Yahudiylik monoteistik dinlardan biri bo'lib, dunyodagi eng samarali ikki din bilan umumiy kelib chiqishi bilan ajralib turadi, Nasroniylik va Islom. Bu O'rta Sharqda 3500 yil oldin boshlangan va dunyodagi eng qadimgi dinlardan biri hisoblanadi.
Tushuning
| “ | Eshiting, ey Isroil, Rabbimiz bizning Xudoyimiz, Rabbiy bitta. | ” |
- Qonunlar, 6: 4 | ||
-Aerial-Temple_Mount-(south_exposure).jpg/220px-Jerusalem-2013(2)-Aerial-Temple_Mount-(south_exposure).jpg)
Asoslari
Yahudiylik - yakkaxudo din, bitta Xudoning amrlariga sig'inish va unga amal qilish.
Ko'p dinlardan farqli o'laroq, yahudiylik ma'lum bir xalq, yahudiy xalqi bilan uzviy bog'liqdir, uning vatani bu hudud Isroil/Falastin. Muqaddas Kitobga ko'ra, Xudo yahudiylarni qullikdan ozod qildi Misr, shundan keyin Xudo bergan Tavrot ularga Sinay tog'i. Tavrot, ya'ni "ta'lim berish" ma'nosini anglatadi, yahudiylar rioya qilishi kutilgan qonunlar va e'tiqodlar to'plamidir. An'anaviy talqinga ko'ra, u "Yozma Tavrot" (Injil, ayniqsa uning dastlabki 5 kitobi) hamda "Og'zaki Tavrot" dan (amalda yahudiy qonuni kelib chiqadigan an'analar to'plami) iborat. The Ibroniycha Injil (xristianlar uni "Eski Ahd" deb atashadi, shuningdek, ibroniycha qisqartmasi bilan ham tanilgan) Tanax) yahudiylar uchun muqaddasdir va u uch qismdan iborat: birinchi beshta kitob ("Chumash" yoki oddiygina "Tavrot" deb nomlangan va Xudo Musoga buyurgan deb aytilgan); "Payg'ambarlar" kitoblari (Nevi'im) va muqaddas "Yozuvlar" (Ketuvim). An'anaga ko'ra Tavrotda 613 mitsvot (buyruqlar) mavjud.
Yahudiy diniy rahbarlari "ravvinlar" deb nomlangan va ular og'zaki an'ana hamda Muqaddas Kitob matniga asoslanib Tavrot qonunlarini biladigan mutaxassis bo'lishlari kutilmoqda. Biroq, ravvinlarni etakchi sifatida qabul qilmaydigan ba'zi kichik guruhlar mavjud. Karaytlar O'rta asrlarda ravvinlar talqinini rad etib, o'zlarining Muqaddas Kitobni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri talqin qilishlariga ergashgan tariqatdir. Shuningdek, Efiopiya yahudiylari jamoati ming yillar davomida boshqa yahudiylardan ajralib qolgan va 1984 yildan boshlab Isroilga ko'chib kelgunlariga qadar ravvinlar bo'lmagan.
An'anaviy yahudiy qonuni yahudiy onadan tug'ilgan yoki yahudiy dinini qabul qilgan dinni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarga rioya qilgan holda yahudiy sifatida belgilangan. Yahudiylar turli xil rang, millat va elatlarga ega. Endi yahudiy diniga ishonmaydiganlar ham bir-birlarini bitta xalqqa tegishli deb tan olishadi.
Dindor yahudiylar yahudiylar yahudiy diniga ergashishlari kerak, deb hisoblashadi, ammo yahudiy bo'lmaganlar Xudo tomonidan mukofotlanishi uchun faqat axloqiy monoteistlar (ba'zan "Noachides" deb nomlanadi) bo'lishi kerak. Tavrot qonunining ko'plab vakolatlari yahudiy bo'lmaganlar uchun butparastlikka oid nazariy taqiqlarni ular uchun befoyda deb erkinlik bilan izohlab, ko'proq yurishadi.
Muqaddas saytlar
Qadimgi davrlarda yahudiylarga sig'inish Ma'bad yilda Quddusibodat va qo'shiq bilan birga hayvon va don qurbonliklari keltirildi. Milodiy 70 yilda Ikkinchi Ma'bad vayron qilinganidan beri yahudiylarning ibodatlari va marosimlari atrofida joylashgan ibodatxona va uy. Ibodatxona ibodat qilish uchun, shuningdek diniy tadqiqotlar uchun joy. Ba'zi zamonaviy yahudiylar tomonidan ibodatxonalar "ibodatxonalar" deb nomlanadi, ular Quddus ibodatxonasi qayta tiklanishini kutmaydi.
Ibodatxonada qat'iy me'morchilik yo'q, garchi u odatda Quddus tomon yo'nalgan bo'lsa; Yahudiylar, odatda, ibodat qilayotganlarida Quddusga duch kelishadi. Old qismida "kema" (ahron) Tavrot varaqalari saqlanadi. Shuningdek, platforma mavjud (bimah) Tavrot kitobi o'qilayotganda joylashtirilgan joy. Pravoslav va ba'zi konservativ jamoatlarda erkaklar va ayollar alohida o'tirishadi.
Rabbonlar ibodatxonada rasmiy rolga ega emaslar. 13 yoshdan katta bo'lgan har qanday erkak yahudiy (va liberal konfessiyalarda, 12 yoshdan oshgan har qanday ayol ham) ibodat qilishi mumkin, ammo ba'zida o'qitilgan kantor namozni juda bezatilgan melodik uslubida o'qiydi. Ibodatlarni jamoat bilan birdamlikda, hamjihatlikda yoki diqqat bilan o'qish mumkin. Ya'ni, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nasldan naslga o'tadigan ba'zi bir maxsus ibodatlar mavjud kohanim (Ma'bad ruhoniylari).
Kabi Quddusdagi ma'badning yodgorliklari G'arbiy devor va Ma'bad tog'i, yahudiylar uchun muqaddasdir. G'arbiy devor, asosan, o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega tashqi makon ibodatxonasi vazifasini bajaradi: ibodatlarni qog'ozga yozish va ularni devor yoriqlariga kiritish an'anasi. Ma'bad tog'i Ibrohimga Xudo tomonidan o'g'li Ishoqni qurbon qilishga buyurilgan va keyinchalik Quddus ibodatxonasi shoh Sulaymon davrida quriladigan joy deb aytilgan. Ma'bad tog'idagi yahudiylarga sig'inish ham yahudiylar, ham musulmonlar o'rtasida ziddiyatli bo'lib, to'qnashuvlar avjiga chiqqan, shuning uchun taqiqlangan.
Qabrlar, ayniqsa tzaddikim (solih rahbarlar), yahudiylar uchun muqaddasdir va ziyoratgoh ham bo'lishi mumkin. Xususan, Chasidiklar harakati a'zolari o'tmishdagi rahbarlarning qabrlariga ziyorat qiladilar, masalan, Breslovlik ravvin Naxmanning qabrlari. Ummon va ravvin Menaxem Shneerson Malika. Yahudiylarning an'analariga ko'ra, qabr toshiga kichik toshlar ko'pincha qayg'u, ehtirom va xotiraning doimiyligi belgisi sifatida qo'yiladi. Qil emas ularni olib tashlang.
Tarix
Qadimgi ildizlar
Dastlabki yahudiylar tarixining aksariyati hozirgi kunda sodir bo'ladi Isroil va Falastin, ammo Muqaddas Kitobdagi voqeaga ko'ra, yahudiy xalqining kelib chiqishi sharqdan, hozirgi zamondan kelib chiqqan Iroq. Ibtido kitobiga ko'ra, birinchi yahudiy tug'ilgan Ibrohimdir Ur, Iroq miloddan avvalgi 1800 yilda va Kan'on eriga (hozirgi Isroil / Falastin) ko'chib o'tishga oid ilohiy buyruqni bajargan. Ibrohimning o'g'li Ishoq va nevarasi Yoqub asosan Isroilda yashagan, ayniqsa Pivo Sheva va Xevron. Ammo oilaning sayohatlari ularni Xaronga olib keldi (yilda.) Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu janubida Urfa). Yoqubning umrining oxirlarida ochlik uni va oilasini ko'chishga majbur qildi Misr. Yoqubning ikkinchi ismi bor edi - Isroil - shuning uchun yahudiy xalqi bo'lgan Yoqubning avlodlari "Isroil xalqi" (yoki Injil tilida "Isroil bolalari") deb ham tanilgan.
Chiqish kitobiga ko'ra (shuningdek qarang.) Musoning chiqishi), Misrda oila katta odam bo'lib o'sdi, ammo Misr monarxi (fir'avn) ularni qul qilishga qaror qildi. Chiqishning so'zlariga ko'ra, Xudo misrliklarni ularni qo'yib yuborishiga ishontirish uchun misrliklarga bir qator mo''jizaviy balolarni keltirgan. Isroilliklar Misrni Muso payg'ambar boshchiligida ozod odamlar sifatida tark etishdi. Ichida Sinay sahroda, Xudo Musoga YHWH deb ismini ochib berdi (to'g'ri unlilar to'g'risida kelishuv yo'q, lekin "Yehova" noto'g'ri tushunchaga asoslangan bo'lib, YHWH va "Adonai" ni aralashtirib yuborgan), Isroilliklar boshqa xudolarga sig'inishdan. Muso ham oldi Tavrot (yahudiy xalqi uchun ilohiy ahd va qonun) Xudodan va xalqqa etkazdi. Cho'l sayohati 40 yil davom etdi, undan keyin Musoning vorisi Yoshua xalqni Kan'onning "Va'da qilingan yurtiga" olib bordi (Xudo buni Ibrohimning avlodlariga va'da qilgani uchun shunday nomlangan). Joshua bu erni zabt etdi va uning ko'plab kan'onlik aholisini o'ldirdi yoki ko'chirdi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab "Isroil xalqi" zamonaviy Shtatiga o'xshash hududda yashadilar Isroil (shu jumladan G'arbiy Sohil, ma'lum darajada G'azo sektori va qismlari Livan, Iordaniyava Suriya).
Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan shaxslarning arxeologik dalillari, shuningdek, Misr qulligi va cho'llarda sayr qilishlari topilmadi. Shuning uchun, ba'zi zamonaviy olimlar yuqoridagi hikoyalar tarixiy asosga ega emas, deb hisoblashadi, bu holda yahudiy xalqining asl kelib chiqishi Kan'on aholisining novdasi sifatida. Shunday qilib, Isroil dini, xudojo'y bo'lishdan oldin, ko'pxudolik Kananit dinidan kelib chiqqan bo'lar edi.
Birinchi ma'bad davri
Muqaddas Kitobga ko'ra, Isroil xalqi bir necha yuz yillar davomida erkin qabila konfederatsiyasi sifatida yashagan va shundan so'ng miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilda Shoul Shoul boshchiligida monarxiya tuzgan. Muqaddas Kitobda tasvirlangan ikkinchi shoh - Dovud shoh, uchinchisi - Sulaymon shoh, ikkalasi ham bugungi kungacha o'zlarining etakchilari va adabiy / ma'naviy asarlari bilan tanilgan. Dovud asos solgan Quddus milliy poytaxt va muqaddas qadamjo sifatida bugungi kungacha o'z maqomini saqlab kelmoqda. Keyin Sulaymon Quddusda butun xalq uchun ibodat qilinadigan birinchi ma'badni qurdi.
Sulaymon vafotidan keyin saltanat ikkiga bo'lindi. (Ammo ba'zi olimlar bu har doim bo'linib ketgan deb hisoblashadi va Dovud va Sulaymon boshchiligidagi birlashgan milliy qirollik haqidagi Muqaddas Kitobdagi hikoyalar noto'g'ri.) Shimoliy shohlik Isroil deb atalgan, chunki u Isroil xalqining 12 qabilasidan 10tasini o'z ichiga olgan. Janubiy shohlik Yahudo deb atalgan, chunki unda kuchli Yahudo qabilasi hukmronlik qilgan. Janubiy qirollikning poytaxti Quddusda bo'lgan. Shimoliy qirollikning birinchi poytaxti Shakam (hozirgi zamon) edi Nablus), ammo u Samariyada (shimolda) joylashishdan oldin bir necha marta ko'chirilgan G'arbiy Sohil, endi chaqirildi Sebastiya).
Miloddan avvalgi 8-asrda Ossuriya imperiyasi (poytaxti Ninevada, hozirgi zamon) Mosul) voqea joyiga etib kelib, Isroil shohligini bosib olib, uning aholisini surgun qildi. Ushbu qirollikning aholisi tarqalib ketdi va oxir-oqibat yahudiy kimligini yo'qotdi. Ammo bugungi kungacha dunyo bo'ylab "Isroilning yo'qolgan o'n qabilasi" dan nasabini va yahudiy xalqiga a'zoligini da'vo qiladigan tarqoq guruhlar mavjud.
Isroil shohligi vayron bo'lgandan so'ng, yahudiylar hayoti va dinini davom ettirish uchun faqat Yahudo shohligi qoldi. Darhaqiqat, "yahudiylik" va "yahudiy" (aniqrog'i ularning ibroniycha ekvivalenti) atamalari shu davrga tegishli bo'lib, ular butun Isroil xalqiga murojaat qilishgan.
Keyinchalik Bobil imperiyasi (uning poytaxti bilan Bobil, zamonaviy Xila tomonidan) hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilib, Ossuriyani zabt etdi. Miloddan avvalgi 597 yilda Bobil Yahudoning janubiy qirolligini egalladi. Yahudiylarning qo'zg'olonidan so'ng, miloddan avvalgi 586 yilda bobilliklar qaytib kelib, Yahudo shohligini qayta qo'lga kiritib, shaharlarini va Quddusdagi ibodatxonani vayron qilib, aholisini Bobilga (va boshqa joylarga) surgun qildilar. Ushbu surgunlar surgunda birdamlikni saqlab qolishdi. Ularning uyga qaytish orzusi Injil kitobining mashhur satrida ifodalangan Nola "Agar seni unutsam, ey Quddus, mening o'ng qo'lim qurib qolsin."
Ikkinchi ma'bad davri
Bobilni bosib olganidan keyin Fors tili Miloddan avvalgi 539 yilda imperator Kir buni xohlagan yahudiylarni Isroil yurtiga qaytib, Quddusdagi ibodatxonasini tiklashga undagan. Qayta tiklangan jamoat dastlab juda kichik edi, ammo asta-sekin Quddus va G'arbiy Sohilning janubiy atrofida joylashgan Yahudo yoki Yahudiya deb nomlanuvchi Fors imperiyasi tarkibidagi muhim viloyatga aylandi.
Injil kitobi Ester asosan Fors poytaxti Shushan shahrida bo'lib o'tadi Xuziston, Eron.
Injilda tasvirlangan tarix shu erda tugaydi. Muqaddas Kitobda turli davrlarda turli odamlar tomonidan yozilgan va forslar davrida yagona to'plamga aylangan ko'plab kitoblar mavjud.
Makedoniyalik Buyuk Iskandar forslarni zabt etgandan so'ng, yahudiylar jamoati ellinistik ta'sirga qarshi turishi kerak edi. Ko'plab yahudiylarning ta'siri chuqur ta'sir ko'rsatdi Yunoncha madaniyat, boshqalari esa qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Bir muncha vaqt ellinizmga qarshi yahudiylarning "Makkabeylar" deb nomlangan guruhi Yahudiyani boshqargan. Chanuka bayrami miloddan avvalgi 165 yilda Suriya-Yunoniston shohi Antioxus Epifan ustidan qozonilgan g'alayonni nishonlaydi. Modin.
Keyinchalik Yahudiya ostiga tushdi Rim ta'sir ko'rsatdi va oxir-oqibat Rim viloyatiga aylandi. Milodiy 66 yilda yahudiylar Rim hukmronligiga qarshi isyon ko'tarishdi. Milodiy 70 yilda qo'zg'olon Quddusni qo'lga kiritishi va Ikkinchi Ma'badning vayron qilinishi bilan bostirildi, oxirgi isyonchilar esa Masada Milodiy 73 yilgacha qal'a. Taxminan milodiy 132 yilda o'zini ismi e'lon qilgan Simon Bar Kochba boshchiligida ikkinchi isyon ko'tarildi. Ushbu qo'zg'olon ham bosilgan (milodiy 136 yilda) va Yahudiy yahudiylari jamoati kelgusi asrlar davomida tarqalib ketgan; Rimliklar yahudiylarning er bilan aloqasini yo'q qilish uchun Muqaddas Kitobning ashaddiy dushmani bo'lgan qadimgi xalq bo'lgan Filistlar nomi bilan ilgari IUDAEA Suriya Palestina deb nomlangan. Quddus Ellistik / Rim shahri sifatida qayta qurilgan bo'lib, Aelia Capitolina nomi bilan Zevs / Yupiterga ma'bad qurilgan va yahudiylarga kirish taqiqlangan. Ibroniycha tarqoqlik so'zi shunday Galut, va lotin va ingliz tillarida u deb nomlanadi Diaspora. Yahudiylarning oz sonli qismi (keyinchalik "Qadimgi Yishuv" deb nomlangan) o'z ota-bobolarining vatanida yashashni davom ettirdilar, ko'pincha turli xil bosqinchilar hujumiga duch kelishdi (Salib yurishlari Qadimgi Yishuv uchun, ayniqsa Evropa yahudiylari uchun juda yomon davr edi). Yahudiylarning Muqaddas erga, asosan Quddusga bir necha individual harakatlari (asosan diniy asosda) bo'lgan va ba'zi ibodatxonalar Eski Yishuvni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun pul yig'ishgan.
Diaspora
Diaspora yahudiylarning tafakkurida va amaliyotida sezilarli o'zgarishlar bilan birga keldi. Eng muhimi shundaki, Ma'bad vayron qilinganligi sababli, u erda hayvon va o'simlik qurbonliklari keltirilishi mumkin emas edi ibodatxona yahudiylarga sig'inishning asosiy joyiga aylandi. Rahbariyatda ham o'zgarishlar yuz berdi: Ikkinchi Ma'bad davrida yahudiylar turli xil diniy mazhablarga bo'linishdi, ammo vayron bo'lgandan keyin guruh ravvinlar yahudiylarning diniy rahbariyati sifatida tan olingan. "Rabbin yahudiyligi", ravvinlarning yondashuvi ma'lum bo'lganidek, "og'zaki qonunga" (Muqaddas Kitobning yozma matni bilan bir qatorda an'analar majmuasi) qaratilgan. Kabi asarlarda qadimgi ravvinlarning bahslari saqlanib qolgan Talmud (asosan Pumbedita kabi Iroqning qadimiy shaharlarida tuzilgan [hozir Falluja]), bu zamonaviy yahudiy qonunlari uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Ayni paytda kohanim (Ma'bad ruhoniylari) vayronagarchilikdan keyin ahamiyatini yo'qotdi. Eretz Isroilni sog'inish yahudiylarga sig'inish va ilohiyotshunoslikning muhim qismi bo'lib qolaverdi. "Keyingi yil Quddusda" iborasi ko'pincha Fisih bayrami marosimida aytilgan. Ba'zi yahudiylar, shuningdek, Muqaddas erga yoki hech bo'lmaganda mintaqadan er bilan dafn etishni rejalashtirdilar, ammo umuman olganda, bularning teskarisi Galut agar u umuman keladigan bo'lsa, "dunyoviy" vositalar bilan emas, balki Masih tomonidan ochilgan bo'lar edi.
Diasporadagi eng katta muammo kommunal omon qolish edi. Yahudiylarga ba'zida jismonan tahdid qilingan, ba'zan esa boshqa dinlarga kirishga majbur qilingan. Butparast rimliklar Rim imperiyasi xristian bo'lganida yahudiylar isyon ko'tarmasalar, qanday qilib ularga sig'inishlarini xayoliga keltirmagan bo'lsalar-da, yahudiylar uchun ishlar ancha yomonlashdi. Xristianlar o'zlarining Yangi Ahdlari ularni yahudiylarning haqiqiy o'rnini egallashiga ishonishadi, bu esa yahudiylarni qasddan gunohkorlar tomonidan Xudo rad etadi. Xuddi shunday, musulmonlar yahudiylarni asl monoteistik vahiyning buzilgan, noto'g'ri versiyasiga ishongan deb hisoblashgan. Xristianlikda ham, Islomda ham yahudiylarga munosabat yomon va yomon tomonlarga ega edi. Ammo umuman olganda xristianlar orasida eng yomon ta'qiblar bo'lgan, masalan, Birinchi salib yurishi (Reyndagi ko'plab yahudiylar qirg'in qilingan 1096–1099), barcha yahudiylarning Ispaniya va Portugaliyadan quvib chiqarilishi (1492 va 1496), ispan va portugallar. Xmelnitskiy qo'zg'olonida inkvizitsiyalar va ukrain yahudiylarining qatliomi (1648). Ko'pgina ispan va portugal yahudiylari faqat tashqi ko'rinishga o'tdilar va inkvizitsiyalarning asosiy vazifalaridan biri bu "kripto-yahudiylar" ni fosh etish edi. Ular yoki ularning avlodlari "haqiqiy" yahudiylar qatoriga kiradimi yoki yo'qmi, ilohiy munozaralarning dolzarb mavzusi bo'lib qolmoqdalar, ammo Ispaniya ham, Portugaliya davlatlari ham o'shandan beri o'z yahudiylariga qilgan gunohlari uchun uzr so'radilar va o'zlarining avlodlarini rasman taklif qildilar. XII asr Ispaniyasidagi Almohadlar singari musulmonlar hukmronligi davrida bir necha yirik ta'qiblar bo'lgan, ammo odatda bu juda kam uchragan.
Ba'zida yahudiylar nasroniylarning himoyasi ostida ozmi-ko'pmi yaxshi hayot kechirishgan. Shunday paytlarning biri bu davrda bo'lgan Buyuk Karl imperiyasi (740 -814), yahudiylarni yashashga taklif qilgan Reynland. Bu hudud yahudiy tilida Ashkenaz deb nomlangan va shu sababli keyinchalik haydab chiqarish va ko'chib o'tish evaziga butun Evropada o'z uylarini qurgan bu jamiyatning avlodlari nomi bilan tanilgan. Ashkenazim.
Diaspora yahudiylarining yana bir jamoasi joylashdilar Iberiyava kabi Ispaniya ibroniycha Sefarad deb nomlanadi, bu yahudiylarning avlodlari sifatida tanilgan Sefardim. Separf yahudiylar juda muvaffaqiyatli edilar va rivojlangan tsivilizatsiyaga katta hissa qo'shdilar Islomiy Oltin Asr (8-13 asrlar). Ehtimol, o'sha davrdagi eng taniqli yahudiy mutafakkiri Maymonid edi (taxminan 1135-1204), u yahudiylar jamoatining buyuk ravvinasi va etakchisi bo'lishdan tashqari. Misr, shuningdek, Misr hukmdorining shaxsiy shifokori bo'lib xizmat qilgan taniqli faylasuf va tibbiyot vakili edi. 1492 va 1496 yillarda Ispaniya va Portugaliyadan chiqarib yuborilgandan so'ng, sefardiy yahudiylar Evropaning boshqa qismlarida va O'rta er dengizi mintaqasida boshpana topdilar. Hozirgi kunda ko'plab O'rta Sharq yahudiy jamoalari sefardik surgunlarning muhim rol o'ynaganligi sababli ularni biroz "Sefardik" deb atashgan.
Hozir chaqirilgan ko'plab yahudiylar Mizrachim, Yaqin Sharqni hech qachon tark etmagan. Musulmon mamlakatlaridagi yahudiylar odatda maqomga ega edilar ahl-al-zimma (birlik: zimmi), bu musulmonlardan pastroq bo'lgan, ammo baribir himoyalangan. 20-asrda arab-isroil mojarosi natijasida ushbu jamoalarning aksariyati tarixiy vatanlaridan yo'q qilindi, ammo hozirgi vaqtda ushbu jamoalarning novdalari Isroil, Frantsiya va boshqa joylarda davom etmoqda.
Uchta asosiy jamoadan tashqari, yahudiylarning boshqa kichikroq cho'ntaklari ham bor edi. Yahudiylar jamoasi joylashdilar Efiopiya, bo'lish Beta Isroil. Ba'zilar Kavkaz, bo'lish Tog'li yahudiylar bugungi kunda Ozarbayjon, va Gruziyalik yahudiylar bugungi kunda Gruziya. Uzoqda joylashgan ikkita alohida jamoalar ildiz otdilar Hindiston, qishloqdagi jamoatchilik bilan Konkan bo'lish Bene Isroilva jamiyat Kerala bo'lish Cochin yahudiylari, deb ham tanilgan Malabar yahudiylari. In Xitoy, shaharga kichik bir jamoa etib keldi Kaifeng X asrga kelib (qachon u Song Dynasty poytaxti bo'lgan) va bugungi kunda Kaifeng yahudiylari. Musulmon va nasroniy mamlakatlaridagi jamoalardan farqli o'laroq, Hindiston va Xitoydagi yahudiy jamoalari yahudiy bo'lmagan qo'shnilar bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi va hech qachon antisemitizm tarixini boshdan kechirmadilar, ammo xitoyliklar bugun hukmron Kommunistik partiyaning ishonchsizligidan ta'sirlanib qolishmoqda. dinlar va vaqti-vaqti bilan diniy marosimlarga qarshi tazyiqlar.
Keyinchalik yahudiy harakatlar
Kabala bu 13-asrda ispan yahudiylari orasida mashhur bo'lgan sirli o'quv shakli. Ispaniyalik yahudiylarni quvib chiqargandan so'ng, kabala o'rganish markazi ko'chib o'tdi Xavfsiz.
Chasidizm (yoki Hasidizm) tomonidan 18-asrning birinchi yarmida tashkil etilgan yahudiylar harakati Baal Shem Tov, a Ukrain ravvin. U yahudiy amaliyotining yangi uslubini yaratishga ilhomlanib, Xudo bilan quvonchli aloqani jamoat qo'shiqlari va raqslarida (masalan) ta'kidladi. Baal Shem Tovning izdoshlari Chasidim deb nomlanishdi va ular oxir-oqibat o'zlarining birinchi qishloqlari yoki shaharlari nomini olgan turli mazhablarga bo'linishdi. rad qilish (ravvin va ma'naviy rahbar) kelib chiqqan. Masalan, Satmarers kelib chiqishi Satu Mare, Ruminiya, lyubavitcherlar Lyubavichi, Rossiyava Breslovers Bratslav, Ukraina. Hozirgi kunda Chasidimning eng katta kontsentratsiyasi mavjud Quddus va Nyu-York shahri (xususan Borough Park, Uilyamsburg va shimoliy qismi Crown Heights Bruklindagi). Boshqa kontsentratsiyalar Isroil, AQSh, Kanada, Evropa va Avstraliyaning turli shaharlarida uchraydi. Chasidiklarning bir harakati - Chabad anklavlar bilan cheklanib qolmaydi, balki butun oilalarga butun oilalarda yahudiylarning mavjudligini o'rnatish uchun alohida oilalarni yuboradi. Ular biron bir joyga sayohat qilishda yahudiy tajribasini izlayotganlar uchun yaxshi manzil, ayniqsa, juda oz sonli yahudiy aholisi bo'lgan joylarda ba'zan kosher ovqatlari mavjud bo'lgan yagona joy bo'lishi mumkin. Kasidik erkaklar har doim kostyum va qora shapka kiyib yurishlari bilan tan olinishi mumkin. Ular ko'pincha deb nomlanadi ultra-pravoslav yahudiylarGarchi Chasidimlar o'zlari ushbu yorliqni rad qilsalar va bunday deb nomlanganlarida xafa bo'lishadi.
The Xaskalah yoki "yahudiy ma'rifati" - bu 18-asrning oxirlaridan boshlab nasroniy mamlakatlaridagi ma'rifatga qarshi yahudiylarning munosabati. U yahudiy bo'lmagan jamiyat ichida ratsional fikrlash va integratsiya uchun harakat qildi. "Maskilim" (Xaskalaning izdoshlari) keng qamrovli maqsadlarga ega edilar - ratsionalistik yondashishni istagan konservativ ravvinlardan tortib, ommaviy va teologik o'zgarishlarni istagan radikallarga qadar. Xaskalaning bir yo'nalishi islohotlar harakati bo'lib, u yahudiylarning marosimlari va ilohiyotini dunyoviy madaniyatning sezgirligiga ko'proq moslashtirdi. Sionistlar harakati (pastga qarang) yana bir yo'nalish edi.
Yahudiylikni isloh qiling marosim amaliyotlaridan ijtimoiy tashvishlarni ta'kidlaydi (marosimlarni ixtiyoriy deb e'lon qilish va ularning ko'pchiligidan butunlay voz kechish). The Konservativ harakat islohotlar haddan tashqari oshdi deb o'ylagan yahudiylarning islohotlar harakatining bir yo'nalishi; Konservativ yahudiylik deyarli barcha marosimlarni, shuningdek, tizimni saqlaydi halacha (Yahudiy qonuni), erkaklar va ayollar uchun teng rollar kabi bir nechta o'zgarishlarni kiritishda. Pravoslav Yahudiylar na yahudiy amaliyoti, na ilohiyotshunoslik hech qanday yangilanishga muhtoj emas deb hisoblashadi va ular hali ham ota-bobolari yuzlab yillar avvalgidek amal qilishadi. Sizningcha, pravoslav yahudiy erkaklarini bosh dafnini kiygan holda taniy olasiz deb o'ylaysiz (kippa ibroniy tilida, yarmulke har doim va nafaqat ibodat paytida, balki ba'zi pravoslav bo'lmagan yahudiylar ham buni qiladilar. Rekonstruktsionizm kabi ba'zi kichik mazhablar rivojlandi va ko'plab yahudiylar o'zlarini hech qanday mazhabga tegishli emas deb ta'riflaydilar.
Yahudiylik har doim ham diniy qonunlarning murakkab va mayda-chuyda narsalarini oqilona munozara qilish an'anasiga ega bo'lib, shu tariqa "Ikki yahudiy, uchta fikr" stereotipi qisman shu kungacha davom etayotgan Talmudiy munozaralaridan kelib chiqadi. Ko'pgina boshqa dinlardan farqli o'laroq, biron bir teologik qoidalarni hozirgi kunga to'g'ri tatbiq etilishi yoki ishlatilmasligi haqida hech kimga aytadigan yagona nufuzli ovoz yo'q, lekin individual ravvinlar ko'pincha o'zlarining aql-idroklari uchun hurmatga sazovor va ularning fikrlari dinlar orasida katta vaznga ega sodiq. Shunga qaramay, aksariyat yahudiylar har qanday ilmli odam diniy mavzularda ravvin bilan bahslashishni maqbul deb bilishadi, u qanchalik obro'li bo'lmasin. Ushbu munozara va "muqaddas" mavzularga intellektual yondoshish an'anasi hatto Zigmund Freyd singari yahudiy kelib chiqadigan dunyoviy yoki ateist odamlarga ham psixoanalizni rivojlantirishda yoki Karl Marksga "dialektik" iqtisodiyot va tarixga yondashishda ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Tavrotni o'rganish va yahudiy qonunlarini muhokama qilishning an'anaviy markaziyligi yahudiylar ming yillar davomida savodxonlik va ta'limni ta'kidlab kelganligini va shu sababli yahudiylar ko'pincha hayot va tarbiya talab qiladigan hayotning boshqa sohalarida ustun bo'lishgan.
Zamonaviy davr
Frantsuz inqilobidan boshlab, Evropa hukumatlari yahudiylarni "ozod qila" boshladilar, ya'ni ularga boshqa fuqarolar singari fuqarolik huquqlarini berishdi. Ammo yahudiylarga nafrat saqlanib qoldi, ba'zida o'zini 19-asr tarafdorlari "irqiy" (diniy emas) mezonlarga asosladilar. antisemitizm ko'proq "ilmiy" gapirish va boshqa paytlarda yahudiylarning taxmin qilingan boyligiga hasad qilish kabi ancha eski sabablarga asoslanib. (Yahudiylarni jamiyatning barcha qatlamlarida uchratish mumkin; yahudiylar va moliya sektorining uyushganligi, asosan xristianlarning pul qarz berish bo'yicha taqiqlangan taqiqidan kelib chiqadi, ya'ni xristianlarga faqat yahudiylar pul berishlari mumkin edi, shuningdek yahudiylar boshqa ishlarda qatnashish taqiqlangan.)
19-asr va 20-asr boshlarida Sharqiy Evropada ko'plab "pogromlar" (yahudiylarga qarshi zo'ravon isyonlar) bo'lgan, xususan Chor Rossiyasi (Shuningdek qarang Rossiyadagi ozchiliklar madaniyati). Oxrana, Choristlarning maxfiy politsiyasi, hatto antisemitizmni qo'zg'atish va inqilobchi ruslarni Rossiya hukumatiga qarshi tutishidan chalg'itish uchun eng taniqli va razil antisemitik qalbaki "Sionning o'rganilgan oqsoqollarining bayonnomalari" ni ham yozgan. Ushbu vahshiylikdan qutulish va imkoniyat qidirish uchun Ashkenazimning Sharqiy Evropadan zamonaviy ko'chishi bo'lgan. Qo'shma Shtatlar, Kanada, Janubiy Afrika, Avstraliya, Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlar, shu jumladan Argentinava G'arbiy Evropa.
Yahudiylar har doim Isroilga qaytishni orzu qilar edilar, chunki salib yurishlari u erda juda ozchilik yashagan. 19-asr oxirida Usmonli Falastinga ko'chib o'tgan yahudiylar soni pogromlar va shuningdek, Isroilda yahudiylar davlatini barpo etishga chaqirgan sionistik harakatning kuchayishi tufayli ortdi. Sionizm Dreyfus ishidan keyin ko'plab fransuzlar orttirdi (unda frantsuz armiyasi zobiti soxta josuslikda ayblanib, frantsuz jamiyatida keng tarqalgan antisemitizmni ochib berdi), bu ko'plab yahudiylarni hattoki "madaniyatli" taraqqiyparvar davlatlar ham yahudiylarni qarshi vositalardan himoya qila olmaydi degan xulosaga keldi. -Semitizm va ayniqsa yahudiy davlati kerak edi. Sionizm ozchiliklar harakati sifatida boshlandi (1930-yillarning oxirlarida eng mashhur yahudiy partiyasi sionistlarga qarshi Yiddishist Sotsialistik Bund edi), ammo 1930-yillarga kelib Majburiy Falastinda yuz minglab yahudiylar yashagan va xalqaro hukumatlar jiddiy munosabatda bo'lishgan. hududni yahudiy va arab davlatiga bo'lishni o'ylab.
18-asrda Evropa mustamlakachiligi paydo bo'lishi bilan Bag'dodiy Yahudiylar shaharlariga ko'chib ketgan Kalkutta va Bombay o'sha paytdagi Britaniya mustamlakasida Hindiston, ular qaerda joylashdilar va ko'plab muvaffaqiyatli korxonalarga asos soldilar. Kengayishi bilan Britaniya imperiyasi, bu yahudiylarning aksariyati Hindistondan Britaniyaning boshqa Osiyo mulklariga ko'chib, birinchi yahudiy jamoalarini tashkil etishdi Rangun, Penang, Gonkong, Shanxay va Singapur. Keyinchalik bu yahudiylarning aksariyati G'arbiy mamlakatlarga ko'chib ketishdi, natijada ushbu jamoalarning aksariyati moribund yoki yo'q bo'lib ketishdi, ammo Mumbay jamoati hali ham muhim bo'lib, Gongkong va Singapur jamoalari G'arbiy mamlakatlardan kelgan musofir yahudiylar tomonidan to'ldirildi.
1933 yilda Germaniyada fashistlar partiyasi hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilib, hamma yahudiylarni yo'q qilishni maqsad qilgan. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida ular mag'lub bo'lishdan oldin 6 millionga yaqin yahudiylarni o'ldirdilar Natsistlar xolokosti, shuningdek Shoah. (Qarang Holokostni yod etish ba'zi bir fashistlarni yo'q qilish, tranzit va qullik mehnat lagerlari va ularning joylaridagi yodgorliklar bo'yicha qo'llanma uchun.) Evropaning yirik yahudiy jamoalari Xolokost tomonidan yo'q qilindi, faqat nemislar nazorati ostida bo'lmagan rus va ingliz yahudiylari bundan mustasno va tirik qolganlar ozod qilinganlaridan keyin Isroil yoki AQShga ko'chib ketishadi.
Ning zamonaviy holati Isroil 1948 yilda mustaqilligini e'lon qildi. Uni arab qo'shinlari zudlik bilan yo'q qilishga urinishdi. Ammo u bu hujumdan omon qoldi va keyingi bir necha o'n yilliklar ichida u aholisi va kuchi muttasil o'sib bordi, bu jarayonda boshqa hujumlarni qaytarib berdi va 1967 yildagi Olti kunlik urushda katta hududlarni qo'lga kiritdi, ulardan ba'zilari tinchlik shartnomalariga qaytdi. 2017 yilga kelib, dunyodagi yahudiylarning taxminan 45% Isroilda yashaydi.
Isroil davlati rivojlanib borayotgan bir paytda, arab-isroil mojarosi musulmon davlatlarida yashovchi yahudiylarga nisbatan adovatni kuchaytirdi. 1948-1970 yillarda ushbu yahudiylarning aksariyati musulmon mamlakatlaridan qochib yoki majburan olib ketilgan, ularning aksariyati Isroil, Frantsiya yoki AQShga ketgan. 1960 yillarga kelib, ozgina yahudiylar ajdodlari asrlar davomida yashagan musulmon mamlakatlarida qolishdi. Masalan, Bag'dod bir necha yil ichida deyarli to'rtdan bir yahudiydan deyarli yahudiy bo'lmaganga aylandi. Yahudiy jamoalarining Vestigeslari Eron, Turkiya, Marokash va Tunisda omon qolishda davom etmoqda, ammo ular Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrikadagi musulmon erlarining qolgan qismida deyarli yo'q qilindi.
Bugungi kunda yahudiylarning eng yirik jamoalari Isroil, AQSh, Frantsiya, Kanada, Buyuk Britaniya, Argentina, Rossiya, Germaniya, Braziliya, Avstraliya va ba'zi choralar bo'yicha, Ukraina. Frantsiyaning sobiq Shimoliy Afrikadagi Tunis, Jazoir va Marokash koloniyalaridan Separ va Mizrachi qochqinlarining ko'chib o'tishi bilan frantsuz yahudiylari jamoasi juda kengaytirildi, yangi Germaniya yahudiylari esa asosan sobiq Sovet Ittifoqidan kelgan yahudiylardan iborat edi. Sovet yahudiylari asosan dunyoviy (sobiq) sovet yahudiylari 1990-yillarda kommunizm qulaganidan keyin bu sur'at kuchayib, 1970-yillarda ko'p miqdordagi ko'chishni boshladilar. Sovet hukumati dinni qatag'on qildi, shuning uchun bu yahudiylar juda dunyoviy, ammo yahudiy millati bilan faxrlanadilar.
Shuningdek, Isroildan taniqli etnik guruhni tashkil etadigan Shimoliy Amerika va Evropadagi mamlakatlarga ba'zi bir hijrat bor. Isroil har doim aniq ijobiy migratsiya ko'rsatkichiga ega bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Isroil siyosatchilari tomonidan chet elda yurgan ekspatatlar soni, ayniqsa ko'plab emigrantlarning demografik va iqtisodiy holatini hisobga olgan holda, potentsial muammo sifatida muhokama qilinmoqda.
Bayramlar
Yahudiylarning eng tez-tez uchraydigan holati Shabbat, shanba, har hafta juma kuni quyosh botishidan 18 daqiqa oldin shanba oqshomida uchta yulduz ko'rinadigan paytgacha sodir bo'ladi. Ushbu davrda har qanday ish shakli (juda keng ta'riflangan) qat'iyan man etiladi. Kuzatuvchi yahudiylar ibodatxonaga Shabbatda, xususan Shabbat kuni ertalab, shuningdek, Shabbat boshlanganda juma kuni kechqurun tashrif buyurishadi. Pravoslav yahudiylar tomonidan ibodatxonaga sayohatlar piyoda amalga oshirilishi kerak, chunki mashinalarni ishlatish yoki otlarni jabduq qilish yahudiy qonunlarining pravoslav talqini ostida ish deb hisoblanadi va shu sababli shanba kuni taqiqlanadi. Shabbat singari, yahudiylarning asosiy bayramlarida ham ish taqiqlari mavjud, ammo ba'zilari Shabbatga qaraganda yumshoqroq.
Yahudiy taqvimi oydir, shuning uchun barcha yillik ta'til kunlari standart (Gregorian) taqvimiga nisbatan ancha keng o'zgarib turadi. Taqvim yili soni yahudiy kosmologiyasi Yer yaratgan degan paytdan boshlab hisoblanadi. Masalan, 2015 yil 1 aprel yahudiylar taqvimida 12-nison 5775 yil, ya'ni yahudiy kosmologiyasida dunyo atigi 5775 yil davomida mavjud bo'lgan. Yahudiy yilining birinchi kuni chaqiriladi Rosh ha-Shanax.
Eng keng nishonlanadigan bayramlar:
- Rosh ha-Shanax va tez kun Yom Kippur to'qqiz kundan keyin Oliy Muqaddas kunlar, hattoki boshqa ko'pgina itoatkor bo'lmagan yahudiylar ibodatxonalarga jamoat bilan ibodat qilish uchun qaytib kelishganda
- Fisih bayrami, Misrdan Chiqish haqidagi hikoya qayta yozilgan va nishonlanadigan bahor bayrami va yahudiy yilining eng muhim oilaviy bayrami. The Seder, Fisih bayramining birinchi kechasida (yoki ikki kechasida) - bu Chiqish bayramini nishonlaydigan oilaviy bayramona taom, va hatto ko'plab dunyoviy yahudiylar tomonidan kuzatilgan.
- Purim, qadimgi Forsda yahudiylarning dushmanlari ustidan g'alabasini yodga olish.
- Chanuka, sham yoqilgan. Chanuka ilgari kichik bayram deb hisoblanar edi, ammo aksariyati nasroniylar ko'p bo'lgan mamlakatlarda yahudiylar orasida Rojdestvo bayramiga alternativa sifatida ahamiyat kasb etdi.
Boshqa ba'zi muhim bayramlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Succot, kuzgi hosil bayrami, yahudiylar vaqtincha uylarida xurmo novdalari kabi ko'katlar bilan vaqtincha kabinalarda ovqatlanib, ota-bobolari Chiqish paytida yashagan deb aytilgan vaqtinchalik uylarni eslashadi.
- Simchat Tavrot, literally "Happiness of the Torah", when the yearly cycle of Torah readings ends. Torah scrolls are carried through the synagogue and frequently out onto the street, where joyous congregants dance with them.
- Shavuot, a late spring harvest festival that also celebrates God's gift of the Torah at Sinay tog'i and is traditionally marked by all-night Torah study.
Shaharlar
- Shuningdek qarang: Muqaddas er
Isroil/Falastin
- 1 Quddus. Judaism's holiest city, former location of the Temple and current location of the Western Wall. Partitioned between 1948 and 1967, the Eastern parts were conquered in the Six-Day War and are now seen by Israel as integral part of its territory.
- 2 Xevron. A city with a long Jewish tradition, only briefly interrupted between the 1929 massacre of Jews and the 1967 reconquest by Israeli forces. Controversially, a small Jewish community now lives here again.
- 3 Tiberialar. A center of Jewish scholarship in the Byzantine and early Muslim eras. In the 18th century it became known as one of the "four holy cities" in Israel.
- 4 Safed. The center of Kabbalah study in the 16th century and since then. Now a very picturesque mountaintop town.
- 5 Tel-Aviv. Only founded in 1909 by early Zionists, it is now the center of the world's largest primarily Jewish metropolitan area. The population and culture are mostly secular.
Diaspora
Avstraliya
- 6 Melburn — The heart of Australian Judaism and the largest Jewish community in the southern hemisphere. Jews are mainly concentrated in the suburbs of Caufield and St Kilda, with significant numbers also in Doncaster, Kew and Balacava. There are also Chasidic communities concentrated in the suburbs of Ripponlea and Elsternwick. Melbourne's oldest synagogue is the colonial-era East Melbourne Synagogue.
- 7 Sidney — Australia's second largest Jewish community, mainly concentrated in the eastern suburbs of Vaucluse, Randwick, Bondi, Double Bay and Darlinghurst, and a smaller concentration in the upper north shore suburbs between Chatswood and St Ives. Smaller pockets of Jews also exist in numerous other suburbs. The Katta ibodatxona is one of the most impressive religious buildings in Australia.
- 8 Pert — Australia's third largest Jewish community, much more recently established than the Sydney and Melbourne communities, and mostly comprised of South African Jews who migrated to Australia in the 1990s and their descendants. Largely concentrated in the northern suburbs of Yokine, Bayswater, Noranda, Menora, Coolbinia, Morley and My Lawley. The heart of the community is the Perth Hebrew Congregation in the aptly-named suburb of Menora.
Ozarbayjon
- 9 Qırmızı Qəsəbə — also known as the "Jerusalem of the Caucasus", this is perhaps the only all-Jewish community outside of Israel. It is home to about 3,000 "Mountain Jews", descendants of the Persian Jews who settled in the Caucasus area in the 5th century CE. Theirs is a unique culture, combining ancient Jewish traditions with local Caucasian influences.
Kanada
- 10 Monreal — Though it was historically the heart of Canadian Judaism, many of Montreal's largely Anglophone Jews have moved on to majority-Anglophone provinces since the rise of the Quebec sovereignty movement. Biroq, Mile-End neighborhood is still home to a fairly vibrant Jewish community, and remains the best place to sample two Jewish-derived staples of local cuisine: Montreal-style bagels (at Fairmount Bagel va Saint-Viateur Bagel) and smoked meat sandwiches (at Schwartz's in the nearby Plateau). The town-enclave of Westmount also continues to be home to Canada's largest Jewish community.
- 11 Toronto — with the large exodus of Anglophone Jews from Montreal in 1976-77, the Toronto area — particularly Thornhill, a small suburb just north of the city line — is home to Canada's largest Jewish population.
Xitoy
- 12 Kaifeng — historically home to a small, well-integrated Jewish community that nevertheless retained many Jewish customs, the community has dispersed since the fall of the Qing Dynasty, though their descendants continue to be scattered throughout the city. Sadly, the synagogue fell into disrepair and was destroyed in the 1860s, the site now being occupied by a hospital. Unlike other Jewish communities, the Kaifeng Jews recognised patrilineal rather than matrilineal descent, meaning that they are not recognised as Jewish by the Israeli government unless they undergo an orthodox conversion. While some of these people have rediscovered their heritage and begun to revive some Jewish religious practices, they are forced to keep a low profile due to the communist government's occasional crackdowns on religion.
- 13 Shanxay — the city had a significant number of Jews from the 19th century on and got many more as life became difficult for Jews in Germany in the 1930s. Davomida Tinch okeani urushi, the occupying Japanese established the Shanghai ghetto in Hongkou District; Jews often lived in appalling conditions alongside their Chinese neighbours. Today, the former synagogue has been converted to a museum commemorating the Jewish refugees of that era.
Chex Respublikasi
- 14 Plzeň. Once home to a thriving Jewish community prior to the Holocaust, it is home to the Great Synagogue, the second largest synagogue in Europe. Although the community has shrunk substantially, part of the synagogue is still in use as an active place of worship.
- 15 Prague. Its rich Jewish history and cemetery were not destroyed by the Nazis, because they wanted to preserve them as a museum. The Jewish museum, chevra kadisha, cemetery, and synagogues are the most ancient in Europe.
Efiopiya
- 16 Gondar. Historically the heart of the Ethiopian Jewish community before most of them left for Israel, the city is still home to most of the last remaining Jews in Ethiopia.
Frantsiya
- 17 Karpentralar — This small town in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur nonetheless holds an important role in the history of Jews in France. The town's synagogue dates from the 14th century, and is the oldest in France. However, the Jewish community was established in Carpentras at least a century earlier, by 1276 at the latest. They were attracted here during a time of widespread persecution, as the town was then ruled not by France or any other kingdom, but was part of a papal county under direct control of the popes at Avignon, in which ironically freedom of religion flourished. The late medieval Jews of Carpentras enjoyed both economic and cultural freedoms on a par with their Christian neighbours. However, by the late 16th century, times had changed and the community was ghettoised, as part of an increasingly intolerant Church's repression of non-Catholic faiths, in particular Protestantism. In this period, Jews were excluded from many spheres of life including a long list of professions and participation in café culture. Somehow, the original community survived this phase of repression and those of the late 19th century and Second World War, and is still extant today. Aside from the synagogue and community cemetery, their most notable contribution to the visitor's experience is the annual Jewish music festival, which takes place in August as part of a wider summer season of festivities.
- 18 Parij — Paris has a long and checkered history of Jewish settlement. Jews have participated in every facet of civic life since freedom of religion was declared during the French Revolution, but they were also targeted for mass murder during the Nazi occupation, with the enthusiastic assistance of the Vichy collaborationist government and a mixture of collaboration and resistance from their non-Jewish fellow citizens. The resistance was more successful in saving Jewish lives in France than in many other Nazi-occupied countries, and the previously mostly Ashkenazic Jewish community was augmented by a large-scale immigration of Sephardic and Mizrachi Jews from France's former colonies in North Africa in the 1950s and 60s. The center of Jewish life in Paris is in the Marais, where you can find kosher delicatessens, various Jewish shops, and an excellent Jewish Museum. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the Jewish community of Paris has suffered murderous attacks and a constant level of everyday harassment. This has come from far-right anti-Semites, and mostly nowadays from extremists within the local Muslim community, Europe's largest. Prior to being partly radicalized, that community used to have peaceable relations with their Jewish fellow citizens. As a result, French Jews have been immigrating to Israel at the rate of a few thousand a year, but the French Jewish community is still the largest in Europe, and the world's third largest after Israel and the United States.
Germaniya
- 19 Berlin - in the Mitte neighborhood, the beautiful Neue Synagoge survived Nazism due to the insistence of a policeman on protecting the building on Kristallnacht. Elsewhere in Mitte, there is a moving Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. In East Central neighborhood is the Jewish Museum in Berlin.
- 20 Drezden - the original synagogue (built to plans by Gottfired Semper, the architect of the eponymous opera) was destroyed by the Nazis and the "replacement" built in the early 2000s looks emphatically "not like a synagogue" and was decried as something of an eyesore. However, this was deliberate at least in part, as the new synagogue is intended not only to show the resurgence of Jewish life, but also that there was a break in Jewish tradition and what caused it. Unusual for a synagogue in Germany, there is no metal scanner or other visible safety measures and frequent guided tours are in keeping with this "open" approach.
- 21 Erfurt has the only synagogue built during the communist (GDR) era, and has tried applying its Jewish heritage for a UNESCO world heritage site
- 22 Worms - The best-preserved of the old German-Jewish communities of the Rhineland. The Jewish quarter is largely intact. See the Rashi synagogue reconstruction and the cemetery.
- 23 Myunxen has one of Germany's most notable and architecturally interesting synagogues built after the war. It was inaugurated on the anniversary of the 1938 pogrom in 2006.
Gretsiya
- 24 Saloniki — known as "the mother of Israel" due to its once large Jewish population (for centuries when it was under the Ottoman rule, Thessaloniki was the only city in the world which had a Jewish-ko'pchilik population), the city lost most of its historic Jewish quarters during the Great Fire of 1917 and the Holocaust that followed later. However, a Jewish museum and two synagogues still exist.
Gonkong
- 25 Gonkong is home to a small community of Baghdadi Jews, and the colonial era Ohel Leah Synagogue is one of the few active Baghdadi rite synagogues that date back to the pre-World War II era. One of the most prominent Jewish families in Hong Kong is the Kadoorie family, who founded and continue to run the iconic Peninsula Hotel.
Vengriya
- 26 Budapest/Central Pest — Central Pest contains the Jewish Quarter of Budapest. The Jewish community, though it was reduced in number by the Nazis and their collaborators and by emigration, is still substantial, with kosher eateries and shops and various synagogues, including the Great Synagogue on Dohány Street, which in the 1990s was renovated with contributions by the late American actor, Tony Curtis, the son of two Hungarian Jewish immigrants to the United States. On the second floor of the same building, with a separate entrance, is a Jewish Museum that displays many beautiful antique Jewish ritual objects.
Hindiston
- 27 Kochi. Historically home to the Cochin Jews, a community that dates back to Biblical times. They would later be joined by Sephardic Jewish refugees following the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian peninsula. While both communities retained distinct ethnic identities well into the 20th century, they are now moribund.
- 28 Kolkata. Settled by many Baghdadi Jews during the colonial era, Kolkata is home to five synagogues that date from that era. This community is now moribund, and down to less than 100 individuals.
- 29 Mumbay. The surrounding Konkan countryside was historically home to a rural Jewish community of unknown origins known as the Bene Israel. With the advent of British colonial rule, many Bene Israel would move to Bombay, where they would be joined by Baghdadi and Cochin Jews, though all three Jewish communities would retain their distinct ethnic traditions. Like the Jewish community in India as a whole, the Mumbai community has fallen drastically in numbers since independence, though they still number in the thousands and are today by far India's largest Jewish community.
Eron
- 30 Tehron — although its population has dwindled substantially since the Islamic revolution, Iran is still home to the largest Jewish community of any Muslim-majority country, as well as the second largest Jewish community in the Middle East after Israel.
Italiya
- 31 Florensiya — as in other Italian cities, its Jewish population was much reduced by the Nazis after they occupied the country in 1943, but its attractive synagogue is still active and along with the Jewish Museum in the same building, it is a secondary attraction in this city of incredible attractions
- 32 Rim — the Jewish Quarter of Rome, which housed the city's ghetto starting in the mid 16th century, is often visited nowadays; Roman cuisine was also influenced by its Jewish community as, for example, carciofi alla giudìa (Jewish-style artichokes) is a local specialty
- 33 Venetsiya — this city gave the world the word Ghetto, used to describe a neighborhood to which Jews were restricted; the Venice Ghetto still exists and is still the center of Jewish life in the city, though the Jewish community is now quite small and its members have the same rights as all other Italian citizens
Malayziya
- 34 Penang — Once home to a small but thriving Jewish community of Baghdadi origin, much of the community fled abroad in the wake of rising anti-Semitism since the 1970s. Sadly, this community is now extinct, with the last Malaysian Jew having died in 2011, though descendants of the community now live in countries such as Australia and the United States. The sole reminders of this community are the Jewish cemetery, as well as the former synagogue, which has since been repurposed.
Marokash
Morocco has long history of providing refuge to Jews fleeing persecution — from the Almohad Caliphate (12th century), the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions (15th century), and from Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II.
- 35 Casablanca — home to the largest Jewish population in an Arab country. Also home to the only Jewish museum in the Arab world.
- 36 Fez. The Bab Mellah (Jewish quarter) is almost 600 years old. The Ibn Danan Synagogue was built in the 17th century, and elsewhere in the city you can find a house lived in by Maimonides in the 12th century (now home to a non-kosher restaurant called "Chez Maimonide").
Poland
- 37 Krakov. Has an old Jewish quarter. It's surreal to see so many tiny shuls within spitting distance of each other. There are "Jewish" themed restaurants, and a Jewish festival in the summer.
- 38 Łódź. The 5th biggest city of the Russian Empire in late 19th century, for a number of years Łódź was an important centre of Jewish universe. Before World War II, Jews were about a third of the local population. There is a number of sites of Jewish heritage, incl. the old cemetery, the memorial Park of Survivors (Park Ocalałych), Holocaust memorial at Radegast railway station, 19th-century villas of Jewish industrial tycoons as well as some old buildings at the territory of the former Litzmannstadt ghetto.
Portugaliya
- 39 Belmonte. The only Jewish community in the Iberian peninsula that survived the inquisitions. They were able to do so by observing a strict rule of endogamy and going to great lengths to conceal their faith from their neighbours, with many even going to church and publicly carrying out Christian rites. As a result of their history, these Jews tend to be very secretive, though some are slowly beginning to reconnect with the worldwide Jewish community.
Rossiya
- 40 Birobidzhan. Founded in the 1930s as the capital of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, which Joseph Stalin set up to be an alternative to Zionism. While the Jewish population of the city has always been fairly low (the Soviet Jews traditionally inhabited the European parts of the country west of the Urals), it is interesting to find Yiddish signs with Hebrew lettering, menorah monuments, and synagogues in the far east of Russia, near the Chinese border.
- 41 Moskva. Still home to the largest Jewish community in Russia, and the beautiful Moscow Choral Synagogue.
- 42 Sankt-Peterburg. Home to Russia's second largest Jewish community, as well as the famed Grand Choral Synagogue.
Singapur
- Although small, various members of 43 Singapur's Jewish community have played a prominent role in the history of the city state, with the most notable Singaporean Jew perhaps being David Marshall, Singapore's first chief minister and later ambassador to France. Singapore is also home to two beautiful colonial-era Baghdadi rite synagogues: the Maghain Aboth Synagogue va Chesed-El Synagogue.
Ispaniya
- 44 Toledo - The Jewish quarter here contains two beautiful and very old synagogues: the 1 Sinagoga de Santa Maria la Blanca, the oldest surviving synagogue building in Europe (built in 1180, now a museum), and the 2 Synagogue of El Transito (built in about 1356).
- 45 Jirona. Has a long Jewish history that came to an end when the Spanish Inquisition forced the Jews to convert or leave. The Jewish quarter today forms one of Girona's most important tourist attractions.
Surinam
- 46 Jodensavanne. Dutch for the "Jewish Savanna," this was a thriving agricultural community in the midst of the Surinamese Rainforest founded by the Sephardic Jews in 1650. It was abandoned after a big fire caused by a slave revolt in the 19th century. Its ruins, including that of a synagogue, are open for visits.
Tunis
- 47 Djerba — an island off the coast of North Africa that is still home to a Jewish community that dates back to Biblical times, as well as the still-active El Ghriba Synagogue.
- 48 Tunis — capital of Tunisia and still home to a small but active Jewish community, with two active synagogues remaining.
kurka
- 49 Edirne — once among the cities with the largest populations of Ottoman Jews, Edirne's Grand Synagogue, the third largest in Europe, was restored to a brand new look in 2015 after decades of dereliction.
- 50 Istanbul"s Karaköy district, arguably deriving its name from Karay — the Turkish name for the Karaites, a sect with its own purely Biblical, non-rabbinic interpretation of Judaism — has a couple of active synagogues as well as a Jewish museum. Balat va Hasköy on the opposite banks of the Golden Horn facing each other were the city's traditional Jewish residential quarters (the latter also being the main Karaite district), while on the Asian Side of the city, Kuzguncuk is associated with centuries old Jewish settlement.
- 51 Izmir — the ancient port city of Smyrna had a significant Jewish presence (and it still has to a much smaller degree). While parts of the city, especially the Jewish quarter of Karataş, have much Jewish heritage (including an active synagogue and the famed historic elevator building), their most celebrated contribution to the local culture is boyoz, a fatty and delicious pastry that was brought by the Sephardic expellees from Iberia as bollos and is often sold as a snack on the streets, in which the locals like to take pride as a delicacy unique to their city.
Birlashgan Qirollik
- 52 London - Home to one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe. While most of the Jews in the area have since moved on to other neighbourhoods, Beigel Bake kuni Brick Lane remains an excellent place to sample London-style beigels with salt beef.
Qo'shma Shtatlar
- 53 Greater Boston, and particularly Brookline, has a longstanding Jewish presence. Jews in the area run the gamut of levels of observance, but it's interesting that Boston has its own hereditary dynasty of Chasidic rebbes. The current Bostoner Rebbe has his congregation in Brookline.
- A short distance northwest of New York City, for much of the 20th century the 54 Mushuklar were a summer destination for Jewish New Yorkers who were largely segregated from other resort areas. The campgrounds, vacation hotels, and mountain lodges of the so-called "Borscht Belt" or "Jewish Alps" nurtured the fledgling careers of soon-to-be-famous comedians and entertainers such as Jack Benny, Jackie Mason, and Henny Youngman. Though that golden era came to an end in the 1960s and '70s (see the movie Nopok raqs for a fictionalized glimpse at its last days), the region still contains a great deal of summer homes belonging to New York-area Jews, and a few lingering remnants of the old Borscht Belt still soldier on.
- 55 Charlston, South Carolina contains the Janubiy's oldest Jewish community, originally Sephardic and begun in 1695. Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue was founded in 1749 and moved to a larger building with a capacity of 500 people in 1794. That building burned down in a fire in 1838 but was rebuilt in Greek revival style two years later. This congregation is also important in that it founded American Reform Judaism in 1824. Also associated with the congregation is Coming Street Cemetery, the oldest existing Jewish cemetery in the South, founded in 1754.
- 56 Los Anjeles is home to a substantial politically and civically active Jewish population, particularly in the Westwood neighborhood of G'arbiy L.A.Gollivud has traditionally been a redoubt of brilliant creative and business-minded Jews in all facets of the film industry.
- 57 Nyu York - The world's main center of Jewish culture outside Israel, New York has the largest Jewish community of any city in the world. New York Jews have been very prominent and successful in numerous walks of life, including the arts, the sciences, academia, medicine, law, politics and business, and many of New York's educational, healthcare and cultural institutions have benefited hugely from the philanthropy of prominent local Jews. The Jewish community has also left a large impact on the city's culinary landscape, with bagels and pastrami being among the mainstays of New York cuisine. Yiddish is still spoken to a greater or lesser extent by some New York Jews and the use of Yiddish-derived expressions in English has been popularized by Jewish and non-Jewish entertainers from the New York area and filtered into the common speech of many New Yorkers of all backgrounds. Jews in New York vary from atheist to Chasidic, with Chasidim most prevalent in the Bruklin neighborhoods of Borough Park, Crown Heights va South Williamsburg, many Modern Orthodox Jews in Midwood and also on Manhattan's Upper West Side and Conservative, Reform and secular Jews in many neighborhoods including Brooklyn's Park Slope.
- The Lower East Side, parts of which are now in Chinatown, was the first destination of nearly 2 million Jewish immigrants to the US in the late 19th and early 20th century. At the time, this was the most densely populated neighborhood in the world, with a thriving Jewish culture. Notable sites that remain today include the Bialystoker Shul, Tenement Museum, Eldridge Street Synagogue, and Kehila Kadosha Janina (the only Greek Rite synagogue outside of Greece, with museum).
- 58 Philadelphia and its suburbs have a very significant, longstanding Jewish community. The city has had Jewish residents since at least 1703. Its earliest Jewish congregation, Mikveh Israel, was founded in the 1740s and continues to operate a Spanish-Portuguese synagogue in a new building that was opened in 2010; its former home at 2331 Broad Street, built in 1909, has a beautifully intact interior and now functions as an Official Unlimited clothing store. Philadelphia is also well-known among American Jews for hosting the headquarters of the Jewish Publication Society since 1888. The JPS translation of the Tanakh is widely used in the United States and beyond.
- 59 Janubiy Florida is another epicenter of American Judaism. Beginning in the mid-20th century, the region became a popular retirement destination for Jews from New York and other Northeastern cities. Later on, the retirees were joined by Jewish immigrants from Latin America (especially Meksika, Venezuelava Argentina), and now Miami-Dade County has the largest proportion of foreign-born Jews of any metro area in the United States.
- 60 Skokie, Illinoys - The only Jewish-majority suburb of Chikago, and home to Jews of many different national origins, with the Ashkenazic, Sephardic and Mizrachi communities all having a presence here. The Kehilat Chovevei Tzion is one of the few "dual synagogues" that caters to both Ashkenazic and Sephardic worshippers, with two separate halls for the respective communities to carry out their respective rites.
Hurmat
Most synagogues welcome visitors of all faiths as long as they behave respectfully, though in areas where anti-Jewish violence is a more immediate threat, a member of the congregation might have to vouch for you and you might even be barred entry.
When entering any Jewish place of worship, all males (except small children) are normally expected to wear a hat, such as a skullcap (called a kippah in Hebrew and a yarmulke in Yiddish). If you have not brought a hat with you, there is normally a supply available for borrowing, for example outside the sanctuary in a synagogue. Both men and women can show respect by dressing conservatively when visiting synagogues or Jewish cemeteries, for example by wearing garments that cover the legs down to at least the knees, and the shoulders and upper arms. Orthodox Jewish women wear loose-fitting clothing that does not display their figure, and many cover their hair with a kerchief or wig.
Traditionally, only men are required to go to synagogue; since women's main religious role is to keep the home kosher, their attendance at services in the synagogue is optional. Some Orthodox synagogues at least in former times used to have only men's sections. In modern times, Orthodox synagogues generally admit women for prayers, though they have dividers (mechitzot) to keep men and women separate during services. The dividers can range from simply slightly higher banisters between aisles with equal view of the bimah from men's and women's sections in some Modern Orthodox synagogues to women being relegated to a balcony behind a curtain and not able to see the bimah at all. Egalitarian synagogues, such as Reconstructionist, Reform or egalitarian Conservative synagogues, have no dividers, and men and women can pray sitting next to each other.
There are some terms that can be controversial among Jews. Use "Western Wall" to refer to the Jerusalem holy site, not the somewhat archaic-sounding "Wailing Wall", which in some Jews' minds gives rise to Christian caricatures of miserable wailing Jews, rather than dignified, praying Jews. When speaking about the mass murder of Jews by the Nazis, the terms "Holocaust" and "Shoah" are both acceptable. (The word "holocaust" originally referred to a burnt offering for God, so the term could imply that the mass killing of Jews was a gift to God. Nevertheless, "Holocaust" is still the most common English name for the tragedy, and should not cause offense.) The phrase "Jew down", meaning to savdolashish, is offensive, due to its implication of Jews as cheap and perhaps dishonest. In general, it is fine to use "Jew" as a noun, but as an adjective, use "Jewish" (not phrases like "Jew lawyer"), and never use "Jew" in any form as a verb.
Jews' opinions on all aspects of politics, including Israeli politics, run the gamut, but reducing a Jewish person to their opinion on Israel - or worse, taking offense at whatever their opinion may be - is likely to be as counter-productive as reducing an African-American to their opinion on race relations and civil rights.
Gapir
Ibroniycha va Aramaic are the ancient holy languages of Judaism, and are used for worship in synagogues throughout the world. The two languages are closely related and used the same alphabet, so anyone who can read Hebrew will have little trouble with Aramaic.
Modern Hebrew, revived as part of the Zionist movement starting in the late 19th century, is the official and most spoken language in Israel. Other languages often spoken by Jews are the languages of the country they reside in or used to live in before moving to Israel (particularly English, Russian, Spanish, French, Arabic and German) as well as Yiddish, the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews, which developed from Middle High German with borrowed words from Hebrew, Slavic languages and French, but is written in Hebrew letters rather than the Latin alphabet. (Many languages used by Jews have been written in Hebrew letters at some point, including English.) Before the Nazi Holocaust, Yiddish was the first language of over 10 million people of a wide range of degrees of Jewish religious practice; now, it is spoken by a smaller (but once again growing, thanks to their propensity for large families) population of a million and a half Chasidim. As Chasidic Jews consider Hebrew to be a holy language that is reserved for praying to God, Yiddish is the primary language used in daily life even among Chasidic Jews who live in Israel.
Ladino, similarly, was Judeo-Spanish, and used to be widely spoken among Sephardic Jews living in Turkey and other Muslim countries that had given them refuge, and also in the Greek city of Saloniki. While Yiddish is still very much alive in both Israel and parts of the US and quite a number of Yiddish loanwords have entered languages such as (American) English and German, Ladino is moribund and only spoken by a few elderly people and hardly any children or adolescents. There are some musicians (both Jewish and non-Jewish) that make music in Ladino, often using old songs, and Jewish languages are studied academically to varying degrees.
Unlike the Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews, there is no historical unifying language among the Mizrahi Jews, who primarily spoke languages such as Fors tili yoki Arabic, whichever was dominant in the area they lived in, in addition to using Hebrew for liturgy.
Qarang
Synagogues
Many synagogues, especially those built in the 19th century in Europe when Jews obtained civil rights for the first time, are architecturally spectacular and most of them are willing and able to give tours. Sadly many synagogues (especially in Germany) were destroyed by the Nazis, and if they were rebuilt at all, some of them show a somber reflection about the destruction of Jewish life in the past. Others, however were rebuilt very much in the original style and are truly a sight to behold.
- 3 Western Wall. The central prayer site in Judaism, adjacent to the holiest site, the Temple Mount. In Old City of Jerusalem.
- 4 Hurva Synagogue. The first synagogue was built in the early 1700s. It has been destroyed twice, and was built for a third time in 2010. It is in Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.
- Northern Israel is home to a number of beautiful synagogue ruins from the Byzantine period (3rd-6th centuries), among them 5 Tzipori (Quyi Galiley), 6 Bayt Alfa (Beit Shean Valley) va 7 Baram (Yuqori Galiley).
- 8 El Ghriba synagogue (Djerba Synagogue) (yilda Djerba, Tunis). Built in the 19th century on the spot of an ancient synagogue. The building, which has a beautiful interior, is a historic place of pilgrimage for Tunisia's Jewish community, and one of the last remaining active synagogues in the Arab world..
- 9 Grand Synagogue of Paris. Often known as the Victoire Synagogue, it is in central Paris. Among others, Alfred Dreyfus had his wedding here. Unfortunately, it is usually impossible to enter.
- 10 Touro Synagogue, Newport (Rhode Island). The oldest surviving synagogue building in the United States, built in 1762. The original members were Sephardic refugees from the Inquisition. In 1790, the synagogue was the proud recipient of a letter from President George Washington, testifying to the new republic's full acceptance and embrace of its Jewish citizens. Be sure to look for the trapdoor, concealing a underground room which may have been intended as a hiding place from pogroms (which never occurred in the US - but the builders didn't know that!)
- 11 Córdoba Synagogue. Built in 1315, this synagogue is full of beautiful, well-preserved carvings.
- 12 Bevis Marks Synagogue, 7 Bevis Marks, City of London. Arguably the Diaspora synagogue in longest continuous use
- 13 Amsterdam Esnoga. Built in 1675.
- 14 Ostia Synagogue. It is in Ostia Antica, the ancient port of Rim. This is arguably the oldest synagogue known outside Israel, dating from the 1st century. Its ruins are somewhat away from the main Ostia Antica ruins, in the southern corner of the site, just before the road.
- Shuls for modern architecture geeks: Congregation Shaarey Zedek in Southfield, MI (Albert Khan), and Temple Beth El in Bloomfield, MI (Minoru Yamasaki).
- 15 Paradesi Synagogue, Kochi, Hindiston. The oldest synagogue in India, built in 1568.
- 16 Mikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue, Villemstad, Curaçao. Opened 1674, the oldest surviving synagogue in the Americas.
- 17 Kahal Shalom Synagogue, Dossiadou and Simiou Streets, Rhodes. The oldest surviving synagogue in Gretsiya, built in 1577. It is in the picturesque Juderia (Jewish quarter) of Rodos.
- 18 Sardis Synagogue. An archaeological site with the ruins of a Roman-era (approximately 4th century) synagogue, one of the oldest in diaspora. The native Lydian name for this ancient city was Sfard, which some think is the actual location of Biblical Sepharad (identified by the later Jews with Iberia).
Muzeylar
Museums of Judaism and/or Jewish history exist in many places, and are often full of beautifully decorated Jewish religious books and ritual objects, as well as historical information.
- 19 Israel Museum. The Israeli national museum, in West Jerusalem, houses treasures that include the Dead Sea Scrolls (including the oldest Biblical scrolls, from the 2nd century BCE, as well as other texts that did not make it into the canon and had been lost), and the Aleppo Codex (traditionally considered the most accurate Biblical text, written in the 10th century).
- 20 The Museum of the Jewish People (Beit Hatfutsot). This museum in North Tel Aviv covers Jewish culture with a focus on the diaspora. It is best known for its models of European synagogues.
- 21 Anne Frank House, Prinsengracht 263-265, Amsterdam.
- 22 Yad Vashem. Israel's national Holocaust museum, in West Jerusalem.
- 23 US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Vashington, Kolumbiya.
- 24 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 6 Mordechaja Anielewicza St, Warsaw.
- 25 Jewish Museum, Berlin. If not the best, easily the most architecturally stunning in Germany, designed by Daniel Libeskind (himself of Jewish descent), the museum goes into detail on Jewish history in Germany from the earliest beginnings in the Roman era to the Shoah and ultimately the unlikely rebirth of Jewish life after WWII.
- 26 Museum of Tolerance, 9786 West Pico Blvd, Los Anjeles. Focuses on the Holocaust, but its overall subject is racism and intolerance in general.
- 27 Istanbul Archaeology Museums. Holds two important artifacts from ancient Jerusalem: the inscription from King Hezekiah's Shiloach aqueduct, and the sign from the Second Temple "soreg" in Greek.
- 28 National Museum of Damascus. Holds the Dura Europos synagogue murals. Warning - war zone!
- 29 Temple Institute. An exhibit of the vessels and clothing used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, and which the museum organizers hope to use once again in a rebuilt Temple. In Old City of Jerusalem.
- 30 Jewish Museum and Centre of Tolerance, Obraztsova St., 11, build. 1A, Moskva, ☏ 7 495 645-05-50, ✉[email protected]. Sun-Thu 12-22, Fri 10-15. Located in a famous Constructivist building of Bakhmetievsky Garage, designed by Konstantin Melnikov, the famous Russian architect of 1920's, the museum focuses on the history of Jews in the Russian Empire and USSR. An important Moscow's cultural venue. 400 RUB.
- 31 Jewish Museum, Själagårdsgatan 19 (Stokgolm). Displays the history of the Jews in Sweden.
Graves
- 32 Auschwitz-Birkenau va 33 Majdanek are probably the two most worthwhile Nazi concentration camps to visit. Auschwitz had the highest death toll and attracts the most visitors, while Majdanek is the best preserved.
- 34 Tomb of Esther and Mordechai, Hamadan, Eron.
- 35 Tomb of Daniel, Susa, Eron.
- Tombs of 36 Ezra, 37 Ezekiel va 38 Nahum yilda Iraq (Warning: war zone)
- 39 Tomb of the Baal Shem Tov (Medzhybizh, G'arbiy Ukraina). The Baal Shem Tov is significant for founding Chasidism. The village surrounding the tomb looks like the old-time Ukraine.
- 40 Tomb of Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav (In Ummon, Ukraina). Each fall, for the Rosh Hashana holiday, tens of thousands of Jews make a pilgrimage to this site.
- 41 Hunts Bay Jewish Cemetery (In Kingston, Yamayka). A 17th-century cemetery that includes the graves of Jewish pirates, some with Hebrew text next to the skull and crossbones.
- 42 Tomb of Rachel. The Biblical matriach is traditionally considered to be buried here. While generally considered part of Baytlahm, the tomb is more easily accessed from Jerusalem, specifically by taking bus 163.
- 43 Cave of the Patriarchs. The traditional burial place of the Biblical patriarchs (ancestors of the Jewish people) — Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah — in the West Bank city of Xevron. Generally considered the second holiest site in Judaism.
- 44 Grave of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai. This 2nd-century rabbi is considered the leading figure in the history of Jewish mysticism. The "Zohar" is traditionally written by him. Bar Yochai traditionally died on the day of Lag BaOmer (about one month after Passover) and was buried in Meron (Yuqori Galiley). Each year nowadays on Lag BaOmer, hundreds of thousands of Jews gather there to celebrate his legacy with bonfires and music.
- 45 Beit Shearim. A burial complex containing the graves of Rabbi Judah the Prince, compiler of the Mishna in the 2nd century, and his family (including other notable rabbis) in the Quyi Galiley. Rabbi Judah's name was found engraved in above the burial niches. The burial niches are now empty.
- 46 Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery. A large cemetery in East Jerusalem. Due to its proximity to the Old City, it is traditionally the location where the future Resurrection of the Dead will begin. The first burials here took place around 3,000 years ago. In recent centuries the cemetery has grown, and many of the most famous rabbis and secular leaders of the last 200 years are buried here.
Other sites
- 47 Shiloh. The site of the ancient Israelite sanctuary from about 1300-1000 BCE, before it moved to Jerusalem. Now there are an archaeological site and a visitors' center here.
- Buyuk Britaniyaning Kembrij universitetidagi Qohira Geniza loyihasi - odatda Maymonidesning qo'lyozma xati va boshqa noyob buyumlarni o'z ichiga olgan matnlarning ommaviy ko'rgazmasi mavjud. Agar siz olim bo'lsangiz, ko'rgazmada bo'lmagan narsalarni ko'rishni so'rashingiz mumkin.
- 48 Nebo tog'i (Tashqarida Madaba, Iordaniya). Muqaddas Kitobga ko'ra, Isroilni o'lishdan oldin Muso ko'rgan bir xil burchakka qarang.
- Janubiy yarimsharda Pesax va Sukkot - aksariyat yahudiylar Shimoliy yarim sharda yashaydilar, shuning uchun bu bayramlarni qarama-qarshi mavsumlarda boshdan kechirish o'ylantiradi
- 49 770. Bruklindagi Chabad harakatining markazi.
- Yeshivas - Talmudni o'qitish uchun mo'ljallangan ushbu akademiyalar odatda talmudiy matnlar bilan bahslashadigan va munozara qiladigan odamlar bilan to'la baland, ko'pikli, xaotik xonalardir. Agar siz yeshivadan tashqarida bo'lgan mahalliy odamga borib, buni ko'rishni xohlayotganingizni tushuntirsangiz, ular sizga ko'rsatishdan mamnun bo'lishadi (lekin ba'zi joylarda yahudiy muassasalari bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan terror hujumlari to'g'risida ogoh bo'lishlari kerak, shuning uchun agar siz don Yahudiy aloqasi yo'q, ular sizga shubhali qarashlari mumkin). Buni ko'rish uchun yaxshi joy - Nyu-Jersi shtatining Leykud shahridagi Yeshiva Gehovadagi Beys Medrash.
- 50 Casa Byanka Mikvah (In Sirakuza (Italiya)). Evropada saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi mikvah (marosimdagi hammom), taxminan VI asrga tegishli yoki undan ham ilgari. Taxminan 20 metr er osti.
Qil
- Xizmatga tashrif buyuring - Agar siz yahudiylik amaliyotini boshdan kechirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, ko'plab ibodatxonalarda nafaqat yahudiylar, balki yahudiy bo'lmaganlar ham xush kelibsiz. Ko'plab ibodatxonalarda har kuni, lekin ayniqsa juma kechasi va shanba kuni ertalab xizmat ko'rsatiladi Shabbat, Shabbat kuni, unga rioya qilish O'n Amrdan biridir. Agar siz ajoyib kantilyatsiya (ashula) tinglashni istasangiz, qaysi mahalliy ibodatxonalarda eng ko'p musiqiy kantorlar borligini bilib oling. Agar ibodatxona bo'lmasa, Chabad, shuningdek, Lubavitcher Chasidim deb ham ataladi, dunyo bo'ylab juda ko'p postlar mavjud va agar siz yahudiy bo'lsangiz yoki yahudiy bilan sayohat qilsangiz, ular sizni o'z uylarida yoki yig'ilish zalida xizmatga taklif qilishdan mamnun. .
- Tishchaga tashrif buyuring - turli xil shassid guruhlari jamoat bayramlarini o'tkazadilar, ko'plab qo'shiqlar va isyonchilar rahbarlik qiladilar. Ko'pincha begonalar tashrif buyurishi mumkin. Tishchani topish uchun yaxshi joy Quddus.
- Yahudiy markazidagi tadbirga boring - Ko'p joylarda yahudiy markazlari mavjud, u erda darslar, ma'ruzalar, spektakllar, film namoyishlari va badiiy ko'rgazmalar mavjud. Ularning aksariyati onlayn taqvimlarga ega.
- Xayriya — Tsedaka ibroniycha "xayriya" so'zi bo'lib, yahudiy dinining markaziy mittsvasi (amri). Yahudiylar xayriya ishlariga saxiylik bilan yordam berishadi va ko'plab yahudiy xayriya tashkilotlari mavjud, ularning ba'zilari alohida yordamga muhtoj boshqa yahudiylarga yordam berishga qaratilgan, ammo ularning aksariyati barcha aqidalarning kambag'allariga xizmat qiladi. Agar siz xayriya qilishni xohlasangiz, yahudiy yoki mazhabsiz tashkilotni yoki qaysi dinga rioya qilsangiz, siz ishonadigan sababga e'tibor qaratadigan tashkilotni qidirib toping yoki shunchaki foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan kishiga shaxsan yordam berish uchun vaqt ajrating. qo'l.
Sotib oling
Agar siz yahudiylarning marosimlarini va boshqa yahudiy narsalarni sotib olishga qiziqsangiz, Judaica do'konlarini qidiring. Shabbat shamdonlarini sotib olish uchun mashhur narsalar; menoralar (Chanuka uchun 9 ta tarvaqaylab qurilgan kandela); an'anaviy naqshli zargarlik buyumlari, shu jumladan ibroniycha chet va yod harflari choy, ibroniycha "hayot" so'zi va kumush qo'l, Xudoning qo'lini ifodalaydi; Tavrotlar, ibodat kitoblari va sharh kitoblari; mezuzot so'zlari bilan yozilgan pergamentning miniatyura varaqalari Shma Yisroil "Ey Isroil, tingla! Rabbimiz bizning Xudoyimizdir; Rabbiy bitta!" so'zlari bilan boshlangan ibodat. dekorativ holatlarda, eshik tirgaklari sifatida foydalanish uchun); va yahudiylarning oshpazlik kitoblari.
Yemoq
An'anaviy yahudiylarning parhez qonunlariga ko'ra, faqat kosher yahudiylar ovqat yeyishlari mumkin; qarang Kashrut. Yahudiy qonunlari shanba kuni olov yoqishni taqiqlaganligi sababli, ushbu masala bilan shug'ullanadigan va ko'pincha "sekin pishirilgan" go'sht va sabzavotlarni ishlab chiqaradigan maxsus Shabbat oshxonasi ishlab chiqilgan. Fisih bayramida qoidalar qat'iyroq va Fisih bayrami uchun kosher bo'lgan mahsulotlar odatda shunday sertifikatlangan.
Yahudiy oshxonalariga xizmat ko'rsatadigan ko'plab ovqatlanish joylari endi kosher emasligiga qaramay, yahudiy diasporasi o'zlarining ko'plab shaharlarining oshpazlik madaniyatlariga katta hissa qo'shdi. Shaharlari Nyu York, London va Monreal xususan Ashkenazi urf-odatlariga ko'ra yahudiylarning delis va bagel do'konlari bilan tanilgan. Kvintessensial ingliz taomlari qovurilgan kartoshka bilan baliq shuningdek, uning kelib chiqishini Angliyada o'rnashgan Ispaniya va Portugaliya inkvizitsiyalaridan qochgan sefardiy yahudiy qochoqlari bilan bog'laydi deb ishoniladi.
Kosher ovqatlari tijorat reyslarida taqdim etiladigan birinchi maxsus taomlardan biri bo'lgan va kosher ovqatlari odatda ko'plab yirik aviakompaniyalarda mavjud, ammo odatda kamida 48-72 soat oldin so'ralishi kerak. Isroil bayrog'i tashuvchisi El Al faqat o'z reyslarida kosher ovqatlarini xizmat qiladi.
Ichish
Vino shanba (shabbat) va boshqa yahudiy bayramlarida muqaddas tarzda ishlatiladi. Ularning bir qismi shakar bilan juda boyitilgan, ammo hozirgi kunda juda yaxshi kosher sharoblari Isroil, AQSh, Frantsiya, Italiya, Ispaniya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya va boshqa turli mamlakatlarda ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Fisih bayrami sharob bo'lishi kerak Kosher l'Pesach, shuning uchun agar siz sederga (bayramona Fisih taomiga) taklif qilinadigan bo'lsangiz, mezbonlaringizga sharob sotib olayotganda ushbu maxsus belgiga e'tibor bering.
Ko'pgina yahudiylar sharobdan tashqari alkogolli ichimliklarni har bir alohida istisnolardan tashqari (masalan, mezcal con gusano), alkogolli ichimliklarni per se kosher deb hisoblashadi. Biroq, ichkilikbozlik, hech bo'lmaganda, ikki ta'tildan tashqari, qattiq qovushtiriladi: Fisih bayrami, qonunning ba'zi talqinlariga ko'ra, har bir kattalar 4 stakan sharob ichishi kerak (garchi amalda, uzum sharbati odatda uni almashtirish uchun yaxshi deb hisoblanadi) "sharob" va "uzum sharbati" o'rtasidagi farq zamonaviy pasterizatsiya davriga to'g'ri keladi) va Purim, shu paytgacha siz Xordan Mordaxayga (bayram qahramoni) aytolmaydigan darajada ko'p sharob ichishingiz kerak bo'lgan an'ana mavjud bo'lganda. (yomon odam).
Uyqu
Har qanday pravoslav (yoki "Shomer Shabbat" - ya'ni shanba kunini qo'riqlash) yahudiylar yahudiylarning juma kecha va shanba kunlari sayohat qilishlariga qarshi qonunlarini buzishi mumkin emas. Shuning uchun, u o'sha kunlarda ibodatxonaga borish uchun etarlicha yaqin joyda uxlashni yoki uylarda bo'lib o'tadigan jamoat bayramlarida (masalan, Kabbalat Shabbat juma kuni kechqurun shanba kuni kutib olish uchun Sederni) tashkil qilishi kerak. Fisih bayramida yoki Megillas Esterni o'qish [Esterning Injil kitobi] Purimda), marosim va bayramona taom bo'lib o'tadigan joyga. Shuning uchun pravoslav yahudiylari uchun uylarini uzoqdan tashrif buyuradigan boshqa kuzatuvchi yahudiylarga ochish odatiy holdir. Agar siz shanbani kuzatuvchi yahudiy bo'lsangiz va shanba yoki ta'til paytida sayohat qilayotgan joyda hech kimni bilmasangiz, odatda bayram boshlanishidan oldin ularga qo'ng'iroq qilganingiz kabi, odatda mahalliy Chabad ofisiga murojaat qilishingiz mumkin. mahalliy ibodatxonaga qo'ng'iroq qilib ko'rishingiz mumkin.
Ba'zi mehmonxonalar va ko'p qavatli uylarda pravoslav yahudiylar shanba kunini belgilash, avtomatik eshiklarni o'chirish va / yoki avtomatik ravishda ishlaydigan "shabbat liftlari" ni taqdim etish orqali mehmonlar tugmachalarni bosish shart emas.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Afsuski, antisemitizmga qarshi zo'ravonlik tahdidi butun dunyoda doimiy tashvish uyg'otmoqda, garchi xavf darajasi vaqt va joyga qarab farq qilsa. Natijada, ibodatxonalarda, yeshivotda, yahudiylarning jamoat markazlarida va boshqa yahudiylar yig'iladigan joylarda politsiya borligi yoki / yoki qurollangan soqchilar bo'lishi juda keng tarqalgan. Biroq, kimdir unga hujum qilganida, tasodifan sizda bo'lish ehtimoli juda past. Sizning sumkangizni qidirish yoki metall detektoridan o'tish uchun navbatda turish kerak bo'lsa, aeroportga borayotgandek qo'shimcha vaqt bering. Yahudiy bo'lish yoki ko'rinadigan yahudiy ko'rinish (masalan, kippa kiyish) birinchi dunyoning yirik shaharlarining ba'zi mahallalarida ham istalmagan e'tiborni, og'zaki haqoratni yoki hatto zo'ravonlikni jalb qilishi mumkin. Yahudiylarning har qanday hayoti uchun xavfsiz joyni ta'minlash Isroilning asos solishi uchun sabab bo'lgan, ammo afsuski, geosiyosiy vaziyat va zo'ravon shaxslar bu erdagi yahudiylarning xavfsizligi va xavfsizligiga ta'sir qiladi.
Shuningdek qarang
- Isroil - yahudiylik paydo bo'lgan joy va bugungi kunda dunyodagi yagona yahudiy davlati, ko'plab yahudiylar yashaydi