Bolgariya - Bulgaria

Bolgariya, rasmiy ravishda Bolgariya Respublikasi (Bolgarcha: Republika Bolgariya), mintaqadagi mamlakat Bolqon, Qora dengizning g'arbiy qismida. Bolgariya dengiz bo'yidagi ulug'vor plyajlarga, yoqimli cherkovlarga va tog'laridagi qishki sport imkoniyatlariga, shuningdek har bir shahar va shaharning me'morchilik uslublarining o'ziga xos kombinatsiyasiga ega. Katta mamlakat bo'lmasligimizga qaramay (taxminan hajmi Kuba, Portugaliya yoki holati Virjiniya), Bolgariya har xil o'ziga xos go'zallikka ega bo'lgan turli xil landshaftlarni taqdim etadi. Shu sababli, mamlakatda ko'plab sayyohlik imkoniyatlari mavjud.

Mintaqalar

Shaharlar

• 42.6975123.324151 Sofiya (Sofiya, So'fiya) - Bolgariyaning poytaxti va eng yirik shahri, Uyg'onish davri va zamonaviy ta'sirga ega go'zal shahar markazi, ko'plab bog'lar, shu jumladan "Vitosha" milliy bog'i (shahar markazidan bir necha daqiqa uzoqlikda), tungi hayot, 250 dan ortiq tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar va me'moriy yodgorliklar va ko'plab madaniy joylar. Bu Evropaning eng qadimiy shaharlaridan biri.
• 42.527.4666666666672 Burgas (Burgas) - Garchi tijorat porti (Burgas porti) va neftni qayta ishlash zavodi bilan tanilgan bo'lsa-da, shahar chiroyli qirg'oq bo'yida, shahar markaziga yaqin va sayyohlar orasida mashhur bo'lgan boy savdo maydonlariga ega. Shaharda "Burgaz ruhi" mashhur musiqa festivali bo'lib o'tmoqda.
• 42.87111111111125.3153 Gabrovo (Gabrielova) - boshqa shaharlarga tezkor kirishni ta'minlovchi mamlakatning geografik markazi yaqinidagi mashhur sayyohlik maskani. Veliko Tarnovo va Qozonloq, shuningdek Bolqon tog'lari va tog 'chang'i kurorti Uzana. Arxitektura-etnografik kurort Etar shahar yaqinida joylashgan.
• 43.40777777777824.6202777777784 Pleven (Pleven) - Panorama yodgorligi va shahar markazidagi go'zal bog'lari va favvoralari bilan mashhur bo'lgan tarixiy shahar.
• 42.14333333333324.7488888888895 Plovdiv (Plovdiv) - Xalqning ikkinchi eng katta shahri, Maritsa daryosining ikkala qirg'og'ida joylashgan bo'lib, u yoqimli savdo shoxobchasi va ko'plab parklarga ega. Qadimgi yunon amfiteatrlari, Rim stadioni, "Bolgariya tiklanishi" uslubidagi Eski shahar va butun shahar bo'ylab turli xil masjidlar, katolik cherkovlari va pravoslav cherkovlari kabi ko'plab davrlarning ta'siriga ega bo'lgan qadimiy shahar. Plovdiv shuningdek, mamlakatda o'zining tungi hayoti bilan mashxur. Shahar zamonaviy turmush tarziga ega bo'lsa-da, u dunyodagi eng qadimgi va Evropadagi eng qadimgi shaharlardan biri hisoblanadi. Taxminan bir soatlik masofada joylashgan Bachkovo monastiriga qo'shimcha sayohat qilishni ham unutmang.
• 43.847525.9544444444446 Rus (Ruse, Ruse) - "Kichik Vena" nomi bilan tanilgan shahar markazi ta'sirchan me'moriy barokko ansamblini taklif etadi, uni Bolgariya ichida boshqa joyda topib bo'lmaydi. Shahar Sexiginta Prista Roman qal'asi, Rousse teatri, Caliopa uyi va Pantheon kabi turli xil diqqatga sazovor joylarga ega.
• 43.20777777777827.9169444444447 Varna (Varna) - Xalqning uchinchi yirik shahri - bu taniqli tungi hayot va shahar markazi bilan plyajdagi kurortning yoqimli kombinatsiyasi. Varnaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi bog'i ko'ngil ochar narsalar bilan to'ldirilgan va uni san'at ixlosmandlari ham qadrlashi mumkin.
• 43.08222222222225.6316666666678 Veliko Tarnovo (Veliko Trnovo) - O'rta asr Bolgariya imperiyasining poytaxti bo'lgan Yantra daryosi yaqinidagi chiroyli universitet shahri va hanuzgacha o'zining eski shahrida saqlanib qolgan o'rta asr qal'alaridan biri.
• 42.68083333333326.3163888888899 Sliven (Sliven) - Bolgariyaning sakkizinchi yirik shahri.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• 42.7251 Markaziy Bolqon milliy bog'i
• 42.9316666722.961666672 Dragoman Marsh
• 42.8225.343 Etar me'moriy-etnografik majmuasi (yoki shunchaki Etara) - Gabrovo shahri yaqinidagi "Bulgarka" milliy tabiat bog'ida 18-asr bolgar hunarmandchiligi va madaniyati ochiq osmon ostidagi muzeyi.
• 41.66666723.54 Pirin milliy bog'i
• 41.60111111111124.5741666666675 Rodop tog'lari

Tushuning

“	Xudo dunyo xalqlariga o'z erlarini berganida, u bolgarlarni unutgan va ularga er qolmaganligi sababli, ular uchun Osmonning bir qismini yirtib tashlagan.	”
- bolgarcha so'z

Turk bo'g'ozlariga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli, Evropadan O'rta Sharq va Osiyoga olib boradigan asosiy quruqlik yo'llari Bolgariya orqali o'tadi. Ushbu joylashuv tufayli mamlakat hududi o'z ta'sirini erga qoldirgan ko'plab xalqlarga qiziqish uyg'otdi. Turli xil tsivilizatsiyalar va davrlarning qoldiqlari butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarqalib ketgan va ularni bugungi kunda ham ko'rish mumkin. Qudratli Trakya podshohlari qabrlaridan, qadimgi yunonlar teatrlari va Rim imperiyasining stadionlari orqali, Birinchi va Ikkinchi Bolgariya imperiyasi qirollarining o'rta asrlardagi qasrlari va Usmonli hukmronligidan masjidlargacha.

Geografiya

Relyef

The Bolqon tog 'zanjiri Shimoliyni Janubiy Bolgariyadan ajratib turadi, chunki u mamlakatning eng shimoliy-g'arbiy qismlaridan Qora dengiz qirg'og'igacha sharqqa qadar boradi. Uning janubida Bolgariya relefida mamlakatning deyarli barcha g'arbiy va janubiy mintaqalarini egallagan baland tog'lar va daryo vodiylari hukmronlik qilmoqda. Shuningdek, janubga Trakya tekisligi va Strandja va Sakar past tog'lari kiradi. Shimoliy Bolgariya hududi butunlay pasttekisliklardir. Sharqiy Bolgariya - Qora dengizning barcha qirg'oqlari va plyajlari.

Eng yuqori nuqta: Rila tog'idagi "Musala" tog'i - 2925 m (Sharqiy Evropadagi eng baland cho'qqisi)

Iqlim

Ichki qismning aksariyat qismida kontinental: vaqti-vaqti bilan kuchli qor yog'adigan o'rtacha sovuq qish; issiq va quruq yoki yumshoq namlar .Sohil bo'yida mo''tadil: yumshoq kuzlar, salqin qishlar, yumshoq bahorlar va iliq va shabada yozlar.Subtropik uning janubi-g'arbiy qismida: quyi yerlarda qorga qaraganda ko'proq yog'ingarchilikli qish; yozi issiq va nam.

Qishki davrdagi harorat o'rtacha tekisliklarda -5 ° S dan 0 ° S gacha, dengiz bo'yida -2 ° S dan 3 ° S gacha, tog'larda -10 ° S dan -6 ° S gacha. Odatda aholi yashaydigan joylarda qishning ekstremal darajasi -15 ° S ga, sovuq yillarda vaqti-vaqti bilan -25 ° S ga etadi.

Yozda harorat tekisliklarda 25 ° S dan 30 ° S gacha, Qora dengiz qirg'og'ida 21 ° S dan 28 ° S gacha, tog'larda esa 18 ° S dan 21 ° S gacha. Yozda haddan tashqari harorat 40 ° S dan o'tadi va vaqti-vaqti bilan daryolar yaqinidagi tekisliklarda harorat 46 ° S-48 ° S gacha etadi.

Siyosat va boshqaruv

Bolgariya - demokratik parlament respublikasi, hokimiyatning an'anaviy taqsimotiga ega - qonun chiqaruvchi (parlament), ijro etuvchi (hukumat) va sud (mustaqil sud tizimi). Bolgariya Yevropa Ittifoqi (2007 yildan beri), NATO (2004), Jahon savdo tashkiloti (1996), Evropa Kengashi (1992), ATS (1978), EXHT (1973), Birlashgan Millatlar (1955).

Bolgariyadagi oliy hokimiyat Milliy assambleya (Bolgarcha: Narodno sbranie). Bu bitta palatali Bolgariya parlamenti. Uning a'zolari har to'rt yilda saylanadi. Bolgariya Respublikasi nomi bilan xalqaro shartnomalar va bitimlarni faqat Milliy Assambleya e'lon qilishi va bekor qilishi mumkin.

Yangi parlament a'zolari saylanganda, ko'pchilik a'zolari bo'lgan partiya yoki koalitsiya bosh vazir va hukumatni taklif qiladi. Har bir hukumatning shtatlari Milliy Assambleya tomonidan qat'iy belgilangan. Faqat parlament Bolgariya vazirlarini tayinlash va loyihalashtirish vakolatiga ega. Ammo har bir bosh vazir va har bir partiya yoki koalitsiya haqiqiy siyosiy vaziyat uchun maqbul bo'lgan hukumat tuzilishini taklif qilishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, vazirlarning soni va ularning vakolatlari sohasi har xil hukumatlarda turlicha bo'lishi mumkin. Bolgariyaning amaldagi hukumati 20 ta vazirdan iborat - 15 erkak va 5 ayol.

Bosh vazir Bolgariya hukumatni boshqaradi, vazir o'rinbosarlarini tayinlaydi va hafsalasi pir qiladi, davlatning ichki va xalqaro siyosatini belgilaydi. Bosh vazir va hukumat Milliy Majlis oldida javobgardir. Bolgariyaning hozirgi bosh vaziri Boyko Borisov.

Prezident Bolgariya - Bolgariya qurolli kuchlarining oliy qo'mondoni. U Bolgariya qurolli kuchlaridagi oliy ofitserlarni (generallar va admirallarni), Bolgariyaning xorijiy mamlakatlardagi elchilarini va xalqaro tashkilotlarni va boshqa oliy davlat amaldorlarini tayinlaydi va loyihalaydi. Milliy Assambleya tomonidan qabul qilingan qonunlar prezident tomonidan imzolanishi kerak. U ularni rad etish uchun "veto" qudratiga ega. Bolgariyaning amaldagi prezidenti Rumen Radev.

Tarix

Qadimgi dunyo

Shuningdek qarang: Qadimgi Yunoniston, Rim imperiyasi

Qazish ishlari natijasida miloddan avvalgi 5000 yilgacha bo'lgan eksponatlar topildi. O'sha paytdan boshlab mamlakat hududida doimiy ravishda yashab kelingan va hozirgi Bolgariya hududida turli xalqlar va jamoalar yashagan. Bolgariyaning aksariyat qismi, shuningdek Gretsiyaning ikki mamlakatning umumiy chegarasidan janubga to'g'ri keladigan qismi va Evropaning Turkiyasi qadimgi zamonlarni tashkil etgan. Frakiya. Ko'p trakiyalik qoldiq va xarobalarni Bolgariya bo'ylab, xususan, atrofida topish mumkin Qozonluk. Qadimgi yunon davrida bu mintaqada ko'plab shaharchalar tashkil etilgan bo'lib, ularning ba'zilari hanuzgacha Bolgariyaning shahar va shaharlari sifatida saqlanib qolgan. Keyingi asrlarda zamonaviy Bolgariya hududi Rim imperiyasining bir qismi bo'lib, daraxtzor viloyatlari bo'lgan. O'rta asrlarning boshlarida ba'zi slavyan qabilalari Bolqonga joylashdilar va 7-asrning oxirida ularning bir qismi proto-bolgarlar bilan birlashdi - Buyuk ko'chishning so'nggi to'lqinlari bilan birga kelgan Markaziy Osiyo qabilasi - Bolqonda birinchi Bolgariya davlati.

Birinchi va ikkinchi Bolgariya imperiyalari

Keyingi asrlarda Bolgariya va Vizantiya imperiyalari Janubi-Sharqiy Evropada hukmronlik qilishdi, imperiyalar dunyoning ushbu qismida bo'lgan kuch va ta'sir nisbati doimiy ravishda o'zgarib turdi. Ba'zida bolgarlar o'sha davrdagi tsivilizatsiya beshigini - Vizantiya poytaxtini egallashga bir necha kun qolgan edi Konstantinopol; ba'zan esa Vizantiya bolgariya davlatiga halokatli zarbalar berar edi. O'rta asrlarda Bolgariya slavyan madaniyatining markazi va nasroniylikning markazlaridan biri bo'lgan. Bolgariya maktablarida diniy adabiyot va tasviriy san'at rivojlanib, mamlakat o'zining qo'l san'atlari bilan mashhur edi. Bolgariya milodiy 886 yilda o'z yozuv tizimi sifatida kirill alifbosini (dastlabki shaklida) qabul qilgan birinchi davlatdir. Birinchi Bolgariya imperiyasining shohlari knyaz Boris I va Buyuk Shimoliy Simeon hukmronligi davrida Bolgariyaning birinchi "Oltin asri" milodiy 811 yildan 924 yilgacha davom etgan. Shtatdagi ikkinchi Oltin asr milodiy 1200 yildan Milodiy 1241 yilgacha Ikkinchi Bolgariya imperiyasining podshosi Tsar Ivan Asen II davrida bo'lgan. U Asenevtsi sulolasining hukmdori bo'lgan, u Vizantiya imperiyasidan qulaganidan keyin Bolgariya davlatini tiklagan va 1185 yilgacha qariyb ikki yuz yil davomida "xaritada yo'q" bo'lgan uy. Asenevtsi hukmronligi maydalash bilan mashhur salibchilar muqaddas erlarni zabt etish maqsadlaridan voz kechib, pravoslav nasroniylikka qarshi bo'lganlaridan keyin. Salibchilar bilan jang atrofida va undan keyin Ikkinchi Bolgariya imperiyasining hukmdorlari Evropaning bu qismida ustunlik hukmronligi davrida edi, chunki davlat "mahalla" da eng katta va qudratli davlatga aylandi.

Usmonli hukmronligi

Shuningdek qarang: Usmonli imperiyasi

Ammo XIV asrning oxiriga kelib bu hududni Usmonli turklari bosib oldi. Bolgarlar boshqa Bolqon xalqlari qatori Usmonli imperiyasining tarkibiga kirdilar. Besh asr o'tgach, 1878 yilda, Bolgariya Usmonli imperiyasiga qarshi keng miqyosli kurash doirasida Rossiya imperiyasining katta yordami bilan ozod qilindi. Mamlakatning ramziy qahramonlari orasida Usmonli hukmronligi davridagi ozodlik uchun kurashchilar va ziyolilar bor. Eng ko'zga ko'ringanlaridan ba'zilari: Ota Paisiy, Georgi Sava Rakovskiy - inqilobiy strateg, Vasil Levski - Ozodlik Rasuli va Xristo Botev - shoir va kurashchi. Bolgariya unga erishdi amalda 1908 yilda Usmonli imperiyasidan mustaqillik.

Uchinchi Bolgariya davlati

Shuningdek qarang: Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi, Sovuq urush Evropa

Bir qator qonli va shafqatsiz Bolqon urushlari va milliy falokatdan so'ng, Bolgariya ikkala Jahon urushida ham mag'lubiyatga uchragan tomon tomonidan baxtsizlikka uchradi va Sovuq urush davrida Sovet Ittifoqining ta'sir doirasiga tushib qoldi. 1946 yilda kommunistik partiya etakchi mavqega ega bo'lgan Xalq Respublikasiga aylandi. Kommunistik davrda Qora dengiz temir parda ortidagi sayohatchilar uchun sevimli joy edi va mamlakatdagi ko'plab kurortlar o'sha davrda qurilgan. 1989 yil oxirida kommunistik hukmronlik tezda tugatildi. Bolgariyada ko'p partiyali saylovlar o'tkazilgan bo'lsa-da, ko'plab kommunistik siyosatchilar qayta nomlangan sotsialistik siyosat bilan hokimiyatda qolishdi. Giperinflyatsiya va iqtisodiy tanazzul uzoq vaqt nafaqaga chiqqan ishchilarni hozirda hech narsaga yaramaydigan pensiyalarini to'ldirish uchun ko'chalarda tilanchilik qilishga, yoshlarni soyali biznes boshlashga va jamiyat mafiya rahbarlaridan yordam so'rashga majbur qildi. Vaziyat nihoyat 1997 yilda eski gvardiyani hokimiyatdan chetlashtirdi, ammo hukumatning barcha darajalarida "yashirin jarayonlar" ta'sirining tarqalishi tufayli mamlakat og'ir siyosiy vaziyatda edi.

Bugungi kunda islohotlar va demokratizatsiya Bolgariyani NATO safiga qo'shdi, 2007 yilda Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilish bayrami nishonlandi. Bolgariya 2015 yilda o'z milliy valyutasi - levni tashlab, Evro hududiga qo'shilishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo bu rejalar ushlanib qoldi. Garchi u nisbatan barqaror iqtisodiyotga ega va qarzdorligi past bo'lsa-da, bu Evropa Ittifoqining eng qashshoq a'zosi. Bundan tashqari, mamlakat 1990 yillarning boshidan demografik inqirozni boshdan kechirmoqda va er yuzidagi boshqa millatlarga qaraganda ko'proq odamlarni yo'qotdi.

The Bolgariyaning milliy bayrami - 3 mart - Ozodlik kuni (Bolgarcha: Osvobojdenie na Balgariya). 1878 yil 3 martda San-Stefano shartnomasi imzolandi, 1877-78 yillardagi rus-turk urushini tugatdi va Bolgariya knyazligining mustaqil bo'lishiga olib keldi. Usmonli imperiyasi.

Chiqinglar

Kirish talablari

Bolgariya buni amalga oshirishga sodiqdir Shengen shartnomasi hali buni qilmagan bo'lsa-da. Evropa Ittifoqi (Evropa Ittifoqi) yoki Evropa erkin savdo zonasi (EFTA) fuqarolari uchun (ya'ni. Islandiya, Lixtenshteyn, Norvegiya va Shveytsariya), rasmiy ravishda tasdiqlangan shaxsiy guvohnoma (yoki pasport) kirish uchun etarli. Boshqa millat vakillari odatda kirish uchun pasport talab qilishadi.

Bolgariyadan / boshqa mamlakatga (Shengen yoki yo'q) sayohat odatiy immigratsion tekshiruvlarni olib keladi, garchi boshqa Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatiga borishda / kelganida bojxona tekshiruvlari bekor qilinadi.

O'zingizning sayohat agentligingiz yoki Bolgariyaning mahalliy elchixonasi yoki konsulligidan so'rang.

Quyidagi mamlakatlarning fuqarolari buni qilishadi emas Bolgariyaga kirish uchun vizalar kerak: Andorra, Antigua va Barbuda, Argentina, Avstraliya, Avstriya, Bagama orollari, Belgiya, Braziliya, Bruney, Kanada, Chili, Kolumbiya, Kosta-Rika, Xorvatiya, Kipr, Chex Respublikasi, Daniya, Salvador, Estoniya, Finlyandiya, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Gvatemala, Gonduras, Vengriya, Islandiya, Irlandiya, Italiya, Isroil, Yaponiya, Latviya, Lixtenshteyn, Litva, Lyuksemburg, Malayziya, Maltada, Meksika, Moldova, Monako, Mavrikiy, Gollandiya, Yangi Zelandiya, Nikaragua, Norvegiya, Panama, Peru, Polsha, Portugaliya, Paragvay, Janubiy Koreya, Ruminiya, Sent-Kits va Nevis, San-Marino, Seyshel orollari, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Ispaniya, Shvetsiya, Shveytsariya, Singapur, Ukraina, Buyuk Britaniya, AQSH, Urugvay, Vatikan shahri, Venesuela, Gonkong va Makao.

Boshqa barcha mamlakatlarning fuqarolari iroda o'z mamlakatingizdagi Bolgariya elchixonasi yoki konsulligidan olinadigan vizani talab qiladi. Turli xil vizalarni olish mumkin, shu jumladan qisqa muddatli, 90 kunlik viza ("S" turi). Viza uchun ariza onlayn tarzda mavjud Bu yerga, Bolgariya Tashqi ishlar vazirligi veb-saytidan.

Samolyotda

Bolgariyada shaharlarda joylashgan to'rtta xalqaro aeroport mavjud Sofiya (SOF ^IATA), Varna (VAR ^IATA), Burgas (BOJ ^IATA) va Plovdiv (PDV ^IATA), ammo aksariyat an'anaviy bayroq tashuvchilar (Lufthansa, British Airways, Turkish Airlines kabi) faqat Sofiya xalqaro aeroportiga uchishadi. Ko'p sonli charter va so'nggi daqiqalarda parvoz takliflari mavjud, ammo Varna yoki Burgas G'arbiy Evropadan (ayniqsa Germaniya va Buyuk Britaniyadan) chiqib ketish. Ulardan foydalanib, agar siz omadingiz bo'lsa, Germaniya aeroportlaridan Bolgariyaga va orqaga 100 evrodan orqaga qaytishingiz mumkin.

Bir nechta arzon aviakompaniyalar Bolgariyaga doimiy reyslarni taklif qilishadi. Ular har mavsum o'z jadvallarini o'zgartiradilar, shuning uchun aviakompaniya veb-saytidan parvozlarni tekshiring.

• Wizz Air to'g'ridan-to'g'ri doimiy reyslarga ega Sofiya 35 yo'nalishdan, asosan G'arbiy Evropada, shuningdek Isroil va Dubaydan, shuningdek, reyslar Varna 13 ta yo'nalishdan va Burgas 4 dan.
• Eurowings Düsseldorf va Shtutgartdan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarni taklif etadi Sofiya.
• EasyJet uchadi Sofiya Buyuk Britaniyadagi 5 aeroportdan, shuningdek Varna Gatvik va Berlindan.
• Ryanair uchadi Sofiya 28 aeroportdan Burgas 13 aeroportdan Varna Venadan, shuningdek Plovdiv Londondan Stansted.
• Flydubay Dubaydan uchib ketadi Sofiya.

Charter reyslari Qora dengiz aeroportlariga juda yaxshi narxlarni taklif qilishi mumkin Varna va Burgas yozda Evropaning turli xil shaharlaridan (masalan: Tomson, Balkan Holiday Air, Bolgariya havo xartiyasi, Kondor, UTair va boshqalar). Qishda, charter aviakompaniyalari yaxshi savdoni taklif qilishi mumkin Sofiya va Plovdiv.

AQShdan yirik aviakompaniyalar Evropa orqali Bolgariyaga mukammal aloqalarni taklif qilishadi. Siz yirik aviakompaniya bilan borishingiz mumkin bo'lgan aeroportlar Sofiya va Varna. Osiyodan Turkish Airlines va Qatar Airlines eng yaxshi aloqa va narxlarni taklif qiladi.

Poyezdda

Kimdan Ruminiya, poezd har kuni yuradi Buxarest soat 12:00 da, o'n soat davom etadi; qaytish poyezdi Sofiyadan soat 09:00 da jo'naydi. Iyundan sentyabrgacha bu poezdda, oktyabr-mayda siz o'zgarishingiz kerak Rus Chegarada ("Ruse"). Endi bir kechada poyezd yo'q.

Kimdan Gretsiya, poezd har kuni yuradi Saloniki soat 07: 00da Sofiyaga soat 14:20 ga yetganda; orqaga qaytadigan poyezd Sofiyadan soat 15: 00da Salonikiga etib boradi (jo'nash taxtalarida "Solon" deb ko'rsatilgan) soat 22:20. Afina, Pirey va yunon orollariga paromlar bilan bog'lanish uchun siz u erda tunashingiz kerak.

Kimdan kurka, shpal poyezdi Istanbul Xalkali bilan soat 21: 40da, Edirne, pasport nazorati uchun chiqqan chegaradagi Kapikule va Plovdiv orqali harakatlanib, soat 09: 00ga qadar Sofiyaga etib boradi. Sharq tomon yo'nalgan poyezd soat 21: 00da Sofiyadan jo'nab, soat 07:40 da Istanbulga etib boradi. Ikkinchi toifadagi yagona tarif - 20 evro, kushet uchun qo'shimcha 10 evro yoki yotoq uchun 15 evro.

Kimdan Serbiya, Iyun oyining o'rtalaridan sentyabr oyining o'rtalariga qadar Belgrad Topcider va Sofiya o'rtasida har kuni o'n soat davom etgan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri poezd qatnaydi. Biroq Budapesht-Belgrad yo'nalishi 2019 yil davomida muhandislik ishlari olib borilishi to'xtatilganligi sababli, g'arbiy Evropadan Bolgariyaga poezdda etib borish qiyin.

Bolgariyaga sayohat qilishning arzon usuli bu Bolqon Flexipass.

Mashinada

Agar siz G'arbiy Evropadan Bolgariyaga mashinada etib borishni xohlasangiz, Serbiya yoki Ruminiya orqali o'tishingiz kerak, yoki Italiyadan Gretsiyaga parom bilan borishingiz mumkin.

G'arbiy Evropadan Bolgariyaga eng qisqa masofa Serbiya orqali o'tadi. Biroq, Serbiya Evropa Ittifoqining bir qismi emasligi sababli yoningizda yashil kartangiz borligiga ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak. Shuningdek, Serbiyaning Bolgariyaga (Nis orqali) boradigan eng ko'p ishlatiladigan yo'li tor transport yo'li bo'lib, u tirbandlik tufayli haydashga toqat qilar edi. Sharqiy Serbiyani Bolgariya bilan bog'lash uchun A6 avtomagistrali qurilmoqda. U 2021 yil boshida yakunlanishi kutilmoqda.

Ruminiya orqali faqat Bolgariyaga olib boradigan boshqa yo'l uzoqroq, ammo Ruminiya o'z chegaralarini G'arbiy Evropa bilan Bolgariyaga bog'laydigan magistral yo'llarga ega bo'lgani uchun va Evropa Ittifoqining bir qismi sifatida ittifoq fuqarolari kam rasmiylashtiradilar Ruminiya chegaralarida. Shuningdek, yo'l Shimoliy Evropadan sayohat qilganlar uchun juda mos keladi.

Gretsiya bo'ylab sayohat qilish, o'tgandan keyin Saloniki oxirgi manzilingizga qarab uchta yo'lni tanlashingiz mumkin. Agar siz boradigan bo'lsangiz Sofiya, G'arbiy yoki Shimoliy Bolgariya, eng tez va eng qisqa yo'l Serres tomon, so'ngra Promaxonas - Kulata chegarasigacha. Agar siz boradigan joy bu joyda bo'lsa Rodoplar (Smolyan, Pamporovo, Kurdjali) yoki yaqin Plovdiv, eng qisqa marshrut Xanti tomon (Kavala yaqinidan o'tib), so'ngra Themes - Zlatograd chegarasiga boradi. Ammo bu yo'nalish hali ham Gretsiyada rekonstruksiya qilinishi kerak. Nihoyat, agar Bugari dengiz bo'yida eng tez marshrut Komotiniga (Kavala va Xanti yaqinidagi parring), so'ngra Ormenio chegarasiga - kapitan Petko Voyvoda tomon boradi.

Bolgariyada siz chegarada yo'l solig'ini to'lashingiz kerak (7 kun davomida 5 evro atrofida). Siz mashinangizga joylashtirishingiz kerak bo'lgan maxsus stikerni olasiz. Bolgariya yo'llarida pullik stantsiyalar mavjud emas.

Stikerdan tashqari, siz Bolgariya hukumatiga tibbiy sug'urtani to'lashingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin (3 kishiga bir kishi uchun 2 evro, ko'proq kunlarga biroz ko'proq). Kvitansiya olganingizga ishonch hosil qiling! Ba'zi bir kunlarda Bolgariya ta'tillariga to'g'ri keladigan uzun navbatlar kutiladi.

Avtobusda

Avtobuslar va orqaga Sofiya Evropaning aksariyat yirik shaharlariga boring - Bolgariya avtobus kompaniyalari arzonroq bo'lsa (va asosan kamroq qulaylik yaratadi), agar siz sayohat qilsangiz, chiptalarni olish qiyin ga Bolgariya, shuning uchun siz har doim Eurolines avtobuslarida borishingiz mumkin. Avtobus haydovchisi har bir sayohatchidan qo'shimcha "chegara to'lovi" so'rasa ajablanmang - bu sizning chegarangizni tezroq o'tishiga imkon beradi. G'arbiy Evropadan avtobuslarning aksariyati Serbiya orqali o'tadi, shuning uchun tranzit vizasi kerakligini tekshirib ko'ring (Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari uchun Serbiya vizalari bekor qilindi).

Qayiqda

Lar bor muntazam paromlar Varna, Chernomorsk (Odessa, Ukraina) va Poti (Gruziya) o'rtasida Qora dengiz bo'ylab. Burgas va Istanbul o'rtasida tezyurar paromlar haqida gap bor. Ba'zan Varna va Burgasda kruiz kemalari joylashgan.

Atrofga boring

Avtobusda

Mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilishning eng tezkor yo'li bu avtobus. Avtobuslar barcha yirik shaharlarni tez-tez bog'lab turadi (so'rashingiz yoki avtovokzalga taksida haydashingiz mumkin). Ingliz tilidagi jadval jadvallari ma'lumotlarini Internet orqali topishingiz mumkin (avtogari.info yoki bgrazpisanie.com). Har doim mahalliy vaqtni tasdiqlang, chunki onlayn manbalar to'liqsiz yoki eskirgan bo'lishi mumkin. Avtovokzalning aksariyat agentlari (Qora dengiz va Sofiyada bundan mustasno), shuningdek haydovchilar bolgar tilidan tashqari (va agar omadingiz bo'lsa, rus tilidan) boshqa tillarni bilmaydilar yoki tushunmaydilar va yo'nalishlar faqat kirill yozuvida yoziladi. Siz yuqoriga qarashingiz mumkin avtobus jadvallari avtobus bekatidagi Sofiya Yangi Markaziy uchun.

Sofiyadan Bolgariyaning yirik shaharlariga avtobusda sayohat qilish - bu yaxshi qiymat. Sofiyadan Qora dengizga bitta yo'l chiptasi 12-15 evro atrofida. Bir nechta kompaniyalar yangi va zamonaviy avtobuslar bilan muntazam xizmat ko'rsatishadi. Bir nechta yirik kompaniyalar uchun ingliz tilidagi jadvallar va narxlar bilan tanishishingiz mumkin GRUP Plus va Biomet.

Sofiyada boshqa avtovokzallar ham bor, shuningdek, ba'zi shaxsiy avtobuslar o'zlarining shaxsiy stantsiyalaridan jo'nab ketishadi, ammo shunchaki chalkashliklar bilan shahar tashqarisiga chiqmoqchi bo'lgan sayohatchilar uchun - Yangi Markaziy Avtovokzaldan foydalanish eng oson bo'lishi mumkin.

Avtobuslar va mikroavtobuslar qatnaydi Varna va Burgas qirg'oq bo'ylab, barcha Bolgariya Qora dengiz turistik kurortlariga o'tish yoki borish.

Poyezdda

Poezdda sayohat arzon, ammo avtobusga qaraganda sekinroq. Poyezdlar ikki asosiy poezd yo'nalishi bo'ylab sayohat qilishda eng foydalidir: Sofiya - Varna va Sofiya - Burgas. Bir kecha-kunduzda ikkala yo'nalishda ham sayohat qilishingiz mumkin, ammo oldindan buyurtma qilishingiz kerak, chunki bu tungi poezdlar ko'pincha to'liq bron qilinadi.

Ning rasmiy veb-sayti Bolgariya davlat temir yo'llari (BDZ) foydalanuvchilar uchun qulay va foydalanishga qulay bo'lgan onlayn jadvalni taqdim etadi [1]. Boshqa bir poezd rejalashtiruvchisi mavjud bgrazpisanie.com.

Shuni ham yodda tutingki, aksariyat Bolgariya poyezd vagonlari 20 yoshdan oshgan, eski bolgar zaxiralari va eski nemis harakatlanuvchi tarkibining aralashmasi (asosan Interregio sobiq murabbiylari) va har doim ham yaxshi saqlanmaydi, xususan hojatxonalar g'arbiy foydalanuvchilarning ko'pchiligiga ibtidoiy bo'lib ko'rinadi. .

Siemens tomonidan qurilgan yangi, ancha qulay, Desiro poezdlari mavjud (g'arbiy mamlakatlarda qo'llaniladiganlar bilan bir xil): Sofiyadan Plovdivgacha; Plovdiv Karlovo va Asenovgradga; va Sofiya - Blagoevgrad yo'nalishlari. BDZ shuningdek, ba'zi eski avtoulovlarni ta'mirladi va hozirda ularni "IC" deb nomlangan premium mahsuloti uchun ishlatmoqda, bu tezkor poezd, bu majburiy rezervatsiya va 2-o'rinda ham 2 ta o'rindiqli, juda qulay va toza o'rindiqlarda.

Poezd chiptalarini sotib olish juda tez oldinga siljiydi, lekin ko'pchilik odamlar chipta jo'nashidan 10 daqiqa oldin sotib olishadi, chunki sizning chiptangiz odatda ma'lum bir poezd uchun amal qiladi. Agar siz qaysi poezddan foydalanmoqchi ekanligingizni bilmasangiz, shuningdek, jarima solmasdan poyezdda chipta sotib olishingiz mumkin. Agar sizning sayohatingiz poezd boshlanadigan vaqtdan boshlanadigan bo'lsa, siz juda oz qo'shimcha haq evaziga ma'lum bir poezdda ma'lum bir o'rindiq uchun joy sotib olishingiz mumkin (0,30 leva). Garchi bu hech qachon orasidagi stantsiyalardan ishlamaydi.

Birinchi sinf odatda 2-sinfdan qariyb 30% qimmatroq va odatda unchalik qulay emas (to'rtta o'rniga 3 ta o'rindiq).

Agar qaytish chiptasini sotib olsangiz, ikkita alohida chiptani sotib olish bilan solishtirganda, butun sayohat uchun 30% chegirmaga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin. Agar shunday qilsangiz, qaytish safari oldidan stantsiya kassalarida muhr bosilishi kerak, aks holda bu yaroqsiz bo'lishi mumkin.

Guruhda sayohat qilish uchun chegirma mavjud.

Temir yo'llarga qiziquvchilar tashrif buyurishlari kerak Rodoplar boshlanadigan poezd Septemvri va Dobrinisthega ko'tariladi, Bansko orqali o'tish. Ushbu tor o'lchamli (760 mm) poyezd juda chiroyli manzaradan o'tib, Rodop tog'lariga ko'tarilib, tepaga etib boradi va keyin yana 4½ soat ichida 125 km (o'rtacha soatiga 30 km) tezlikda pastga tushadi. Bu biroz vaqt talab etadi, ammo bu qishloq bolgariya hayotini ko'rish uchun juda yaxshi usul. Maxsus holatlarda uni bug 'dvigateli boshqaradi.

Taksida

Taksilar odatda shaharlarni aylanib chiqishning qulay va arzon usuli hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina taksi haydovchilari faqat cheklangan ingliz tilini bilishadi, shuning uchun boradigan joyingizni yozib olish yoki xaritani olib yurish foydalidir. Bolgariyadagi taksi tariflari yirik shaharlarda standartlashtirilgan va taksining old va yon oynalarida ko'rsatilishi kerak. Biroq, chet elliklar, ehtimol, hisoblagichlarni buzib tashlagan yoki uzoq yo'llarni bosib o'tgan vijdonsiz taksi haydovchilarining nishoniga aylanishi mumkin. Siz o'zingizning mintaqangizdagi eng taniqli taksi operatorlari, marshrutingiz va kutilayotgan hisob-kitob bilan tanishishingiz kerak. Halol taksi haydovchisini topishning eng katta usuli bu telefon yoki dastur orqali taksiga buyurtma berish, Sofiya va Varna aeroportlaridagi rasmiy taksistondagi taksidan foydalanish yoki katta yo'llardan o'tayotgan do'l. Vijdonli bo'lmagan joyni topish uchun turistik joylar va yirik mehmonxonalardagi taksilar stantsiyalari yoki aeroportga etib kelganlar, avtobus va temir yo'l stantsiyalarida sizga taksini taklif qiladigan odamni kuzatib borish mumkin. Ba'zi firibgar taksilar hattoki o'zlarining mashinalaridagi boshqalarning logotiplari va yorliqlariga taqlid qilishadi.

Mashinada

If travelling by car, it would be helpful if you can read the Cyrillic alphabet at least a bit. Most signs at the major roads have the direction shown in Latin letters, but the signs in the internal road system are exclusively in Cyrillic, so if you are planning a road trip, GPS navigation or a road map are recommended.

If you are a foreigner, its best to rent a car. If you decide to rent a car bear in mind that for any bump or scrape to the car, whether involving a third party or not, you must immediately call the police to come and establish the damages of the incident for the insurance companies, otherwise you will find that your insurance will not cover the damage. Check the Terms & Conditions of your rental agreement closely.

Driving in Bulgaria can be a bit precarious - many roads do not have well defined lanes as they are not well marked, and are in poor conditions with bumps and holes on them. On all but the major roads, expect to find significant pot holes and uneven surfaces. Due to the poor road surfaces, you will often find cars driving on the wrong side of the road to avoid these holes, so be cautious when driving around blind bends. Locals often do not observe speed limits, do not signal when changing lanes, take up dangerous manoeuvres on the road and are very nervous on behind the wheel. When travelling on the road Sofia-Greece, be very careful. There are extensive road reconstructions and you can meet some really dangerous drivers.

If you observe the rules, police will not bother you. Bulgarian police have white Opel Astra patrol cars, marked "POLICE" with blue letters - keep that in mind, because in the past there have been several cases of fake police officers stopping cars and robbing travellers. Should you ever doubt the authority stopping you, you have the right to ask them to identify themselves with a certificate issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Министерсво на вътрешните работи - МВР).

Never ever drink and drive in Bulgaria! This is always dangerous, and in Bulgaria it is a heavy criminal act: your first offence will result in a long prison sentence or at least - a very significant fee. The once-common practice of bribing a police officer to get out of a speeding or parking ticket is becoming the exception.

Car theft isn't much of a risk, but shouldn't be underestimated. In rural areas leaving your car should be safe, but in the big cities or tourist spots, it is advisable to stay on the safe side by parking either on the major streets or on guarded garages, where fees range from 6 leva (€3) a day to 2 leva (€1) an hour. If you plan to spend more time in one city, it might be better to rent a parking space, which on the average costs 60 leva (€30) a month. Most hotels have their own parking, and even at private lodgings it is often possible to park the car in the garden or so, just ask.

Samolyotda

Domestic air travel does not make much sense in Bulgaria as distances are relatively short.

Bulgaria Air, the national carrier, flies 2-3 times/day between Sofia and Varna.

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Bolgarcha so'zlashuv kitobi

Bolgar is a southern Slavic language that uses the Cyrillic alphabet.

Bulgarian is mutually intelligible with Makedoniya (considered a variant of Bulgarian by many Bulgarians) and also closely related to Serbo-Croatian. Russian and other Slavic languages are more distantly related but still similar. If you know any of these, you shouldn't have many problems getting by.

Turkish is spoken natively by the Turks of Bulgaria, who live mostly in the Southern mountains and the further Northeast.

It is also important to remember the fact that many Bulgarians - contrary to most nationalities - shake their head uchun Yes va nod uchun No! It is better to rely on the words "da" uchun yes va "ne" uchun no than on head movements.

Bulgarian education emphasizes foreign language studies, and especially the English language. Older people may speak Ruscha, as it was a compulsory second language in schools during the communist era. The use of Russian has been declining since the collapse of the iron curtain, with English now being far more popular. In the south people often understand Greek and Turkish.

Qarang

There is a wide variety of historical, natural, religious and artistic sights to see in Bulgaria. All across the country there are remains of different epochs and eras, societies and peoples, spiritual and artistic personae that create a beautiful mix of ethnic culture full of unique traditions and rituals combined with a sense of belonging to the movements that have shaped the world as we know it today. The Bulgarian tourist movement, established more than one hundred years ago, has promoted the acknowledgement of all the sights that form the distinguished Bulgarian identity through its so called "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria" program [2] that covers most of Bulgaria's must-see attractions. Of course, nowadays the program includes more than two hundred and fifty one-of-a-kind places of interest but the name still remains. Some of the most popular sites include:

• UNESCO's World Heritage sites: Ancient City of Nessebar, Boyana church, Madara Rider stone carving, Rila Monastery, Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari being the historical, and Pirin National Park, Srebarna Nature Reserve being the natural.
• the other great monasteries of Bulgaria that have been centres of Bulgarian culture during the Ottoman rule such as Bachkovo Monastery, Troyan Monastery, Dryanovo Monastery, Osenovlag Monastery, etc.
• the natural creations in the Bulgarian mountains that are a combination of awe to the beautiful natural forms and the exciting feeling of danger in the face of the sharp edges and deep ravines created solely by wind and water. Some of the most popular natural creations are the caves Dyavolsko Garlo (Bulgarian: Дяволското гърло, The Devil's Throat), Ledenika (Bulgarian: Леденика, The Ice-Cold), Magurata which has cave paintings on its walls and Snezhanka (Bulgarian: Снежанка, the Snow White), the canyons of Trigrad and the river Erma, Chudnite Mostove (Bulgarian: Чудните мостове, The Marvelous Bridges) rock phenomena, and the natural pyramids near the town of Melnik and the ones near the village Stob.
• the still-standing fortresses from the Middle Ages such as Tsarevets yilda Veliko Tarnovo, Baba Vida yilda Vidin, Tsari Mali Grad near Samokov, Fort of Samuil near the village of Strumeshnica and the Fort of Asenevtsi near Asenovgrad.
• the remains from the cities of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire in Sofiya, Plovdiv, Nessebar, Sozopol, Razgrad and many many other cities and towns
• the architectural historical reserves like the towns of Koprivshtitsa, Bozhentsi, yoki Daskalolivnitsa in the town of Elena, Plovdiv's Old Town, Varosha neighbourhood in Blagoevgrad and the neighbourhood of Arbanasi yilda Veliko Tarnovo
• the sacred places of Perperikon va Rupite, the many ancient and medieval churches in the country, and the tombs of the Thracian kings
• the sites of historical significance for the Bulgarian people, because of the acts of those who have been on those places such as mount Shipka, mount Okolchitsa, the area Oborishte, the homes of Vasil Levski va Ivan Vazov, and the church in Batak among many other places

Bulgarian culture includes a many unique and interesting to see traditional rituals some of which have been around since pagan times and are still performed. Some of the most interesting rituals are:

• nestinarstvo - a fire ritual originating from the villages in the mountain Strandzha that involves barefoot dancing on soldering embers. Originally it was performed on the square of some Strandzhan villages, but nowadays it can be viewed in many places throughout the country on the night of Sts. Constantine and Helen - 3 versus 4 July. It is a unique mixture of Eastern Orthodox Christian beliefs and pagan rituals in the Strandzha mountains
• surva - a new years ritual for hood luck and health. It is performed by young children (up to the age of 12) on New Year's Day, by tapping the older than them relatives on the back with the help of a survachka (a rod made of cornel tree sticks, decorated with wool, dried fruit and popcorn) and reciting a text for their fortune
• kukerstvo - a traditional Bulgarian ritual performed to scare away the evil spirits. The ritual is performed by men wearing grotesque masks and clothes made out of animal furs, horns and hooves, and belts with large bells. The men are dancing, making loud sounds with the bells on their belts, chasing away the evil spirits in order to ensure a good harvest, health and good luck throughout the year. The ritual is usually done around New Year at night when "the monsters lurk"

Qil

Piyoda yurish - It is a popular activity in Bulgaria, where a big choice of regions for a day or multyday walking trips is available. The best time for hiking in the highest parts of the mountains is in summer, between late June and September as the snow is already melted and the weather is generally dry. In winter, snowshoeing and ski trips are possible between December and March, depending on the current snow and weather conditions.The main hiking areas are:

• ichida Bolqon - this mountain chain gives the name of the Balkan Peninsula. It stretches all along the country and is popular among the fans of the long distance hiking trips. One of the famous European Long Distance Routes (E3) follows its main southern ridge all the way from the west border of the country to the seaside. One of the three national parks in Bulgaria - National Park Central Balkan - is situated here. Also, on the northern side of the mountain is Nature Park Bulgarka. Both parks are protected areas as they contain rare and endangered wildlife species and communities, self-regulating ecosystems of biological diversity, as well as historical sites of global cultural and scientific significance.
• yilda Bulgarian Shopluk - The highest point of the Balkans (Mount Musala - 2925m ) is situated in Rila. Beside it, the northwestern parts of the mountain are a popular hiking destination, rich to nature and cultural sights as the Seven Lakes Cirque, Skakavitsa Waterfall (the highest in Rila), the Rila Monastery and the area of Malyovitsa. National Park Rila, which is the biggest in Bulgaria, is situated here.
• yilda Pirin - Located south from Rila and close to Gretsiya and the Mediterranean Sea, these mountains are famous with the biggest number of sunny days per year among the mountain ranges in Bulgaria. The most popular hiking area is Northern Pirin. Its highest peak (Mount Vihren - 2914m) is the third highest the Balkans, after mount Musala in Rila and mount Mitikas in Olympus, Greece. Another popular route follows the main ridge of the mountains, crossing a landmark, called "The Foal" - a very tiny part of the ridge, which is secured and accessible for hikers. National Park Pirin is established to protect the nature in these mountains. Pirin is also famous with a number of blue high mountain glacier lakes.
• ichida Rhodope Mountains - Located in South Bulgaria, the Rhodopes take up nearly one-eight part of the territory of the country. The landscapes here are quite different than in those of Rila and Pirin - there is no such a jagged peaks, but endless "sea" of green hills and a number of small villages between them. The Rhodopes offer a lot of opportunities for easy hiking in combination with getting to know the local culture and traditions. The area is inhabited from an old time and nowadays both Christians and Muslims live here and contribute to the unique local culture. The Rhodopes are known as the home of Orpheus - the mythical Greek musician and poet who entered the underworld to revive his beloved wife Eurydice.

There is an extensive network of marked tourist trails available and this allows a large number of different routes. The main accommodation in Balkan, Rila and Pirin mountains are the mountain huts and lodges, which usually offer rustic conditions, but there are also numerous three- and four-star hotels near popular tourist destinations. In the Rhodopes it is possible to stay in local guest houses.

Winter sports - There is a large number of winter resorts all around the Bulgarian mountains. Some of the most popular are Bansko, Pamporovo,Borovets va Chepelare

Enjoy the beach - the Bulgarian seaside is full of enchanting kurortlar mixing the modern hotels and wild night life with ancient sights and traditional culture. Famous resorts include Albena, Golden Sands, Nessebar, Primorsko, Sveti Vlas, Sozopol, and of course Sunny Beach.

Enjoy the nightlife - Bulgaria has a wide variety of entertainments to offer to any generation and that can satisfy any taste. However, one of the things the country is most famous of is its nightlife. A mix of oriental passion, European vision and unique Bulgarian seasoning that can be found throughout all the summer beach resorts at the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, mountain resorts, and almost any city and university town including Sofiya, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Haskovo, Veliko Tarnovo, Blagoevgrad, and many others.

Rojdestvo - While most Bulgarians are Eastern Orthodox, Christmas is a religious affair, so that Bulgaria celebrates December 25 as Christmas Day, according to the Gregorian calendar. Slavic traditional Christmas carols, known as koleduvane in Bulgarian can be seen in the streets.

Sotib oling

Pul

Exchange rates for Bulgarian leva 2020 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra: US$1 ≈ лв1.8 €1 ≈ лв1.95 (fixed) UK£1 ≈ лв2.3 Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

The Bulgarian unit of currency is the lev (лев, plural: leva), denoted by the symbol "лв" (ISO code: BGN). It is divided into one hundred stotinki. The lev is pegged to the euro at 1.95583 leva for €1.

Shopkeepers and other businesses in Bulgaria will usually not accept foreign money, although many will accept the euro. Bulgaria remains a largely cash economy in the rural areas; but in major cities, credit cards are generally accepted.

In most cities there are many money exchange offices which are marked with signs that say "Change". Most are legitimate, but some may rip you off. For example, they advertise a very competitive rate on the outside, but on the inside, there is a tiny sign with the "official" rates, and these are much worse – so always make sure to ask how many leva you will get for your money oldin you actually hand it over, and calculate yourselves (e.g., using your mobile phone) how much money you would expect to get. If you now refuse the transaction because the rate suddenly changed, they will make all kinds of unjustified assertions (e.g., "I already entered it into the computer, it cannot be stopped"), but you if threaten to call the police immediately while raising your voice so that other tourists look your way, they usually will let go immediately.

It is much safer to exchange your money at a bank. Banks apply little or no commissions, and generally offer good rates, although they are slightly worse than at a (non-criminal) change bureau. Higher commissions may be applied to traveller's cheques. Old, dirty or very worn bank notes may be refused. Hech qachon exchange money out on the street. Beware of people on the street who offer high rates of exchange or who may ask you to make some change for them.

Over the past years the ATM network in Bulgaria has grown considerably, making it relatively easy to obtain cash from the numerous ATMs in Sofia, and in all other major cities and resorts. The national credit/debit card circuit Borica [3], to which all ATMs in the country are hooked up, accepts Visa/Plus, Visa Electron, MasterCard/Cirrus, Maestro, American Express, Diners Club, and a number of other cards.

Prices

Prices in Bulgaria for some items are around half that of Western Europe, and good bargains are to be had on shoes and leather goods as well as other clothing. Clothes from famous international brands, perfumes, electronic equipment, etc. often are more expensive than in other parts of Europe.

Supermarkets

In Sofia and a few major cities you can find branches of international hypermarket chains like Kaufland, Hit, Billa, Metro, and other. There are also many local supermaket chains like Fantastiko, Familia, and Piccadilly. All Bulgarian supermarkets sell products of European quality.

Tips

Waiters in Bulgaria usually get paid a minimum wage, because they make up the rest of their salary on tips (бакшиш (bakshish)). 10% is an average tip in a restaurant. Change is ресто (resto) and Service charge is такса обслужване/сервиз (taksa obsluzvane/serviz).

Yemoq

Shuningdek qarang: Balkan cuisines

Bulgarian cuisine is a representative of the cuisine of Southeastern Europe. It has some Turkish and Greek influences, but it has some unique elements. The relatively warm climate and diverse geography produce excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, bean cultures, herbs and fruits. Bulgarian cuisine is particularly diverse.

Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of wines and local alcoholic drinks. Bulgarian cuisine features also a diversity of traditional hot and cold soups, and numerous main dishes featuring a myriad of local grown vegetables. The meat appetizers that are typically served after the main dish are not to be missed out on. Bulgaria is also famous for the abundance of pastries in its cuisine.

A traditional Bulgarian meal starts with a salad of choice and some strong alcoholic beverage. The Bulgarian likes to drink wine or beer with its main dish continuing with the chosen drink by the end of the meal. This is why in most restaurants a salad is considered to be the best combination for strong alcoholic drinks.

Restaurants serving international cuisine have a presence in the country, offering various options such as Chinese, French, Italian, and international contemporary.

Because of Bulgaria's geographic location and the slow technological progress in the agricultural sector of the economy, the plant products used in the typical Bulgarian kitchen are all organic.

Most common foods

Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling - especially different kinds of meats - is very common. Turkish-influenced dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Fish and chicken are widely eaten, while beef is less common.

Yogurt (Kiselo mlyako) is very popular. It is mixed with water (drink called ayryan or airian) and it is added to main dishes (especially liver based or with minced meat). White cheese (brine) is a very popular ingredient in the Bulgarian cuisine too. Salads are often topped with it and it is often added to soups and main dishes.

• Banitsa (also diminutival called banichka) is a traditional Bulgarian food prepared by layering filo pastry with various ingredients. Cheese is the most popular one, but there are also spinach, potatoes, minced meat or kraut (in the winter season). Usually people eat it for breakfast but it goes at any time of the day.
• In the bakeries there are also various flour based cakes like kozunak (sweet bread, Easter cake with raisins), kifla (rolls with chocolate or marmelade) and some salty variations with white or yellow cheese.
• Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt and cucumber (dill, garlic, walnuts and sunflower oil are sometimes added) and is popular in the summer season.
• Shkembe chorba (tripe soup) is widely believed to be a hangover remedy. There are a few 24/7 places in Sofia where young people go early in the morning after a party, to have a Shkembe.
• Shopska salad is a traditional Bulgarian cold salad popular throughout the Balkans and Central Europe. Its name comes from the people born of Sofian descent called "shopi". It is made from tomatoes, cucumbers, onion/scallions, raw or roasted peppers, white brine cheese and parsley.
• Snezhanka salad or Snow White salad is made from yogurt and cucumbers. Snezhanka (Snow White) salad derives its name from the fairy tale character Snow White but the only reason for the name is the predominantly white color of the salad.
• Trushia is served predominantly in the winter season - pickled vegetables. It is a traditional appetizer (meze) to go with the alkoholi drink rakia. It is often served in restaurants or it can be bought prepared from supermarkets. There are different recipes made with garlic, chili peppers, celery, cauliflower, carrots, cabbage and other vegetables, and dried aromatic herbs pickled in vinegar, salt, and different spice mixtures, which usually include whole black peppercorns, ginger, etc.
• Kyopolou salad is a popular Bulgarian and Turkish relish made principally from roasted eggplants and garlic. Bell peppers, tomatoes, parsley are added.
• Green Salad, very popular in the spring season and Easter, is made of lettuce, radish, cucumber. Boiled eggs are added on Easter. Sometimes it is served topped with yogurt.
• Lyutenitsa (Ljutenica or Lutenica) is a vegetable relish. The ingredients include tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, onion, garlic or black pepper. It comes in many varieties. Lyutenitsa comes in a jar and is often used as a spread on toast and breads. It is also popularly eaten with many meats, meatballs and kebapcheta.
• Kebapche (plural Kebapcheta) is grilled minced meat with spices (black pepper or cumin). The meat is shaped into an elongated cylindrical form, similar to a hot dog. Typically, a mix of pork and beef is used. Kebapche is a grilled food. It is never fried or baked.
• Kyufte (also Kiufte, plural Kiufteta) is minced meat, with traditional spices, shaped as a flattened ball.
• Sarma is a dish of grape or cabbage leaves rolled around a filling usually based on minced meat.
• Musaka (Moussaka) is potato-based dish with pork mince, and the top layer is usually yogurt mixed with raw eggs.
• Yogurt is popular dessert served with jam, dried or fresh fruits or honey. In the Sofia area it is often called Vezuvii (Vesuvius) or given other "marketing" names in the restaurant menus.
• Baklava is very popular dessert but it is rarely served in the restaurants in Sofia. It can be found in boxes in the supermarkets.
• Garash cake is commonly found in patisseries and restaurants. It is made of ground walnut kernels, sugar and topped with chocolate icing.

Vegetarian

There are a number of traditionally vegetarian dishes in Bulgarian cuisine including salads, soups, and some main dishes.

Salads - main ingredients in Bulgarian salads are tomatoes, cucumbers and white cheese. The most popular Bulgarian salad is Shopska salad, which is a mix of tomatoes, cucumbers, onion, raw or roasted peppers (preferably roasted), white cheese and is typically seasoned with parsley. The dressing for Shopska salad is salt, sunflower oil and wine vinegar.

Soups - Traditional Bulgarian vegetarian soups include: Bob Chorba (боб чорба) which is a minty bean soup, Leshta Chorba (Леща чорба) which is minty lentil soup and Tarator (Таратор) - a cold yoghurt and cucumber soup.

Main dishes - there is a wide variety of boiled, fried, breaded, or roasted vegetarian dishes.

• Panagyurski style eggs (Яйца по панагюрски) - Boiled open eggs served in yoghurt and white cheese with red pepper and garlic seasoning
• Mish-mash - fried mixed eggs with peppers (and onions) seasoned with fresh spices
• Byurek pepper (Чушка бюрек) - baked pepper stuffed with seasoned eggs and white cheese mix, breaded and fried
• Vegetarian sarmi (посни сърми) - rolls of either vine leafs or pickled cabbage leafs filled with seasoned rice and served with yoghurt

Traditional milk products

There are only two native kinds of cheese: the yellow-colored Kashkaval (Кашкавал) - more or less akin to the Dutch Gouda - and the more popular white Sirene (Сирене) - a kind of Feta cheese, similar to Greek Feta in taste but more sour. Originally made from sheep milk, it is available from cow or goat milk, or mixed.

A pride of the Bulgarian people, yoghurt has Bulgaria for its motherland. The native Bulgarian original yoghurt (kiselo mlyako) contains Lactobacilicus Bulgaricus, a bacterium which serves as the basis for active culture "plain" yoghurt in other countries. Normally made from cow or sheep milk, it can also be prepared from buffalo milk, with a remarkably stronger taste.

Being a staple, and quite favourite around the country, Bulgarian yoghurt also is an ingredient to many dishes, the most famous one being the cold soup Tarator and the drink Ayran. Yoghurt is also a main ingredient of a white sauce used in baking.

There are a lot of dishes served with yoghurt on the side since Bulgaria is the homeland of the product.

Traditional meat appetizers

There is a large number of traditional meat appetizers from all kinds of meat in Bulgarian cuisine. The most widely consumed, however, have been pork. Traditional meat appetizers are made from either the meat of the animal or from its intestines, but some of the delicacies include both. Other ingredients include leek, garlic, sometimes rice and a wide variety of herbs and spices such as savoury, thyme, parsley, cumin, dill, black pepper, red pepper, and others.

Cooked traditional meat appetizers include fried liver ( typically chicken, pork or lamb), roasted lamb intestines in herbs and spices, breaded veal tongue or veal tongue with mushrooms in butter, and veal stomach in butter or with mushrooms and cheese. Other popular cooked meat appetizers are sazdarma (саздърма) va bahur. Sazdarma is made of chopped meat and usually is seasoned with Daphne leafs and black pepper and can be from veal, lamb or mutton, while bahur is made of chopped pork meat and liver, with added rice and seasoned with allspice, savoury and black pepper. Although, some may think that those appetizers do not sound attractive at all, many of them fin out that they are a jewel once they have tried them.

Smoked and/or dried meat appetizers can be generally divided into two types: pastramis and salamis.

Some of the most popular pastrami-type appetizers are the pork Elena fillet (a salted air-dried fillet covered in savoury, thyme and other herbs) and Trakiya fillet (again, salted and air-dried fillet which is more juicy than Elena fillet and is covered in red pepper). There is also a wide variety of conventional pastramis (air-dried and then smoked and steamed) made from pork, veal, mutton, lamb and turkey. Pastrami in Bulgaria is transcribed as пастърма (pastarma). Another popular fillet appetizer is air-dried mackerel (in Bulgarian veyana skumriya (веяна скумрия) and it can be found in restaurant all around the seaside.

Salami-like appetizers are mostly made of pork and are only air-dried. The most popular are lukanka (made of minced pork with black pepper and cumin), ambaritsa (made of minced meat with red pepper, black pepper and garlic), babek (chopped meat and belly with red pepper, black pepper and either dill or savoury), and starets (chopped meat and belly with black pepper, cumin, allspice and rarely leek or garlic).

Bulgarians have a long tradition of making meat appetizers and many of them vary in recipe across the country. Much of them can be found in different varieties in restaurants and food stores. Most of the most popular appetizers have regional recipes that give the distinct flavour of the area.

Popular local dishes with meat

The most preferred Bulgarian salad is the shopska salad. However, there is another traditional salad that includes the ingredients of the shopska salad and adds it own distinct touch. The ovcharska salad is a mix of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, onion, parsley and white cheese combined with mushrooms, boiled eggs, yellow cheese and most significantly - ham. The dressing again is salt, sunflower oil and wine vinegar.

As a main course you can have:

• Bolgar moussaka - a rich oven-baked dish of among other ingredients: potatoes, minced meat and white sauce of eggs and yoghurt served traditionally with chilled yoghurt;
• Gyuvetch - typical ingredients include chopped potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, aubergines, peas and some meat done in a clay pot called gyuvetch (from where the name of the dish comes
• Sarmi - rolls of vine or pickled cabbage leaves with rise and meat
• Drob sarma - a dish of lamb liver, belly and kidneys with rice covered white sauce and baked, served with yoghurt
• Kavarma - fried meat with tomatoes, onions and peppers
• Kapama - rolls of pickled cabbage leafs filled with four types of meat and at least one type of sausages in tomatoes and onions baked in a gyuvetch

Fast food

In Bulgaria there are traditional bakeries that prepare different kinds of pastry products. Banitsa va mekitsa are the favorite salty and sweet (respectively) pastries among others like tutmanik, milinka va kifla. Also, a traditional fast food option in Bulgaria is the grilled foods, such as kebabche va kufte (made of minced meat), karnache (a variety of sausage) and shishche (a king of shish-kebab made with chicken or pork meat).

Pizza, dyuner (döner kebab), sandwiches and toasts, or hamburgers are also very easily found on the streets of Bulgaria. There are also many local and international fast-food chains. While the local vary across regions, some of the internationally recognised McDonalds, KFC, Subway and Burger King are in every big city.

There is also a chain of fast food restaurant made by Syria Bulgarian all over Bulgaria offering fried chicken and pizza call ( Shami ) and it offers halal cheap food.

Other chain really recommended to try is ( HAPPY ) and it is available all over Bulgaria, worth to try always, good and clean service.

Ichish

Non-alcoholic

There are more than six hundred mineral water springs around the country, so this is something you'd better taste and drink. However, tap water is not safe to drink in some regions.

Some of the most popular traditional non-alcoholic beverages in the country are ayran/ayryan (yoghurt, water and salt) and boza (sweet millet ale).

Another popular non-alcoholic drink is the fizzy drink "Etar" that has a distinct caramel flavour.

Vino

Grape growing and wine production have a long history in Bulgaria, dating back to the times of the Thracians. Wine is, together with beer and grape rakia, among the most popular alcoholic beverages in the country.

Some of the well known local wine varieties include:

• the red dry wines Mavrud, Pamid, Gamza;
• the red sweet wines Melnik, Dimyat, Misket, Malaga (made of raisins), Muskat, Pelin (with sour notes), Kadarka;
• and the white wines Keratsuda (dry) and Pelin (sweet with sour notes).

Pivo

Beer (bira: бира) is produced and consumed all around the country. You can find readily available excellent local varieties like Kamenitza (from Plovdiv), Zagorka (from Stara Zagora), Ariana (from Sofia), Pirinsko (from Blagoevgrad) and Shumensko (from Shumen), as well as Western European beers produced under license and produced in Bulgaria like Tuborg, Heineken, Stella Artois and Amstel.

Spirits

• Rakia/rakiya (ракия) is the Bulgarian national alcoholic drink. It is served neat, usually at the beginning of a meal with salads. It is strong (40% vol) clear brandy that is most commonly made from grapes or plums. However, there are as many varieties of the alcohol as there are fruit. Some of the best special selections are either made of apricots, or pears, or cherries, or peaches.

In many regions people still distil their rakia at home. Home-made rakia may include some special ingredients such as anise, honey, milk, natural gum and lozenges. Home-made rakia is then usually much stronger (around 50% to 60% vol).

• Another quite popular drink is mastika (мастика). It is a strong (47 - 55% vol) anise-flavoured drink very similar to Greek ouzo. It is usually consumed with ice, with water in a 1:1 mixture.
• Menta (мента) is a Bulgarian peppermint liqueur. It can be combined with mastika getting the Cloud cocktail (Oblak). Menta can also be combined with milk for a weak alcoholi, but tasty cocktail.

Uyqu

Finding accommodation in Bulgaria is very easy, for any price. You can find everything - from hostels in Sofia and Plovdiv, very cheap boarding houses along the coast to inexpensive hotels in all cities and luxury hotels in large cities. There are many "mountain huts" or villas available for rent all around the mountains in the country. Overnight accommodations can also be acquired at about a dozen of the monasteries. There are also plenty of guest houses and villas. Bulgaria is famous for offering quality budget accommodation for rural and ecological tourism in charming small towns in its mountains as well as at the seaside.In some of the coastal villages, elderly ladies often approach tourists disembarking from coaches and trains, offering accommodation in boarding houses. These can often be excellent value for money (from as little as $5 a night) and can offer an authentic experience, however check these out before you agree on a stay.

O'rganing

The oldest Bulgarian university is the Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" that in 2008 celebrated 120 years from its foundation. It is considered to be the largest and most prestigious university center. There are many newer centres of education in Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Shumen, Veliko Tarnovo, Blagoevgrad, etc.

For most subjects, programs are available in Bulgarian or English, depending on the university. Elementary and middle schools are supported by local authorities budget. As with most nations, teachers complain about small salaries. Literacy is nearly universal. Bulgarian people speak mostly English, German, French and Russian.

Some of the universities that offer education entirely in English are the American University in Bulgaria, New Bulgarian University va Technical University of Sofia. The last one offers also degrees in German language.

Secondary education entirely in English is offered by the American College in Sofia.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Bulgaria is generally a very safe country, and people are quite friendly. You should however behave according to common sense when you are outside of the main tourist areas, i.e. don't show too openly that you have money, don't dress too much like a tourist, watch your things, don't walk around the suburbs (esp. those of Sofia) at night, avoid dark streets at night. Stepping in a hole is a much greater danger in Bulgaria than getting robbed.

Emergency phone numbers

The pan-European standard number 112 for all emergency calls is working everywhere in Bulgaria since September 2008. If, for some reason, you can not connect to 112, dial 166 for police, 150 for ambulance and 160 uchun the fire department.

Driving

Driving in Bulgaria can be fairly nerve-wracking, and Bulgarian roads have claimed 599 lives in 2012 and this is a decreasing figure compared with previous years. Aggressive driving habits, the lack of safe infrastructure, and a mixture of late model and old model cars on the country’s highways contribute to a high fatality rate for road accidents. Of significant notation that the Bulgarian road system is largely underdeveloped. There are few sections of limited-access divided highway. Some roads are in poor repair and full of potholes. The use of seat belts is mandatory in Bulgaria for all passengers, except pregnant women. In practice, these rules are often not followed. Take caution while crossing the streets, as generally, drivers are extremely impatient and will largely ignore your presence whilst crossing the road.

Jinoyat

In general, organised crime is a serious issue throughout Bulgaria, however it usually does not affect tourists and ordinary people. Bulgaria is safer than most European countries with regard to violent crime, and the presence of such groups is slowly declining. Pickpocketing and scams (such as taxi scams or confidence tricks) are present on a wider scale, so be careful, especially in crowded places (such as train stations, urban public transport).

Car theft is probably the most serious problem that travellers can encounter. If you drive an expensive car, do not leave it in unguarded parking lots or on the streets - these locations are likely to attract more attention from the criminals. If, by any chance you do leave it in such a location, you need to be sure that the vehicle has a security system. Such an installment will prevent the vehicle from getting stolen.

Travellers should also be cautious about making credit card charges over the Internet to unfamiliar websites. Offers for merchandise and services may be scam artists posing as legitimate businesses. An example involves Internet credit card payments to alleged tour operators via Bulgaria-based websites. In several cases, the corresponding businesses did not exist. As a general rule, do not purchase items of websites you are unfamiliar with.

Bulgaria is still largely a cash economy. Due to the potential for fraud and other criminal activity, credit cards should be used sparingly and with extreme caution. Skimming devices, surreptitiously attached to ATMs by criminals, are used to capture cards and PINs for later criminal use, including unauthorized charges or withdrawals, are very common in Bulgaria. If you are unsure which ATM to use, it's best to use your cash instead of a credit card.

Also, be careful with the cash you are dealing with. Bulgaria is one of the biggest bases for money forging of foreign currency, so pay attention to your euros, dollars and pounds.

On occasion, taxi drivers overcharge unwary travellers, particularly at Sofia Airport and the Central Train Station. Travellers are recommended to use taxis with meters and clearly marked rates displayed on a sticker on the passenger side of the windshield, as generally these Taxi's charge a normal amount, and the taxis with no meters charge for very unfair prices. One useful tip is to check the price for your trip from a trustful source beforehand, such as a friend or an official at station or tourist bureau. If by any chance you are trying to be lured into such rogue taxis, it is best to reject the offer, or just simply walk off.

Bulgaria has very harsh drug laws, and the penalties are perhaps far more severe than in any other country in Europe.

Asosiy huquqlar bo'yicha agentlikning (FRA) hisobotlariga ko'ra, Bolgariya butun Evropa Ittifoqida LGBT odamlariga nisbatan kamroq bag'rikenglik bilan 2009 va 2011 yillarda mamlakat hisoblanadi. 2017 yil oxiri va 2018 yil boshidagi ommaviy norozilik namoyishlaridan so'ng. , Istanbul konvensiyasi rasmiy ravishda rad etildi. Shuning uchun gaplashishda ehtiyot bo'ling va gomoseksual yoki transgenderlarning aniq xatti-harakatlarini bildirmang. Aks holda sizga skinxedlar yoki millatchilar hujum qilishi mumkin.

Ko'chada valyuta almashtirmang! Sizga soxta pullarni stantsiyalar kabi sayyohlik zonalarida ayirboshlash sifatida taklif qilish odatiy firibgarlikdir.

Hayvonlar

Yo'lsiz itlar Bolgariya bo'ylab keng tarqalgan. Ko'pchilik do'stona munosabatda bo'lishsa-da, sizdan qo'rqqandan ko'ra ko'proq qo'rqishsa-da, ular bir qator baxtsiz hodisalar uchun javobgar bo'lishgan, shuning uchun ehtiyot bo'ling. Bolgariyada quturish mavjud, shuning uchun har qanday hayvon chaqishi shoshilinch tibbiy yordamga muhtoj.

Yovvoyi ayiqlar va bo'rilar ba'zan o'rmonda ko'rish mumkin, shuning uchun ehtiyot bo'ling.

Korruptsiya

Korruptsiya boshqa ko'plab Evropa mamlakatlaridagi kabi Bolgariyada ham mavjud. Masalan, ba'zi politsiyachilar yoki mansabdor shaxslar ma'lum bir harakat uchun sizdan pora so'rashlari mumkin. Agar shunday bo'lsa, taklifni rad eting va shaxsning ism-sharifini so'rang. Bojxonadagi korruptsiya ham bir paytlar muammo bo'lib kelgan, ammo mamlakat Evropa Ittifoqiga kirgandan keyin keskin pasayib ketgan.

Hukumat korruptsiyaga qarshi katta muvaffaqiyat bilan qattiq kurashdi. Agar siz pora so'raladigan vaziyatga tushib qolsangiz yoki sizni ekspluatatsiya qilayotganingizni sezsangiz, bu erda politsiya bilan onlayn so'rovni to'ldirishingiz mumkin. http://nocorr.mvr.bg/, yoki korruptsiya to'g'risida xabar berish uchun 02 982 22 22 raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling.

Tilanchilik

Afsuski tilanchilik Sizga mol sotmoqchi bo'lgan tasodifiy odamlar Bolgariyada juda keng tarqalgan. Ham tog'larda, ham qirg'oqdagi dam olish maskanlarida sizga atirgul va pirat DVD kabi turli xil narsalarni sotmoqchi bo'lganlar ko'p bo'ladi. Odatda firma ulardan qutulmaydi, lekin ba'zida ular davom etishadi va ko'pincha buni e'tiborsiz qoldiradilar Agar sizni qiziqtirmasligingizni aniq aytmasangiz, ularni yo'q qilmang. Shuni ham yodda tutingki, aksariyat hollarda bu odamlar kechqurun mehmonxonalar restoranlariga kirib borishlari mumkin, shuning uchun ularni qachondir sizning stolingizda turganini ko'rishni kuting! Tosh markazlarida "An'anaviy" bolgar qo'ng'iroqlarini sotadiganlar ko'p. Ular sayyohlar qachon kelishlarini va qancha vaqt qolishlarini bilishadi va butun hafta qo'ng'iroq sotib olish uchun sizni qiynaydilar. Agar siz hafta boshida qo'ng'iroqni xohlamasligingizni aniq aytsangiz, ular sizni yolg'iz qoldirishadi (hech bo'lmaganda bir necha kunga), agar siz "yo'q" demasangiz yoki hatto ular sizni " hafta oxirida uni sotib olishga majbur qilish uchun arzon plastik qo'ng'iroq. Qo'ng'iroq qiladigan erkaklar sizni qo'ng'iroq sotib olishga undashganida, to'satdan bir hafta davomida sizning do'stingiz bo'ladi, lekin, albatta, agar siz qo'ng'iroq sotib olishni xohlasangiz, ishonchingiz komil! Va agar siz chindan ham qo'ng'iroq qilishni xohlamasangiz, hafta oxirida sizning qo'ng'iroqchingiz o'zining arzon plastik qo'ng'irog'ini qaytarib berishni talab qiladi va juda xursand bo'lmaydi! Qo'ng'iroqni sotib olmaganingizdan xafa bo'lmang, chunki ular haqiqatan ham xijolat bo'lmasangiz, ular tovlamachilik narxlarini talab qilishadi. Agar siz qo'ng'iroqni sotib olsangiz, qo'ng'iroq qilayotganlar chin dildan do'stona va xushmuomalali odamlar bo'lishini va aslida ular ko'rinadigan darajada yomon emasligini bilib olasiz!

Sog'lom bo'ling

Evropaning umuman boy davlati sifatida sog'liqni saqlash standartlari ishlab chiqilgan deb aytish yaxshidir. Biroq, sog'liq uchun xavf tug'dirishi mumkin, garchi hukumat bunday narsalarning katta ehtimolligi bilan katta muvaffaqiyat bilan kurashgan bo'lsa ham. Sayohatchining duch kelishi mumkin bo'lgan eng katta xavf shuligicha qolgani ma'qul havoning ifloslanishi. Nafas olishda qiynaladigan odamlar, masalan, astma ko'proq xavf ostida.

Sog'liqni saqlash xavfi

Ifloslanish Evropaning boshqa shaharlaridan yaxshiroq yoki yomon emas. Sog'liqni saqlash xavfi Evropaning boshqa qismlarida bo'lgani kabi, shuning uchun ovqatdan ehtiyot bo'ling, ya'ni meva va sabzavot sotib olsangiz, ularni eyishdan oldin yuving. Agar siz go'shtni o'z ichiga olgan tez tayyorlanadigan taomlarni sotadigan stenddan oziq-ovqat sotib olishga moyil bo'lsangiz, bilingki, o'zingiz uchun sog'liq uchun xavf tug'dirasiz, chunki ushbu muassasalarda sog'liqni saqlash qoidalari yo'q.

Agar siz Qora dengizda bo'lsangiz, plyajdagi kuchli quyoshga e'tibor bering, ayniqsa iyul va avgust oylarida. Birinchi yoki ikki kun ichida quyoshdan saqlovchi krem ​​taqing va soyabondan chiqmang. Plyajda qattiq spirtli ichimliklar ichmang, bu sizga yurak xurujini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.

Chekish

Chekish - bu milliy ko'ngil ochish, sigaretaning tutunidan qochish esa ko'chadagi chiqindi gazlardan qochishdan ham qiyinroq. Odatda, Yoz oylarida ko'pchilik odatda tashqarida o'tirishadi, bu esa vaziyatni yanada yomonlashtiradi. Bu mavsumiy ravishda o'zgarib turadigan to'siq bo'lgani uchun, hushyorlikni saqlash yaxshidir. 2012 yildan beri jamoat joylarida, shu jumladan bar va restoranlarda chekish taqiqlanadi, ammo cheklovlarga kamdan-kam hollarda rioya qilinadi.

Ovqatlanish va ichish

Ko'pgina ovqatlarni iste'mol qilish juda xavfsizdir. Pishirishda ishlatiladigan mahsulotlar odatda mahalliy va organik hisoblanadi. Albatta, toza bo'lmagan joylarda ovqatlanishdan qochishga harakat qiling.

Müslüm suvi Bolgariyada sifat, ta'm va ichimlik bo'yicha tavsiyalar juda katta farq qiladi. Tog'li hududlarda ichish juda sifatli va xavfsiz bo'lsa-da, Shimoliy Bolgariyada va dengiz qirg'og'iga yaqin hududlarda ichimlik suvidan saqlanish yaxshiroqdir. Bolgariyadagi tog'li mintaqalarda juda ko'p tabiiy buloqlar mavjud va ko'plab qishloqlarda bir yoki bir nechta mineral suv manbalari mavjud.

Kasalxonalar

Bolgariya kasalxonalarida sharoitlar har xil bo'lishi mumkin - juda toza va yorqin, eng yangi texnologik kommunal xizmatlardan tortib to qorong'i va sovuqgacha. Ba'zi yangi kasalxonalar mavjud, ba'zilari esa eski texnologiya bilan eski. Tibbiy xodimlar o'z ishlarida juda yaxshi.

Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari o'zlarining milliy sog'liqni saqlash organlaridan olinadigan Evrokard (yoki Evropa tibbiy sug'urta kartasini) olib yurishlari sharti bilan Bolgariyaning Milliy sog'liqni saqlash tizimi tomonidan qamrab olinadi.

Bolgariyadagi xususiy klinikalarda stomatologik muolajalar juda sifatli. G'arbiy Evropadan ko'plab odamlar o'z mamlakatlarida to'laydigan narxning to'rtdan biriga tishlarini tishlatish uchun Bolgariyaga kelishadi.

Hurmat

Bolgarlar nihoyatda do'stona va chet elliklar bilan suhbatlashishga juda qiziqishadi. Bolgarlar ba'zi boshqa Sharqiy Evropaliklarga qaraganda ancha ochiqroq bo'lishadi va bu odamlar bilan muloqot qilish juda tavsiya etilgan va foydalidir. Kichikroq shaharlarda, ayniqsa Rodopda odamlar sizni tushlikka, kechki ovqatga yoki hatto uxlashga taklif qilishlari mumkin. Ko'pincha sokin savdo rastasi yonidan o'tayotganda yoki odam yonidan o'tayotganda kimgadir "Dobar den" berish yoqimli ishoradir. Kak sté (bu qanday kechmoqda) odatda yosh avlod uchun etarli bo'ladi.

Dunyo bo'ylab aksariyat mamlakatlar uchun odatiy qoidalar sifatida siz siyosat, urushlar va tashqi aloqalar, shuningdek, ayrim hollarda futbol (futbol) bilan bog'liq mavzulardan qochishingiz kerak. Agar sizni bunday suhbatga jalb qilsangiz, betaraf bo'lishga harakat qiling. Shuni yodda tutingki, sizning mahalliy vaziyatlar haqidagi bilimingiz bolgar tilidagi kabi yaxshi bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas!

Makedoniya ma'lum odamlar uchun gaplashadigan nozik mavzudir, lekin xafagarchilik ehtimoli yuqori bo'lganlar (masalan, millatchilar va skinxedlar) bilan muhokama qilmasangiz, o'zingizni qiziqtirgan savollaringizni bering. Ko'plab bolgarlar Makedoniyaning Bolgariyaga tegishli ekanligini his qilishadi, ammo siz mavzu va siz suhbatlashayotgan odamlarni bilmasangiz, shunchaki savollar berish eng yaxshi variant.

Bolgariyaliklarning aksariyati ruslarga nisbatan g'azab yoki g'azabni his qilishmaydi (boshqa sobiq Sharqiy blok mamlakatlaridan farqli o'laroq) va bolgarlar ruslar haqida tushunchani ancha yaxshi bo'lishadi, ammo ba'zida Turkiya bilan bog'liq masalalarni muhokama qilishda ehtiyot bo'lish zarur. . Xuddi shunday, turklar va lo'lilarga nisbatan diskriminatsiya kuzatilishi mumkin, lekin bu asosan ba'zi millatchi guruhlar tufayli, ular Markaziy va G'arbiy Evropadagi nafrat guruhlaridan farq qilmaydi.

Turkiya va Bolgariya o'rtasida gaplashish yoki taqqoslashdan saqlaning, bu mavzu juda sezgir, shuningdek, Islom - bu Turkiya, Turkiya - bu Islom, degan tushunmovchilik mavjud, shuning uchun umuman bolgarlar umuman musulmonlarga nisbatan oldindan hukm qilishadi.

Bolgariya hali ham juda konservativ mamlakat, shuning uchun aniq gomoseksual va transgenderlarning xatti-harakatlari do'stona munosabatda emas. Begona odam bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri LGBT-suhbat sizga qarshi jismoniy hujum bilan yakunlanishi mumkin.

Bolgarlar chit chat qilishmaydi, shuning uchun do'konga qadar birov bilan suhbat qurishga urinish g'alati ko'rinishga olib kelishi mumkin (yoki tushunmaslik yoki u bilan shug'ullanishni istamaslik) yoki ular sizni e'tiborsiz qoldirishadi. Xuddi shunday bolgarlar ham toqat qilmaydilar va agar siz mashinaning oldidan yursangiz, ayniqsa qishda tog'larda yo'lni ushlab turishga harakat qilsangiz, sizga tez-tez o'zlarining avtoulovlari shovqinini etkazishadi.

Ulanmoq

Uy telefonlari

Maishiy telefon xizmati deyarli har bir aholi punktida (o'lchamidan qat'i nazar), PSTN yoki VoIP orqali mavjud.

Mobil telefonlar

Bolgariyada mobil telefonlar keng tarqalgan - ko'p odamlar turli xil operatorlardan foydalangan holda ikki yoki uchta mobil telefonlarga ega. Uchta tarmoq mavjud (M-tel, Globul va Vivacom), ularning hammasi GSM / 3G / HDSPA standartlaridan foydalanadi va tez orada mamlakat hududida LTE (4G) ni ishga tushiradi.

M-tel eng qadimgi va eng yirik tashuvchidir va shuning uchun u tog'larning eng baland qismlarida kichik istisnolardan tashqari deyarli butun mamlakatni qamrab oladi (mamlakat yuzasining 97%). Qolgan ikkitasi, Globul va Vivacom, unchalik ko'p ishlatilmagani uchun, mobil Internetning tezligini yaxshilaydi.

Evropa Ittifoqi uchun tariflar o'rtacha (daqiqasiga 0,05-0,40 evro, 0,70 evro / SMS). Oldindan to'langan kartalar va obunalar mavjud bo'lib, arzon narxlardagi xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun maxsus imkoniyatlar ba'zi narx rejalarida mavjud. Oldindan to'langan kartalar amaldagi guvohnoma yoki pasport bilan ro'yxatdan o'tishlari kerak.

Internetga ulanish

Internetga kirish Bolgariyada keng tarqalgan, garchi aholining taxminan 60% doimiy foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega. Internetga keng polosali ulanish kabel, ADSL, optik tolali aloqa, WiMax va LAN ulanishlari orqali amalga oshiriladi. Internetga GPRS yoki 3G orqali mobil telefoningiz orqali ham kirishingiz mumkin. Poytaxtda tezlik juda tez - narxi 20 Mbit / s uchun 10 evro atrofida, mahalliy kirish darajasi esa 40-100 Mbit / s ni tashkil qiladi. Tezlik oshib bormoqda, uyga 10 Mbit / s tezlikda kirish oyiga 7,5 evro atrofida. Sofiya tashqarisida tezlik sezilarli darajada past, eng tezligi 10 Mbit / s uchun 7,5 evro atrofida. Internet-kafe aksariyat shahar va shaharlarda va ba'zi qishloqlarda mavjud. Kompyuterlar odatda kutubxonalarda yoki temir yo'l stantsiyalari kabi jamoat joylarida mavjud emas, lekin bepul simsiz ulanish ko'pincha bunday jamoat joylarida va yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida mavjud. Ko'plab pablar va mehmonxonalarda WiFi-dan foydalanish bepul. Simsiz ulanish, ayniqsa, yirik shaharlarda o'sib bormoqda, ammo baribir cheklangan. Pullik simsiz ulanish ham mavjud. Bolgariyadagi tezlik hayratlanarli darajada yaxshi! Aslida Bolgariya dunyo bo'ylab simsiz Internet tezligi eng yuqori bo'lgan mamlakatlar o'ntaligiga kiradi.