Turkiya - Turkey

Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa joylar uchun qarang Turkiya (ajralish).

kurka (Turkcha: Turkiya) ikki kontinental mamlakat: geografik jihatdan mamlakatning katta qismi joylashgan Osiyo, Sharqiy Frakiya Evropaning bir qismidir va ko'plab turklarda Evropaning o'ziga xosligi bor.

Turkiya sayohatchilarga mo'l-ko'l yo'nalish turlarini taklif etadi: gumbazli va minora bilan to'ldirilgan osmono'par manzaradan Istanbul bo'ylab Rim xarobalariga g'arbiy va Janubiy qirg'oqlari, tog'lar fonida kuchli qirg'oq chizig'idan Likiya va keng va quyoshli plyajlari Pamfiliya ning sovuq va qorli tog'lariga Sharq, ning aqldan ozgan "ko'pikli partiyalaridan" Bodrum O'rta Sharq lazzatli shaharlariga Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu, tog'larning tumanli tumanlaridan Sharqiy Qora dengiz ning keng dasht manzaralariga Markaziy Anadolu, har kimning didi uchun bir narsa bor - ular avtostop bilan yoki ko'p millionli yaxtada o'ta byudjetda sayohat qiladimi.

Mintaqalar

Turkiya mintaqalari - Rang kodli xarita

Egey dengizi Yunon va Rim xarobalari, bir tomonida zangori dengiz va boshqa tomonida kumush zaytunzorlar orasida

Qora dengiz Turkiya Trekking va rafting kabi ajoyib ochiq sport turlarini taklif qiladigan o'rmonli tog'lar

Markaziy Anadolu Milliy poytaxti bo'lgan daraxtlar kambag'al markaziy dashtlar, Hitit va Frig xarobalari va oyga o'xshash Kapadokiya

Sharqiy Anadolu Qishi qattiq va baland va tog'li sharqiy qismi. Tarixiy ravishda armanlar yashagan.

Marmara viloyati Mamlakatning ba'zi yirik shaharlarida Vizantiya va Usmoniy yodgorliklari joylashgan eng shaharlashgan mintaqa

O'rta er dengizi Turkiyasi Qarag'ay o'rmonlari bilan o'ralgan tog'lar toza mo'rt dengizning qirg'oq chizig'idan o'ng tomonga ko'tarilgan

Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu Mamlakatning yarim cho'l / tog'li qismi. Asosan kurdlar yashagan.

Shaharlar

• 39.95632.8541 Anqara - Turkiyaning poytaxti va uning ikkinchi yirik shahri
• 36.91130.692 Antaliya - eng tez rivojlanayotgan shahar, plyajdagi bir qator kurortlarning markazi
• 37.03827.423 Bodrum - Janubiy Egeyning zamonaviy qirg'oq shaharchasi, u mavsumda turklar va xalqaro dam oluvchilar uchun o'yin maydonchasi bo'lib xizmat qilganda, qal'a, Rim xarobalari, zamonaviy klublar va yarim orolni o'rab turgan bir qator qishloqlarni har biri turlicha joylashgan. sinfdan rustikgacha bo'lgan belgi
• 41.67726.5644 Edirne - Usmonli imperiyasining ikkinchi poytaxti
• 41.01828.975 Istanbul - Turkiyaning eng yirik shahri, Usmonli va Vizantiya imperiyalarining sobiq poytaxti va dunyodagi ikki qit'ani bosib o'tgan yagona yirik shahar.
• 38.41527.1446 Izmir - Turkiyaning uchinchi yirik shahri, bir qator plyajdagi dam olish maskanlari markazi
• 37.87232.4927 Konya - tasavvuf so'fiylarining yuragi, Rumiy maqbarasi joylashgan va saljuqiylar me'morchiligiga ega bo'lgan juda katta shahar, hammasi keng dashtlar bilan o'ralgan.
• 41.006339.72588 Trabzon - ajoyib Sumela monastiri shaharning tashqarisida joylashgan bo'lib, u turk shimoli-sharqini o'rganish uchun ajoyib eshikdir
• 37.16138.7929 Urfa - Sharq olami darvozasi oldida go'zal me'morchiligi va nihoyatda do'stona aholisi bo'lgan shahar; bu erda turk, kurd, arab va Ossuriya madaniyati aralashgan

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Turkuaz suvlari ustidan Ölüdeniz

• 40.50861343.5722051 Ani - mamlakatning sharqiy qismida joylashgan O'rta asr Armaniston poytaxtining ajoyib xarobalari; 1000 cherkovlar shahri sifatida tanilgan
• 38.658334.85362 Kapadokiya - o'ziga xos oyga o'xshash landshaft ("peri bacalar"), yer osti shaharlari, g'or cherkovlari va toshlarga o'yilgan uylari bilan mashhur bo'lgan markaziy tog'li hudud.
• 37.941927.34153 Efes - g'arbiy qirg'oqda joylashgan Rim shahrining yaxshi saqlanib qolgan xarobalari
• 40.36722226.4554 Gallipoli - 1915 yilgi sayt Anzak qo'nish va Jahon urushining ko'plab yodgorliklari
• 37.783338.61675 Nemrut tog'i - a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati uning cho'qqisida qadimiy xudolarga bag'ishlangan bosh haykallar bilan
• 36.550329.12236 Ölüdeniz - "Moviy lagunaning" beqiyos postkarta go'zalligi, ehtimol siz Turkiyaning har qanday sayyohlik risolasida ko'rishingiz mumkin bo'lgan eng taniqli plyaj.
• 37.927229.12587 Pamukkale - "Paxta qal'asi", termal suvlar bilan to'ldirilgan kaskadli sayoz hovuzlarni o'rab turgan travertenlarning oq dunyosi
• 40.686439.65428 Sümela - tog 'qoyalaridagi ajoyib monastir, shimoli-sharqiy sohilga har qanday sayohatda ko'rish kerak
• 40.06944429.2213899 Uludağ - balandligi bilan farq qiladigan turli xil o'rmonlarning maktab darsliklari kamarlaridan iborat milliy bog 'va mamlakatning asosiy qishki sport kurorti.

Tushuning

Poytaxt	Anqara
Valyuta	Turk lirasi (TRY)
Aholisi	83,6 million (2020 yil)
Elektr	230 volt / 50 gerts (Schuko, Europlug)
Mamlakat kodi	90
Vaqt zonasi	UTC 03:00
Favqulodda vaziyatlar	112, 110 (o't o'chirish bo'limi), 155 (politsiya), 212-177
Haydash tomoni	to'g'ri
Wikidata-da tahrirlash

Mustafo Kamol Otaturk

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Xettlar, Qadimgi Yunoniston, Rim imperiyasi, Vizantiya imperiyasi, Usmonli imperiyasi

Qora dengiz tubi bir vaqtlar odamlar yashagan tekislik bo'lganligi, tarixgacha bo'lgan davrda dengiz sathining ko'tarilishi bilan suv bosganidan oldin dalillar mavjud. Ararat tog'i (Agri Dagi) 5165 metr balandlikda, Turkiyaning eng baland nuqtasi va mamlakatning sharqiy chekkasida Nuh kemasining afsonaviy qo'nish joyi. Hozir Turkiya bo'lgan hudud tarix davomida dunyoning ko'plab buyuk imperiyalarining bir qismi bo'lib kelgan. Shahar Troytomonidan mashhur ravishda yo'q qilingan Yunonlar Gomerda Illiad, har doim Anadolining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida Dardanel bo'g'oziga kirish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan. Keyinchalik, bu hudud Rim imperiyasining tarkibiga kirishi kerak edi va keyinchalik Rim imperiyasi Konstantinopol shahri bilan ikkiga bo'linib ketganidan keyin Sharqiy Rim (Vizantiya) imperiyasi. Istanbul) bo'linishdan keyin Sharqiy Rim poytaxti kabi mintaqaviy poytaxt sifatida xizmat qilgan. The Usmonli imperiyasi keyinchalik Sharqiy Rim imperiyasini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va Sharqiy O'rta er dengizi ustidan ittifoqchilar mag'lubiyatga uchragunga qadar hukmronlik qildi Birinchi jahon urushi.

Turkiya Respublikasi (Turkiya Cumhuriyeti) 1923 yilda Usmonli imperiyasining qoldiqlaridan tashkil topgan. Ko'p o'tmay, mamlakatda an'anaviy diniy fitatlar o'rnini bosuvchi dunyoviy qonunlar va davlatni jadal modernizatsiya qilishga qaratilgan ko'plab boshqa tub islohotlar amalga oshirildi. Rum alifbosiga asoslangan arab yozuvidan 29 harfli turk alifbosiga o'tish Turkiya Respublikasi asoschisi Mustafo Kamol Otaturkning ko'plab shaxsiy tashabbuslaridan biri edi. Otaturkni hurmat qilishda davom etmoqdalar va uning yuzini sizga qaragancha yoki uzoqdan turib otalikka, vizyoner yoki qat'iyat bilan butun Turkiyaning turli joylarida ko'rishingiz mumkin. Otaturk 1938 yilda vafot etdi va uning o'rnini yangi respublikaning birinchi bosh vaziri bo'lgan Ismet Inyonu o'ng qo'li egalladi. Aynan Inyonu Otaturk atrofida shaxsga sig'inishni kuchaytirdi va aslida Turkiyani avvalgi hayotidan kattaroq vaqt davomida boshqargan. 1945 yilda Turkiya BMTga qo'shildi va 1952 yilda NATOga a'zo bo'ldi.

Geografiya

Turkiya Texasdan sal kattaroq, 750 ming km² dan ortiqroq quruqlikni egallaydi va Buyuk Britaniyadan uch baravar katta. Erning xilma-xilligi va ayniqsa o'simlik hayotining xilma-xilligi jihatidan Turkiya kichik qit'aning xususiyatlarini namoyish etadi. Masalan, mamlakatda 10000 ga yaqin o'simlik turlari mavjud (butun Evropada 13000 ga yaqin), ularning uchdan biri Turkiyaga xosdir. Darhaqiqat, Istanbul shahri chegaralarida (2000) butun Birlashgan Qirollikka qaraganda mahalliy o'simlik turlari mavjud. Ko'p odamlar Turkiyaning boy arxeologik merosi haqida bilsalar-da, u bir xil qiymatdagi ekotizimlarga ega - torf, botqoqli erlar, dashtlar va qirg'oq tekisliklari. Turkiya juda ko'p o'rmonlarga ega (erning to'rtdan bir qismi), ammo, eng muhimi, mamlakatning yarmi tabiiy ravishda qayta tiklanmagan yarim tabiiy landshaftdir.

Madaniyat

Garchi bu turizm risolasi klişesi kabi ko'rinishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, Turkiya haqiqatan g'arbiy va sharqiy tomonlarni qiziqtiradi - siz qasam ichishingiz mumkinki, siz Bolqon mamlakat yoki Gretsiya qachon kirganda shimoli-g'arbiy va g'arbiy mamlakatning ayrim qismlari (bundan tashqari, Vizantiya ta'siridagi cherkovlar Vizantiya ta'siridagi masjidlar bilan almashtiriladi), ular haqiqatan ham qisman Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida, undan keyin va undan keyin notinchlik paytida ko'chib kelgan Bolqon mamlakatlaridan kelgan odamlar yashaydi. janubi-sharqiy mamlakatning turli hududlarida Turkiyaning madaniy farqlari juda kam janubiy va sharqiy qo'shnilar. Ta'sirlari Kavkaz tarkibidagi aralashga qo'shing shimoli-sharqda mamlakatning bir qismi. Oddiy qilib aytish mumkinki, Turkiya g'arbiy xalqlarning eng sharqiy tomoni, yoki nuqtai nazariga qarab sharqiy xalqlarning eng g'aroyib joyidir.

Ehtimol, butun mamlakat uchun bitta narsa shu Islom, aholining asosiy qismining e'tiqodi. Biroq, uning talqini mamlakat bo'ylab juda xilma-xil: turli xil shimoliy-g'arbiy va g'arbiy sohillarda odamlar din haqida juda erkin (nominal musulmon bo'lish, ba'zan dinsiz bo'lishga qadar). markaziy dashtlar ancha konservativ (a topishni kutmang Saudiya Arabistoni yoki an Afg'oniston hatto u erda ham). Mamlakatning qolgan qismi o'rtasida biron bir joyga to'g'ri keladi, qirg'oq mintaqalari nisbatan liberal, ichki mintaqalar esa, odatda, nisbatan konservativdir. Eng kattasi diniy ozchilik mamlakatda Alevilar mavjud bo'lib, ular aholining 20 foizini tashkil qiladi va islomning shialar versiyasiga yaqinroq bo'lgan va uning marosimlari qadimgi turklarning shamanistik marosimlaridan uzoqlashadigan islom shakliga obuna bo'lishadi. Boshqa diniy ozchiliklar - yunon pravoslavlari, arman apostollari, yahudiylar, sharqiy sharq pravoslavlari va Rim-katoliklari, ikkinchisi asosan G'arbiy Evropa mamlakatlaridan so'nggi 500 yil ichida Turkiyada istiqomat qilishgan. ning yirik shaharlari Istanbul va Izmiryoki qismlari Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu suriyalik sharq pravoslavlari misolida. Ko'p sonli musulmon aholisiga qaramay, Turkiya rasman dunyoviy mamlakat bo'lib qoladi, davlat dini e'lon qilinmaydi.

Bayramlar

Sayohat, tirbandlik, bron qilingan turar joylar va gavjum joylarning kechikishiga olib keladigan bir necha ta'tillar mavjud. Banklar, idoralar va korxonalar rasmiy ta'til kunlari yopiq va keyingi barcha ta'tillarda transport harakati kuchayadi, shuning uchun tashrif buyurishdan oldin tadqiqotlaringizni olib boring. Ushbu ta'tillardan xafa bo'lmang, Turkiya ta'tillarida sayohat qilish unchalik qiyin va ko'pincha juda qiziq emas; iloji boricha oldindan rejalashtirish.

Rasmiy bayramlar

• 1 yanvar: Yangi yil kuni (Yilbashi)
• 23 aprel: Milliy suverenitet va bolalar kuni (Ulusal Egemenlik va Çocuk Bayramı) - Turkiya Buyuk Millat Majlisi mitinglari, turk bayroqlari va Otaturk portretlari tashkil etilganligining yilligi, barcha sayohat turlari
• 1 may: Mehnat va birdamlik kuni (Emek va Dayanışma Günü, shuningdek, norasmiy sifatida tanilgan İşçi Bayramı, ya'ni ishchilar kuni) deyarli 40 yil davomida ta'til sifatida taqiqlangan va faqat 2009 yilda milliy bayram sifatida qayta boshlangan, chunki o'tgan yillarda u odatda zo'ravonlikka aylanib ketgan. Birinchi May paradining yoki yig'ilishining o'rtasida qolib ketmang.
• 19 may: Otaturkni xotirlash va yoshlar va sport bayrami (Atatürk'ü Anma Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı) - Otaturkning kelishi Samsunva Mustaqillik urushining boshlanishi
• 30 avgust: G'alaba kuni (Zafer Bayramı) - bosqinchi kuchlar ustidan Turkiya mustaqilligi uchun urush tugaganini nishonlash. Katta Qurolli Kuchlar kuni va ulkan harbiy paradlarda harbiy qudrat namoyishi.
• 29 oktyabr: Respublika kuni (Cumhuriyet Bayramı yoki Ekim Yirmidokuz) Turkiya Respublikasining e'lon qilingan kunidir. Masalan, payshanba kuniga to'g'ri kelsa, sayohat rejangizda juma va dam olish kunlari hisobga olinishi kerak. 29 oktyabr - ko'plab kurortlarda sayyohlik mavsumining rasmiy yakunlari O'rta er dengizi Turkiyasi va odatda shahar maydonlarida ulkan bayram bo'ladi.
• 10 Noyabr, 09:05 - Turkiya Respublikasining asoschisi Otaturk vafot etgan vaqtdan boshlab soat 09: 05dan boshlab, yo'l harakati odatda to'xtaydi va sirenalar ikki daqiqa davomida jaranglaydi. Dolmabahche saroyi yilda Istanbul 1938 yilda. Ushbu vaqt butun mamlakat bo'ylab rasmiy ravishda kuzatilgan, ammo korxonalar va rasmiy joylar kun davomida yopiq emas. Ammo, agar siz ko'chada bo'lsangiz, hayron bo'lmang, baland ovozda shovqin-suronni eshitasiz va to'satdan odamlar va transport vositalari ushbu hodisani kuzatib, piyodalar va ko'chalarda bir daqiqa sukut saqlaydilar.

Diniy bayramlar

Ramazon (Ramazon turkchada) bir oylik ro'za, ibodat va bayram bo'lib, bu davrda taqvodor musulmonlar quyoshdan to quyoshgacha hech narsa, hatto suv ham ichmaydi va yemaydi. Bu vaqt ichida korxonalar, banklar va rasmiy joylar yopiq emas. Turkiyaning ba'zi hududlarida, masalan, aksariyat qismida ichki va sharqiy mahalliy aholi mamlakatning boshqa joylariga qaraganda ko'proq konservativ bo'lgani uchun, jamoat joylarida yoki transportda mahalliy aholi oldida gazak yeyish yoki gazlangan gazli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilish yomon ta'mga ega deb hisoblanadi - bu butunlay xavfsiz tomonda, tomosha qiling harakat qiling - lekin restoranlar odatda ochiq va u erda odatdagidek ovqatlanish hech qanday muammo tug'dirmaydi, garchi ba'zi restoran egalari buni juda zarur bo'lgan ta'til (yoki ta'mirlash) uchun imkoniyat sifatida ishlatishadi va o'z bizneslarini 30 kunga to'liq yopishadi. Biroq, siz katta shaharlarda, shaharlarning markaziy qismlarida va turistik shaharlarda yopiq muassasalarni ko'rishingiz mumkin emas g'arbiy va janubiy Turkiya. Quyosh botganda, ro'za tutuvchilar darhol o'tirishadi iftorlik, kunning birinchi taomlari. Bu vaqt ichida banklar, korxonalar va rasmiy joylar yopilmaydi.

Ramazon paytida, ko'plab shahar kengashlari shaharlarning katta maydonlarida, ayniqsa muhtojlarga, qashshoqlikda yoki qariyalarga yoki nogironlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan va xizmat ko'rsatadigan, shuningdek o'tib ketuvchilarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan chodirga o'xshash inshootlarni qurdilar, paytida issiq ovqat quyosh botishi (iftorlik), bepul (sho'rvalar kabi, o'rniga to'liq ovqat berish). Iftorlik bu xayr-ehsonning bir turi bo'lib, ayniqsa muhtoj bo'lgan kishini ovqatlantirishda juda foydali bo'ladi. Birinchi marta Islom payg'ambar payg'ambar tomonidan shu maqsadda qo'llanilgan. Sayohatchilar qo'shilishlari mumkin, ammo butun ro'za davrida undan foydalanmang, chunki bu bepul.

Darhol kuzatib boring Ramazon bo'ladi Ramazon hayiti, yoki uch kunlik milliy bayram Ramazon Bayramıdeb nomlangan Shaker Bayramı (ya'ni "Shakar" yoki aniqrog'i "Candy Festival") davomida banklar, idoralar va korxonalar yopiladi va sayohat og'ir bo'ladi. Biroq, ko'plab restoran, kafe va barlar ochiq bo'ladi.

Qurbon Bayramiy (talaffuz qilinadi) koor-BAHN bahy-rah-muh) turk tilida, (Qurbon hayiti yoki arab tilida) yoki qurbonlik bayrami bu yilning eng muhim islomiy diniy bayramidir. Bu bir necha kun davom etadi va Turkiyada dam olish kuni hisoblanadi. Bu vaqt ichida deyarli hamma narsa yopiladi (ko'pgina restoranlar, kafelar, barlar va ba'zi kichik do'konlar ochiq bo'ladi). Qurbon Bayramiy ham vaqti yillik haj (Haj) Makkaga, shuning uchun hozirgi vaqtda Turkiyada ham ichki, ham xalqaro sayohatlar qizg'in. Agar siz kichikroq shahar yoki qishloqlarda bo'lsangiz, jamoat joyida so'yilayotgan hayvonni, odatda echki, ba'zan esa sigirni kuzatishingiz mumkin. Turkiya hukumati ushbu norasmiy so'yishlarga qarshi keskin choralar ko'rdi, shuning uchun bu odatdagidek keng tarqalgan emas.

Ushbu diniy bayramlarning sanalari musulmonlarning oy taqvimiga ko'ra o'zgarib turadi va shu bilan har yili 10-11 kun (Gregorian va Oy taqvimlari o'rtasidagi aniq farq 10 kun va 21 soat) bo'ladi. Bunga ko'ra,

• Shaker / Ramazon Bayramı
• Qurbon Bayramı to'rt kun davom etadi

Ikkala diniy bayram paytida ham ko'plab shaharlar ta'minlaydilar jamoat transporti bepul (bunga xususiy mikroavtobuslar kirmaydi, dolmuşes, taksilar yoki shaharlararo avtobuslar). Bu joy va vaqtga bog'liq. Masalan, IstanbulJamoat transporti boshqarmasi Ramazon hayitida bepul transport bilan ta'minladi, ammo Ehd ul ul-azhawen shahrida yo'lovchilar chegirmali stavka to'lashlari kerak edi. Ba'zi yillar davomida ikkala bayramda ham barchasi bepul edi, ba'zilarida esa chegirma umuman bo'lmagan. Ishonch hosil qilish uchun, boshqa yo'lovchilar chipta / jetondan foydalanadimi yoki yo'qmi, tekshiring.

Iqlim

Turkiyadagi iqlim ko'pincha (oddiyroq) O'rta er dengizi deb ta'riflanadi va bu quyoshli, issiq yoz va iliq dengizlarning tasavvurlarini esga soladi. Biroq, haqiqat bunga qaraganda biroz murakkabroq. Turkiyaning janubiy va g'arbiy qirg'oqlarining aksariyati ushbu ta'rifga juda mos kelsa-da, aksariyat Turkiya bunga mos kelmaydi. Darhaqiqat, shimoliy qirg'oqlar mo''tadil yomg'ir o'rmonlari uchun etarlicha yomg'irli, yam-yashil Evsin-Kolxik o'rmonlari shimoldan Istanbulga qadar cho'zilgan (qarang Belgrad o'rmoni) Gruziyaga. Ayni paytda kontinental ichki mintaqalar, ayniqsa sharqda, olishlari mumkin shafqatsizlarcha sovuq, qishning eng sovuq kechalarida harorat -40 ° C ga yaqinlashganda.

Ushbu ma'lumotni yodda tutib, shunga muvofiq rejalashtirish juda muhimdir.

Qora dengiz qirg'og'i (Zonguldak, Samsun, Trabzon)

Qora dengiz qirg'og'idagi hududlar G'arbiy Evropaga o'xshash okeanik iqlimga ega, garchi Qora dengiz qirg'og'i biroz yomg'irli.

Yoz issiq, lekin ular doimiy ravishda kuchli yog'ingarchiliklarga ega, shuning uchun toshqinlar va toshqinlar xavfi mavjud.

Qish mo''tadildan sovuqgacha o'zgarib turadi, lekin odatda sovuq va uzoq muddatli yomg'ir va quyoshning qisqa tanaffuslari bilan sovuq.

Mintaqada qor vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'lib, aksariyat qishga tushadi. Tog'larga chiqishga qaror qilsangiz ehtiyot bo'ling, ular kuchli qor yog'ishi mumkin.

Marmara viloyati (Istanbul, Bursa, Edirne)

Marmara dengizi sohillari, shu jumladan Istanbul ham okeanik iqlimga ega, ammo uni Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi kabi quruq-yozgi okeanik iqlim deb atash to'g'ri bo'ladi.

Marmaraning qishlari, ehtimol, Sharqiy Turkiyadagi kontinental joylardan tashqari, mamlakatdagi eng qiyin ta'til savdo maydonchasi. Hech qanday holatda shafqatsiz sovuq bo'lmasa-da, bu juda achinarli, chunki u boshdan kechirmoqda - aksariyat mahalliy aholi bu atamani aniqroq aniqlasa ham - oyiga deyarli 20 kunlik yomg'ir.

Yoz Istanbulda juda iliq, janubiy Marmarada issiq, ammo Qora dengiz mintaqasidan farqli o'laroq, butun mintaqa yoz oylarida nisbatan kam yomg'ir yog'adi, shunga qaramay namlik darajasi yuqori.

Ushbu mintaqada qorlar vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'ladi, lekin har qishda tushadi va ayniqsa, nisbatan balandlikdagi joylarda yo'l sharoitlariga ta'sir qilishi mumkin.

Egey (Bodrum, Izmir, Pamukkale) va O'rta er dengizi (Antaliya, Adana, Olüdeniz) qirg'oqlari.

O'rta er dengizi va Egey dengizi sohillari Kaliforniya shtatidagi Markaziy vodiy, Avstraliyaning Adelaida va, albatta, O'rta er dengizi havzasining qolgan qismiga o'xshash O'rta er dengizi iqlimiga ega.

Yoz issiq va quruq, harorat juda muntazam ravishda 35 ° C ga etadi.

Qish vaqti-vaqti bilan yomg'irli bo'lib, og'irlashishi mumkin.

Ushbu mintaqada qor juda kam uchraydi, faqatgina Gallipolidan tashqari, bir necha qorli davrlar odatiy holdir.

Ichki mintaqalar

Ichki hududlar odatda kontinental iqlimga ega, yozi issiq va quruq (quyida aytib o'tilmagan bo'lsa, kun davomida 30 ° C atrofida kuting) va qishda sovuq, qorli (quyida aytib o'tilmagan bo'lsa, kun davomida 0 ° C atrofida kuting). Ushbu mintaqalar ichidagi individual farqlar bu erda gapirish uchun juda ko'p va juda murakkab; ammo, foydali bo'lgan umumiy ogohlantirishlar mavjud.

• Mamlakatning janubi-sharqiy qismida va Egey dengizining ichki qismidagi vodiylar yaqinida yoz juda issiq bo'lishi mumkin, kunduzi o'rtacha 35 ° C (95 ° F) dan yuqori.
• Mamlakatning sharqiy qismida qish juda sovuqlashishi mumkin, tunda havo harorati muntazam ravishda -18 ° C (0 ° F) dan pastga tushadi.
• Bahor ichki hududlarda momaqaldiroq mavsumi bo'lib, kuchli bo'ronlar muammo bo'lishi mumkin.

Chiqinglar

Kirish talablari

Turkiya uchun viza talablari. To'q qizil yoki yashil rangdagi mamlakatlar vizasiz kirish huquqiga ega, ko'k yoki qaymoqli mamlakatlar eVisa olishlari mumkin.

Turkiya Isroil pasport egalarini o'z mamlakatlarida qabul qiladigan uchta Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlaridan biridir.

Vizasiz

Turkiya vizasi talablari Quyidagi mamlakatlarning oddiy pasport egalari, agar qisqa muddat belgilanmagan bo'lsa, 90 kungacha, turizm va tijorat uchun Turkiyaga vizasiz kirishlari mumkin. Sizning pasportingiz maksimal yashash vaqtidan 60 kun davomida amal qilishi kerak, shuning uchun ko'pchilik tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun kirishdan 150 kun o'tgach. Bu atigi besh oygacha: ular muloyimlik bilan kirish paytida olti oylik muddatni so'rashadi, ammo bu shart emas. (Ushbu masala bo'yicha aviakompaniya kotiblari bilan bahslashishga tayyor bo'ling.) Shunday qilib, agar siz:

• barcha Evropa Ittifoqi va EEA mamlakatlari, shuningdek Monako, Lixtenshteyn, Andorra va Vatikan va Buyuk Britaniya, bundan mustasno Kipr Respublikasi. Latviya uchun kirish faqat 30 kun.
• boshqa Evropa mamlakatlari Albaniya, Bosniya va Gertsegovina (60 kun), Kosovo, Moldova (30), Chernogoriya, Shimoliy Makedoniya, Serbiya, Ukraina (60) va Shimoliy Kipr Turk Respublikasi.
• MDH mamlakatlari: Rossiya (60), Belorusiya (30), Ozarbayjon (30), Gruziya, Qozog'iston (30), Qirg'iziston (30), Mo'g'uliston (30), Tojikiston (30), Turkmaniston (30) va O'zbekiston (30); lekin emas Armaniston.
• Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika va Karib dengizi: Argentina, Beliz, Boliviya, Braziliya, Chili, Kolumbiya, Kosta-Rika (30), Ekvador, Salvador, Gvatemala, Gonduras, Nikaragua, Paragvay, Peru, Sent-Kits va Nevis, Trinidad va Tobago, Urugvay va Venesuala.
• Boshqalar Bruney, Gonkong (faqat SAR pasportlari), Eron, Isroil, Yaponiya, Iordaniya, Kuvayt, Livan, Liviya (yoshga bog'liq), Makao (30), Malayziya, Marokash, Yangi Zelandiya, Qatar, Seyshel orollari, Singapur, Janubiy Koreya, Suriya, Tailand (30) va Tunis.

Germaniya, Belgiya, Frantsiya, Gollandiya, Ispaniya, Shveytsariya, Italiya, Lixtenshteyn, Lyuksemburg, Malta, Portugaliya va Gretsiya, shuningdek Gruziya, Shimoliy Kipr va Ukrainaning pasporti o'rniga milliy ID karta qabul qilinadi. Kartaga kirish paytida 90 60 kun amal qilish muddati kerak bo'ladimi, bu noaniq.

Ushbu mamlakatlarning ba'zilari uchun siz oxirgi besh yil ichida amal qilish muddati tugagan pasport / shaxsiy guvohnomani kiritishingiz mumkin. Buni amalga oshirishni hech qachon rejalashtirmang, chunki avvalgi mamlakatdan chiqib ketishingiz yoki parvozga yoki qayiqqa chiqishingizga yo'l qo'yilmasa kerak. Bunga alohida sabab bo'lishi kerak edi. "So'nggi o'n yil ichida Suriyadagi jang" bunga yo'l qo'ymaydi, chunki bu imtiyoz Eron, Iroq yoki Suriyadan kelganlarni istisno qiladi.

Vizasiz rejim faqat sayyohlik va tijorat tashriflari uchun mo'ljallangan. Ish yoki o'qish uchun Turkiya konsulligidan viza talab qilinadi; Buning uchun elektron vizalar mavjud emas.

Elektron viza

Boshqa fuqarolar vizaga muhtoj, ammo ko'pchilik elektron vizani olishlari mumkin onlayn. Rasmiy narxlar 2014 yil may oyidan boshlab AQSh dollarida ko'rsatilgan va 2020 yil mart oyida ham amal qilgan: masalan, AQSh uchun 20 AQSh dollari, Avstraliya va Kanada uchun 60 AQSh dollari, Meksika uchun to'lovlarsiz. (Sizni ko'proq qidiradigan uchinchi tomon veb-saytlaridan ehtiyot bo'ling.) Ushbu tariflar faqat oldindan foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan.

Elektron viza uch oy davomida amal qiladi Antigua va Barbuda, Avstraliya, Bagama orollari, Barbados, Kanada, Dominika, Dominik Respublikasi, Grenada, Gaiti, Gonkong (BNO Passport), Yamayka, Maldiv orollari, Meksika, Ummon, Saudiya Arabistoni, Sent-Lusiya, Sent-Vinsent va Grenadinlar, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari va Qo'shma Shtatlar. Bu bir oy davomida amal qiladi Armaniston, Bahrayn, Xitoy, Kipr, Sharqiy Timor, Fidji, Indoneziya, Mavrikiy, Namibiya, Janubiy Afrika, Surinam, Tayvan va Zambiyadan.

Uzoq millatlarning ro'yxati elektron viza olishlari mumkin bir oy davomida amal qiladi, katta miqdordagi ov bilan: siz allaqachon boshqa Evropa Ittifoqining Shengen, Buyuk Britaniya yoki Irlandiya vizasi kabi amaldagi vizalariga ega bo'lishingiz kerak. Bunday odamlar bunday vizani olish uchun turli rasmiy halqalardan sakrab o'tishadi, shuning uchun go'yo Turkiya o'zining konsullik jarayonlarini chet elga chiqarib yuborgan va bunday murojaat etuvchilarni diqqat bilan tekshirishga hojat yo'q. Qoidalar turlicha - ba'zilar uchun yosh cheklovi yoki hattoki Turkish Airlines aviakompaniyasiga kelish shart. Ushbu qo'shimcha mamlakatlar Afg'oniston, Jazoir, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Botsvana, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Kamerun, Kabo-Verde, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, Chad, Komor, Kongo, Cote d'Ivoire, Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Jibuti, Misr, Ekvatorial Gvineya, Eritreya, Efiopiya, Gabon, Gambiya, Gana, Gvineya, Gvineya-Bisau, Hindiston, Iroq, Lesoto, Liberiya, Madagaskar, Malavi, Mali, Mavritaniya, Mozambik, Nepal, Nigeriya, Shimoliy Koreya, Pokiston, Falastin, Filippin, Ruanda, San-Tome va Prinsip, Senegal, Syerra-Leone, Somali, Shri-Lanka, Sudan, Svaziland, Tanzaniya, Togo, Uganda, Vetnam, Yaman va Zimbabve.

Kelish paytida viza

Siz vizangizni Turkiya aeroportiga etib borganingizda ham olishingiz mumkin, lekin odatda yana 10 AQSh dollar to'laysiz. Elektron viza bilan bir xil shartlar qo'llaniladi. Ammo, siz boshqa mamlakatdan Turkiyaga ketayotganda vizasiz ro'yxatdan o'tolmaysiz degan aviakompaniya xodimlariga yuz o'girishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin.

Qabul qilinadigan bank yozuvlari uchun qayg'uga tushmaslik uchun aeroport mashinalarida bank kartasidan foydalaning.

Samolyotda

Turkiyaning havo yo'li orqali bosh xalqaro shlyuzi Istanbul aeroporti (IST ^IATA), 2018 yil oktyabr oyida ochilgan. Bu ulkan global aloqalarga ega, chunki bayroq tashuvchisi bo'lgan Turk Havo yo'llari Fors ko'rfazi aviakompaniyalari bilan Evropa va O'rta va Uzoq Sharq o'rtasidagi trafikni ushlab turish uchun kurashmoqda; u shuningdek, barcha yirik turk shaharlariga xizmat qiladi. U shahar markazidan 40 km shimoli-g'arbda, shaharga avtobusda etib boradi.

Sobiq asosiy aeroport Otaturk 2019 yil aprel oyida yopildi. Eskirgan yo'l belgilaridan va xaritalardan va sizni buzish joyiga olib borishga uringan egri taksichilardan ehtiyot bo'ling.

Boshqa shlyuz - bu Istanbulning ikkinchi aeroporti, Sabiha Gökçen aeroporti (SAW ^IATA), Istanbulning markazidan 50 km sharqda Osiyo tomoni. Bu, ayniqsa, byudjetli aviakompaniyalar tomonidan qo'llaniladi Pegasus. Parvoz aloqalari Istanbuldagi kabi keng emas, lekin ular tarkibiga Turkiyaning asosiy shaharlari, Shimoliy Kiprdagi Ercan va Fors ko'rfazi davlatlari kiradi. Ushbu aeroport Pendik temir yo'l stantsiyasi, Eskishehir, Anqara va Konya yo'nalishlariga tezyurar poezdlar uchun ham qulaydir. Taksim maydonidan aeroportga avtobuslar bor.

Kabi plyajdagi kurortlar Antaliya, Bodrum va Dalaman Evropadan, shu jumladan kichik va ikkinchi darajali aeroportlardan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri paketli tur reyslariga ega. Siz ularni faqat parvoz uchun bron qilishingiz mumkin.

Anqara, Adana va Izmir kabi Turkiyaning boshqa shaharlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yozgi xalqaro reyslar mavjud. Odatda, bunga erishish, Istanbuldagi samolyotlarni o'zgartirish va u erdagi immigratsiya, xavfsizlik va urf-odatlarni tozalash demakdir. Buning uchun ikki soatning eng yaxshi qismiga ruxsat berishingiz kerak. Ketish aeroportida sumkalaringiz borar joyingizga tekshiriladimi yoki ularni Istanbulda olib ketish kerakmi, yo'qmi deb so'rang.

Poyezdda

Anqaradan Van ko'ligacha bo'lgan poezd Sharqiy Turkiya tog'lari bo'ylab harakatlanmoqda

	COVID-19 ma `lumot: YHT poezdlari kuniga ikkitadan, Istanbul, Anqara va Konya o'rtasida qatnovni davom ettirmoqda. Turkiyadagi barcha standart magistral yo'lovchi poezdlari to'xtatildi. Shahar metropolitenlari, shu jumladan, Istanbul va Anqara ishlashda davom etmoqda.
	(Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 2-yanvarda yangilangan)

G'arbiy Evropadan poezdda Turkiyaga marshrut Budapesht orqali o'tib, bir kechada Buxarest yoki Sofiyadan Istanbulga boradi. Sofiya, tunda soat 21:00 atrofida, Plovdiv, chegaradagi Kapikule va Edirne orqali harakatlanib, Xalkalida soat 07:40 da to'xtaydi. TCDD Halkali va Sirkeci shaharlari o'rtasida birlashtiruvchi avtobusni boshqaradi, aks holda Istanbulning markaziga etib borish uchun tez-tez Marmaray shaharlararo poyezdiga o'ting. Iyundan sentyabrgacha yana bir shpal, Bosphor Express, Buxarestdan soat 12:45 da, Ruse orqali Kapikule tomon harakatlanadi. Bu erda u Sofiyadan kelgan poyezdga ulangan va barcha yo'lovchilar Halkaliga borishdan oldin chegara protseduralariga chiqishlari kerak. G'arbiy yo'nalishdagi poezd Xalkalidan soat 21:40 da Sofiyaga soat 09:00 ga, Buxarestga esa ertasi soat 19:00 ga etib boradi. Oktyabr-may oylari oralig'ida Buxarestdan qatnovchi poyezd qatnamaydi, shuning uchun siz Ruse-da, keyin yana Kapikulada poezdlarni almashtirasiz. Keyinchalik g'arbiy (ya'ni Budapesht va Belgrad) poyezdlari Turkiyaga boradigan poezdlar bilan bog'lanmaydi, shuning uchun siz Sofiyada ham, Buxarestda ham tunashingiz kerak. Ikkinchi toifadagi yagona tariflar Sofiyadan taxminan 20 evro, Buxarestdan 40 evro va kushet qo'shimchasi 10 evro. Bortdagi turar joy standarti Turkiyaning mahalliy sekin poyezdlariga o'xshaydi.

Optima Express ishlaydi a vagon-poyezd o'rtasida Villach yilda Avstriya va Edirne haftasiga ikki marta aprel-noyabr oylarida, 33 soat vaqt oladi. Uchish kunlari har xil. Ushbu poezd avtoulovchilarga Bolqon orqali qiyin va charchaydigan yo'llardan qochishga imkon beradi; ammo u mashinasiz yo'lovchilar uchun ham ochiq. Optima Zagreb kabi oraliq stantsiyalardan chiptalarni taklif qilmaydi.

2019 yil iyun oyida yana bir poezd kunduzi Bolgariyaning Plovdiv va Edirne o'rtasida harakatlandi. Bu doimiy xizmat bo'lishi kerak edi, lekin faqat bir hafta oxiri davom etdi, keyin ular bekor qilindi! Qayta tiklanishi ma'lum emas - bu Bolgariya va Turkiya o'rtasida foydali qo'shimcha yo'lni yaratdi, bu kichik soatlarda kelish / ketishdan saqlanish.

Budapesht-Belgrad liniyasi 2022 yilgacha yopiq muhandislik ishlari uchun va Belgrad-Sofiya orqali vagonlar 2021 yilda ishlamasligi mumkin, shuning uchun Turkiyaga Buxarest orqali etib borish yaxshiroqdir.

Turkiya va Gruziya o'rtasidagi yangi temir yo'l faqat yuklarni tashiydi, ammo Anqara, Kars, Tbilisi va Boku o'rtasida yo'lovchi poezdlari 2021 yilda yo'lga qo'yilishi kutilmoqda.

Eronga poezdlar haftada bir marta qatnaydi. Tatvanga boradigan yakshanba poezdiga etib borish uchun Istanbuldan shanba kuni Anqaraga borishingiz kerak. U erdan siz ko'ldan Vanga o'tasiz, keyin dushanba kuni kechasi Tabriz va Tehronga boradigan poyezdga qo'shilasiz. Shunday qilib, bu uch kun. Ilgari ushbu xizmat "Trans-Asia Express" deb nomlangan, ammo hozirda bu nom ishlatilmaydi.

Ehtimol, sizga Turkiyaga poezdda kirish uchun viza kerak bo'ladi - yuqoridagi va pastdagi vizalar bo'limiga qarang Istanbul Aeroport.

Boshqa biron bir mamlakatga transchegaraviy poezdlar yo'q. Yunoniston uchun Sofiyaga boring, so'ng Salonikiga o'ting. Armaniston, Iroq, Suriya yoki Ozarbayjonning Naxchivan eksklavi uchun xizmatlarning kutilayotgan istiqboli yo'q.

Mashinada

Kimdan Markaziy Evropa, Turkiyaga borish juda qiyin emas. Har qanday holatda ham sizga Xalqaro sug'urta kartangiz (Yashil karta) kerak bo'ladi. "TR" bekor qilinmasligiga e'tibor bering va sizning sug'urtangiz Turkiyaning Osiyo qismida ham amal qilishiga ishonch hosil qiling. Aks holda siz turk avtoulov sug'urtasini alohida sotib olishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Qanday bo'lmasin, turk bojxonalari pasportingizga mashina (va shu tariqa siz) yana Turkiyadan chiqib ketishingiz kerakligi to'g'risida yozuv kiritadi.

A carnet de passage Agar siz o'tishni xohlamasangiz, kerak emas Eron, bu sizga karnetadan o'tishni talab qiladi.

Ba'zi Evropa mamlakatlaridan milliy haydovchilik guvohnomalari qabul qilinadi. Agar sizning holatingizga ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, oldindan xalqaro haydovchilik guvohnomasini oling.

Dan katta yo'llar Evropa ular:

• E80 Kapıkule chegara darvozasidan Turkiyaga kiradi (NW of Edirne, SE ning Svilengrad) dan Bolgariya
• E87 Dereköy chegara darvozasidan (shimoldan) Turkiyaga kiradi Kirklareli, janubda Tirnovo) Bolgariyadan
• E90 da Turkiyaga kiradi Ipsala chegara darvozasi (g'arbiy Keshan, sharqda Aleksandroupolis) dan Gretsiya

Va yuqoridagi "poezdda" ga qarang vagon-poyezd Avstriyadagi Villach va Edirne o'rtasida. Bonndan kelgan sobiq EuroTurk vagon-poyezdi endi ishlamaydi.

Dan katta yo'llar Yaqin Sharq atrofdagi ko'plab chegara eshiklari orqali Turkiyaga kiring Antakya (Antioxiya), dan Suriya kabi shaharlar Halab va Latakiya, Habur chegara darvozasi (janubdan Silopi, shimoliy Zaxo) dan Iroqva Dogubeyazit chegara darvozasi (Ararat yaqinida) dan Eron.

Dan katta yo'llar Kavkaz Turkiyaga kirish Sarp / Sarpi chegara darvozasi Gruziya (janubda Batumi) va janubda Turkgözü chegara darvozasi Axaltixe (bu eng yaqin chegara darvozasi Tbilisi ammo Gruziya tomonidagi so'nggi bir necha kilometr 2009 yil yozida juda yomon bo'lgan). Bilan chegara Armaniston yopiq, shuning uchun avtomobil orqali o'tish mumkin emas.

There are also other border gates (unlisted here), from all the countries Turkey has a common land border with (except Armenia), leading to secondary roads passable with a car.

During holidays these border gates may be extremely congested at times. Especially during the summer many Turks who live in Germany drive back home and this creates huge lines at the border.

Avtobusda

Evropa

Kimdan Buxarest there is a daily bus to Istanbul at 16:00 for RON125. There are also several daily buses from Konstansa, Ruminiya va dan Sofiya, Bolgariya and from there you can get connections to the major cities of Europe. Another possibility is the bus from Afina yilda Gretsiya orqali Saloniki. You may also find smaller bus companies offering connections to other countries in the Balkans.

A couple of Turkish bus companies operate buses between Sofia and Istanbul. These buses typically stop at various cities along the way. A direct bus service connects Odessa, Ukraina bilan Istanbul once a week for 1,000 грн (about €40) (2015).

Gruziya

There are several border points between Turkey and Gruziya, xususan Batumi va Tbilisi. You may have to change at the border, but should be able to find direct buses from Istanbul to Batumi, Tbilisi and Baku in Azerbaijan.

Iroq

Bus companies also connect Erbil to the Turkish cities of Diyarbakir (10–15 hours) and Istanbul (36–48 hours). The list of companies here is incomplete; there are at least two other Turkish companies running buses from Erbil to cities in Turkey - look around for flyers on Iskan Road in Erbil. Arrival time depends on border formalities.

• Cizre Nuh (Tel Erbil: 0750 340 47 73) runs everyday at 15:30 from the New City Mall, 60m Road to Istanbul ($100) via Silopi ($40) Diyarbakır and other cities in between. Tickets can be bought at the New City Mall, Flyaway on Barzani Namir and at a phone shop on Shekhi Choly close to the Bazaar.
• Can Diyarbakir (Tel Erbil: 0750 895 62 17-18-19) leaves daily from Family Mall on 100mt Road to Istanbul via Anqara, Diyarbakır and other cities in between.
• Best Van runs from Ainkawa Road in Erbil to Istanbul via Adana, Aksaray, Ankara (departure at 14:00) and Diyarbakır (departure at 16:00, via Hasankeyf va Botmon). The bus back from Diyarbakır to Erbil departs at 11:00.

Eron

There is a direct bus to Istanbul dan Tehron yilda Eron which takes approx 48hr and costs USD$35 for a one-way ticket between Istanbul or Ankara and Tehran.

• Dogubeyazit/Bazerghan This Turkey/Iran border crossing is easily (and quickly) done by public transport. Avtobusga boring Bazerghan and a shared taxi to the border (US$2-3). Cross the border stretch per pedes and catch a frequent minibus (~5 TL, 15 minutes) to Dogubeyazit. Check the security situation in the region, due to the unsolved PKK conflict.
• There are also buses from Van ga Urmiya crossing the Turkey/Iran border at Esendere/Sero. The buses cost ~€13 and it takes more than 6 hr to finish the 300 km path. This is because of the poor roads, harsh snowy conditions during the winter and also many military checkpoints because of security reasons concerning the PKK.

This southern route is less frequent than the northern Dogubeyazit/Bazerghan, as it is much slower but therefore a scenic mountainous route.

Make sure you get a clear idea about exchange rates if you want to change Turkish lira or rial as the official bank at the border does not exchange these currencies and you have to deal with the plentiful black market.

Suriya

If you're sure you want to go . . . assume it'll be a change of bus at the border. The through-buses for Damascus and Beirut haven't run for years.

Qayiqda

To Istanbul lar bor Black Sea ferries several times a week from Chornomorske, the main port for Odessa in Ukraine. They run all year and take vehicles.In bygone years ferries sailed between Istanbul and other Black Sea ports, and elsewhere in the Med, but they no longer do so.

Cruise ships usually dock on Istanbul's European side, around Karaköy / Galataport close to the historic centre. These ships are on cruise itineraries, check with the operator whether a point-to-point journey ending in Istanbul is possible.

Several Greek islands lie close to the Turkish Aegean coast and are linked by hydrofoil fast ferries, and also have westward ferries that ultimately reach Piraeus the port for Athens. Routes (some seasonal) include Bodrum-Kos, Çeşme-Chios, Datça-Rhodes & Symi, Kuşadası-Samos and Marmaris-Rhodes.

From July 2019 a direct ferry sails between Turkey and mainland Greecetomonidan boshqariladi Aegean Seaways^{[o'lik havola]}. This sails overnight M W F from Lavrion near Afina at 22:00 to reach Çeşme yaqin Izmir in Turkey at 06:00, sailing back from Çeşme Tu Th Sa at 22:00 overnight. On Sunday the ferry sails from Lavrion at 11:00 to reach Çeşme at 19:00, then sails back near midnight to return to Lavrion at 08:00. It is intended to run this service year-round.

There are ferry connections from Kyrenia in Shimoliy Kipr ga Taşucu, Mersin (near Adana) va Alanya. A year-round truckers ferry goes to Taşucu, while seasonal fast ferries depart to both Taşucu and Mersin.

Atrofga boring

	COVID-19 ma `lumot: The Turkish government requires that all inter-city travelers have an HES Code for COVID-19 tracking purposes. This code can be obtained by text message or mobile app. Foreigners are no longer exempt from this requirement. Travelers without an HES code may be denied boarding on domestic flights or public transit.
	(Information last updated 13 Oct 2020)

Samolyotda

It's a huge country, with mountains impeding the highways and railways, so domestic air travel is well-developed. Especially on routes to Istanbul it's also very competitive, with Turkish Airlines, Onur Air va Pegasus Airlines fighting for your custom, so fares are affordable. There are flights between Istanbul and Ankara hourly; Izmir and Adana have several flights a day to Istanbul (both IST and SAW) and Ankara, and every city has at least a daily flight.

Regional airports usually have a connecting Havaş bus to the city centre, which will wait for incoming flights within reason. Buses and minibuses also fan out from the airports to other nearby towns, so you may not need to travel into the city before heading out again.

Avtobusda

Ankara Central bus terminal

Turkey has a very good long-distance bus network with air-conditioned buses, reserved seats and generally good-quality service, at least with the major operators. There are now quite a number of companies providing more comfortable buses with 2 1 seats per row. Standard buses, however, have seats narrower than those of economy class on aircraft. Buses are often crowded and smoking is prohibited.

Go to the Otogar (bus station) in any of the major cities and you can find a bus to almost any destination departing within half an hour, or a couple of hours at the most. Buses are staffed by drivers and a number of assistants. During the ride you will be offered free drinks, a bite or two, and stops will be made every 2½ hr or so at well-stocked road restaurants. The further east you travel, the less frequent buses will be, but even places as far as Dogubeyazit or Van will have regular services to many places hundreds of kilometers away. Only the smallest towns do not have a bus straight to Istanbul or Izmir at least once every two days.

The four biggest bus companies are:

• Metro Bus
• Pamukkale
• Ulusoy
• Kamil Koç

Although, even the smallest company can nowadays be booked via a streamlined website of that bus company. All of them demand a Turkish phone number, but you might just fill in a fake one starting with "539" or so. But the email address should work, to get the ticket. All companies accept foreign passengers and passport IDs. In high season it might make sense to book ahead—just check out the situation a couple of days ahead online. You can also use websites that accumulate all the connections, like obilet yoki busbud—check both, they have different companies. Buses are reliable and will pick you up—remember Istanbul has at least 3 bus stations.

Otherwise, bus tickets can also be bought inside of bus terminals. Often checking out several ticket booths will give you a better price, since some specialize on certain bus companies and others do not.

Be careful, scammers will be waiting for you in and before bus stations, and some may assist you in buying a ticket to a bus that won't depart in the next two hours. Sometimes there simply is no other bus, but on other occasions you will be sitting there while other buses with the same destination start well ahead. If you have some time to spare: check the departure (and arrival) times of other companies, that may save you time overall. Still, if you indicate you really want to leave hozir (use phrases like "hemen" or "şimdi", or "acelem var" - I am in a hurry ), people will realize you are in hurry, and off you go on the next bus departing for your destination.

If you have several operators to choose from, ask for the number of seats in the buses you compare. Roughly, a larger capacity implies a greater comfort (all bus-seats have approximately the same leg-room, but larger 48-seat buses are certainly more comfortable than a 15-seat Dolmuş, which may be considered a 'bus' by the company selling the seat). Also, the bus company with the largest sign is usually the one with the most buses and routes. If possible, ask other travellers you meet about their experiences with different operators: even big operators have different standards of service, and even with the same operator the standards may vary from region to region.

Don't be surprised if halfway to some strange and far-off destination you are asked out of the bus (your luggage will often be already standing next to it) and transferred to another. The other bus will "buy" you, and will bring you to the destination. This may even happen for 'direct' or 'non-stop' tickets.

Sometimes long-haul bus lines will leave you stranded on some ring-road around a city, rather than bringing you to the center. That can be annoying. Inquire ahead (and hope they don't lie). On the other hand, many companies will have "servis aracı" or service vehicles to the center, when the Otogar is on the periphery of a city, as they nowadays often are. In some cities these service vehicles are used by many companies combined, and a fleet of them, to different parts of the metropolis, will be waiting. The company may also choose to combine the passengers of multiple buses; meaning that you may have to wait until another bus or two arrives before departing. Keep your ticket ready as proof you were on a bus (though most of these services are run on good faith). In some cities (including Ankara, excluding Istanbul), the municipality have prohibited the use of service buses due to their effect on traffic. In that case, you might have to take a public bus or metro to get to your destination. One should probably avoid using taxis (at least departing from the Otogar) since they usually tend to abuse their monopolistic position by refusing to go to closer destinations, behaving rudely towards the passenger, charging on the night tariff, etc. If you have to take a taxi, it is usually suggested that you do it from outside the bus terminal.

Seating within buses is partly directed by the "koltuk numarası" or seat number on your ticket, partly by the ritualistic seating of women next to women, couples together and so forth. So don't be too annoyed if you are required to give up your seat. In general, as a foreigner, you will have the better seat much of the time. It is often easiest to take a seat in the back, whatever the number of your koltuk, and not be bothered for much of the ride. This is particularly true if you travel alone, and want to keep it that way, even though the last row may be reserved for the driver-off-duty, who wants to sleep. And remember: many buses pick up short-track fare along the ride, and park them in the last two or three rows. The back of the bus may be more noisy than the front, since that is where the engine is located.

If you have a bicycle it will be transported free of extra charge. In most buses it fits in the luggage area of the bus. Make sure you have the tools to fold your bike as small as possible (height matters most)

Fez Bus. This is another alternative, a Hop on hop off travel network that links Istanbul to the most popular tourist destinations in western Turkey, and a few other destinations. The buses runs hostel to hostel and have an English speaking tour leader on board. The pass can be purchased for a few days or all summer. Departures are every other day. More expensive than local buses, but could be far less hassle, and offers a different experience. The main office in Istanbul is in Sultanahmet next to the Orient Youth Hostel on Yeni Akbiyik Cd. [1]

Poyezdda

The yüksek hızlı tren speeds across Anatolia

Mainline train services in Turkey fall into three categories: i) very fast and modern; ii) slow and scenic; and iii) suspended long-term for rebuilding or for other reasons. The train operator is TCDD, Turkish Republic State Railways, visit their veb-sayt for timetables, fares and reservations. The trains are inexpensive, but trains often sell out. See below for how to buy tickets.

Most cities in Turkey have a rail connection of some sort, but not the Mediterranean and Aegean holiday resorts, which have been built in the 21st century and are hemmed in by mountains. (Kushadasi is the exception, being close to Selçuk on the line between Izmir and Pamukkale.) For some destinations, connecting buses meet the trains, eg at Eskişehir for Bursa, and at Konya for Antaliya va Alanya. The main cities also have metro and suburban lines, described on those cities’ pages.

The very fast, modern trains are called YHT: yüksek hızlı tren. These serve Istanbul, Eskişehir, Konya va Anqara. They are clean, comfortable and modern; fares are low and reservations are compulsory. They run on new, dedicated track at up to 300 km/h so they keep to time. Thus, from Istanbul it’s under 5 hours to Ankara (8 per day, standard single about €20), and likewise 5 hours to Konya (3 per day). Because journey times are short, YHT trains only run daytime, and have only snack-catering. On-train announcements in English forbid “smoking, alcohol, smelly food and peanuts.” The smoke-free and alcohol-free rules are enforced, it’s unclear how zealous they are about peanuts. Between the cities, YHTs make a few momentary intermediate stops. The only one likely to be relevant to visitors is Eryaman, as an interchange with the Ankara suburban system.

The YHT network is gradually extending: routes under construction are from Ankara towards Kars, from Konya towards Adana, and from Istanbul towards Edirne. The long-term strategy is to create a high-speed, high-capacity passenger and freight route from Edirne on the western border through to Kars in the east.

But where the YHT services terminate, the line closures and disruptions immediately begin, as Turkey’s Ottoman-era railways are upgraded for the 21st century. The main closures (as at 2021) are from Adana east to Gaziantep, and between Izmir and Bandirma (for the Istanbul ferry).

Conventional trains are slow and scenic, with the emphasis on slow: most run overnight, with journeys from Ankara to eastern cities taking 24 hours. They are infrequent, at best daily, sometimes only one or two per week. The typical train set includes a sleeping car (yataklı vagon), a couchette car (kuşetli), and three open saloons (layout is single row-aisle-double row), plus a buffet that may or may not have any food, plan on bringing your own. How clean and comfortable they are depends on how busy: at quiet times they are fine, but when crowded they soon become filthy. (Always carry your own toilet-roll and hand-wipes.) They are difficult for anyone with impaired mobility to use, and station re-building makes access worse. Nominally these trains are non-smoking, but there’s often a smell of tobacco smoke aboard. They are diesel-hauled and run on single track: on straight level sections they can rattle along at 100 km/h, but in the mountains they plod up steep gradients and round tight bends. So they generally start on time but become delayed along the route.

Turistik poezdlar operated by TCDD run several long-distance routes, eg Ankara to Kars. These cost about twice the normal fare; they make a few 2-3 hour stops for tourist excursions, so the total running time is a little longer. You're tied to the tourist itinerary without flexibility of stopover. The accommodation is the same as on conventional trains: indeed the rolling stock has been provided by pulling sleeping cars off the conventional trains, so the travel experience on these has been degraded. A private tourist train is Cappadocia Express, expected to launch in 2022: it will run overnight from Istanbul to Kayseri in luxury sleeping cars then bus tourists to Cappadocia National Park. It's aimed at the Japanese market but anyone will be able to book. Details are not yet announced but you can expect a hefty price tag.

Buying tickets: Reservations are essential for YHT trains and recommended for other mainline services. YHT and standard mainline (anahat) trains are best booked via the TCDD website. International trains (uluslararası) can be booked by other methods (below) but not via the website; and regional (bolger) trains are not bookable. TCDD replacement buses are considered trains, and bookable (or not) on the same basis. Consult the timetable first, for the latest on timings and disruptions, but beware that timetable and reservations system sometimes give different days of running for some services, for no discernable reason. The timetable only lists the main stations, where the train waits for about ten minutes, and you'll just have time to dash to the station kiosk and replenish your food supplies. The trains also stop momentarily at many little wayside halts, where sometimes food vendors will hop on.

Then to buy your ticket, move to the reservation system, but this only opens 15 to 30 days in advance – look further ahead and it will seem like there aren’t any trains. Pick your preferred train service and seat or berth, whereupon the system will display the price and give you the choice of immediate purchase, or of holding the option for a few days. Immediately note your confirmation number, and print your ticket at home whenever convenient – it doesn’t need validating at the station. It’s unclear whether a soft ticket on your phone is acceptable without validation.

The Inter Rail Global Pass va Balkan Flexipass are valid for all trains within Turkey and the trains to & from Europe, but you may still need a seat reservation. TCDD also offer discounts for those under 26 (genç bilet, whether or not you’re a student) and for those over 60 (yaşlı bilet). Check their website for other discount offers, but usually these are aimed at commuters and others making multiple repeat journeys.

Tickets can also be bought from the stations (either at the counter, or from self-service kiosks), from travel agents, or from PTT post offices. The main stations (including Sirkeci) accept credit cards and can book you onto any bookable train, but they’re unlikely to accept non-Turkish cash. (And nowadays you may struggle to find a money-changer, as they’re replaced by ATMs.) Advance reservations are strongly recommended during summer, on Fridays and Sundays, and around public holidays and religious festivals. Of course you may be able to get a reservation for immediate departure, and the non-YHT trains usually have non-bookable seats, and a scrummage on the platform to claim them. Bear in mind that the main stations may involve a queue for security just to get into the station hall, then another queue for tickets, then a further queue for security and document-check to get onto the platform. You can’t just rock up and jump on.

Mashinada

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, a part of the Turkish motorway system, spans over the Bosphorus in Istanbul, and connects Europe and Asia.

Like all of its neighbours (except Cyprus off the southern coast of Turkey), driving is on the right side of the road in Turkey.

It is illegal to use a mobile phone while driving. Maximum permitted amount of alcohol in blood for drivers is 0.05mg per ml (0.05%), just like in most European countries. A pint of beer enjoyed right before driving might get your license temporarily confiscated in case of police checks. The use of seat belts both at the front and back line is obligatory, but, although failing to use one carries a penalty, this is not always adhered to by locals, including the drivers themselves.

Turkish signboards are almost identical to the ones used in Europe, and differences are often insignificant. The place names written on green background lead to motorways (which you should pay a toll, unless it is a ring road around or within a city); on blue background means other highways; on white background means rural roads (or a road inside a city under the responsibility of city councils); and on brown background indicates the road leads to a historical place, an antique city, or a place of tourist interest (these signboards used to be on yellow background till a few years ago, so still there is a chance of unreplaced yellow signboards existing here and there). These signboards are sometimes not standardized.

Most intercity highways avoid city centres by circling around them. If you'd like to drive into the centre for shopping, dining, and the like, follow the signposts saying Şehir Merkezi, which are usually on white background, and are accompanied by no further translations though you can still spot some old signs saying "Centrum" besides Şehir Merkezi. City centres typically have two or more entrances/exits from the ringroads that surround them.

As Turkey uses the metrik tizim, all distances on the signboards are in kilometres, unless otherwise stated (such as metres, but never in miles).

Avtomobil yo'llari

There are no fees to use the highways except intercity motorways (otoyol). While Turkish highways vary widely in quality and size, the toll motorways have three lanes and are very smooth and fast. Motorways are explicitly signed with distinct green signs and given road numbers prefixed with the letter O. The motorway network consists of the routes stretching out to west, south and east from Istanbul (towards Edirne, Bursa va Anqara respectively), a network in Markaziy Egey fanning out of Izmir, and another one connecting the major eastern O'rta er dengizi shahri Adana to its neighbouring cities in all cardinal directions.

Most motorways no longer have toll booths (two glaring exceptions are the third bridge crossing the Bosphorus north of Istanbul and the bridge and motorway across the Gulf of İzmit to the direction of Bursa, where you can still pay in cash) and instead have lanes automatically scanning the windowpane for the RFID stickers (HGS) or tags (OGS) while accessing and again exiting the motorway. HGS stickers are easier to use and allow you to install as much liras as you need. To buy an HGS sticker, look for the service buildings at the major toll stations. They are also available in postoffices.

KGS, a system using prepaid cards, has been phased out.

In addition to the distance driven, motorway fees also depend on the type of your vehicle. Edirne–Istanbul motorway—about 225 km and the main entry point to Istanbul from Evropa—costs 8.50 TL for a car, for example. The newest additions to the network, such as the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge and the Osman Gazi Bridge (crossing the Bosphorus and the Gulf of İzmit, respectively) tend to be much more expensive per km.

Fuel and charging

You are better off keeping your tank full if you are driving on a road like this one, heading south towards Sharqiy Anadolu dan Giresun

Fossil fuel in Turkey is more expensive than some neighbouring countries. For example, a litre of gasoline costs a little less than 5 TL. Diesel and LPG are less damaging to your wallet, but not that drastically.

Petrol stations (benzin istasyonu) are frequent along highways, most are open round the clock and accept credit cards (you have to get out of the car and enter the station building to enter your PIN code if you are using a credit card). In all of them you can find unleaded gasoline (kurşunsuz), diesel (dizel yoki motorin), and LPG (liquid petroleum gas, LPG). Some also sell CNG (compressed natural gas, CNG). However the rare fuel stations in remote villages often only have diesel, which is used for running agricultural machinery. So keep your gas tank topped up if you are going to stray away from main roads. Also petrol stations along motorways are rarer than other highways, usually only about every 40-50km, so don't get too low on these roads either.

Biofuels are not common. What most resembles a biofuel available to a casual driver is sold in some of the stations affiliated with national chain Petrol Ofisi under the name biyobenzin. But still it is not mostly biofuel at all – it consists of a little bioethanol (2% of the total volume) stirred into pure gasoline which makes up the rest (98%). Biodiesel is in an experimental stage yet, not available in the market.

As of 2021 there are very few electric vehicle charging stations, however more will be added during 2022.

Repair shops

In all cities and towns, there are repair shops, usually located together in complexes devoted to auto-repairing (usually rather incorrectly called sanayi sitesi yoki oto sanayi sitesi in Turkish, which means “industrial estate” and “auto-industrial estate” respectively), which are situated in the outskirts of the cities.

In all cities and towns,there are big 3 s plants (sales, service, spare parts). These are more corporate than sanayi sitesi these called oto plaza.

Avtomobilni ijaraga olish

You may rent a car to get around Turkey from an international or local car rental agent. The main airports all have car rental desks, but book ahead for the best deals.

By dolmuş

The mikroavtobus (or Minibüs as called in Istanbul) is a small bus (sometimes car) that will ride near-fixed routes. The ride may be from the periphery of a major city to the centre or within a city, but may also take three to four hours from one city to the next, when demand along the route is not sufficient to justify large buses. They sometimes make a detour to bring some old folks home or collect some extra heavy luggage. You will find them in cities as well as in inter-city traffic. All during their journey people will get in and out (shout “Inecek var” – “someone to get off” – to have it stop if you’re in). The driver tends to be named “kaptan” (captain), and some behave accordingly. The fare is collected all through the ride. In some by a specially appointed passenger who will get a reduction, in others by a steward, who may get off halfway down the journey, to pick up a dolmuş of the same company heading back, and mostly by the driver himself. If the driver collects himself, people hand money on from the back rows to the front, getting change back by the same route. On some stretches tickets are sold in advance, and things can get complicated if some of the passengers bought a ticket and others just sat inside waiting – for maybe half an hour - but without a ticket.

The concept of dolmuş in Istanbul is different than the rest of Turkey. The vehicles are different and they take a maximum of 7 sitting passengers, with no standing. They do not tend to take passengers along the way, they depart immediately when they are full, and many of them operate 24 hours a day. The name derives from “dolmak”, the verb for “to fill”, as they usually depart only when they are full, though they sometimes start at fixed hours, whatever the number.

Qayiqda

Car ferry crossing the Straits of Dardanelles between Chanakkale va Eceabat

Tez paromlar (hızlı feribot) are fast (50-60km/hour) catamaran-type ferryboats that connect for instance Istanbul to the other side of the Marmara Sea. They can cut travel time dramatically. Again for instance leaving from the Yenikapı jetty in Istanbul (just a bit southwest of the Blue Mosque) you can be at the Bursaotogar in two hours, with less than an hour for the actual boat ride to Yalova. Similar services are operated to connect several parts of Istanbul with the Asian side, or places farther up the Bosporus. And this type of fast ferry is increasingly seen all over the country wherever there is enough water.

There are also ferry connections between Istanbul and Izmir operating only in summer months.

All inhabited Turkish islands have at least one daily cruise to the nearest mainland city or town during summer. But as winter conditions at the seas can go harsh, the frequency of voyages drop significantly due to the bad weather.

Perhaps one of the best cruising grounds in the world, Turkey offers thousands of years of history, culture and civilization set against a stunning mountainous backdrop. The coastline is a mixture of wide gulfs, peaceful coves, shady beaches, uninhabited islands, small villages and bustling towns. Many of these locations are still only accessible by boat. Rare in the Mediterranean, one can still find some seclusion on a private charter in Turkey. In fact, Turkey offers more coastline than any other Mediterranean country. The best way to see Turkey is from your own private yacht on your own schedule. Turkey offers some of the most exquisite yachts in the world known as gulets.

Velosipedda

Simply put, long distance velosipedda harakatlanish is not a very easy task to do in Turkey, mainly for two reasons: most of the country's terrain is hilly, and special lanes devoted to bicycles are virtually non-existent, especially along the intercity routes. That being said, most coastal cities nowadays have cycling lanes of varying shapes and lengths along the shores (mainly built for a leisurely ride rather than serious transportation, though) and most highways built within the last decade or so have quite wide and well surfaced shoulders, which can double as bicycle lanes.

If you have already made up your mind and give cycling a try in your Turkey trip, always stay as much on the right side of the roads as possible; avoid riding a bicycle out of cities or lighted roads at night, do not be surprised by drivers hooting at you, and do not go on the motorway, as it is forbidden. You could better prefer rural roads with much less traffic density, but then there is the problem of freely roaming sheepdogs, which can sometimes be quite dangerous. Rural roads also have much much less signboards than the highways, which turns them into a labyrinth, in which it is easy to get lost even for non-local Turkish people, without a detailed map.

Air can be pumped into tyres at any petrol station without a charge. Bicycle repair-shops are rare in cities and often in hard-to-locate places; motorcycle repair shops can be tried alternatively (however, they are very reluctant to repair a bicycle if they are busy with their customers who have motorcycles).

On Istanbul's Princes' Islands, renting a bike is an amusing and cheaper alternative to hiring a horse-drawn carriage. On these islands well-paved roads are shared only by horse-drawn carriages, bicycles and public service vehicles (like ambulances, police vans, school buses, garbage trucks).

Ebikes with removable batteries are manufactured and sold at reasonable prices, but check first with your airline if you plan to fly with it. As elsewhere, ebikes with non-removable batteries are strictly forbidden on all flights.

Bosh barmog'i bilan

Almost every driver has an idea about what universal hitchhiking sign (“thumb”) means. Don’t use any other sign which may be equivalent of a signal meaning a danger. In addition to the thumb, having a signboard with the destination name certainly helps. Waiting for someone to take you generally doesn't exceed half an hour, though this dramatically varies depending on the density of traffic (as is elsewhere) and the region, for example, it usually takes much longer to attract a ride in O'rta er dengizi Turkiyasi than in Marmara viloyati. Best hitchhiking spots are the crossroads with traffic lights, where ring-roads around a city and the road coming from the city center intersect. Don’t be so away from the traffic lights so drivers would be slow enough to see you and stop to take you; but be away enough from the traffic lights for a safe standing beside the road. Don’t try to hitchhike on motorways, no one will be slow enough to stop, it is also illegal to enter the motorways as a pedestrian. Don’t start to hitchhike until you are out of a city as cars may head for different parts of the city, not your destination, and if not in hurry, try to avoid hitchhiking after night falls, especially if you are a lone female traveler.

Although the drivers are taking you just to have a word or two during their long, alone journey, always watch out and avoid sleeping.

On some occasions, you may not be able to find someone going directly to where your destination is, so don’t refuse anyone stopped to take you – refusing someone stopped to take you is impolite - unless he/she is going to a few kilometres away, and if he/she would go to a road that doesn’t arrive at your destination in a coming fork. You may have to change several cars even on a 100-km course, changing in each town after town. However, because of the enormous numbers of trucks carrying goods for foreign markets, you could possibly find unexpected long-haul trips.

Not many, but some drivers may ask for money (“fee”) from you. Refuse and tell them that if you had money to waste, you would be on a bus, and not standing on the side of the road.

Drivers staying in the area may point downwards (to the road surface) or towards the direction they’re driving or flash their headlights while passing, indicating that they wouldn't make a good long-haul ride. Smile and/or wave your hand to show courtesy.

Oyoqda

Trail blazing is on the rise in Turkey lately and nowadays all Turkish regions have waymarked piyoda yurish trails of various lengths and shapes. Most of them follow a theme, such as connecting to the sites of an ancient civilization, retracing the footsteps of a historical figure or chasing the treats of a specific regional cuisine. The oldest, and the most popular trail is the Lycian Way, which snakes its way over the mountains backing the Turquoise Coast in the southwest. The website of the Culture Routes Society maintains an up-to-date list of the major hiking trails in the country. Guided tours, often involving hiking the most scenic sections and homestays in the villages, along some of these trails are offered by local travel agencies as well as those based in major cities.

Inside the cities, there are white-, or rarely yellow-painted pedestrian crossings (zebra crossing) on the main streets and avenues, which are normally pedestrian-priority spots. However, for many drivers, they are nothing more than ornamental drawings on the road pavements, so it is better to cross the streets at where traffic lights are. Still, be sure all the cars stopped, because it is not unusual to see the drivers still not stopping in the first few seconds after the light turns to red for vehicles. As a better option, on wide streets, there are also pedestrian overpasses and underground pedestrian passages available. In narrow main streets during rush hour, you can cross the street anywhere and anytime, since cars will be in a stop-go-stop-go manner because of heavy traffic. Also in narrow streets inside the residential hoods, you need not to worry about keeping on the sidewalk, you can walk well in the middle of the road, only to step aside when a car is coming.

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Turkcha so'zlashuv kitobi

The sole official language of Turkey is Turkcha. Turkish is a Turkic language and its closest living relatives are other Turkic languages, which are spoken in southwestern, central and northern Asia; and to a lesser degree by significant communities in the Balkans. Because Turkish is an agglutinative language, native speakers of non-agglutinative languages, such as Indo-European languages, generally find it difficult to learn. For many centuries, Turkish was written in the Arabic alphabet, evident in many historical texts and documents, but it has been written in the Latin alphabet since 1928. This means that Turkish is now written using the same letters as English, albeit with the addition of ç/Ç, ğ/Ğ, ı, İ, ö/Ö, ş/Ş and ü/Ü and the exclusions of q/Q, w/W and x/X.

Kurdcha is also spoken by an estimated 7-10% of the population. Language policy towards Kurdish has varied from brutal suppression to trying to ignore the language since the "Young Turkish" revolt shortly before World War I and speaking Kurdish can be seen as a political statement. Several other languages exist, like Laz in the North-East (also spoken in adjacent Georgia), and in general people living near borders will often speak the language of the other side too. For example, people in the south-east often speak Arabic.

Thanks to migration, even in rural areas most villages will have at least one person who has worked in Germany and can thus speak Nemis. The same goes for other Western European languages like Dutch/Flemish or French. Recent immigration from the Bolqon means there is also the possibility of coming across native Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, and Albanian speakers mainly in big cities of western Turkey. English is also increasingly popular among the younger generation. The "universities" that train pupils for a job in tourism pour out thousands of youngsters who want to practice their knowledge on the tourist, with varying degrees of fluency. Language universities produce students that nowadays are pretty good at their chosen language.

Qarang

Umumiy qoida bo'yicha, Turkiyadagi qadimiy shaharlarning aksariyat muzeylari va saytlari dushanba kunlari yopiq (hatto Ayasofya ham). Turkiya hukumati a muzey yo'lagi Turkiyadagi ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylar va muzeylar uchun 375 TL. Qanday kiritilganligini tekshiring va agar siz uchun mantiqiy bo'lsa, uni sotib oling. Ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylarni hali ham bepul ko'rish mumkin.

Qadimgi xarobalar va me'moriy meros

Turkiyaning mashhur Göbekli tepasi.

Tsivilizatsiyalar chorrahasida, Turkiyaning barcha hududlari qadimgi aqlga sig'maydigan sonlarga to'la xarobalar.

Göbekli tepa, shahar yaqinidagi qadimiy arxeologik yodgorlik Shanliurfa Janubi-Sharqiy Anadoluda, Turkiya.

Xettlar, Anatoliyada davlatni qurgan birinchi mahalliy aholi - garchi Katalxoyuk va Göbekli tepa ulardan oldin, eng qadimgi aholi punkti va eng qadimgi ma'bad hozirgi kungacha Turkiyada topilgan - vayronalar mavjudligini isbotlagan Xattushas, ularning poytaxti. Xettlar hinduevropalik tilda gaplashishgan (eng qadimgi yozma tasdiqlangan) va "Yangi Shohlik" ning zamondoshlari bo'lganlar. Qadimgi Misr, sharqiy O'rta er dengizi dunyosi bilan keng yozishmalar va diplomatiya bilan shug'ullangan.

Qadimgi yunonlar va diqqat bilan kuzatib boring Rimliklarga o'z izlarini asosan ichida qoldirdilar Egey va O'rta er dengizi mintaqalari, yuzlab marmar xarobalarini qoldirib shaharlar, ibodatxonalar va yodgorliklar. Ba'zilar asosan avvalgi shon-sharafiga qaytariladi, masalan Efes va boshqa ko'plab odamlar Egey dengizi sohillari kabi Turkiyaga sayohat qiluvchilarning ko'pchiligining ro'yxatiga kiritilgan, shuningdek, ba'zi bir noaniq sayohatchilar, masalan, kaltaklangan yo'ldan Afrodiziya yaqin Dengizliva Aizanoy yaqin Kütahya.

Ayni paytda, ba'zi boshqa mahalliy xalqlar, masalan Likiyaliklar, chiroyli o'ymakor edi maqbaralar- ularning aksariyati juda yaxshi saqlanib qolgan va ularni atrofda ko'rish mumkin Likiya- toshli tog 'yonbag'irlariga azizlari uchun ketganlar uchun.

Afsonaviy Troy tom ma'noda bir-birining tepasida yashovchi turli xil tsivilizatsiyalarga misol sifatida ajralib turadi. Bugungi kunda ko'rinadigan narsa aniq ellinizmga tegishli bo'lsa-da, bu joy ildizlari Xettga o'xshaydi Wilusava keyinchalik qadimgi yunonlar tomonidan ko'p marta qayta tiklangan.

Ehtimol, mamlakatdagi eng noyob "me'moriy" meros, ba'zilari Kapadokiyalikg'or uylari va cherkovlar "peri bacalar" ga o'yilgan va yer osti shaharlari (so'zma-so'z ma'noda!) ta'qiblardan yashiringan dastlabki masihiylarga tegishli.

Rimliklarning vorislari Vizantiyaliklar, yanada ulkan loyihalar bilan yangi marralarni zabt etdi va ulkan natijalarga erishdi Ayasofya ning Istanbul, 537 yilda qurilgan va deyarli ming yil davomida dunyodagi eng katta sobor bo'lish xususiyatiga ega edi. Eramizgacha bo'lgan bir-ikki adashgan monastirni mamlakatning deyarli barcha hududlarida uchratish mumkin bo'lsa-da, Vizantiya merosining aksariyati bugungi kunda buzilmagan Marmara viloyati, ayniqsa, Istanbulda va uning atrofida Trabzon ichida uzoq shimoli-sharqda, bu Trebizond imperiyasining domeni bo'lgan, taxminan o'n yil davomida Konstantinopolning qulashidan omon qolgan Vizantiya davlati.

Zamonaviy uyingizda qurilgan Saljuqiy xarobalari Konya

SaljuqiylarKichik Osiyoda tashkil topgan birinchi turkiy davlat o'z yodgorliklarining aksariyatini barpo etdi katta ulug'vor portallar va ayrim qismlarini eslatib turuvchi juda nozik tosh ishlari Osiyo- davrning yirik markazlarida Sharqiy va Markaziy Anadolu, ayniqsa Konya, ularning poytaxti.

Usmonlilar, vafot etguniga qadar o'zlarini Bolqon davlati deb bilgan, aksariyat diqqatga sazovor joylarini qurgan Bolqon va bugungi Turkiya ichida Bolqonlarning tabiiy kengayishi -Marmara viloyati- xuddi Usmonlilar ko'p jihatdan ilhom bergan Vizantiya singari. Ko'pchilik oldingi Usmoniy yodgorliklari qurilgan Bursa, ozgina Vizantiya va saljuqiylarning katta ta'siriga ega bo'lgan, keyinchalik, sulola Evropaga ko'chib o'tganida, Edirne, ba'zi bir "o'tish davri" va etarlicha eksperimental uslubni namoyish etadigan ba'zi bir muhim belgilar. Yiqilguncha emas edi Konstantinopol Usmonlilar Vizantiya me'morchiligini ba'zi o'zgarishlar bilan deyarli to'liq miqyosda qabul qilganliklari. Biroq, Usmonli imperatorlik me'morchiligi o'z avjiga Istanbulda emas, balki Edirne shahrida erishgan. Selimiye masjidi, asari Sinan, XVI asrning buyuk Usmonli me'morchiligi.

19-asr me'moriy uslublarning yunon va rim ta'mini qaytarib berdi, shuning uchun juda katta portlash yuz berdi neo-klassik me'morchilik, o'sha paytda butun dunyodagi kabi Turkiyada ham moda. Galata Istanbul tomoni, Izmir (afsuski, ularning aksariyati 1922 yildagi katta yong'inda yo'qolgan bo'lsa-da) va qirg'oqlar bo'ylab ko'plab shaharlar, eng taniqli va yaxshi saqlanib qolgan misol Ayvalik, tezda oqlangan neo-klassik binolar bilan to'ldirildi. Shu bilan birga, ko'proq ichki hududlarda yashovchilar yoqimli, odatiy va kamtarona bo'lishlarini yoqtirishardi yarim yog'ochli oqartirilgan uylarkabi go'zal shaharlarni tashkil etadigan Safranbolu, Beypazariva Shirince mamlakatning shimoliy, markaziy va g'arbiy qismida. Bu safar ham go'zal va ta'sirli edi yog'och uylar Istanbulning dengiz sohilidagi mahallalar va orollar qurilgan. Davrning boshqa zamonaviy tendentsiyalari, masalan Barokko va Rokoko, Turkiyada juda ko'p qadam tashlamadi, garchi ularni Islom me'morchiligida birlashtirish bo'yicha ba'zi tajribalar bo'lgan bo'lsa ham, buni qirg'oqdagi Ortaköy masjidida ko'rish mumkin. Bosfor boshqalar bilan birga.

Landshaftlar sharqqa borgan sari o'zgarib borar ekan, me'moriy meros ham o'zgarib bormoqda. Ning uzoq vodiylari va tepaliklari Sharqiy Qoradengiz va Sharqiy Anadolu ko'p sonli nuqta o'rta asrlarda Gruziya va Armaniston cherkovlari va qasrlari- ba'zilari yaxshi saqlanib qolgan, ammo barchasi ham omadli emas edi. Armaniston sobori Akdamar oroli Van ko'li va o'rta asrlar Ani ikkitasi mukammal darajada saqlanib qolgan va butunlay yo'q qilinish o'rtasida bo'lgan joyda, ammo ikkalasi ham sharq tomon yo'l olgan bo'lsangiz, albatta ko'rishingiz kerak. O'zgarish uchun, Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu xususiyatlari ko'proq Yaqin Sharq- ta'sirlangan me'morchilik, bilan kemerli hovlilar va og'ir foydalanish juda ajoyib toshli sariq toshlar. Bu eng yaxshi ko'rinishda Urfava ayniqsa Mardin va yaqin Midyat.

Tsivilizatsiyalar chorrahasida bo'lish, ko'pincha tsivilizatsiyalar jang maydoniga aylanish deganidir. Shuning uchun nega bu qadar ko'pligi ajablanarli emas qal'alar va qal'alar shaharlarda ham, qishloqlarda ham, qirg'oqlarda ham, ichki hududlarda ham manzara. Tarixning turli bosqichlarida qurilgan qasrlarning aksariyati bugungi kunda ular turgan shaharlarning asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylari.

20-asr Turkiya shaharlarida yaxshi bo'lmagan. Qishloqdan shaharga immigratsiya darajasi yuqori bo'lganligi sababli, shaharlardagi ko'plab tarixiy mahallalar ruhsiz (va odatda, xunuk) ko'p qavatli uylar foydasiga qulab tushdi va yirik shaharlarning chekkalari shahar uylariga aylantirildi. Ismida juda ko'p marvarid yo'q zamonaviy arxitektura Turkiyada. Po‘lat va shishadan yasalgan osmono‘par binolarBoshqa tomondan, endi yirik shaharlarda asta-sekin va kamdan-kam qurilmoqda, masalan, ular osmono'par ko'rinishini shakllantirish uchun juda ko'p joyga jamlangan biznes tumani Istanbul, garchi butun dunyo bo'ylab osmono'par binolari bilan to'ldirilgan yirik metropollar bilan taqqoslaganda deyarli ta'sirchan emas.

Yo'nalishlar

• Troy qirg'og'i bo'ylab - qadimiy afsonalar go'zal manzaralar va chuqur ko'k Egey dengizi bilan birlashadi
• Likiya yo'li - mamlakatning O'rta er dengizi sohillari bo'ylab eng qadimgi shaharlar, unutilgan qishloqlar va mo''tadil qarag'ay o'rmonlari bo'ylab sayohat qilish

Qil

• Sohillar butun O'rta er dengizi qirg'og'ida joylashgan, ammo yaxshi rivojlangan kurortlari bo'lganlar orasida Alaniya sharqda va Kushadasi g'arbiy qismida Egey dengizi sohilida. Saros ko'rfazi kabi faqat mahalliy aholi sayohat qiladigan ko'plab kichik joylar mavjud, masalan, Istanbul uchun qulay. Marmara va Qora dengiz sohillarini izlashga arzimaydi.
• Nargile (kalka yoki suv quvuri) - Bir paytlar nargile yoki turkiy suv trubkasi Istanbulning ijtimoiy va siyosiy hayotining markazi bo'lgan. Bugungi kunda ba'zi mahalliy aholi buni hali ham hayotning eng katta zavqlaridan biri deb bilishadi va qiziqarli narsa.
• Hamam - a tashrifi hamam yoki turk hamomchasi Turkiyaga boradigan har qanday sayohatning muhim qismidir va siz jo'nab ketguningizcha takrorlashingiz kerak bo'lgan narsadir. Hech bo'lmaganda bitta tarixiy mavjud hamam Istanbul va boshqa yirik shaharlarning har bir mahallasida. Hamamni tanlashda ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki ular poklikda juda xilma-xil bo'lishi mumkin. Aksariyat joylarda skrab va / yoki massaj taklif etiladi. Faqat Hamam (sauna sifatida), bu joyni ko'rish va tajriba uchun etarli, ammo tozalash - bu ajoyib tajriba. Massaj g'arbiy mamlakatlardagidan yaxshiroq bo'lishi shart emas. Hozirgi kunda ko'plab hamamlar sayyohlarga xizmat ko'rsatishadi va juda qimmatga tushishadi, ularni yodda tuting. An'anaviy va haqiqiy hamam qimmat bo'lishi shart emas va siz u erda evro to'lamaysiz.
• Qishki sport turlari - Bu erda kutganingizdek emas, lekin Turkiyaning tog'li ichki qismida qishda ishonchli qor qoplami bo'lgan sovuq va sovuq. Shimoli-g'arbdagi ba'zi mashhur kurortlar Uludağ yaqin Bursa, Kartepe yaqinida Izmit, Kartalkaya yaqinida Bolu va Ilgaz yaqin Kastamonu; shimoli-sharqda Palandöken yaqinida joylashgan Erzurum va Sariqamish yaqinida Kars; markaziy esa Erciyes yaqinida joylashgan Kayseri. Yaqin Saklikentda Antaliya siz ertalab chang'i chang'isiz, keyin tushdan keyin Medga etib borishingiz kerak, ammo uning qor qoplami qisqa va ishonchsiz.
• Futbolni tomosha qiling - Super Lig - bu Turkiyaning eng yuqori darajadagi futbolchisi, unda 16ta jamoa avgustdan maygacha o'ynaydi. Istanbulda bu darajadagi oltita, Anqarada esa ikkita. Terma jamoa odatda uy o'yinlarini Istanbuldagi Otaturk Olimpiya stadionida o'tkazadi.
• Velosiped haydash - Premer poyga bu Prezidentning Turkiyaga safari, aprel oyida bir hafta davomida o'tkazildi.

Sotib oling

Pul

200 liralik banknot

Otaturk portreti tushirilgan 1 TL tanga

Mamlakatning valyutasi - Turk lirasi, "belgisi bilan belgilanadi₺"yoki"TL"(ISO kodi: QAYTARING). Vikipediya maqolalaridan foydalaniladi TL valyutani belgilash uchun.

Lira 100 kurush (qisqartirilgan kr) ga bo'lingan.

2005 yilda Turkiya o'z valyutasidan oltita nolni tushirdi va shu tariqa 2005 yildan keyingi har bir lirani 2005 yilgacha bo'lgan bir million liraga (yoki "eski lira" deb nomlangan) aylantirdi. YTL yoki ytl ramzi bo'lgan valyutani ko'rsangiz, chalkashmang yangi lira). 2009 yilgacha bo'lgan banknotalar va tangalar (ularning ichida bo'lganlar) yangi lira va yangi kurush) bor emas qonuniy to'lov vositasi va endi banklarda almashtirilishi mumkin emas.

Yangi turk lirasi belgisi, , Markaziy bank tomonidan 2012 yilda butun mamlakat bo'ylab o'tkazilgan tanlovdan so'ng tashkil etilgan.

Banknotlar 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 va 200 TL qiymatida. 5, 10, 25 va 50 kurushlik tangalar qonuniy to'lov vositasidir. Shuningdek, 1 TL tanga ham mavjud.

Valyuta ayirboshlash

Barcha shaharlarda va deyarli barcha shaharlarda qonuniy valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalari mavjud. Banklar ham pul almashadilar, ammo ular muammoga arzimaydi, chunki ular odatda olomon va valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalariga qaraganda yaxshiroq narxlarni bermaydilar. Siz ofisning stavkalarini uning darvozasi yaqinida joylashgan (odatda elektron) taxtalarda ko'rishingiz mumkin. Evro va AQSh dollari eng foydali valyutalar bo'lib, ko'pincha sotib olish-sotish bo'yicha 1% dan kam tarqaladi. Ammo funt sterling (Angliya banki faqat Shotlandiya yoki Shimoliy Irlandiya notalari emas), Shveytsariya franki, yapon iyeni, Saudiya riyali va boshqa bir qator valyutalarni almashtirish juda qiyin emas (yaxshi kurs uchun).

Shuni esda tutish kerakki, ko'pgina almashinuvchilar faqat banknotalarni qabul qilishadi, chet el tangalarini almashtirish juda qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Buning mazmunli izohi bo'lgan ba'zi joylarda, odatdagidek bo'lmagan valyutalarni ham almashtirish mumkin, masalan, Avstraliya dollarini almashtirish mumkin Chanakkale Avstraliyalik va Yangi Zelandiyalik Jahon urushining askarlari nabiralari har yili bobolarini xotirlash uchun yig'ilishadi KashYunoniston orolining narigi tomonida joylashgan Kastelorizo, bu esa o'z navbatida Avstraliyada katta diasporaga ega. Umumiy qoida bo'yicha, agar biror joy biron bir mamlakatdan ko'plab mehmonlarni jalb qilsa, u holda odatda o'sha mamlakat valyutasini o'sha erda almashtirish mumkin.

Turizmga yo'naltirilgan shaharlarda turistik yo'naltirilgan sanoat tarmoqlari, shuningdek, mamlakatning aksariyat hududlarida supermarketlar singari katta miqdordagi pullar o'zgarib turadigan do'konlarda odatda chet el valyutasi qabul qilinadi (odatda faqat evro va amerika dollarlari bilan cheklanadi), lekin stavkalar ular valyutani qabul qilish odatda valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalariga qaraganda biroz yomonroq. Chet el valyutasini qabul qilishlarini so'rang.

Kredit kartalar

Visa va MasterCard keng tarqalgan bo'lib qabul qilinadi, American Express juda kam. Barcha kredit karta foydalanuvchilari o'zlarining kartalaridan foydalanishda o'zlarining PIN-kodlarini kiritishlari shart. Keksa, magnit karta egalari bundan mustasno, ammo esda tutingki, Evropadagi ba'zi joylardan farqli o'laroq, sotuvchilar sizning kartangiz egasi ekanligingizni tan olish uchun fotosurat bilan haqiqiy guvohnomani ko'rsatishingizni so'rashga qonuniy huquqiga ega.

Bankomatlar

Kassa mashinalari markaziy qismlarga jamlangan shaharlarga tarqalgan. Chet ellik Visa, Mastercard yoki Maestro kartangiz bilan (bank kartangiz shart emas) ushbu bankomatlardan turk lirasini (va ba'zida AQSh dollarini yoki / va evroni) olish mumkin. Har qanday yirik shaharda kamida bitta bankomat mavjud.

Bankomatlar chet el kartasini (yoki operatsion bankning o'ziga tegishli bo'lmagan turk kartasini) kiritishingiz bilan ingliz tilida yoki turk tilida (ba'zida ba'zi boshqa tillarda ham) ko'rsatmalar berishni so'rashadi.

Aksariyat bankomatlar sizning valyutangizga (€, AQSh dollari va boshqalar) to'g'ridan-to'g'ri valyutani konvertatsiya qilishni taklif qiladi, shuning uchun sizning bank kartangiz turk lirasida emas, balki o'zingizning valyutangizda olinadi. Ushbu (yolg'on) argument uchun ko'pincha salbiy valyuta harakatlaridan saqlanish kerak. Biroq, ushbu bankomatlar taqdim etadigan stavkalar sizning bankingiz siz olib qo'ygan turk lirasi uchun haq oladigan narxdan ancha yomonroq. Shuningdek, valyutadagi noaniqlik haqiqiy dalil emas, bu siz uchun ham foydali bo'lishi mumkin - bu o'rtacha sizga hech qanday salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi. Shunday qilib ... Hech qachon bunday valyuta konversiyasidan tashqari!

Bankomatni olib tashlash uchun aniq xarajatlar sizning xorijiy bankingizga bog'liq, ammo Turkiyadagi ko'plab bankomatlar berilgan miqdordan (hatto AQSh dollari va evroni olib qo'yish uchun ham) komissiya / to'lovni qo'shib qo'yishadi, keyin bu sizning bankingizdan olinadi. Quyidagi banklar va to'lovlar haqida umumiy ma'lumot:

• Halkbank: haq olinmaydi na CC taklif qildi
• odeabank: haq olinmaydi na CC taklif qildi
• Sekerbank: haq olinmaydi
• TEB: 2,1%
• Turkiya banki: 2,9%
• DenizBank va VakifBank: 3%
• Garanti BBVA: 3,5%
• AKBank: 7,95%

Xarid qilish

Agar har qanday joyda ko'rsatilmasa, har doim narxini so'rang, hatto a choy. Aks holda, turist sifatida doimiy ravishda ortiqcha haq olinadi.

Klassik turistik esdalik sovg'alari, postcartalar va taqinchoqlar singari, bu erda siz Turkiyadan uyga qaytib kelishingiz mumkin bo'lgan narsalarning bir nechtasi.

• Teri kiyimlari - Turkiya dunyodagi eng katta charm ishlab chiqaruvchidir, shuning uchun charm kiyimlar boshqa joylarga qaraganda arzonroq. Istanbulning Laleli, Beyazit, Mahmutpaşa tumanlaridagi ko'plab do'konlar (Sultonahmet maydonidan o'tadigan tramvay liniyasi atrofida) teriga ixtisoslashgan.

Gilam ishlab chiqarish

• Gilamlar va kilimlar - Turkiyaning ko'plab mintaqalarida qo'lda tayyorlangan kilimlar va gilamchalar ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Ramzlar va raqamlar gilam ishlab chiqarilgan hududga qarab turlicha bo'lishiga qaramay, ular odatda qadimiy Anadolu dinlari va / yoki 1000 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin shamanlik e'tiqodlari atrofida shakllangan ko'chmanchi turkiy hayotga asoslangan ramziy iboralardir. Siz qo'lda ishlangan gilam va kilimlarga ixtisoslashgan do'konlarni har qanday yirik shahar, sayyohlik maskani va Sultonahmet hududidan topishingiz mumkin.

Sizga gilam sotmoqchi bo'lmagan odamsiz siz jiddiy ravishda Turkiyaning biron bir joyiga borolmaysiz. Odamlar sizga ko'chada yaqinlashadilar, qaerdan ekanligingiz, Turkiyani qanday yoqtirganingiz haqida bir oz do'stona suhbatlashadilar va "siz men bilan amakimning do'koniga borishni xohlaysizmi? Burilish burchagining yaqinida va u erda eng yaxshi haqiqiy kilimlar. " Agar sizga buni berishiga yo'l qo'ysangiz, bu sizni bezovta qilishi mumkin, ammo esda tutingki, ushbu xalq xo'jaligining katta qismi sayyohlarning hamyonidan keladi, shuning uchun ularni sinab ko'rishda ayblash mumkin emas.

• Ipak - Liboslar va sharflar. Mamlakatimizning ko'plab hududlarida topish mumkin bo'lsa-da, ipak muxlislari yo'l olishlari kerak Bursa va undan oldin asoslarini tanlang savdolashish.
• Sopol idishlar - qo'lda ishlangan Kapadokiyalik sopol idishlar (amforalar, eski uslubdagi plitalar, gulzorlar va boshqalar) mahalliy sho'r loydan yasalgan. Markaziy Anadolu markazidagi Turkiyadagi ikkinchi ko'l bo'lgan Tuz ko'li tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Tuzli buzadigan amallar tufayli loy tarkibidagi loy tarkibida mahalliy sopol idishlar eng sifatli hisoblanadi. Ayrim Kapadokiya shaharlarida ushbu artefaktlarning qanday ishlab chiqarilganligini ko'rish yoki hatto ularni ishlab chiqarishni tajribali maxsus seminarlarda ko'rish mumkin. Usmonli klassik motivlari bilan ishlab chiqarilgan plitkalar Kütahya ham mashhur.
• Turk zavqi va Turk qahvasi - Agar sizga Turkiya safari paytida bular yoqsa, uyingizga bir nechta paketlarni olib ketishni unutmang. Hamma joyda mavjud.
• Asal - qarag'ay asal (cham balı) ning Marmaris mashhur va oddiy gul asallariga qaraganda ancha kuchli ta'mi va tutarlılığına ega. Garchi osonlikcha erishilmasa ham, topsangiz, asalini sog'inmang Makaxel vodiysi, uzoq shimoliy-sharqiy Qora dengiz mintaqasida, deyarli odam ta'siridan tashqarida bo'lgan mo''tadil yarim yomg'ir o'rmonlari gullaridan yasalgan.
• Kashtan shirinligi - Tog 'etaklarida etishtirilgan sirop va kashtanlardan tayyorlangan. Uludağ, kashtan shirinligi (kestane şekeri) ning taniqli va mazali mahsulotidir Bursa. Ko'p farqlar mavjud, masalan, shokolad bilan qoplangan. Kashtan desertini boshqa joylarda ham topish mumkin, ammo nisbatan qimmatroq va kichikroq paketlarda.
• Meerschaum yodgorliklari - "dengiz ko'piklari" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi nomiga qaramay, meerschaum (lületaşı) dunyodagi faqat bitta joyda qazib olinadi: dengizga chiqish imkoniyati yo'q Eskishehir Markaziy Anadolu mintaqasining o'ta shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan viloyat. Ko'rinishda gipsga o'xshash bu tosh tutun naychalari va sigareta ushlagichlarida o'yilgan. U yumshoq va kremsi tuzilishga ega va ajoyib bezak buyumlarini yaratadi. Eskishehirdagi ba'zi do'konlarda mavjud.
• Kastiliya (zaytun moyi) sovuni - Tabiiy, teringizga ipakdek tegish va hammomingizda iliq O'rta er dengizi. Shimoliy va G'arbiy Evropada topilganlardan mutlaqo arzonroq. Ko'chalar bozorlari Egey mintaqasi va janubiy Marmara viloyati deyarli barchasi qo'lda ishlangan zaytun moyi sovuni bilan to'la. Egey mintaqasidagi ba'zi eski odamlar ham o'zlarining kastil sovunlarini an'anaviy usulda ishlab chiqarishmoqda: zaytun o'rim-yig'imi paytida yoki undan keyin qo'shnilar hovlilarga o'tin bilan isitiladigan katta qozonxonalar atrofida to'planishadi, so'ngra o'tin kulidan olingan sersuv issiq suvga qo'shiladi. va zaytun moyi aralashmasi. Esingizda bo'lsin - Egey mintaqasidan tashqarida bo'lgan supermarketlar odatda kimyoviy moddalarga to'la sanoat moylariga asoslangan sovunlarni taklif qilishadi. Egey mintaqasidan tashqaridagi shaharlarda tabiiy zaytun moyi sovuni zaytun va zaytun moyiga ixtisoslashgan do'konlarda uchraydi. Ushbu do'konlarning ba'zilari hatto ekologik sovunlarni taklif qilmoqdalar: organik zaytun moyidan va ba'zan organik efir moylari qo'shilgan holda.
• Boshqa sovunlar faqat Turkiyaga xosdir: dafna sovuni (defne sabunu) asosan ishlab chiqarilgan Antakya (Antioxiya), sovunlari Isparta Isparta atrofida mo'l-ko'l ishlab chiqariladigan atirgul moyi bilan boyitilgan va bittim sabunu, tog'larda tug'ilgan pista daraxtining mahalliy navlari urug'idan tayyorlangan sovun Janubi-sharqiy mintaqa. In Edirne, turli xil mevalar shaklidagi sovunlar ishlab chiqariladi. Ko'pik uchun ishlatilmaydi, aksincha ular stolga savatga turli xil "mevalar" qo'yilganda yaxshi assortimentni yaratadilar, ular ham o'zlarining xushbo'y hidi bilan havoni to'ldiradilar.
• Sovundan tashqari zaytun asosidagi mahsulotlar - Zaytun moyidan tayyorlangan shampunlar, zaytun moyiga asoslangan odekolon va boshqa zaytun tarkibidagi mahsulotlar. zeyşe, ning birinchi bo'g'inlaridan qisqartirish zeytin shakeri, kashtan shirinliklariga o'xshash shirin, ammo zaytundan tayyorlanadi.

Savdo-sotiq

Aynali Chorshi bozorida Chanakkale

Turkiyada, savdolashish majburiydir. Juda hashamatli ko'rinmaydigan hamma joyda savdolashish mumkin: do'konlar, mehmonxonalar, avtobus kompaniyasining ofislari va boshqalar. Savdo paytida, shunchalik taassurotli va qiziquvchan ko'rinmang va sabrli bo'ling. Chet elliklar (ayniqsa, G'arb odamlari) savdolashishni yaxshi deb kutishmaganligi sababli, sotuvchilar har qanday savdolashuv tashabbusini tezda rad etadilar (yoki hech bo'lmaganda bunday ko'rinishga ega bo'lishadi), lekin sabr qiling va kuting, narx tushadi! (Unutmang, agar siz savdolashishda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsangiz ham, kredit kartangizni hamyoningizdan emas, balki naqd pulingizdan chiqarganingizda, kelishilgan narx yana ko'tarilishi mumkin, garchi u aslidan pastroq darajaga ko'tarilsa ham)

QQSni qaytarish

Agar siz Turkiyaning fuqarosi yoki doimiy rezidenti bo'lmasangiz, QQSni qaytarib olishingiz mumkin (aksariyat buyumlar bo'yicha 18% yoki 23%). Do'konlarning derazasi yoki kirish joyidagi ko'k rangdagi "Soliqsiz" stikerini qidirib toping, bunday do'konlarda siz QQSni qaytarishingiz mumkin bo'lgan yagona joy. Do'kondan Turkiyadan chiqib ketayotganda QQSni qaytarib olishga imkon beradigan kerakli hujjatlarni olishni unutmang.

Garchi Turkiya ba'zi tovarlar bo'yicha Evropa Ittifoqi bilan bojxona ittifoqida bo'lsa-da, Evropa Ittifoqidagi vaziyatdan farqli o'laroq, aeroportlarda boj olinmaydigan do'konlarni bekor qilish tashabbusi mavjud emas.

Antiqiy yodgorliklar

Har qanday antiqa buyumni (100 yoshdan oshgan narsa deb ta'riflanadi) Turkiyadan olib chiqib ketish juda cheklangan yoki ko'p hollarda taqiqlangan. Agar kimdir sizga antiqa buyumlarni sotishni taklif qilsa, u yo u yolg'onchi bo'lib, arzon taqlidlarni sotmoqchi yoki u siz buyum sotib olganingizda aksessuar bo'ladigan jinoyatni sodir etmoqda.

Tips

Umuman olganda, burilish majburiy deb hisoblanmaydi. Ammo, agar siz ushbu xizmatdan qoniqsangiz, restoranlarda 5% dan 10% gacha pul qoldirish odatiy holdir. Yuqori darajadagi restoranlarda 10-15% miqdorida odat tusiga kiradi. Kredit karta to'loviga maslahat qo'shib bo'lmaydi. To'lovni kredit karta bilan to'lash va uchini naqd yoki tangada qoldirish turkiyaliklar orasida juda keng tarqalgan. Aksariyat ofitsiantlar iloji boricha sizning naqd pulingizni tangalarda qaytarib berishadi, chunki turklar tangalarni olib yurishni yoqtirmaydilar va odatda ularni stolda qoldiradilar.

Taksi haydovchilari maslahatlarni kutishmaydi, ammo o'zgarishlarni saqlab qolishlariga yo'l qo'yish odatiy holdir. Agar aniq o'zgarishlarni qaytarib olishni talab qilsangiz, iltimos qiling para ustu? ("pah-rah oos-too" deb talaffuz qilinadi, ya'ni "o'zgarish" degan ma'noni anglatadi). Haydovchi dastlab berishni istamaydi, lekin oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatga erishasiz.

Agar sizga turk hamomchasini sinab ko'rish nasib qilsa, umumiy miqdorning 15 foizini uchirib, uni barcha xizmatchilar orasida bo'lish odat tusiga kiradi. Bu Turkiyada aylanish paytida yodda tutish kerak bo'lgan muhim narsa va sizning tajribangiz bemalol va yoqimli bo'lishini ta'minlaydi.

Supermarket kassalari, agar siz naqd pul bilan to'lasangiz (pul summasi kredit karta orqali to'langanda olinadi), odatda, keyingi 5 kurushgacha jamlanadi. Bu beixtiyor maslahat emas, chunki 2-3-4 kurushes cho'ntagiga tushmaydi. Buning sababi shundaki, ular etarli miqdordagi 1 kurush tanga bilan ta'minlanmagan, chunki bu muomalada juda kam uchraydi. Shunday qilib, sizga berilgan o'zgartirish, sizga elektron kartochkada aytilganidek, berilishi kerak bo'lgan narsalardan bir nechta qisqa bo'lsa, ajablanmang. Agar sizda 1 kurush tanga etarli bo'lsa, aniq summani to'lashingiz mumkin.

Yemoq

Adana kebap, chili bilan ziravorlangan va ustiga qiyma qilingan qiyma go'sht pide non, ixtisosligi Adana

Shuningdek qarang: Yaqin Sharq oshxonasi

Turk oshxonasi O'rta er dengizi, O'rta Osiyo, Kavkaz va arab ta'sirlarini birlashtiradi va juda boy. Sigir eng muhim go'sht (qo'zichoq ham keng tarqalgan, ammo noqonuniy bo'lmaganiga qaramay cho'chqa go'shtini topish juda qiyin), baqlajon (baqlajon), piyoz, yasmiq, loviya, pomidor, sarimsoq va bodring asosiy sabzavot hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari, ziravorlarning ko'pligi ishlatiladi. Asosiy mahsulot guruch (palov), bulg'ur bug'doy va non va idish-tovoqlar odatda o'simlik moyida yoki ba'zida sariyog 'bilan pishiriladi.

Ko'plab ixtisoslashgan restoranlarni tanlash mumkin, chunki ko'pchilik boshqa turdagi ovqatlarni tayyorlamaydi yoki ularga xizmat ko'rsatmaydi. An'anaviy turk restoranlari har kuni Beyn-Mariada tayyorlanadigan va saqlanadigan taomlarni taqdim etishadi. Ovqat kirish joyida, shuning uchun siz osongina ko'rishingiz va tanlashingiz mumkin. Kebapchilar ko'plab kaboblarga ixtisoslashgan restoranlardir. Ba'zi kabob restoranlarida alkogolli ichimliklar, boshqalarida esa yo'q. Ciğerci, Adana kebapchisi yoki Iskender kebapchisi kabi pastki turlari mavjud. Baliq restoranlari odatda meze (zaytun moyi idishlari) va Rakiy yoki sharobga xizmat qiladi. Dörnerci mamlakat bo'ylab tarqaladi va tez ovqat sifatida döner kabobga xizmat qiladi. Köfeci - bu asosiy taom sifatida tayyorlangan köfteli restoranlar (Köfte). Kokoreçci, midyeci, tantunici, mantıcı, ko'zlemeci, lahmacuncu, pideci, chig ko'fteci, etsiz chig köfteci - bu Turkiyada topilgan, bitta taomga ixtisoslashgan mahalliy restoranlarning boshqa turlari.

Kebab restoranida to'liq turkiy taom sho'rva bilan boshlanadi, ko'pincha yasmiq sho'rva (mercimek chorbasi) va to'plami meze zaytun, pishloq, tuzlangan bodring va turli xil mayda ovqatlarni o'z ichiga olgan appetiserlar. Meze osonlikcha to'liq ovqatga aylanishi mumkin, ayniqsa ular bilan birga iste'mol qilinadigan bo'lsa raki. Asosiy taom odatda go'sht hisoblanadi: oddiy taom turi va Turkiyaning eng taniqli oshpazlik eksporti kabob (kabob), turli xil shakllarda panjara qilingan go'sht, shu jumladan mashhur döner kebap (ulkan aylanuvchi tupurishdan soqol qilingan ingichka go'sht bo'laklari) va shishkebab (shish go'shti) va boshqalar. Köfte (köfte) - kabobning o'zgarishi. Anatoliyada yuzlab turdagi koftalar mavjud, ammo ularning atigi 10 dan 12 gacha katta shaharlarning aholisi ma'lum bo'lgan kike İnegöl köfte, Dalyan ko'fte, sulu köfte va boshqalar.

Arzon narxda ovqatlanish asosan Istanbul va boshqa yirik shaharlarning hamma joylarida joylashgan Kebab stendlarida amalga oshiriladi. Ikki dollar ekvivalenti evaziga kesilgan, qovurilgan go'sht, salat, piyoz va pomidor bilan to'ldirilgan to'liq non olasiz. Pita noniga yoki o'ramga o'ralgan "donorlar" bilan tanish bo'lgan shimoliy amerikaliklar uchun siz so'zni izlashingiz kerak durum yoki durumcü kabob stendlarining derazalarida kabobingizni mintaqaga qarab durum yoki lavash nonga o'ralishini so'rang.

Vejeteryanlar

Vejetaryen restoranlari odatiy emas va ularni faqat yirik shaharlarning juda markaziy qismida va ba'zi sayyohlik joylarida topish mumkin. Biroq, har bir yaxshi restoran sabzavotli taomlarni taklif qiladi va an'anaviy "ev yemeği" ("uy ovqatlari") taklif qiladigan ba'zi restoranlarda tarkibida vegetarian bo'lgan zaytun moyi spetsifikatsiyalari mavjud. Egey dengizida vegetarian juda xursand bo'lar edi, u erda har xil yovvoyi o'tlar zaytun moyi kiygan holda pishirilgan yoki xom ashyo sifatida asosiy taom sifatida iste'mol qilinadi. Ammo vegetarian oziq-ovqat izlashda, ayniqsa, go'shtsiz taom ovqat hisoblanmaydigan Janubi-Sharqiy mintaqada juda qiyin bo'ladi. Bunday joyda supermarketlar o'zlarining javonlarida konservalangan sabzavotlarga, hattoki pishirilgan zaytun moyi kurslari va yangi uzilgan mevalarga yordam berishi mumkin. Agar siz vegetarian bo'lsangiz va janubi-sharqiy mintaqaning qishloq joylariga tashrif buyurmoqchi bo'lsangiz, konservangizni o'zingiz bilan olib keting, chunki sizni qutqaradigan supermarketlar bo'lmaydi.

Pishiriqlar

Turk zavqi

Ba'zi turk shirinliklari shirin va yong'oqli arabcha turlar asosida yaratilgan: taniqli taomlar orasida baklava, asal va ziravorlar bilan ho'llangan mayda maydalangan yong'oq va fillo xamirdan tayyorlangan qatlamli xamir ovqati va turkcha zavq (lokum), gul suvi va shakarning gummy qandolati. Bundan tashqari, asosan sutdan tayyorlangan shirinliklar, masalan, kazandibi, kechkul, muhallebi, sutlaç, tavuk ko'ksi, gullash va boshqalar.

Nonushta

Turkcha nonushta choy (choy), non, zaytun, pishloq, pomidor, bodringdan iborat bo'lib, vaqti-vaqti bilan asal va murabbo kabi tarqaladi. Bu bir muncha vaqt o'tgach juda monotonga aylanishi mumkin. Sinash uchun yaxshi alternativ (agar sizda shunday imkoniyat bo'lsa) menemenlar: pishirilgan tuxum / omletning turkcha o'zgarishi. Kapsikum (qizil bolgar qalampiri), piyoz, sarimsoq va pomidor hammasi tuxum bilan birlashtirilgan. Ovqat an'anaviy ravishda loy idishida pishiriladi (va xizmat qilinadi). Uni ziravorlash uchun ozgina chili qo'shib ko'ring va to'ldirilgan issiq nonushta uchun ko'plab nonlardan ham foydalaning. Turkiyada non hamma joyda mavjud, har qanday ovqat paytida sizga katta savat po'stlog'li non sovg'a qilinadi.

Hamma joyda simit (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan gevrek ba'zilarida Egey kabi shaharlar Izmir), xuddi bagelga o'xshash, ammo biroz ingichka, po'stroq va qovurilgan kunjut urug'i bilan har qanday shahar va shaharning deyarli har qanday markaziy qismida ko'cha sotuvchilari aravachalarida kechqurun tashqari har qanday vaqtda mavjud. Ehtimol, turkcha pishloq qo'shilishi bilan (beyaz peynir) yoki qaymoqli pishloq (krem peynir yoki karper), bir juft simitto'lg'azish va juda byudjetli nonushta (har birining narxi taxminan 0,75 TL) yoki hatto yo'lda ketayotgan tushlikni tashkil qiladi.

Ichish

Istanbulda turkiy kofe suv va turk zavqi bilan xizmat qildi

Turk qahvasi (qahva), mayda stakanlarga solingan, kuchli va mazali, shunchaki stakan ostidagi shlakli joylarni ichishdan ehtiyot bo'ling. Bu chet elda sotiladigan turkcha qahvalarda juda farq qiladi. Sade qahva qora rangda xizmat qiladi shakarli kabi, o'rta shakerli va juda shakerli stakaningizga ozgina, bir oz yoki ko'p miqdorda shakar olib keladi.

Eriydigan qahvalar, kapuchinolar va espressolar kundan-kunga ommalashib bormoqda va ularni turli xil lazzatlar bilan topish mumkin.

Qahva milliy madaniyatda muhim o'rin tutishiga qaramay, choy (choy), shuningdek, juda mashhur va, albatta, odatiy tanlovdir. Aksariyat turklar kundalik hayotlarida choyni juda ko'p ichuvchilardir. 1930-yillarda sahnaga kirgan choy, kofega qarshi tezda tezlashdi Yaman, o'sha paytda Turkiyaga an'anaviy kofe etkazib beruvchisi, 20-asrning boshlarida Usmonli imperiyasining qolgan qismidan uzilib qolgan va birinchi choy o'simliklari ildiz otgan Sharqiy Qoradengiz Birinchi jahon urushidan keyin kuchga kirgan protektsionistik iqtisodiy siyosat natijasida uni mamlakatda etishtirish bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatsiz sinovlardan so'ng, ehtiyot bo'ling, agar sizning choyingizni mahalliy aholi tayyorlasa, u odatlanib qolganingizdan kuchliroq bo'lishi mumkin. . Garchi u tabiiy bo'lmagan va sayyohlik xususiyati bo'lmasa-da, siz o'zgacha narsalarni tatib ko'rishingiz kerak olma choyi (elma choy) yoki adaçayı choyi (adaçayı, so'zma-so'z orol choyi) Turkiya.

Bir qadah ayran

Ayran bu fin / ruscha "ayran" yoki hind "lassi" dan farqli o'laroq emas, balki har doim shakarsiz (va aslida, odatda, ozgina tuz qo'shilgan holda) xizmat qiladigan suv va yogurtning taniqli ichimlikidir. Agar siz Toros tog'lari bo'ylab avtobusda sayohat qilayotgan bo'lsangiz, mahalliy aholi tomonidan juda yaxshi ko'riladigan turli xil ichimliklardan "ko'pikli ayran" yoki "yayık ayrani" so'rang.

Boza an'anaviy sovuq va qalin ichimlik bo'lib, u Markaziy Osiyodan kelib chiqadi, ammo bir nechtasida ham keng tarqalgan Bolqon mamlakatlar. U fermentlanadi bulg'ur (bug'doyning bir turi) shakar va suv qo'shimchalari bilan. Vefa Bozacisi Bozaning eng taniqli va an'anaviy ishlab chiqaruvchisi Istanbul. Anqarada siz Ulusning eski shahar hududidagi Akman Boza Salonusidan ajoyib Boza olasiz. Bozani ko'plab supermarketlarning javonlarida ham topish mumkin, ayniqsa qishda, 1 litrli PET butilkalarga qadoqlangan. Ammo bu shisha bozalarda an'anaviy bozaning nordonligi va tutarlılığı yo'q, ular shirinroq va zichroq.

Bir chashka salep

Sahlep (yoki Salep) sut, orkide ildizi va shakardan tayyorlangan, odatda dolchin bilan bezatilgan yana bir an'anaviy issiq ichimlikdir. Uni asosan qishda afzal ko'rishadi va uni kafe va pasteryalarda topish mumkin (pasta) va uni kapuchino bilan tashqi ko'rinishini osongina aralashtirib yuborish mumkin. You can also find instant sahlep in many supermarkets sold with the name Hazır Sahlep.

Red poppy syrup is one of the traditional Turkish drinks made of red poppy petals, water and sugar by natural ways. Bozcaada is famous for red poppy syrup.

International brands of colas, gazlangan ichimliklar va fruit-flavoured sodas are readily available and much consumed alongside some local brands. In Turkish, soda degani mineral water, whereas what is called as soda in English is gazoz yoki sade gazoz in Turkish.

Three members of a Turkish family toast with rakı during a meal

While a significant proportion of Turks are devout Muslims, alcoholic beverages are legal, widely available, and thoroughly enjoyed by the locals. The local firewater of choice is rakı, an anise-flavoured liquor double distilled from fermented grape skin. It is usually mixed with water and drunk with another glass of iced water to accompany it. You may order tek (single) or duble (double) to indicate the amount of rakı in your glass. Make sure to try it but don't overindulge as it is very potent. Remember not to mix it with anything else. There is a wide selection of different types in supermarkets. Mey va Efe Rakı are two of the biggest producers. Only the connoisseurs know which type is the best. Yeni Rakı which is a decent variety has the wıdest distribution and consumption.

As for Turkish wine, the wines are as good as the local grape varieties. Kalecik Karası dan Anqara, Karasakız dan Bozcaada, Öküzgözü dan Elmalı, Boğazkere dan Diyarbakir are some of the most well-known varieties. The biggest winemakers are Kavaklıdere, Doluca, Sevilenva Kayra with many good local vineyards especially in the Western part of the country. In addition liquory fruit wines of Shirince yaqin Izmir are well worth tasting. One specific sweet red wine to try while you're there is Talay Kuntra.

There are two major Turkish breweries. Efes and Tekel Birası are two widely known lagers. In addition, you can find locally brewed Tuborg, Miller, Heineken, and Carlsberg too.

Smoke

All cigarettes except ecigs are sold freely and are still relatively cheap by western standards.

Although many Turkish people do smoke, there is a growing health awareness about smoking and the number of smokers is slowly but steadily declining, and the rigid smoking ban that was introduced is surprisingly enforced.

Smoking in the presence of someone who does not smoke in a public place requires their permission. If someone does not like the smoke, they will ask you not to smoke or they will cough, then just stop and apologize. This is what the locals do.

If you are invited to someone's home, do not smoke unless the host does first, and after they do, then you can ask for their permission to smoke.

Smoking ban

Smoking is banned in public places (e.g. airports, metro stations and indoor train stations, schools, universities, government administration buildings, in all workplaces, concert halls, theatres and cinemas) and on public transport (airplanes, ferries, trains, suburban trains, subways, trams, buses, minibuses, and taxis). Smoking is banned in sports stadiums, the only outdoor areas where this ban is extended. It is a finable offence of 69 TL. Separately smoking is also banned, in restaurants, bars, cafes, traditional teahouses, the remaining air-conditioned public places including department stores and shopping mall restaurants; and there are no exceptions as indoor non-smoking sections are also banned. Apart from a fine for smokers, there is a heavy fine of 5,000 TL for owners, for failing to enforce the ban properly and that is why it is strictly enforced by these establishments.

In Istanbul, especially in non-tourist areas, some bars/restaurants/music venues and even work places will bring you an ashtray as there will be many people smoking inside, even though there is a sign on the wall forbidding it, many people consider it to be up to the discretion of the owners/workers of the building. However, bars/restaurants/music venues in tourist areas (e.g. Beyoğlu, Sişli etc...) are relentlessly "raided" (and in case of any violations – not just for flouting the smoking ban – fined heavily) by the zabıta (municipal official), so these establishments will much less likely dare to violate the bans. Although such "raids" will be disconcerting for tourists, customers will not be affected as the zabıta does not issue fines to customers – at most will be asked to leave the place, in case of serious violations.

However the smoking ban is openly flouted in government administration buildings, where the civil servants seem to think that they are somehow above the law.

Outside the cities and tourist resorts, the smoking ban is less rigidly enforced in small towns and in the villages hardly at all, because the municipal police (zabıta) rarely comes to these places to enforce it and issue fines, leading to some establishments and its customers to ignore this, but even there it is nevertheless best to follow the less enforced smoking ban.

While smoking is strictly prohibited on public transport, you will see some taxi drivers smoking in their taxis, which are also included in the smoking ban, but is the only form of public transport where this ban is openly flouted. When entering the taxi just request the taxi driver not to smoke, and he will politely oblige - in fact most of them will put out their cigarettes immediately once they see a customer hailing them or approaching them.

Uyqu

Balloons over Cappadocia

Accommodation in Turkey varies from 5-star hotels to a simple tent pitched in a vast plateau. So the prices vary hugely as well.

Mehmonxonalar

All major cities and tourist spots have 5-star hotels, many of them are owned by international hotel chains like Hilton, Sheraton, Ritz-Carlton, Conrad to name a few. Many of them are concrete blocks, however some, especially the ones out of cities, are bungalows with private gardens and private swimming pools.

If you are into holiday package kind of thing in a O'rta er dengizikurort, you would definitely find better rates when booking back at home rather than in Turkey itself. The difference is considerable, compared with what you would pay when booking at home, you may end up paying twice as much if you simply walk in the resort.

Hostels and guesthouses

Xostellar are not widespread, there are a few in Istanbul, mainly around Sultanahmet Square where Hagia Sophia and Blue Mosque are, and around Taksim Square, and still fewer are recognized by Hostelling International (HI, former International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF). Shu bilan bir qatorda, guesthouses (pansiyon) provide cheaper accommodation than hotels (expect around 50 TL daily per person). B&Bs are also generally covered by the word pansiyon, as most of them present breakfast (not always included in the fee, so ask before deciding whether or not to stay there).

Unique in the country, Olimpos to the southwest of Antalya is known for its welcoming visitors in the wooden tree-houses or in wooden communal sleeping halls.

It is possible to rent a whole house with two rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, and necessary furnitures such as beds, chairs, a table, a cooker, pots, pans, usually a refrigerator and sometimes even a TV. Four or more people can easily fit in these houses which are called apart hotels and can be found mainly in coastal towns of Marmara and Northern Aegean regions, which are more frequented by Turkish families rather than foreigners. They are generally flats in a low-story apartment building. They can be rented for as cheap as 25 TL daily (not per person, this is the daily price for the whole house!), depending on location, season and the duration of your stay (the longer you stay, the cheaper you pay daily).

Öğretmenevi (teacher's house)

Like Atatürk statues and crescent-and-star flags etched into the sides of mountains, the öğretmenevi (“teacher’s house”) is an integral part of the Turkish landscape. Found in almost every city in Turkey, these government-run institutions serve as affordable guesthouses for educators on the road and—since anyone is welcome if space is available—for those traveling on a teacher’s budget (about 35 TL/person, WiFi and hot water avalaible, breakfast (kahvalti) 5 TL).

For the most part, these guesthouses are drab affairs, 1970s-era concrete boxes usually painted in a shade of pink and found in some of the least interesting parts of town.To find the teacher's house in a town ask around for öğretmenevi.

Agriturizm

The Bugday Association has launched a project named TaTuTa (acronym from the first syllables of Tarım-Turizm-Takas: Agriculture-Tourism-Barter [of knowledge]), a kind of agritourism, which connects farmers practising organic/ecological agriculture and individuals having an interest at organic agriculture. The farmers participating in TaTuTa share a room of their houses (or a building in the farm) with the visitors without charge, and the visitors help them in their garden work in return. For more about TaTuTa, qarang http://www.bugday.org/tatuta/index.php?lang=EN

Camping and RV-camping

A campsite in Turkey

There are many private estates dotting the whole coastline of Turkey, which the owner rents its property for campers. Bular lagerlar, which are called kamping in Turkish, have basic facilities such as tap water, toilets, tree shade (this is especially important in dry and hot summers of the g'arbiy va Janubiy coasts) and some provide electricity to every tent via individual wires. Pitching a tent inside the cities and towns apart from campsites is not always approved, so you should always ask the local administrator (village chief muhtar and/or gendarme jandarma in villages, municipalities belediye and/or the local police polis in towns) if there is a suitable place near the location for you to pitch your tent. Pitching a tent in the forest without permission is OK, unless the area is under protection as a national park, a bioreserve, a wildlife refuge, a natural heritage or because of some other environmental concern. Whether it is an area under protection or not, setting fire in forests apart from the designated fireplaces in recreational (read “picnic”) areas is forbidden anyway.

Do'konlar offering camping gear are hard to come across, usually in back alleys, underground floors of large shopping arcades. So, unless you are exactly sure you can obtain what you need at your destination, it's best to pack along your gear if intending to camp. In smaller stores in non-major towns, the price of many of the stuff on sale is pretty much negotiable—it is not uncommon for shop attendants to ask 30 TL for camp stove fuel, whereas it would cost typically 15 TL or even less in another store in a neighbouring town.

Caravan/trailer parks cannot be found as much as they used to be; there remains only a few, if any, from the days hippies tramped the Turkish highways with their vans—perhaps the most famous one, the Ataköy caravan park, known amongst the RV-ers for its convenient location in the city of Istanbul is long history (but there is another one still in operation several kilometres out in the western suburbs of the city). However, caravan riders can stay overnight in numerous resting areas along the highways and motorways, or virtually in any place which seems to be suitable. Filling the water tanks and discharging wastewater effluent seems to matter most.

Booking.com

The service to make reservations for Turkey is only available outside of Turkey. This is due to a tax struggle between the website and the government. So, you best book your accommodation before coming to Turkey. Otherwise, you can always use Tor or a VPN to get around this limitation.

O'rganing

• Naile's Art Home [2] is a marbling paper (Ebru) gallery and workshop in Cappadocia.
• Kayaköy Art School [3]^{[o'lik havola]}, yilda Kayaköy, a ghost town near Fethiye is offering art classes in summer, specializing on photography, painting, and sculpture.
• You can take the Ottoman Turkish classes in Adatepe, a village frequented by intellectuals near Küçükkuyu/Altınoluk in the northern Aegean Region. You can also participate in philosophy classes [4] taking place every summer in nearby Assos, organized as a continuation of the ancient “agora”/”forum” tradition of Mediterranean cities.
• Glass workshops atrofida Beykoz on the northern Asian banks of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, are offering one-day classes that you can learn making (recycled) glass and ornaments made of glass.
• Juda ko'p .. lar bor language schools where you can study Turkish in most of the big cities. Ankara University affiliated Tömer is one of the most popular language schools in Turkey and has branches in many big cities, including Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir among others.
• Many Turkish universities (both public and private) participate in pan-European student exchange programs (Socrates, Erasmus, and the like). Some also have agreements with non-European universities, too. Check with your own university and the one where you intend to study in Turkey.
• Many foreigners living in Istanbul support themselves by teaching English. Finding a good teaching job is usually easier with a well-recognized certificate like the ones listed below:
  • ITI Istanbul in 4. Levent runs Cambridge University's CELTA and DELTA courses year-round [5]

Ish

Work as an English teacher is reasonably easy to stumble upon. ESL teachers with a Bachelor’s Degree and TESOL Certificate can expect to earn 800-2,500 TL (monthly) and will usually teach 20–35 hours in a week. Contracts will sometimes include accommodations, airfare, and health-care.

Being that import-export is huge in Turkey, there are also many opportunities outside of teaching, though these are often much more difficult to find and require some legal work.

You need to have a work permit to work in Turkey. The control over illegal workers have grown stricter in the past five years with the consequence of deportation, so take the work permit issue seriously.

However, if you have your own company in Turkey you are allowed to "manage" it without having a work permit. Setting up what is known as an FDI (foreign direct investment) company is relatively straightforward, takes a few days and costs around 2,300 TL (April 2007). You don't need a Turkish partner, the company can be 100% foreign owned and requires a minimum of two people as shareholders. Running costs for a company average about 2,500 TL per year for a small to medium enterprise, less for an inactive company.

Owning a company allows you to be treated as Turkish in respect of purchasing real estate and bypasses the need for military permission and allows you to complete a sale in one day if required.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

	OGOHLANTIRISH: Because of the ongoing civil war in Syria, do not travel within 10 km of Turkey's border with that country.
	Hukumatning sayohat bo'yicha maslahatlari Birlashgan Qirollik
	(Axborot oxirgi marta 2020 yil sentyabr oyida yangilangan)

Antalya beach

Dial 155 for police, from any telephone without charge. However, in rural areas there is no police coverage, so dial 156 in such a place for jandarma (Military Police), a military unit for rural security.

Big cities in Turkey, especially Istanbul, are not immune to petty crime. Although petty crime is not especially directed towards tourists, by no means are they exceptions. Snatching, talonchilik, and mugging are the most common kinds of petty crime. The installation and operation of a camera network which watches streets and squares –especially the central and crowded ones- 24-hour a day in Istanbul, has reduced the number of snatching and mugging incidents. Just like anywhere else, following common sense is recommended. (The following recommendations are for the big cities, and most small-to-mid size cities usually have no petty crime problems at all.) Have your wallet and money in your front pockets instead of back pockets, backpack or shoulder bag.

You should drive defensively at all times and take every precaution while driving in Turkey. Drivers in Turkey routinely ignore traffic regulations, including driving through red lights and stop signs, and turning left from the far right lane; these driving practices cause frequent traffic accidents. Drivers who experience car troubles or accidents pull to the side of the road and turn on their emergency lights to warn other drivers, but many drivers place a large rock or a pile of rocks on the road about 10-15 m behind their vehicles instead of turning on emergency lights. You may not use a cell phone while driving. It is strictly prohibited by law.

Don’t exhibit your camera or cellphone for too long if it is a new and/or expensive model (they know what to take away, no one will bother to steal a ten-year-old cell phone as it would pay very little). The same goes for your wallet, if it’s overflowing with money. Leave a wide berth and move away from the area quickly if you see two or more people begin to argue and fight as this may be a ruse to attract your attention while another person relieves you of your valuables. Be alert, this often happens very quickly. Watch your belongings in crowded places and on public transport, especially on trams and urban buses.

Avoid dark and desolate alleys at night. If you know you have to pass through such a place at night, don’t take excessive cash with you but instead deposit your cash into the safe-box at your hotel. Stay away from demonstrating crowds if the demonstration seems to be turning into an unpeaceful one. Also in resort towns, when going to beach, don’t take your camera or cell phone with you if there will be no one to take care of them while you are swimming. If you notice that your wallet has been stolen it is wise to check the nearest trash cans before reporting the loss to the police. It is often the case that thieves in Turkey will drop the wallet into the trash to avoid being caught in possession of the wallet and proven a thief. Obviously it is highly likely that your money will no longer be in it, but there is a chance that your credit cards and papers will be.

Shuningdek qarang firibgarliklar section of Istanbul article to have an idea about what kinds of firibgarliklar you may come across with in other parts of the country too, especially the touristy ones, not just Istanbul.

Upon entering some museums, hotels, metro stations, and almost all shopping malls, especially in larger cities, you will notice security checkpoints similar to those found in airports. Don't worry, this is the standard procedure in Turkey and does not imply an immediate danger of attack. These security screenings are also conducted in a much more relaxed way than the airports, so you will not have to remove your belt to avoid the alarm when walking through the metal detector.

Carry your passport or other means of identification at all times. One may not be requested to show them for a long period, then all of a sudden a minibus is checked by the traffic police (or the military, particularly in Eastern Turkey), or one runs into an officer of the law with time on his hand, and one must show papers. Some government buildings may ask you to temporarily surrender your passport in return for equipment such as headphones for simultaneous translation, etc., and you may find your passport stored in an open box along with the locals ID cards which may be a little disconcerting. Hotels may request you to hand your passport in until you paid the bill, which puts you into an awkward situation. Referring to the police always made them hand the passport back, once the registration procedure was finalized. Showing a personal visiting card, one or two credit cards or knowing the address of a respectable hotel may solve the no-papers situation, but any self-respecting officer will tell you that you are in the wrong, and will be sorry next time. If treated politely however police and military can be quite friendly and even offer rides to the next city (no joke intended).

If you intend to travel to Sharqiy yoki Janubi-sharqiy Anadolu, stay ahead of the news. Although it offers many beautiful sights, the situation is far from secure due to ethnic strife and protests, sometimes resulting in violence. The region is far from a war zone, but take precaution when visiting this volatile place. The real risk of threat is not very big though, if you stick on major routes and follow common sense rules (such as avoiding demonstrations).

Be careful when crossing the roads , as mentioned in the get around/on foot Bo'lim.

Hayvonlar

The Turkish wilderness is home to both venomous and non-venomous ilon (yılan) species. Janubiy and especially janubi-sharqiy parts (even cities) of the country have large numbers of chayonlar (akrep), so exercise caution if/when you are sleeping on open rooftops, which is common in the southeastern region in summer. If you are stung by one, seek urgent medical aid.

As for wild mammals, the most dangerous ones are bo'rilar, bears va wild boars, but attacks on humans are extremely rare. All of these animals live only in mountainous areas (of almost all regions) and your chance of sighting one is very low (except boars which are not so rare). Wolves and bears are unlikely to attack unless you follow or disturb them (or, particularly, their young) aggressively. However, in the mating season between November and January, boars are known to attack even with only the slightest provocation.

The biggest animal threat comes from stray dogs (or sheepdogs in rural areas). Don’t assume you will come across gangs of aggressive stray dogs next to the gate of Hagia Sophia or the beach club however. They are mostly found in rural areas and non-central parts of the cities. They are usually discreet and are usually more afraid of you than you are of them. Quturish (kuduz) is endemic in Turkey (and most of the world) [6], so anyone bitten by a dog or other carnivore should seek urgent treatment, despite what you may be told by your hotel or other well meaning strangers.

Many stray dogs you’ll see in the cities bear plastic “ear rings”. Those ear tags mean the dog was cleaned up, vaccinated (against rabies and a number of other diseases), sterilized, and then returned back to the streets as this is the most humane treatment (compare with keeping them in a cage or a cage-like environment or putting them to sleep). The process is going on, so we can assume the stray dog problem in Turkey will disappear in natural ways sometime in the future.

Ob-havo

Most of Turkey has hot summers, with extremely hot summers in the southeastern interior, and while no part of Turkey is a desert, be extra careful when going to the south and southeast if you have never been in a hot-summer climate before. Take it easy on the first few days of your vacation. It’s always an excellent idea to put extra sunscreen on and avoid alcohol as you get used to the summer heat. However despite stereotypes, Turkey isn’t hot all year round. There are harsh winters in the central and especially eastern regions of the country and in the mountains, and the northern parts of Turkey (see Marmara va Black Sea regions) have mild, maritime climates with warm but not hot summers.

Natural disasters

Much of Turkey is prone to zilzilalar.

Tourism Police

There are "Tourism Police" sections of the police departments of Anqara, Antaliya, Istanbul (ichida.) Sultanahmet) va Izmir providing help specifically for tourists, where travellers can report passport loss and theft or any other criminal activity, they may have become victims of. The staff is multilingual and will speak English, German, French, and Arabic.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Dial 112 from any telephone, anywhere, free of charge for an ambulance.

Food safety - Food is generally free of parasitic or bacterial contamination, but be prudent anyway. Look at where local people are preferring to eat. Do not eat stuff that is sold outdoors, at least in summer and at least which local folk don’t eat. They can spoil fairly quickly without needed refrigeration. Wash thoroughly and/or peel fresh fruits and vegetables. They may be free of biological contaminants but their skin is probably heavily loaded with pesticides (unless you see the not-very-common certified organic produce marker on, of course). Food in western regions of the country is OK for (western) travellers for the most part, but the more east, south, and northeast you go, the more unaccustomed contents in the food you’ll come across, like goat or goose meat or hot/heavy spices. These contents may or may not cause diareya, but it is wise to have at least some anti-diarrhea medicine nearby, especially if you are going to travel to places a bit off-beaten-track.

Suv xavfsizligi - However tempting it may be on a hot day, try to avoid water from public water tanks and fountains (şadırvan), frequently found in the vicinity of mosques. Also, though tap water is mostly chlorinated, it is better to drink only bottled water except when in remote mountain villages connected to a local spring. Bottled water is readily available everywhere except the most remote, uninhabited spots.

The most common volumes for bottled water are 0.5 litre and 1.5 L. 5 L, 8 L, 10 L, and gigantic 19 L bottles (known as office jar in the West, this is the most common variety used in households, delivered to houses by the employees of specialized water selling shops, because it is far too heavy to carry) can also be found with varying degrees of possibility. General price for half-a-litre and one-and-a-half-litre bottled water is 0.50 TL and 1.25 TL respectively in kiosks/stalls in the central parts of the cities and towns (can be much higher in a touristy or monopolistic place such as beach, airport, café of a much-visited museum, kiosk of a roadside recreation facility), while it can be as cheap as 0.15 TL and 0.35 TL respectively in supermarkets during winter (when the number of bottled water sales drop) and a little higher in summer (still cheaper than kiosks, though). Water is served free of charge in intercity buses, packaged in 0.25 l plastic cups, whenever you request from the steward. In kiosks, water is sold chilled universally, sometimes so cold that you have to wait the ice to thaw to be able to drink it. Supermarkets provide it both reasonably chilled and also at room temperature.

View of the Blue Lagoon in Ölüdeniz

If you have no chance of finding bottled water –for example, in wilderness, up in the eastern highlands- always boil your water; if you have no chance of boiling the water, use chlorine tablets – which can be provided from pharmacies in big cities - or devices like LifeStraw. Also avoid swimming in fresh water, which you are not sure about its purity, and at seawater in or near the big cities –unless a beach which is declared safe to swim exists. And lastly, be cautious about water, not paranoid.

Kasalxonalar – In Turkey, there are two kinds of hospitals (hastane)-private and public. Private hospitals are run by associations, private parties, and private universities. Public hospitals are run by the Ministry of Health, public universities, and state-run social security institutions. All mid-to-big size cities and as major resort towns have private hospitals, more than one in many cities, but in a small town all you can find will probably be a public hospital. Public hospitals are generally crowded. So expect to wait some time to be treated. But for emergency situations this won't be a problem. Although this is not legal, you may also be denied entry to the public hospitals for expensive operations if you don’t have a state-run national (Turkish) insurance or a necessary amount of cash for prepayment which replaces it, though showing a respected credit card may solve this problem. Emergency situations are exception and you'll be treated without prepayment, etc. Travel health insurance is highly recommended because the better private hospitals operate with the “user-pays” principle and their rates are much inflated compared with the public hospitals. Also make sure your insurance includes air transport (like a helicopter) if you are going to visit rural/wilderness areas of Black Sea or Eastern regions, so you can be dispatched to a city with high-standard hospitals on time. In the outlying hoods of cities, there are usually also policlinics which can treat simpler illnesses or injuries. In the villages all you can find are little clinics (sağlık ocağı, literally “health-house”) which have a very limited supply and staff, though they can effectively treat simple illnesses or provide antibody against, for example, snake bite. On road signage, hospitals (and roads leading to hospitals) are shown with an “H” (over the dark blue background), whereas village clinics are shown with a red crescent sign, Turkish equivalent of red cross.

There is an emergency ward (acil servis) open 24 hours a day in every hospital. Suburban policlinics don’t have to provide one, but some of them are open 24-hr anyway. Village clinics do certainly have a much limited opening hours (generally 08:00 to sunset).

Dentists – There are lots of private dentist offices in the cities, especially along the main streets. Ni qidiring diş hekimi signs around, it won’t take long before you see one. Most dentists work on an appointment, although they may check or start the treatment on your turning up without an appointment if their schedule is okay. A simple treatment for a tooth decay costs about 40 TL on the average.

Ordinary toothbrushes and pastes (both local and international brands) can be obtained from supermarkets. If you want something special, you may check out pharmacies. It is okay to brush teeth with tap water.

Dorixonalar - There are pharmacies (eczane in Turkish) in all cities and many towns. Pharmacies are open 08:30-19:00, however every town has at least one drugstore on duty overnight (nöbetçi eczane), all other pharmacies in the town usually display its name, address and telephone numbers on their windows. Most basic drugs, including painkillers such as Aspirin, are sold over the counter, although only in pharmacies.

Chivinlar - Keeping a mosquito repellent handy is a good idea. Although the risk of bezgak anywhere in the country is long gone (except the southernmost areas near the Syrian border which used to have a very low level of risk until up to 1980s), mosquitoes can be annoying especially in coastal areas out of cities, including vacation towns at nights between June and September. In some towns, especially the ones near the deltas, mosquito population is so large that people desert the streets during the “mosquito raid” which occurs between the sunset and one hour after that. DEET-containing aerosol repellents (some are suitable to apply to the skin while others, the ones that are in tall tin cans are for making a room mosquito-free before going to bed, not to be applied onto skin, so choose what you buy wisely) can be obtained from supermarkets and pharmacies. There are also solid repellents coming in a tablet form which are used with their special devices indoors having an electricity socket. They release scentless chemicals into the air of the room which disturb the senses of mosquitoes and make them unable to “find” you. The tablets, together with their devices, can also be obtained from supermarkets and pharmacies. Beware! You shouldn’t touch those tablets with bare hands.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi in Turkish, shortly KKKA) is a serious viral disease and transmitted by a tick (kene) species. It can kill the infected person in a very short time, usually within three or four days. This disease has claimed more than 20 lives in Turkey within the past two years. The biggest risk is in the rural parts (emas urban centres) of Tokat, Corum, Yozgat, Amasyava Sivas provinces, all situated in an area where disease-carrying tick thrives because of the area’s location between the humid climate of maritime Black Sea Region and arid climate of Central Anatolia. Authorities recommend to wear light coloured clothing which makes distinguishing a tick clinged to your body easier. It’s also recommended to wear long trousers rather than shorts if you plan to walk through dense and/or tall grass areas (the usual habitat for ticks). If you see a tick on your body or clothing, in no means try to pull it out since this may cause the tick’s head (and its mouth where it carries the virus) sticking inside your skin. Instead, go to the nearest hospital immediately to seek urgent expert aid. Being late to show up in hospital (and to diagnose) is number one killer in this disease. Symptoms are quite like that of flu and a number of other illnesses, so doctor should be informed about the possibility of CCHF and be shown the tick if possible.

Coastal Black Sea Region, Marmara Region, Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and East Anatolia are generally deemed free of this disease (and also free of the disease-carrying species of tick) with no casualties. But in the name of being cautious, you should head for the nearest hospital anyway if you are bitten by (most likely an innocent) tick. Also remember that if you should head for the danger zone described above, ticks are not active in winter. Their active period is April to October, so is the danger period.

Public restrooms - Though many main squares and streets in the cities have a public restroom, if you cannot manage to find one, look for the nearest mosque, where you will see a public restroom in a corner of, or below its courtyard. Despite the fact that there is no shortage of cheap toilet papers anywhere in the country, however, you are unlikely to find toilet paper in almost any of the public restrooms (except lavatories of restaurants –including the road restaurants, hotels and most of the cafés and bars, of course). Instead, you are likely to find a bidet or a tap. (Don't be puzzled. That's because devout Muslims use water instead of paper to clean up and paper usually used as a dryer after cleaning.). So it is a good idea to have a roll of toilet paper in your backpack during your walkings for sightseeing. It is best to take your single roll of toilet paper from home or bathroom of the hotel you’re staying at, because the smallest size available in Turkey market is 4-rolls per package (8-rolls per package being the commonest) which would last very long (actually longer than your trip, unless you will do all the road down to India overland). It isn’t expensive but it takes unnecessary backpack space, or unnecessary landfill space if you won’t use it liberally and won’t take the unused rolls back to home as an unusual souvenir from Turkey. In the better places on the road in the country there are rest rooms that are maintained and an attendant ready to collect 1 TL from the tourist for the privilege of using one. Restroom is tuvalet in colloquial Turkish, though you’ll more likely to see WC signs, complete with diagrams and doors signed Bay yoki Bayan (respectively "men" and "women").

Menstrual products – Different types and designs of disposable pads are widely available. Look around in the supermarkets. However, Turkish women prefer tampons much less than European women do, so they are rarer. They are available only in some of the pharmacies.

Hamam - If you haven't been to one, you've missed one of life's great experiences and never been clean. You can catch your inner peace with history and water in a bath (hamam). See hamams in Istanbul.

Hurmat

Inside Hagia Sofia, Istanbul

Things to do

Turks are a very friendly, polite and hospitable people, sometimes even to a fault.

• When you are invited into a Turkish home, make sure to bring them a gift. Anything is fine from flowers to chocolate and indeed something representative from your country (but not wine and other alcoholic beverages if you are about to meet the host or if you do not know them well enough, as many Turks, for religious reasons or not, do not drink alcoholic beverages, and that is why it would be considered inappropriate as a gift). When you arrive at the house take off your shoes just outside or immediately inside the door, unless the owner explicitly allows you to keep them on. Even then, it might be more polite to remove your shoes. And if you really want their respect, thank your host for the invitation and compliment them. When inside the house, don't ask for anything for they will surely offer it. The host will make sure to make you feel at home, so don't take advantage of their kindness.
• People in Turkey respect elderly people, so in a bus, tram, subway and in other forms of public transportation, young(er) people will always offer you a place to sit if you are an old(er) person as well as a handicapped person or a pregnant woman or have children with you.
• It is respectful to bend slightly (not a complete bow) when greeting someone older or in a position of authority.
• Try to use some Turkish phrases. They will be complimentary if you try, and there is no reason to be embarrassed. They realize that Turkish is very difficult for foreigners and won't scoff at all at your mistakes; on the contrary, they will be delighted for trying it, even if they may not always be able to understand your pronunciation!

Qochish kerak bo'lgan narsalar

Turkish people understand that visitors are usually not aware of Turkish culture and customs, and tend to be tolerant of blunders in this regard by foreigners. There are, however, some which will meet with universal disapproval, and these should be avoided at all costs:

Politics:

• Turks in general have very strong nationalistic views, and would view any criticisms of their country and expressions and attitudes insulting the Turkish flag, the republic and Atatürk - the founding father of the republic as very offensive and with varying degrees of hostility. Moreover, it is noqonuniy to denigrate Turkey, the Turkish nation, or the Turkish government. To avoid getting into the bad raps of your hosts, it is advisable to only praise the country and avoid bringing up anything negative about it.
• Don't mention the Armenian Genocide, Kurdish separatism and the Cyprus problem. These are extremely sensitive topics and are definitely to be avoided. Turkiya jamiyati ushbu masalalarga yuqori hissiyot bilan yondashadi. Xususan, arman genotsidiga oid ba'zi bayonotlar, jumladan, uni genotsid deb atashadi noqonuniy Turkiyada.

Belgilar

• Turkiya madhiyasiga hurmat bilan yondoshing. Turkiya madhiyasini masxara qilmang yoki taqlid qilmang, chunki turklar o'zlarining milliy ramzlari bilan g'ururlanadilar va juda xafa bo'lishadi.
• Turkiya bayrog'iga hurmat bilan munosabatda bo'ling. Uni odamlar o'tirgan yoki turadigan joylarga qo'ymang, sudrab chiqmang, burama, ifloslantirmang, kiyim yoki forma sifatida ishlatmang. Turklar nafaqat xafa bo'lishadi, shuningdek, Turkiya bayrog'ini tahqirlash jazolanadigan jinoyat hisoblanadi. Bayroq Turkiyada nihoyatda muhim va hurmatga sazovor.
• Noto'g'ri tushunchalarga qaramay, Turkiya yunon, eron yoki arab emas. Turkiyani o'sha mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslash siyosiy va madaniy tafovutlar tufayli mahalliy aholi uchun juda asabiy va tajovuzkor.

Din:

• Turkiya dunyoviy bo'lsa-da, asosan musulmonlar mamlakatidir va garchi siz Turkiyada turli darajadagi islomiy amaliyotlarni ko'rsangiz ham, aksariyat turklar musulmonlikning liberal shakliga rioya qilgan holda, uning ba'zi an'analarini haqorat qilish yoki masxara qilish o'ta qo'pollikdir. siz islom dini haqida yomon gapirmaysiz. Butun Turkiya bo'ylab ko'plab masjidlar ma'ruzachilaridan kuniga 5 marta o'qiladigan Namozga da'vat haqida. Ushbu chaqiriqlarni masxara qilmang yoki taqlid qilmang, chunki turklar o'zlarining merosi va madaniyati uchun g'ururli va sezgir va juda xafa bo'lishadi.

Ramazon paytida, kunduzi jamoat joylarida ovqatlanmang, ichmang, chekmang va saqich chaynamang. Agar siz Eronda yoki arab mamlakatlarida bo'lgani kabi, bu noqonuniy emas, lekin bu mahalliy aholiga hurmatsizlikdir. Agar siz musulmon bo'lmasangiz va ovqatlanishni xohlasangiz, mehmonxonangizda buni qilish yaxshi. Biroq, Ramazon odob-axloqi, ayniqsa, yirik shaharlarning sayyohlik zonalari va xalqaro maydonlarida juda yumshoq.

Ijtimoiy odat va odob-axloq qoidalarini buzish:

• Dindor musulmon bilan (ro'mol kiygan) ayol, agar u avval qo'lini taklif qilmasa va dindor musulmon bilan (ko'pincha kepka va soqol bilan tanilgan) erkak, agar u avval qo'lini taklif qilmasa, qo'l berishga urinmang.
• Ovqatlanish paytida, hatto ehtiyotkorlik bilan ham burunni burama. Bu o'ta qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Ovqatlanish paytida, hatto ehtiyotkorlik bilan, tishlarini olmang. Bu o'ta qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• O'tirganingizda oyoqlaringizni qo'ymang va oyoq ostingizni birovga ko'rsatmaslikka harakat qiling. Bu qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Barmoq bilan birovga, hatto ehtiyotkorlik bilan ishora qilmang. Bu qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Suhbat paytida va ommaviy tadbirlarda saqich chaynamang. Bu o'ta qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Ruxsatsiz birovga tegmang. Bu o'ta qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Biror kishini quchoqlamang yoki orqangizdan urmang, ayniqsa rasmiy vaziyatlarda va holatlarda va siz yaqinda tanishgan va / yoki siz yetarlicha tanimaydigan odam bilan. Bu juda qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Suhbat paytida yoki o'zi bilan jamoat joyida, shuningdek do'stlar orasida suhbatlashayotganda so'kish so'zlarini ishlatmang. Bu o'ta qo'pol deb hisoblanadi.
• Ommaviy ichkilikbozlik (ayniqsa, baland va yoqimsiz xilma-xillik), albatta, qadrlanmaydi va yomon ko'riladi, ayniqsa mamlakatning ko'proq konservativ joylarida. Mast turistlar ham cho'ntak cho'ntaklarining e'tiborini tortishi mumkin. Ammo ichkilikbozlikka mutlaqo toqat qilinmaydigan narsa, ayniqsa politsiya tomonidan, agar u boshqa odamlarga nisbatan jismoniy tajovuzkorlik bilan birga bo'lsa, bu jarimaga sabab bo'lishi mumkin va agar bu yana og'ir jarima solinsa va / yoki politsiya bo'limiga tashrif buyurish mumkin ( agar siz sayyoh bo'lsangiz, mamlakatdan deportatsiya qilinishi mumkin).
• G'arbiy Evropada keng tarqalgan ba'zi imo-ishoralar Turkiyada qo'pol iboralar hisoblanadi. Odamlar sizni ajnabiy ekanligingizni ko'rsalar, bag'rikenglikka moyil. Ular sizni, ehtimol, ongsiz ravishda qilayotganingizni bilishadi, ammo vaqt topsangiz, bularni yodda tuting, tushunmovchiliklarga duch kelmaysiz. Bosh barmog'ingiz va ko'rsatkich barmog'ingiz bilan "O" yasash ("OK!" Deganday) qo'pollikdir, chunki siz teshik uchun imo-ishora qilyapsiz - bu turk ruhiyatida gomoseksualizmga ishora qiladi. Tilingizni chertishdan saqlaning. Ba'zi odamlar buni ongsiz ravishda gapning boshida qilishadi. Bu ishdan bo'shatish ishorasi. Shuningdek, musht yasash va bosh barmog'ingizni ko'rsatkich barmog'i bilan o'rta barmog'i orasiga qo'yish orqali amalga oshiriladigan "burni oldim" ishorasi Turkiyada o'rta barmoqning ekvivalenti hisoblanadi.

Boshqa narsalarni tomosha qilish kerak

• Kattaroq shaharlar va sayyohlik kurortlarida mehr-muhabbatning ommaviy namoyishiga yo'l qo'yiladi, ammo aholining keraksiz qarashlarini taklif qilishi mumkin. Ko'proq qishloq joylarida uni yomon ko'rishadi va undan qochish kerak. Gey va lezbiyen sayohatchilar har qanday tashqi ko'rinish belgilaridan qochishlari kerak, chunki bu, albatta, jamoatchilikdan keraksiz qarashlarni taklif qiladi. Biroq, jinsiy orientatsiyadan qat'i nazar, mehrni ochiq namoyon etish noo'rin deb hisoblanadi.
• Jamoat joyida baqirish yoki baland ovoz bilan gaplashishdan saqlaning. Odatda baland ovozda gapirish qo'pol deb hisoblanadi, ayniqsa jamoat transportida. Jamoat transportida uyali telefonda gaplashish qo'pol emas, lekin odatiy hisoblanadi, agar suhbat juda "shaxsiy" bo'lmasa.
• Turklar uchun tabassum qilish unchalik keng tarqalgan emas. Notanish odamga tabassum qilishdan saqlaning, chunki agar shunday qilsangiz, ular javoban javob qaytarishmaydi va ular sizni g'alati deb bilishadi. Turkiyada jamoat joyida notanish kishilarga tabassum qilish amalga oshirilmaydi va bu noo'rin deb hisoblanishi mumkin. Tabassum qilish an'anaviy ravishda oila va do'stlar uchun saqlanadi; notanish odamga jilmayish g'alati deb hisoblanishi mumkin, go'yo siz ularni masxara qilyapsiz va ularning kiyimlarida yoki sochlarida biron bir muammo bor edi.
• Aksariyat turk haydovchilari piyodalar o'tish joylarini hurmat qilishmaydi, shuning uchun ko'chadan o'tishda ehtiyot bo'ling.

Masjidlar

Antaliyadagi masjidda namoz o'qish

Diniy urf-odatlar sababli, barcha ayollar boshlaridan ro'mol kiyishlari, masjidga (yoki cherkov va ibodatxonaga) kirishda mini yubka yoki shortik kiymasliklari shart. Xuddi shu narsa Islomiy avliyolarning qabrlariga ham tegishli, agar qabr muzey deb nomlanmasa. Agar boshingizga kiyish uchun ro'mol yoki sharf bo'lmasa, kiraverishda qarz olishingiz mumkin. Biroq, sharf kiyish qoidasi biroz yumshatilgan, ayniqsa, sayyohlar tez-tez uchrab turadigan Istanbulning katta masjidlarida. Bunday masjidlarda hech kim kiyimlari haqida yoki boshlarida ro'mol yo'qligi sababli ogohlantirilmaydi. Agar siz sharf kiyishingiz kerak bo'lsa ham, sharflarni qanday qilib to'g'ri kiyish mumkinligi haqida bosh qotirmang, shunchaki boshingizning tojiga qo'ying (sirpanib ketmaslik uchun uni iyagingiz ostiga yoki bo'yningizning orqasiga o'rashingiz mumkin). ), bu juda etarli bo'ladi.

Shuningdek, erkaklar masjidga (yoki cherkovga yoki ibodatxonaga) kirishda kalta shim emas, balki shim kiyishlari shart, ammo hozirgi kunda hech kim (hech bo'lmaganda katta shaharlarda) kiyimlari to'g'risida ogohlantirilmagan. Ko'proq qishloq joylaridagi masjidga kirishda siz barcha an'anaviy tartib-qoidalarni bajarishingizni kutishingiz mumkin.

Namoz paytida namozxonlar masjidlarning oldingi qatorlarida saf tortishni tanlaydilar, bunday paytda ortda qolib shovqin qilmaslikka harakat qiladilar. Eng ko'p qatnashadigan juma peshin namozi paytida sizdan masjiddan chiqib ketishingizni so'rashingiz mumkin, buni shaxsan qabul qilmang, chunki bu masjid juda gavjum bo'ladi, chunki namozxonlarning ikkalasiga ham joy bo'lmaydi va diqqatga sazovor joylar. Namozxonlar darvoza tashqarisiga chiqqandan keyin siz orqaga qaytishingiz mumkin.

Ba'zi boshqa Yaqin Sharq madaniyatlaridan farqli o'laroq, ovqatlanish, ichish, chekish (qat'iyan man etiladi), baland ovoz bilan gapirish yoki kulish, uxlash yoki shunchaki yolg'on gapirish, hatto masjidlar ichida erga o'tirish ham turk madaniyatida yomon ko'riladi. Sevgining ommaviy namoyishlari, albatta, taqiqlangan narsadir.

Har qanday masjidga kirishdan oldin barcha poyafzallarni echib olish kerak. Masjidlar ichida poyabzal stollari mavjud, ammo siz ularni qo'lingizda ushlab turishingiz mumkin (faqat shu maqsadda ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan plastik to'rva yordam beradi). Ba'zi masjidlarda poyabzal stollari o'rniga qulflangan seyf qutilari mavjud.

Rasmiy ish soatlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, odatda masjid aslida ochiq bo'lganidan qisqa, eng diqqatga sazovor masjidlarning kirish qismida ular aslida hech narsani anglatmaydi. Masjidga eshiklari ochiq bo'lgan taqdirda tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin.

Kiyinish qoidalariga mos kelmaydigan g'alati sayyohlarga qaramay, masjidlarga, qabrlarga va boshqa ibodat joylariga kirishda konservativ tarzda kiyinish va barcha an'anaviy tartib-qoidalarga rioya qilish yaxshiroqdir; nafaqat talab qilinganligi uchun, balki hurmat belgisi sifatida ham.

Gey va lezbiyen sayohatchilar

Turkiya gey va lezbiyen sayohatchilar uchun juda xavfsiz hisoblanadi va gomoseksuallarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik juda kam uchraydi. Turkiyada gomoseksualizmga qarshi qonunlar mavjud emas, lekin bir jinsli munosabatlar hukumat tomonidan tan olinmaydi yoki jamiyat tomonidan qabul qilinmaydi. O'zingizning jinsiy orientatsiyangizni oshkor qilish, ehtimol, qarashlar va pichirlashlarni keltirib chiqaradi.

Ulanmoq

Quvvat

Barcha avtobuslarda telefoningizni zaryad qilish uchun UBS rozetkasi mavjud. Shunday qilib, "tonna" energiya banklarini olib o'tishga hojat yo'q.

Favqulodda vaziyat

Terish 112 har qanday joyda, har qanday telefondan, tez tibbiy yordam uchun bepul. Yong'in sodir bo'lganda, tering 110; politsiya uchun qo'ng'iroq qiling 155. Biroq, qishloq joylarda politsiya qamrovi mavjud emas, shuning uchun tering 156 jandarm uchun, qishloq xavfsizligi uchun harbiy qism. Ushbu raqamlarning hammasi bepul va ularni telefon kabinasidan qo'ng'iroq kartasini yoki biron bir telefonni, shu jumladan uyali telefonni joylashtirmasdan qo'ng'iroq qilish mumkin.

Telefon

Ilgari odatdagidek bo'lmaganiga qaramay, davlat ish haqi telefonlari shahar va shaharlarning markaziy maydonlari va yirik ko'chalari yonlarida va pochta aloqasi shoxobchalarida (PTT), ayniqsa ularning tashqi devorlari atrofida. Eski magnit kartalardan voz kechish natijasida jamoat telefonlari endi chip bilan ishlaydi telekom 30, 60 yoki 120 donada mavjud bo'lgan kartalarni pochta aloqasi bo'limlari, gazeta va tamaki kioskalarida olish mumkin. (Ammo favqulodda vaziyat raqamlariga kartasiz yoki ushbu telefonlardan hech narsa olinmasdan qo'ng'iroq qilish mumkin.) Siz kredit kartangizni ushbu telefonlarda ham ishlatishingiz mumkin, ammo u ishlamay qolishi mumkin. Stendlardagi barcha telefonlarda turkcha va inglizcha ko'rsatmalar va menyu mavjud, ko'plarida nemis va frantsuz tillari mavjud.

Qo'ng'iroqdan keyin naqd pul to'laydigan ba'zi kioskalarda va do'konlarda telefonlar ham mavjud. Bularni aniqlash uchun qidiring konturlu telefon belgilar. Garchi bu telefonlar kabinalarnikiga qaraganda qimmatroq.

Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Turkiya aholisining taxminan 98% Turkiyaning uchta hududini qamrab oladi Mobil telefon liniya provayderlari va deyarli barchada bitta. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarning yo'nalish provayderlari ushbu kompaniyalarning bir yoki bir nechtasi bilan rouming shartnomalariga ega.

Oldindan to'langan mobil telefon SIM-kartalarini 20-50 evroga sotib olish mumkin. Ularni aeroportda kelganda yoki Istanbul va boshqa yirik shaharlardagi ko'plab savdo shoxobchalarida sotib olish mumkin. Provayderlarga Vodafone kiradi.

IMEI ro'yxatdan o'tmagan xorijiy mobil telefonlar 120 kundan keyin bloklanadi. Bu faqat turk SIM-kartasidan foydalansangiz bo'ladi. Chet el SIM-kartasi bo'lgan telefonlarga blokirovka ta'sir qilmaydi. Ushbu veb-sayt mobil telefoningizni Turkiyada qanday qilib ro'yxatdan o'tkazishingiz mumkinligini tushuntiradi.

Bu erda tez ro'yxati hudud kodlari sayyohlar uchun muhim bo'lgan ba'zi yirik shaharlar va shaharchalar uchun:

Mintaqaviy kodlar mobil telefondan yoki hudud tashqarisidan qo'ng'iroq qilishda ishlatiladi. Mamlakat kodini ishlatmasdan, masalan, mamlakatning boshqa joylaridan shahar telefonidan qo'ng'iroq qilishda kodning oldiga "0" yozing.

Uyali telefonlarda hudud kodi o'rniga 5xx dan boshlanadigan raqamlar mavjud. Ushbu kod har doim, shuningdek, mahalliy raqamni terishda yoki bir xil prefiksli telefondan foydalaniladi.

Bilan boshlangan raqamlar 0800 bepul, shu bilan boshlanadiganlar 0900 yuqori to'lovli xizmatlar. Bilan boshlangan 7 xonali raqamlar 444 (asosan kompaniyalar tomonidan foydalaniladi) Turkiyada qaerga qo'ng'iroq qilsangiz ham mahalliy qo'ng'iroq sifatida olinadi.

Terish 00 uchun mamlakat kodidan oldin xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar Turkiyadan. Turkiyaga qo'ng'iroq qilishda shahar kodi va telefon raqamining prefiksi kiritilishi kerak bo'lgan mamlakat kodi 90.

Xabar

Istanbuldagi katta pochta aloqasi

Pochta bo'limlari sariq va qora ranglari bilan tanilgan PTT belgilar. Xatlar va kartochkalarni pochta bo'limiga olib borish kerak, chunki ko'chalarda pochta qutilari kamdan-kam uchraydi (va agar ularni ko'rsangiz ham, ular umuman bo'shatilishiga kafolat yo'q). Shunga qaramay, Turkish Post (PTT) bir nechta chiroyli markalarni nashr etadi. Pochta ichki jo'natmalar uchun kartalar va xatlar uchun 1,60 lira, xalqaro jo'natmalar uchun 3,70 lira, Narxlar uchun PTT veb-sayti. Shaharlardagi asosiy pochta aloqalari soat 08: 30-20: 30, shaharlarda va kichikroq pochta aloqasi bo'limlari odatda 08: 30-17: 30 gacha ishlaydi.

Poste restante/ etkazib berishning umumiy xatlari quyidagi manzilga yuborilishi kerak: oluvchining rasmiy to'liq ismi (chunki qabul qiluvchidan ID karta, pasport yoki uning munosib qabul qiluvchisi ekanligini isbotlaydigan narsa so'raladi) POSTRESTANT agar bir nechta pochta aloqasi bo'lgan shaharda kvartal / mahalla / tuman nomi yoki pochta aloqasi joylashgan shaharning nomi va pochta indeksi (ma'lum bo'lsa, majburiy emas, odatda kirish yoki ichki qismda mavjud) pochta bo'limining devorlari) va pochtaning kvartali / shaharchasi joylashgan viloyat nomi. Pochta olgandan keyin qabul qiluvchi 0,50 TL to'lashi kerak.

Internet

So'nggi o'n yilliklardagidek keng tarqalmagan bo'lsa-da internet-kafelar yoki tarmoq kafelari hali ham shaharlarda va qishloqlarda o'rtacha raqamlarda mavjud. Darhaqiqat, har qanday yirik shaharda kamida bittasi bor. Ularning barchasi yaxshi DSL ulanishlariga ega va ulanish narxi taxminan 1,50 TL / soat atrofida. Ushbu Internet-kafelarning ko'pchiligida, hammasida ham, CD-yozuvchilar mavjud bo'lib, ular qo'shimcha to'lovni amalga oshirgan har bir kishi uchun mavjud.

• Turkcell, eng yirik uyali aloqa operatori. 2 GB, 5 GB va 10 GB mobil Internetni mos ravishda 22 Tl, 28 TL va 32 TLga sotadi, bir necha daqiqa va SMSlarni o'z ichiga oladi.
• Vodafone
• Turk Telekom, ilgari Avea deb nomlangan

Tsenzura

Ba'zi veb-sahifalar sud qarori bilan bloklangan (masalan, masalan, saytlarda ba'zi rasmlarni ko'rmasangiz, imgur bloklanganligi sababli). Ko'pgina internet-kafelar proksi-server sozlamalarida hiyla-nayrang bilan ushbu bloklardan o'tib ketishadi. Vikipediya emas 2021 yildan boshlab bloklangan, ammo agar imkoningiz bo'lsa, sayohatingizdan oldin PDF-dan yoki foydalanib, eng kerakli qo'llanmalarning oflayn versiyalarini yuklab oling. Osmand, shu bilan siz Vikivoyajning barcha qo'llanmalarini bir marta yuklab olishingiz mumkin (faqat Android uchun). Bloklarni chetlab o'tish uchun siz VPN yoki Tor-dan foydalanishingiz mumkin. "Xavfsiz Wi-Fi" funksiyasidan mobil qurilmalarda bepul foydalanish mumkin.

Wi-fi

• Har bir mehmonxona o'zlarining Wi-Fi-ga ega. Tarixiy joylashuvi tufayli ba'zi mehmonxonalarda tarmoqni sozlash yoki ulanish bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud, ammo hech bo'lmaganda sizning mehmonxonangizda bepul Wi-Fi mavjud bo'ladi. Internetga kirish uchun Wi-Fi parolini o'rganish kifoya.

• Har bir kafe, bistro, restoran o'zlarining Internetlarini mehmonlari bilan bo'lishing. Hozir hatto kichik restoranlarda ham internet mavjud. Barqarorlik va tezlik sizning qayerda ekanligingizga va qaysi turdagi kafe, bistro yoki restoranda ekanligingizga bog'liq. Starbucks, Neron va boshqalar odatda juda ko'p odamlar bo'lmasa barqaror Wi-Fi-ga ega. Agar siz Starbucks-da bo'lsangiz, qurilmangizni ulashingiz kifoya (SSID TTNET yoki DorukNet bo'lishi kerak, agar siz Nero DorukNet-da bo'lsangiz) va tekshirish uchun ba'zi asosiy ma'lumotlarni to'ldirishingiz kerak. Shundan so'ng siz borishga tayyormiz. Agar siz boshqa restoran yoki kafelarda bo'lsangiz, ofitsiantingizdan SSID va parolni olishni so'rashingiz mumkin, shundan so'ng siz borishga tayyormiz.

• Ozod umumiy Wi-Fi Istanbul shahar hokimligi tomonidan eng keng tarqalgan shahar markazlari va maydonlarida, ro'yxatni ko'ring. Siz qilishingiz kerak bo'lgan narsa (albatta ushbu markazlardan biriga yaqinlashganda) o'zingizning identifikatoringizni mobil telefoningiz orqali ro'yxatdan o'tkazsangiz, siz kirish parolini olasiz.

• Siz .. qila olasiz; siz ... mumkin mobil Wi-Fi ulanish nuqtasini ijaraga oling Turkiyada bo'lganingizda. U butun mamlakat bo'ylab 3G ulanish asosida ishlaydi va siz bir vaqtning o'zida 10 tagacha qurilmani ulashingiz mumkin. Ushbu cho'ntak o'lchamdagi qurilmalarni Internet orqali osongina bron qilish mumkin. Mobil ulanish nuqtasini ijaraga oladigan ko'plab xalqaro kompaniyalar mavjud bo'lsa-da, asosan ikkita mahalliy kompaniya ishlaydi: Alldaywifi va Rent'n Connect.