatlar haqida bepul raqamga xabar berish mumkin 112.
Politsiya
Politsiyaning to'rt turi mavjud:
- Politsiya munitsipal yoki Mahalliy (metropoliten politsiyasi), In "Barselona": Guardia Urbana. Uniformalar shahardan shaharga o'zgarib turadi, lekin ular odatda qora yoki ko'k rangli xira ko'ylak kiygan va oq-ko'k chiziqli katakli ko'k shapka (yoki oq dubulg'a) kiyishadi. Bunday politsiya tartibni saqlaydi va shahar ichidagi transportni boshqaradi va ular adashib qolsangiz va sizga ko'rsatmalar kerak bo'lsa, ular eng yaxshi odamlardir. Garchi siz qilolmaysiz rasmiy ravishda hisobot o'g'irlik ularga, ular sizni kuzatib qo'yishadi Nacional Policia agar kerak bo'lsa, shtab-kvartirani va agar kerak bo'lsa, ular hibsga olinadigan gumon qilinuvchilarni kuzatib boradi.
- Policía Nacional quyuq ko'k liboslar va ko'k shapka kiyib oling (ba'zida beysbolga o'xshash kepka bilan almashtiring), Policía Municipal-dan farqli o'laroq, ularning shapkasi / dubulg'asi atrofida katakcha bayrog'i yo'q. Shaharlarda barcha huquqbuzarliklar / jinoyatlar haqida ularga xabar berish kerak, ammo boshqa politsiya korpusi huquqbuzarlik to'g'risida xabar berishga muhtoj bo'lgan har bir kishiga yordam beradi.
- Guardia Fuqarolik shahar tashqarisida, mamlakatda tartibni saqlaydi va shaharlar o'rtasidagi yo'llarda harakatni tartibga soladi. Ehtimol siz ularni rasmiy binolarni qo'riqlayotganlarini yoki yo'llarni qo'riqlayotganini ko'rasiz. Ular oddiy yashil rangdagi harbiy kiyimlarga o'xshaydi; ularning ba'zilari g'alati qora dubulg'ani kiyishadi (trikornio) toreador kepkaga o'xshaydi, lekin ularning aksariyati yashil kepkalar yoki oq mototsikl shlemlaridan foydalanadi. Guardia Civil "qattiq odam" obrazini namoyish etishni yaxshi ko'radi va ular ba'zida haddan tashqari kuch ishlatishda ayblanmoqda.
- Ispaniyaning mintaqaviy hukumatlariga berilgan yuqori darajadagi siyosiy avtonomiyaga ega ekanligini hisobga olsak, ulardan to'rttasi mintaqaviy huquq kuchlarini yaratdi: Navarradagi Politsiya Forali, Basklar mamlakatidagi Ertayntsa, Kanariya orollaridagi Politsiya Kanariyasi yoki Mossos d ' Kataloniyadagi Esquadra. Ushbu kuchlar o'z hududlarida Policía Nacional bilan deyarli bir xil vakolatlarga ega. Bundan tashqari, Madrid mintaqasida mahalliy politsiya va avtonom viloyatning to'liq avtonom politsiyasi o'rtasida o'tirgan, lekin transport vositalarida o'z kiyim-kechaklari va kiyimlarini ko'tarib yuradigan BESCAM (Brigadas Especiales de Seguridad de Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid) mavjud.
Shuningdek, har qanday politsiya transportni boshqarishda yoki yo'lda yuqori ko'rinishga ega kiyimlarni ("aks ettiruvchi" kurtkalar) kiyadi.
Ba'zi o'g'rilar o'zini identifikatsiya qilish uchun hamyonni ko'rishni so'rab, politsiya xodimi sifatida o'zini ko'rsatgan. Agar o'zini politsiya xodimi deb da'vo qilgan kishi murojaat qilsa, shaxs faqat shaxsiy guvohnomasini ko'rsatgandan keyin ko'rsatishi kerak; hamyoningizni yoki boshqa qimmatbaho buyumlaringizni ko'rsatmang.
Agar siz jinoyat qurboniga aylangan bo'lsangiz, 112 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling. Agar sug'urta maqsadida kerak bo'lsa, "denuncia" (politsiya xulosasi) nusxasini so'rashingiz yoki hujjatlarni almashtirish uchun murojaat qilishingiz mumkin. Bu "una denuncia" ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling (qasamyod qilingan deklaratsiya emas) (una deklaración court), chunki ikkinchisi sug'urta maqsadida yoki yangi pasportingizni olish uchun jinoyatning dalili sifatida qabul qilinishi mumkin emas.
Politsiya hisobotini tuzish
Siz politsiya hisobotini uch xil usulda tayyorlashingiz mumkin:
1. Shaxsan. Ispaniyaning turli mintaqalaridagi politsiya uchastkalarining ro'yxati bu erda. Ingliz tilidagi tarjimonlar har doim ham qisqa vaqt ichida mavjud emas: yoningizda ispan tilida so'zlashadigan odamni olib kelish tavsiya etilishi mumkin.
2. Telefon orqali: Siz politsiya hisobotini telefon orqali ingliz tilida qilishingiz mumkin ☏ 34 901 102 112. Ingliz tili xizmati haftaning etti kuni soat 09: 00-21: 00 oralig'ida ishlaydi. Hisobotni tuzganingizdan so'ng, sizga eng yaqin politsiya bo'limida hisobotning imzolangan nusxasini olish buyuriladi. Biroq, ayrim jinoyatlar, ayniqsa og'irroq yoki zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq jinoyatlar to'g'risida faqat shaxsan xabar berish mumkin.
3. Onlayn: Siz shuningdek politsiya hisobotini Internetda tuzishingiz mumkin, lekin faqat ispan tilida. Ba'zi jinoyatlar, ayniqsa jismoniy zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan og'irroq jinoyatlar to'g'risida shaxsan xabar berish kerak.
Bu haqda Ispaniya politsiyasining qo'shimcha tavsiyalarini o'qishingiz mumkin veb sahifa.
Ruxsatnomalar va hujjatlar
Ispaniya qonunchiligi Ispaniya hududida bo'lgan chet elliklardan o'z shaxsini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni va Ispaniyada qonuniy bo'lish faktini qat'iyan talab qiladi. Sizda doim shu narsa bo'lishi kerak, chunki politsiya sizdan har qanday vaqtda ularni ko'rsatishni so'rashi mumkin. Agar siz uni olib yurmasangiz, shaxsingizni aniqlash uchun sizni eng yaqin politsiya bo'limiga kuzatib qo'yishingiz mumkin.
Xavfsizlik
Ispaniya xavfsiz mamlakat, ammo siz butun dunyoda rag'batlantiriladigan ba'zi bir ehtiyot choralarini ko'rishingiz kerak:
- O'g'rilar jamoada ishlashlari mumkin va odam sherigingiz sizni osonroq o'g'irlashi uchun sizni chalg'itishga urinishi mumkin. O'g'irlik, shu jumladan zo'ravonlik bilan o'g'irlash, kechayu kunduz va har qanday yoshdagi odamlarda sodir bo'ladi.
- O'g'rilar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'qnashuvdan ko'ra yashirinlikni afzal ko'rishadi, shuning uchun bu jarayonda sizga zarar yetishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, lekin baribir ehtiyot bo'ling.
- Shunday holatlar bo'lganki, mototsiklda o'g'rilar ayollar haydab ketib, hamyonlarini tortib olishadi, shuning uchun atrofda hech kimni ko'rmasangiz ham o'zingizni mahkam ushlang.
- Hamyoningizda yoki hamyoningizda bor pulni ko'rsatmaslikka harakat qiling.
- Turistik joylarda, avtobuslarda, poezdlarda va uchrashuvlarda doimo sumkangizni yoki sumkangizni tomosha qiling. Avtobus / temir yo'l stantsiyalari va aeroportlarning aksariyat qismida eshitiladigan ovozli xabar.
- Ayniqsa, Alikante, Barselona, Madrid va Sevilya singari yirik shaharlar ko'plab odamlarni cho'ntakka tortib olish, mugging va zo'ravonlik hujumlari haqida xabar berishadi, ularning ba'zilari jabrlanuvchidan tibbiy yordam olishlarini talab qiladi. Garchi jinoyatlar kechayu kunduz har qanday vaqtda va har qanday yoshdagi odamlarda sodir bo'lishiga qaramay, yoshi ulug 'va osiyolik sayyohlar ayniqsa xavf ostida.
- Agar kerak bo'lmasa, katta miqdorda pul olib yurmang. Kredit kartangizdan foydalaning (Ispaniya naqd pul berish punktlari soni bo'yicha birinchi mamlakatdir va aksariyat do'konlar / restoranlar buni qabul qiladi). Albatta, undan ehtiyotkorlik bilan foydalaning.
- Ehtiyot bo'ling cho'ntaklar gavjum avtobuslar yoki Puerta del Sol (Madridda) kabi ko'plab odamlar bo'lgan joylarga tashrif buyurganingizda. Metro stantsiyalarida platformaga chiqish / kirish joyi yaqinida poezdga o'tirishdan saqlaning, chunki bu erda ko'pincha cho'ntakchilar o'zlarini joylashtiradilar.
- Madridda va shuningdek Barselonada jinoyatchilar Sharqiy Osiyodan (ayniqsa, Xitoy, S. Koreya, Yaponiya va Tayvan) odamlarni nishonga olishadi, ular o'zlarini pul olib yuramiz va oson o'lja deb o'ylaymiz.
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- Madridda o'g'rilar uchun xavfli bo'lgan joylar - Puerta del Sol va uning atrofidagi ko'chalar, Gran Via, Plaza Mayor, Prado muzeyi, Atocha temir yo'l stantsiyasi, Retiro bog'i va metro. Barselonada o'g'rilik ko'pincha aeroportda va aeroport avtobuslarida (Aerobus), Las Ramblasda (ko'pincha Internet kafelarda), Plazma Real va eski shaharning atrofidagi ko'chalarda, metroda, Barcelonaoneta plyajida, Sagrada Familia-da sodir bo'ladi. cherkov va Sants poezd va avtovokzalda.
- Ijaraga olingan transport vositalaridan o'g'irlik juda ko'p. Sohil bo'yidagi avtomobil yo'llarida xizmat ko'rsatish zonalarida hushyor bo'ling. Avtotransport vositasida biron bir yuk yoki qimmatbaho narsalarni qoldirishdan saqlaning va xavfsiz to'xtash joylaridan foydalaning.
- Mahalliy politsiyaga jinoyatlar to'g'risida xabar berishdan tortinmang, garchi ko'rib chiqish muddati odatda uzoqdir.
- Umuman olganda, shuni yodda tutishingiz kerakki, Sharqiy qirg'oqdagi ba'zi gavjum dam olish maskanlari kabi ko'plab xorijiy mehmonlar tashrif buyuradigan sayyohlar sayyohlar orasida unchalik mashhur bo'lmagan joylarga qaraganda o'g'rilarni ko'proq jalb qilishadi.
- Bibariya taklif qiladigan ayollardan saqlaning, uni har doim rad eting; ular sizning kelajagingizni o'qiydi, pul so'raydi va ehtimol sizning cho'ntagingiz olinadi. Ba'zi ayollar ko'chada sizga boshqa ayol sizni cho'ntakka urishga urinishi uchun "Buena suerte" ("omad") so'zini takrorlash bilan murojaat qilishadi.
- Dam olish kunlari Madridda "Flea Market" (el Rastro) - bu ajoyib sayyohlik. Biroq, bu deyarli turgan joy bo'lgani uchun - bu ham cho'ntak cho'ntaklarini jalb qiladi. Ular guruhlarga bo'linib ishlaydilar ... ushbu qattiq bozor sharoitida juda ehtiyot bo'linglar, chunki maqsadga erishish juda keng tarqalgan ... ayniqsa, siz sayyoh yoki pulingiz bilan ajralib tursangiz. Uyg'unlashishga harakat qiling va ajralib turmang, ehtimol siz u qadar katta xavfga duch kelmaysiz.
- Pul sumkalarini olib yuradigan ayollar doimo belbog'larni tanalariga bog'lab qo'yishlari kerak. Har doim hamyonning o'zida ushlang va tanangiz oldida saqlang. Bir qo'lingizni pastki qismida ushlab turing, chunki cho'ntak cho'ntaklari aks holda siz bilmagan holda pastki qismini kesishi mumkin.
- Hech qachon stulning orqa tomoniga yoki yoningizga polga biron bir narsani qo'ymang, uni doimo o'z odamingizda saqlang.
- Agar siz bankomatdan foydalanishingiz kerak bo'lsa, hozirgina olgan pulingizni yondirmang.
- Ispaniyada har yili dunyoning boshqa joylariga qaraganda ko'proq chet el pasportlari o'g'irlanadi, ayniqsa Barselonada. Pasportingiz doimo himoyalanganligiga ishonch hosil qiling.
- Yo'l bilan bog'liq voqea sodir bo'lgan taqdirda, forma kiygan Ispaniya politsiyasi yoki Fuqarolik qo'riqchisidan boshqa hech kimdan yordam so'ramaslik uchun juda ehtiyot bo'ling. O'g'rilar g'ildirakni soxtalashtirishi yoki qo'zg'atishi ma'lum bo'lgan va avtoulovchi yordam berish uchun to'xtaganda, o'g'rilar avtoulovchining mashinasini yoki narsalarini o'g'irlashadi. Teskari stsenariy ham yuzaga keldi, bu orqali soxta Yaxshi samariyalik avtoulovchiga yordam berish uchun to'xtaydi, faqat avtoulovchining mashinasini yoki narsalarini o'g'irlaydi.
- Ichkilikni bosish, undan keyin o'g'irlik va jinsiy tajovuz kabi holatlar qayd etilgan.
- "Xurmo zo'rlash" va "GHB" va suyuq ekstazni o'z ichiga olgan boshqa giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishdan ehtiyot bo'ling. O'zingizning ichimliklaringizni sotib oling va ular bosilib qolmaganligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun doimo ularni kuzatib boring; ayol sayohatchilar ayniqsa ehtiyotkor bo'lishlari kerak. Spirtli ichimliklar va giyohvand moddalar sizni kamroq hushyor, nazoratni kamaytirishi va atrofingizdan xabardor bo'lishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Agar siz ichsangiz, cheklovingizni biling - barlarda beriladigan ichimliklar ko'pincha kuchliroq ekanligini unutmang. Do'stlaringiz bilan ajrashishdan saqlaning va tanimaydigan odamlar bilan yurmang.
Firibgarlar
Shuningdek qarangkeng tarqalgan firibgarliklar
Ba'zi odamlar sizning mahalliy urf-odatlaringizni bilmasligingizdan foydalanishga urinishlari mumkin.
- Ispaniya shaharlarida barcha taksilarda ko'rinadigan narxlar jadvali bo'lishi kerak. Aeroportdan shaharga borish uchun belgilangan narxga rozi bo'lmang: aksariyat hollarda taksi haydovchisi oldindan kelishilgan tarifsiz ishlagandan ko'ra ko'proq pul ishlaydi. Ko'plab taksi haydovchilari, shuningdek, aeroportga borishda va kelishda chet ellik mijozlardan yoki hattoki milliy mijozlardan pul talab qilishadi. Siz to'lashda eng yaqin evroni to'ldirishingiz mumkin.
- Madridning ko'plab joylarida, ayniqsa Atocha stantsiyasi yaqinida, shuningdek Ramblasda "Barselona", "qobiq o'yini" ni o'ynaydigan odamlar ('trileros') bor. Agar siz o'ynasangiz, ular sizni "baliq" qilishadi va agar boshqa odamlarning o'ynashini ko'rish uchun to'xtasangiz, ular sizning cho'ntagingizni olishlari mumkin.
- Barlarda va restoranlarda hisobni to'lashdan oldin, har doim hisobni tekshiring va uni sinchkovlik bilan tekshiring. Ba'zi xodimlar tez-tez shubhasiz sayyohlardan bir necha qo'shimcha evroni siqib chiqarishga harakat qilishadi, ular eb-ichmagan narsalar uchun haq olish yoki shunchaki ortiqcha haq to'lash orqali. Bu turistik va turistik bo'lmagan joylarda ham amal qiladi. Agar siz ortiqcha to'lovni his qilsangiz, uni ularning e'tiboriga etkazing va / yoki menyuni ko'rishni so'rang. Bundan tashqari, ba'zida qonun loyihasining pastki qismida (faqat ingliz tilida) yozilgan maslahat berilmaydi deb yozilgan: esda tutish Ispaniyada ixtiyoriy va ispaniyaliklar odatda bo'sh o'zgarishlarni qoldiradilar va 5% -8% dan oshmasligi kerak. ular iste'mol qilgan narsalarning narxi (amerika uslubidagi 15-20% emas), shuning uchun aldanib, kerak bo'lgandan ko'proq narsani qoldirib ketishdan saqlaning.
- Ko'plab sayyohlar lotereya firibgarliklari haqida xabar berishdi, ular bilan Internet yoki faks orqali bog'lanishdi va Ispaniya lotereyasida (El Gordo) katta sovrin yutganliklari haqida xabar berishdi, aslida ular hech qachon lotereyada qatnashmaganlar. Sovrinni olishdan oldin yoki operatsiyani yopish uchun Ispaniyaga kelishdan oldin ulardan soliq va boshqa to'lovlarni to'lash uchun bank hisob raqamiga pul mablag'larini kiritishlari so'raladi.
- Shuningdek, firibgarliklar to'g'risida xabarlar kelib chiqqan bo'lib, u orqali u katta meros oluvchi ekanligi va merosni qayta ishlash uchun mablag 'Ispaniyadagi bank hisobvarag'iga kiritilishi kerakligi to'g'risida xabar beriladi.
- Boshqa keng tarqalgan hiyla-nayrangda, ba'zi sayyohlar o'zlariga yaxshi tanish bo'lgan shaxsdan yuborilgan va u muammoga duch kelayotgani va mablag 'kerakligini aytgan soxta elektron pochta xabarlarini olishgan.
Siz bilishingiz kerak bo'lgan boshqa narsalar
- Ispaniyaning shaharlari tunda, ayniqsa, dam olish kunlari baland ovozda bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ko'chalar umuman ayollar uchun ham xavfsizdir.
- Agar sizga kerak bo'lsa, barcha korxonalarda rasmiy shikoyat shakli bo'lishi kerak. Bu noqonuniy biznes uchun sizga ushbu shaklni rad etish.
- Ba'zi hollarda Ispaniyada politsiya etnik ozchiliklarga mansub shaxslarni shaxsini tekshirish uchun nishonga olishi mumkin. "Evropaga o'xshash" bo'lmagan odamlarni "migratsiya nazorati" bahonasida qog'ozlarini tekshirish uchun kuniga bir necha marta to'xtatish mumkin.
- Ispaniya hukumatining tahdid ogohlantirish darajasi terroristik hujumning "ehtimoliy xavfi" ni ko'rsatadi. Mumkin bo'lgan maqsadlarga chet elliklar va sayyohlar tez-tez tashrif buyuradigan joylar va jamoat transporti vositalari kiradi. Jiddiy hujum 2004 yilda sodir bo'lgan, 2004 yil mart oyida Madridda shahar poezdlarida bomba portlagan va 192 kishi halok bo'lgan. Ushbu hujum Al-Qoida terroristik tarmog'iga tegishli edi. 2007 yilda Ispaniya sudi 21 kishini portlashga aloqadorlikda aybdor deb topdi. Terroristik hujumda bo'lish ehtimoli bo'lsa ham juda past har qanday joyda, faqat Madrid yoki Barselonada tomosha qilishingiz kerak.
- Ispaniya bo'ylab siyosiy harakatlar va ommaviy namoyishlarning ko'payib borishi. Namoyishlar bo'lib, ba'zan zo'ravonlikka aylanib ketgan, asosan politsiya xodimlari. Barcha namoyishlar va katta yig'ilishlardan saqlaning, mahalliy hokimiyatning tavsiyalariga amal qiling va mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalarini kuzatib boring. Ish tashlashlar vaqti-vaqti bilan transport harakati va jamoat transportida uzilishlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Namoyish rejalashtirilgan yoki davom etayotgan paytda siz marshrutchilar rejalashtirgan marshrutlar bo'yicha maslahat olishingiz va undan qochishingiz kerak. Shuningdek, siz Ispaniyaga sayohat qilishdan oldin va vaqtida sayohatlarning yangilanishi yoki transportda kechikishlar mavjudligini tekshirishingiz kerak.
- Ispaniyada haydash shahar joylarida tirbandlik tufayli xavfli bo'lishi mumkin, garchi haydash odatiy tezlikni hisobga olmaganda agressiv emas. Ispaniyada haydashda ehtiyot bo'ling. Tunda haydash ayniqsa xavfli bo'lishi mumkin. Hands-free qurilmasisiz mobil telefondan foydalanish jarimaga olib kelishi va Ispaniyada haydashingiz taqiqlanishi mumkin. Barcha haydovchilar transport vositasida yansıtıcı jiletni olib yurishlari va yo'l chetida to'xtashlari kerak bo'lsa, uchburchakning ogohlantiruvchi belgisidan foydalanishi shart.
- O'zini politsiyachi deb da'vo qiladigan kishi murojaat qilganida ehtiyot bo'ling. Yo'lda sizni har doim forma kiygan ofitser to'xtatadi. Belgilanmagan transport vositalarining orqa oynasida miltillovchi elektron belgi bo'ladi Politsiya yoki Guardia Fuqarolik, yoki Ertzaintza Bask mamlakatlarida, Mossos d'Esquadra Kataloniyada yoki Foruzaingoa / Policía Foral Navarrada. Aksariyat hollarda ular faralarga kiritilgan ko'k chiroqlar yonadi. Yo'l harakati bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan holatlarda politsiya xodimlari oddiy kiyimda bo'lishi mumkin. Agar siz so'ramasangiz, militsiya xodimlari o'zlarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aniqlashlari shart emas. Agar ular identifikatsiyani talab qilsalar, ularga fotosurat guvohnomasi ko'rsatilishi kerak. Pasportingiz yoki haydovchilik guvohnomangiz yoki agar siz Evropa Ittifoqidan bo'lsangiz, sizning milliy guvohnomaingiz amalga oshiriladi, ammo pasport har doim afzaldir. Sizda hech qanday identifikator yo'qligi sababli muammoga duch kelishingiz yoki jarimaga tortishingiz mumkin. Agar biron bir shubhangiz bo'lsa, haydovchilar avtoulov oynasi orqali suhbatlashishlari va Guardia Civil-ga 062 yoki Ispaniya milliy politsiyasiga 112 raqamiga murojaat qilishlari va transport vositasining ro'yxatdan o'tish raqamining rasmiy politsiya vositasiga to'g'ri kelishini tasdiqlashlarini so'rashlari kerak.
Giyohvand moddalar
Siz katta shaharlarning ko'plab ko'chalarida marixuana tutunini hidlaysiz, aftidan politsiya uni bezovta qilmayapti. Shunga qaramay, agar siz mahalliy urf-odatlarni bilmasangiz, politsiya sizga nisbatan qonunni ijro etish uchun namoyish qilishi mumkin. Giyohvand moddalarni saqlash, hibsga olingan shaxsga nisbatan ayblovni ko'p yillik sevimli narsadir nimadur when nothing else can be proven.
In Spain, those who carry out acts of cultivation, processing or trafficking, or otherwise promote, favor or facilitate the illegal consumption of toxic drugs, narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, or possess them for those purposes is a jinoyat punished by the Penal Code. It does not matter if you're a foreign person, you'll be prosecuted. Prison sentences or heavy fines are issues for these offences, with the possibility of being also ordered to leave the country and the prohibition to come back for up to 10 years.
As stated in the Protection of the Citizens' Safety Act, the consumption of illegal drugs on public places is also prohibited. The illicit consumption or possession of toxic drugs, narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, even if they were not destined for traffic, in places, roads, public establishments or public transport, as well as the abandonment of the instruments or other effects used in said places will be fined from €601 up to €30,000.
Police are allowed by law to conduct body searches in case they suspect you're carrying drugs according to said laws.
Likewise the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the street, or in places, roads, establishments or public transport when it seriously disrupts public tranquillity is fined up to €600.
These rules are actively enforced.
Sog'lom bo'ling
- Pharmaceuticals are not sold at supermarkets, only at 'farmacias' (pharmacies/chemists), identified with a green cross or a Hygeia's cup. Nearly every city and town has at least one 24-hour pharmacy; for those that close at night, the law requires a poster with the address of the nearest pharmacy, possibly in one of the nearby streets or towns.
- People from the European Union and a few more European countries can freely use the public health system, if they have the appropriate European Health Insurance Card. The card does not cover treatment in private hospitals. Agreements are established to treat people from a few American countries; see the Tourspain link below for more info.
- However, do not hesitate to go to any healthcare facility should you be injured or seriously ill, as it would be illegal for them not to treat you, even if you are uninsured. You (or your country if Spain has a Treaty on the matter) will have to pay for the service later, however.
- Although many visitors travel to Spain for the warm climate, it can be cold in winter, especially in the Central Region and in the North, and in some places it is also rainy in summer. Remember to travel with adequate clothes.
- In summer, avoid direct exposure to sunlight for long periods of time to prevent sunburn and heatstroke. Drink water, walk on the shady side of street and keep a container of sun cream (suntan lotion) handy.
The tap water in Spain is safe and of a drinkable quality. The water in some southern regions of the country, however, is sometimes sourced from salt water which can have a high mineral content. This can cause upset stomachs in those not used to this. While high mineral content water is safe to drink regardless, locals in these areas will often drink bottled water instead as it tastes better. Bottled water is readily available to buy in most areas and in a variety of brands.
Chekish
Smoking is banned in all enclosed public spaces and places of work, in public transportation, and in outdoor public places near hospitals and in playgrounds. Smoking is also banned in outdoor sections of bars and restaurants. Smoking is banned in television broadcasts as well.
Hurmat
Generally speaking, Spaniards are widely regarded as welcoming and friendly.
Culture and identity
Spaniards are generally direct communicators. They're comfortable with expressing their opinions and emotions on something, and they expect the same from you. While this may give you the impression that Spanish people are confident and sociable, you should make every effort to be tactful with your words as they are sensitive to being beckoned directly.
In conversational settings, it is common for people to interrupt or talk over one another. Shouting to make oneself heard is common, as is the use of swear words. You may also find that it is common for people to give you advice on all kinds of things. For instance, you can expect people to tell you what to see and where to go. At first, this may come across as annoying, but the information that Spaniards provide is meant to help you in a good way, not lay traps for you.
Family values are important to many Spaniards. Passing unwarranted comments and/or criticisms about someone's family members is considered rude.
Spaniards, especially the young, generally feel a linguistic and cultural connection to Latin America. However, most will be quick to point out that Spain is a European nation, not a Latin American one and that all Spanish-speaking countries are different and have particularities of their own.
Spaniards are not as religious as the media sometimes presents them, and modern Spanish society is for the most part rather secular, but they are and always were a mostly Catholic country (73% officially, although only 10% admit practising and only 20% admit being believers); respect this and avoid making any comments that could offend. In particular, religious festivals, Holy Week (Easter), and Christmas are very important to Spaniards. Tolerance of all religions should be observed, especially in large urban areas like Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville or Malaga (where people and temples of all beliefs can be found) or different regions in southern Spain, which may have a sizeable Muslim population (which accounts for almost 4% of the country's population).
Despite being a Catholic majority country, homosexuality is quite tolerated in Spain and public display of same-sex affection would not likely stir hostility. A 2013 Pew survey of various countries in the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East found that Spain had the highest percentage of people who believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, at 88%. Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2005 and the government provides legal benefits to same-sex couples. However, this does not always necessarily mean that all Spaniards are friendly to gays; while homophobic aggressions are rare, they still happen. Cities are more tolerant of homosexuality than rural areas, Madrid, Catalonia and the Basque Country are much more tolerant but overall Spain is gay-friendly. As in any other place, elderly people do usually have far more conservative points of view. The Madrid pride parade is one of the largest in the world. Overall, Spain is one of the safest countries for LGBT tourists.
Avoid talking about the former colonial past and especially about the "Black Legend." Regardless of what you may have heard Spain had several ministers and military leaders of mixed race serving in the military during the colonial era and even a Prime Minister born in the Philippines (Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero). Many Spaniards take pride in their history and former imperial glories. People from Spain's former colonies (Latin America, Equatorial Guinea, the Philippines, Western Sahara and Northern Morocco) make up a majority of foreign immigrants in Spain (58%) along with the Chinese, Africans and Eastern Europeans. Equally, Spain is one of the main investors and economic and humanitarian aid donors to Latin America and Africa.
Bullfighting (Ispaniya: Tauromaquia) is seen by many Spaniards as a cultural heritage icon, but the disaffection with bullfighting is increasing in all big cities and obviously among animal activist groups within the country. Many urban Spaniards would consider bullfighting a show aimed at foreign tourists and elderly people from the countryside, and some young Spaniards will feel offended if their country is associated with it. To illustrate how divided the country is, many Spaniards point to the royal family: former king Juan Carlos and his daughter are avid fans, while his wife and son King Felipe VI do not care for the sport. Bullfights and related events, such as the annual San Fermin Pamplona bull-runs, make up a multi-million euro industry and draw many tourists, both foreign and Spanish. In addition, bullfighting has been banned in the northeastern region of Catalonia as well as in several towns and counties all over the country.
Take care when mentioning the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco, who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975 as well as the Civil War of 1936-1939. This was a painful past as Franco ruled Spain with an iron fist, executing many Spaniards who violated the anti-democratic laws of the regime. It was also a notable period of economic growth in the final years of Franco's regime, and some older Spaniards may have supportive views of him. The Republican flag (red, yellow, purple, either with or without a coat of arms) can be seen hanging from balconies and bought at some souvenir shops. However, it is not an uncontroversial symbol and associated with leftism, often showing up at leftist demonstrations. No symbols from the Franco era are officially forbidden, but using or displaying them is associated with far right extremists.
The possibilities of Kataloniya independence, Bask independence, and Galisiya independence are extremely sensitive issues among many in Spain. You should avoid discussing them where possible. If anything surrounding these subjects are brought up by someone, it's best to stay neutral.
Virtually everyone in Spain, regardless of region, is able to speak Castilian Spanish, albeit not always as a mother tongue. In Catalonia, some Catalans prefer to not speak Spanish at all, and will reply to Spanish-speaking interlocutors in Catalan; this is usually a political statement, rather than a lack of Castilian language ability. Foreigners are given a bit more leeway, but there are still some Catalans who'd rather have a conversation in English than Spanish if those are the only options for communication.
The political status of Gibraltar is a particularly sensitive issue. Most Spaniards consider Gibraltar to be Spanish sovereign territory that is illegally occupied by Britain. Most Gibraltarians on the other hand are both proud Brits and proud Europeans - a situation made infinitely more awkward by Brexit which passed against near unanimous Gibraltarian opposition.
Avoid discussing the Spanish monarchy. Many are generally opposed to the Spanish royal family, although there are some who are staunchly monarchist. Due to the Bourbon dynasty's identification with centralism, supporters of Catalan and Basque independence often don't have a good word to say about them.
Socializing
It is customary to kiss friends, family, and acquaintances on both cheeks upon seeing each other and saying goodbye. Male-to-male kisses of this sort are limited to family members or to very close friends; otherwise a firm handshake is expected instead (same as in France or Italy).
Spaniards are keen to maintain physical contact while talking, such as putting a hand on your shoulder, patting your back, etc. These should be taken as signs of friendship done among relatives, close friends and colleagues.
Spaniards will probably feel comfortable around you more quickly than other Europeans and you may even be receive an offensive comment or even an insult (cabrón) for a greeting shortly after meeting someone in an informal environment, especially if it is a young person or a male. You should not feel offended by this, as it is interpreted as proof that you have such a close relationship that you can mess with each other without repercussions.
You should reply with a similar comment (never anything serious or something that will genuinely hurt the person) or just greet them. Do not go around insulting people, though, as you will also find people who do not like it. It is recommended that you never do this first as a foreigner and just wait until you get it. Generally, your instinct will be able to distinguish between a joke and a genuine aggression.
When in a car, the elderly and pregnant always ride in the passenger's seat, unless they request not to.
Spaniards are not as punctual as Northern Europeans, but generally you are expected to arrive no more than ten minutes late, and being punctual will always be received positively. It is especially important to be punctual the first time you meet with someone. As a rule of thumb, you should expect people to be more punctual as you go north and less punctual as you go south.
If you are staying at a Spaniard's home, bring shoes to wear inside such as slippers. Walking around barefoot in the house is viewed as unsanitary. Walking in socks may be acceptable in a close friend's house, but you should always ask first.
It is acceptable for women to sunbathe topless in beaches, but full nudity is only practised in "clothing-optional" or nudist beaches.
Eating and drinking
During lunch or dinner, Spaniards do not begin eating until everyone is seated and ready to eat. Likewise, they do not leave the table until everyone is finished eating. Table manners are otherwise standard and informal, although this also depends on the place you are eating. When the bill comes, it is common to pay equally, regardless of the amount or price each has consumed (pagar a escote).
When Spaniards receive a gift or are offered a drink or a meal, they usually refuse for a while, so as not to seem greedy. This sometimes sparks arguments among especially reluctant people, but it is seen as polite. Remember to offer more than once (on the third try, it must be fairly clear if they will accept it or not). On the other hand, if you are interested in the offer, politely smile and decline it, saying that you don't want to be a nuisance, etc., but relent and accept when they insist.
Spaniards rarely drink or eat in the street. Bars will rarely offer the option of food to take away but "tapas" are easily available. Taking leftovers home from a restaurant is uncommon but has somewhat less of a stigma than it used to. One asks for "un taper" (derived from "Tupperware") or "una caja." Older Spaniards are still likely to frown on this. Appearing drunk in public is generally frowned upon.
Engish
Among Spaniards, lunch time is usually between 13:00 and 14:30 (it could be as late as 15:15) while dinner time is between 20:30 and 21:30. However, in special celebrations, dinner can be as late as 22:00. Lunch is considered the biggest and most important meal of the day, instead of dinner. Almost all small businesses close between 14:30 and 17:00, so plan your shopping and sight-seeing accordingly. Shopping malls and supermarkets, however, are usually open from 09:30 to 21:00-22:00, and there are several 24/7 shops, usually owned by Chinese immigrants and only in the larger cities.
Spanish cities can be noisy in some areas so be warned.
Ulanmoq
Wi-fi
Wi-Fi points in bars and cafeterias are available to customers, and most hotels offer Wi-Fi connection in common areas for their guests.
Be conscious of security when using a laptop in an outdoor location.
Mobile phones and SIM cards
Cheap mobile phones (less than €50) with some pre-paid minutes are sold at FNAC (Plaza Callao if you're staying in Madrid, or El Triangle if you're staying in Barcelona) or any phone operator's shop and can be purchased without many formalities (ID is usually required). Topping-up is then done by buying scratch cards from the small stores "Frutos Secos," supermarkets, vending points (often found in tobacco shops) or kiosks -- recharging using the Web or an ATM does not work with foreign credit cards.
The three mobile phone networks in Spain are Vodafone, Movistar and Orange.
You can hire a Mi-Fi (portable 3G Wi-Fi hotspot) from tripNETer) that allows an Internet connection from any Wi-Fi device: Smart-phones, Tablets, PCs.
Discount calling
"Locutorios" (call shops) are widely spread in bigger cities and touristy locations. In Madrid or Toledo it's very easy to find one. Making calls from "Locutorios" tend to be much cheaper, especially international calls (usually made through VoIP). They are usually a good pick for calling home. Prepaid calling cards for cheap international calls are widely available in newsagents or grocery stores around the city. Ask for a "tarjeta telefonica".