Estoniya - Estonia

Estoniya (Estoniya: Eesti) a Boltiq bo'yi marvarid mehmonlarga dengiz qirg'og'idagi kichik dinamik erni ko'rish imkoniyatini beradi.

Boltiqbo'yi davlatlarining eng shimoliy va eng kichigi mamlakat maftunkor eski shaharlar va meros Gans Ligasi. TallinO'rta asrlarning qadimgi shaharchasi nemislar tomonidan O'rta asrlarda qurilgan va u juda ajoyib holatda, O'rta asr shaharlari devorlari va minoralari deyarli butunlay buzilmagan va bu Evropaning eng yaxshi o'rta asr eski shaharlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, tashrif buyuruvchilar Evropa Ittifoqining bir qismi bo'lgan sobiq Sovet respublikasini ham ko'rishlari mumkin. Sovet davrining izlari hali ham mavjud, masalan. PaldiskiBir paytlar Estoniyaliklarning o'zlari uchun taqiqlangan, huvillagan Sovet armiyasi bazasiga poytaxt Tallindan bir kunlik sayohatda osongina tashrif buyurish mumkin. Estoniya o'zining bukolik orollari va keng botqoqlari bilan mashhur bo'lib, ular hozirgi kunda sayyohlar uchun qulay bo'lgan milliy bog'lardir. Sohil bo'yi ulug'vor plyajlar, ammo suzish mavsumi qisqa bo'lsa ham, Boltiqbo'yi iliq ob-havo bilan mashhur emas.

Mintaqalar

Estoniya 15 okrugga (yoki) bo'lingan maakonnad, birlik - maakond). Estoniyaning o'ziga xos xususiyatlarini keltirib chiqarish uchun ushbu qo'llanmada biz 4 ta mintaqadan foydalanamiz. Mamlakat kichik bo'lgani uchun, ko'pgina yo'nalishlarga Tallindan bir necha soat ichida erishish mumkin.

Shaharlar

• 59.43722222222224.7451 Tallin - O'rta asrlarda joylashgan Eski shahar bilan poytaxt va Estoniyaning moliyaviy va kosmopolit markazi. Chiroyli va qimmat (boshqa Estoniya shaharlari bilan taqqoslaganda).
• 58.3826.72252 Tartu - Emajogi daryosi bo'yidagi muzeylarga boy va gansatik shahar. Shuningdek, Estoniyaning ikkinchi eng katta va qadimiy shahri, universitetlari bilan mashhur bo'lgan intellektual markaz va jonli talabalar shahri.
• 59.37916666666728.2005555555563 Narva - Estoniya bilan chegaradosh Narva daryosidagi sharqiy va uchinchi yirik shahar Rossiya. Qarama-qarshi bo'lgan Hermann qal'asi bilan mashhur Ivangorodqal'asi va Kreenholm zavodlari. Garchi u kulrang va xira ko'rinishi mumkin bo'lsa ham.
• 58.38444444444424.4988888888894 Parnu - Estoniyaning to'rtinchi yirik shahri va ko'plab sayohlarni o'rab olgan balneoterapiya majmualari va kurort markazlari bilan mashhur bo'lgan Estoniyaning yozgi poytaxti.
• 59.35055555555626.3611111111115 Rakvere - Pall va Rok festivallari va ruhi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Tallinning sharqidagi Estoniyaning beshinchi yirik shahri.
• 58.94694444444423.5369444444446 Haapsalu - "shimolning Venetsiyasi" va yirik dengiz kurorti va o'rta port shahri, kurortlarga tashrif buyurish, loy vannalari, suzib yurish, suzish, sobor va Haapsalu qal'asi xarobalari kabi o'rta asrlarning qiziqarli yodgorliklari, va chiroyli temir yo'l muzeyi.
• 58.36333333333325.5955555555567 Viljandi - Viljandi Xalq Musiqasi Festivali bilan har yili tanilgan go'zal, qadimiy va tepalikli shahar, go'zal qadimiy shahar va eski qal'a atrofidagi ajoyib va ​​chiroyli park.
• 58.25333333333322.4861111111118 Kuressaare - orolining poytaxti Saaremaa, orolda yagona shahar va Kuressaare qal'asining uyi. Bundan tashqari, ko'plab kurortlar, akvaparklar va bitta plyaj mavjud.
• 57.77694444444426.0311111111119 Valga - bilan chegaradosh shaharcha Latviya, bu erda u tom ma'noda Latviya shahrida o'sadi Valka.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Estoniyaliklar tabiatni juda yaxshi ko'radilar va ko'pchilik aytadiki, ular deyarli hamma narsadan ko'ra, bo'sh o'rmonda daraxt tagida o'tirishni yoki milliy bog'da sayr qilishni afzal ko'rishadi. Estoniyaning tinch, tinch va buzilmagan Boltiq dengizi orollari tabiatga ajoyib tarzda yordam beradi.

Milliy bog'lar

• 59.5711111125.800277781 Lahemaa milliy bog'i - Tallindan sharqqa (50 km) bir soat ichida qirg'oqda. Uning kattaligini hisobga olgan holda, u Estoniyadagi eng katta park va Evropaning eng katta milliy bog'laridan biri bo'lib, 1000 km² ning bog ', yo'llar va o'rmonlar.
• 58.4408333425.105555572 Soomaa milliy bog'i - "beshinchi mavsumi" bilan mashhur bo'lgan Estoniyadagi ikkinchi yirik milliy bog'. Taxminan 11000 yil avval muzliklarda erigan erdan hosil bo'lgan torf botqog'i.
• 58.7623.596944443 Matsalu milliy bog'i - Evropada ko'chib yuruvchi qushlar uchun eng katta va eng muhim kuz to'xtash joylaridan biri. U boy ornitologik turlarga ega bo'lgani uchun qushlarni kuzatuvchilar uchun juda yaxshi.
• 58.3786111121.877222224 Vilsandi milliy bog'i - Dengiz faunasiga va Saaremaning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida 250 dan ortiq parranda turlari qayd etilgan xalqaro qushlar qo'riqxonasiga boy. 238 km², shu jumladan 163 km² dengiz va 75 km² quruqlik, shuningdek 160 orol va orollar.
• 57.7144444426.486666675 Karula milliy bog'i - Janubiy Estoniyaning tepalik manzaralari. Estoniyaning eng kichik milliy bog'i Valga va Võru.
• Meenikunno tabiat bog'i - 5 km yurish va botqoqlar o'rtasida kuzatuv platformasi bo'lgan yog'och yo'l.
• 58.05722222222226.4983333333336 Otepää tabiat bog'i va Puhajärve ko'li - maydoni 3000 km² dan ortiq bo'lgan Otepää rekreatsiya mintaqasining bir qismi. Ko'l bo'yidagi yo'llar va tepalikdagi o'rmonlardagi yo'llar.

Orollar

• 58.41666666666722.57 Saaremaa - Qal'alari va qal'alari, plyaji, kurorti va mashhur tegirmonlari bo'lgan eng katta Estoniya va yovvoyi dengiz bo'yidagi orol. Saaremaa hatto ba'zan chaqiriladi Sparemaa. Bundan tashqari, orol o'zlarining nudist lagerlari bilan Abruka, shu jumladan son-sanoqsiz mayda orollar bilan o'ralgan.
• 58.88416666666722.6444444444448 Hiiumaa - Ikkinchi yirik Estoniya oroli. Chiroqlari, qadimiy cherkovlari, tarixiy qadriyatlari va aholisining hazil tuyg'usi bilan mashhur, ammo aholisi kam. Qishda, unga ba'zan Boltiq dengizidagi muzli ko'prik orqali erishish mumkin.
• 58.128523.98469 Kihnu - Kihnu orolining eng janubiy guruhi YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati. Bu erda qulay va iliq, ammo ekzotik - har kuni xalq kiyimlari kiyiladi va keksa avlodlarning qo'l mehnati yuqori baholanadi.
• 58.623.2510 Muhu - Uchinchi yirik Estoniya oroli va Virtsu portiga paromlar keladigan sun'iy to'siq bilan yaqin atrofdagi Saaremaa bilan bog'langan qishloq munitsipaliteti. Ochiq osmon ostidagi muzeyi bor va uning aholisi hanuzgacha jun kiyimlarini tikish bilan mashhur. Uyqusiz baliqchilar qishloqlari, ishlaydigan shamol tegirmonlari, somonli uylar, ko'plab kiyiklar, mo'ylovlar va qushlar.
• 57.823.2511 Ruhnu - Jamoat hududi avval Runo nomi bilan tanilgan omonim orolga to'g'ri keladi.
• 5923.2512 Vormsi - materikka juda yaqin bo'lgan to'rtinchi yirik Estoniya oroli. Vormsi - bu o'rmonlar bilan qoplangan kichik orol va shved hamjamiyati. Sovet va Shvetsiya tarixining buzilmagan tabiat bilan aralashgan noyob aralashmasi.
• Osmussaare - materikdan 7,5 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Finlyandiya ko'rfazining og'zidagi kichik va asosan kirish qiyin bo'lgan orol. Noarootsi Parishiya.
• Pakri - Finlyandiya ko'rfazidagi ikkita orol: Suur-Pakri va Vayike-Pakri (shvedcha: Stora Rågö va Lilla Rågö), ma'muriy jihatdan Paldiski.
• Naysar - Tallinning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida o'rmon bilan qoplangan orol, taxminan 35 kishi istiqomat qiladi.
• Prangli - porti bo'lgan kichik orol, (materikdagi Leppneemaga paromlar uchun), asosan archa daraxtlari va 1923 yildan mayoq.

Tushuning

Ba'zi mehmonlar ko'rishni istaydilar Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari mintaqaviy farqlarga ega bo'lgan o'xshash mamlakatlar sifatida. Ular yaqin umumiy tarixga ega: uchta davlat 1918 yilda Rossiya imperiyasi qulashi bilan mustaqilligini e'lon qildi, 1940 yilda Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan ishg'ol qilindi, 1941 yilda fashistlar Germaniyasi tomonidan bosib olindi va 1944 yildan mustaqillik tiklangunga qadar Sovet Ittifoqi tarkibiga kirdi. 1991 yilda. Ammo mamlakatlar tillari (estonlar Latviya yoki Litvadan farqli o'laroq fin tilida gaplashadi) va din (estonlar dinsiz, latviyaliklar asosan lyuteranlar, litvaliklar katoliklar) o'rtasida farqlar mavjud. Shuningdek, Estoniya ko'proq Shimoliy Evropaga, Litva esa Markaziy Evropaga yo'naltirilgan).

Estoniyaga turizm o'sib bormoqda. Ga binoan Estoniya statistikasi, 2000 yilda 1,3 million xorijlik Estoniyaga tashrif buyurgan va bu raqam 38 foizga ko'tarilib, 2005 yilda 1,8 million chet elliklarga, 2015 yilda esa 6 milliongacha bo'lgan.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Nordic tarixi, Rossiya imperiyasi, Sovet Ittifoqi

Etti asrdan keyin Nemis, Daniya, Shved, Polsha va Ruscha qoida tariqasida, Estoniya 1918 yilda mustaqillikka erishdi. 1940 yilda SSSR tarkibiga majburan qo'shilib, 1991 yilda o'z mustaqilligini qayta qo'lga kiritdi. "Qo'shiq inqilobi", dastlab zo'ravonlik kasbini ag'dargan zo'ravonliksiz harakat. So'nggi rus qo'shinlari 1994 yilda ketganidan beri, Estoniya G'arbiy Evropa bilan iqtisodiy va siyosiy aloqalarni rivojlantirishga o'tdi. Hozir u yuqori texnologiyali muhit, ochiq va liberal iqtisodiyot va shaffof boshqaruv tizimiga ega bo'lgan yanada rivojlangan sobiq kommunistik davlatlardan biridir. Boshqa tomondan, aholi jon boshiga YaIM (Evropa Ittifoqi sharoitida) juda past (lekin o'sib borayotgan) YaIMga duch keldi va aholining uzoq muddatli pasayishi, 2008-2018 yillarda pasayish 1,5% ni tashkil etdi. 1991 yildan 2007 yilgacha mamlakatda tez iqtisodiy kengayish kuzatilib, u sobiq Sovet respublikalarining eng badavlat va eng rivojlangan mamlakatlaridan biriga aylandi. Biroq, uning iqtisodiyoti 2008 yilda boshlangan global tanazzul paytida jiddiy zarar ko'rdi, garchi 2013 yilga kelib tiklandi. 2011 yilda evro rasmiy valyuta sifatida qabul qilindi.

2004 yilda Evropa Ittifoqiga (EI) a'zo bo'lganidan beri, Estoniya Evropaning shimol-sharqidagi eng mashhur yo'nalishlaridan biriga aylanib bormoqda, deb xabar beradi Eurostat.

Odamlar

Estoniya kattagina Gollandiya yoki Daniya hududi bo'yicha, lekin 1,3 million kishiga ega bo'lgan Evropa Ittifoqidagi eng kam zich joylashgan mamlakatlardan biri. Estoniyaliklar aholining 69 foizini, ruslar esa 26 foizini tashkil qiladi. Ruslarning eng og'ir kontsentratsiyasi shimoliy-sharqda (Ida-Viru okrugi) va Tallin. Ko'pgina estonliklar o'zlarini shimoliy deb hisoblashadi, chunki ular Balts emaslar va Estoniyaning Boltiqbo'yi davlati sifatida tasnifini asosan geografik qulaylik deb bilishadi.

Estoniya Evropa Ittifoqida eng kam diniy aholiga ega: 14% lyuteranlar (asosan etnik estonlar) va 13% Sharqiy pravoslavlar (asosan etnik ruslar, ammo ozgina Estoniya pravoslav aholisi bo'lsa ham). Xristianlikka bo'lgan mahalliy Estoniyaning munosabati boshqa evropaliklarning munosabatidan farq qilishi mumkin (finlar va ruslar yaxshi o'rnak), chunki Xristianlik XIII asrda nemis salibchilarining istilosi natijasida mahalliy estonlarga majbur qilingan va keyingi 700 yil davomida nemis zodagonlarining mahalliy estonlar ustidan hokimiyatini mustahkamlash uchun foydalanilgan. yil.

Geografiya

Iqlim

Dengiz, nam, o'rtacha qish, qisqa va salqin yoz.

Relyef

Marsh, pasttekisliklar; shimolda tekis, janubda tepalik

Eng yuqori nuqta

Suur Munamägi (tom ma'noda Katta Tuxum Tog'i) dengiz sathidan 318 m balandlikda, janubi-sharqda, magistral yo'ldan 20 km shimolda. Riga Latviyada Rossiyaga, ikkala mamlakat bilan chegaralarga yaqin. Bu Boltiqbo'yi davlatlarining eng baland nuqtasidir.

Geografiya

Materik relyefi tekis, botqoqli va qisman o'rmonli; dengizda 1500 dan ortiq orol va orollar joylashgan.

Tabiat

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va undan keyingi ishg'ol odamlar uchun dahshatli edi, ammo xarbiy maqsadlar uchun katta maydonlarning yo'q qilinishi va yopilishi haqiqatan ham Estoniyaning o'rmon bilan qoplanishini urushgacha 25% dan 1991 yilga kelib 50% dan ortdi. Bo'rilar, ayiqlar, lyukslar, elk va kiyik, shuningdek, noyob qushlar va o'simliklarning turlari juda ko'p. Yovvoyi hayvonlar ba'zi bir Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlariga o'rmonlarni qayta tiklash dasturlari uchun eksport qilinadi. Ko'p yillik hayvonlarni yillik kvotalar hisobga olingan holda ovlash mumkin.

Bayramlar

• Milliy bayram : Mustaqillik kuni, 24 fevral; 1918 yil bu kun Sovet Rossiyasidan mustaqillikning birinchi sanasi edi (1991 yil 20 avgust Sovet Ittifoqidan qayta mustaqil bo'lgan kun). Jamiyatning taniqli va muhim a'zolari va chet ellik mehmonlar uchun har 24-fevral kuni prezident tomonidan katta bal o'tkaziladi.
• Yaanipäev : Sent-Jon kuni yoki yozning yozgi kuni 23-24 iyunda tunda bo'lib o'tdi. 23-kuni kechqurun va 24-kuni ertalabgacha barbekyu va ichkilikka e'tibor qaratilgan gulxan va an'anaviy bayram menyusi nishonlanadi.
• Võidupüha (G'alaba kuni): 23 iyun 1919 yilda Mustaqillik urushi davrida Boltiqbo'yi nemis kuchlari ustidan qozonilgan g'alabani xotirlash uchun nishonlanadi.
• Rojdestvo yoki Joulud: qat'iy ravishda oilaviy tadbir sifatida nishonlanadi.
• Yangi Yil kechasi Sovet Ittifoqi viloyati sifatida hokimiyat Yangi yil bayramini targ'ib qilishga intildi, chunki Rojdestvo "diniy" va "millatchilik" xarakteri bilan taqiqlangan edi. Mustaqillik tiklangandan so'ng, Yangi yil ahamiyati kamaydi, ammo baribir u dam olish kuni va nishonlanadi. Ushbu kundan mamlakat rahbarlari xalqqa murojaat qilish uchun foydalanadilar.

Chiqinglar

Viza

Estoniya a'zosi Shengen shartnomasi.

• Odatda shartnomani imzolagan va amalga oshirgan mamlakatlar o'rtasida chegara nazorati mavjud emas. Bunga Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat qismi va boshqa bir qator mamlakatlar kiradi.
• Odatda xalqaro reyslarga yoki qayiqlarga chiqishdan oldin shaxsni tekshirish tekshiruvi o'tkaziladi. Ba'zida quruqlik chegaralarida vaqtinchalik chegara nazorati mavjud.
• Xuddi shunday, a viza har qanday Shengen a'zosi uchun berilgan, imzolagan barcha boshqa mamlakatlarda amal qiladi va shartnomani amalga oshirdi.
• Iltimos, ko'ring Shengen zonasi bo'ylab sayohat qilish sxema qanday ishlashi, qaysi mamlakatlar a'zo ekanligi va qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun sizning fuqaroligingizga qanday talablar qo'yiladi.

Samolyotda

Tallin (TLL ^IATA) Estoniyaning asosiy xalqaro darvozasi hisoblanadi. Barcha yirik Skandinaviya yo'nalishlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kundalik parvozlardan tashqari (Stokgolm Arlanda, Kopengagen aeroportiva Oslo) va Boltiqbo'yi shaharlari (Riga va Vilnyus) kabi ko'plab Evropaning markazlaridan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslar mavjud London, Frankfurt aeroporti, Myunxen aeroporti, Bryussel va Amsterdam Sxipolva Varshava. Sharq tomon yo'naltirilgan ulanishlar Moskva, Minsk va Kiyev. AirBaltic xizmatning aksariyat qismini taqdim etadi, qolgan qismini Finnair, SAS, Lufthansa, LOT, Aeroflot va boshqalar taqdim etadi. Easyjet, Ryanair va Wizzair Tallinga qo'shni davlatlarning aksariyat xalqaro aeroportlariga qaraganda ancha kam joylardan bo'lsa ham arzon narxlardagi variantlarni taqdim etadi.

Yaqin atrof va mukammal parom xizmatlari Xelsinki ochiq jag'ning havo qatnovini birlashtirishga imkon beradi. Riga janubidagi Estoniyadan atigi 2-3 soatlik avtobusda sayohat qiladi va yana bir yaxshi variant bo'lishi mumkin.

Boshqa Estoniya aeroportlari, asosan, ichki xizmatlar uchun ishlatiladi Tartu ga kunlik aloqasi bor Xelsinki, aksincha Parnu va Kuressaare ga vaqti-vaqti bilan parvozlar bo'lishi mumkin Stokgolm.

Mashinada

Yaxshi yo'l aloqalari janubga (Baltica orqali marshrutni Tallin-Riga-Kaunas-Varshava) va sharqda (Tallin-Sankt-Peterburg, Tallin-Pskov). Rossiyaga boradigan har qanday avtoulovning chegarasida kutilmagan kechikishlar mavjud. The Narva/Ivangorod chegarani kesib o'tish yarim kunlik navbatlari bilan mashhur, shuning uchun janubiy o'tish punktidan foydalaning Pechory iloji boricha va ga alohida e'tibor bering chiptalar tizimi Estoniya tomonida sizga navbatda turadigan joylar. Boltiq dengizi paromlari ko'pincha avtoulovlarni ham olib ketishadi.

Avtobusda

Ko'plab yaxshi va arzon ulanishlar Riga va Sankt-Peterburg ga Tallin. Shaharlararo xizmat Vilnyus, Kaunas, Kaliningradva hatto Varshava yoki Kiyev ham mavjud. Eng mashhur muntazam xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder Luxexpress Group, boshqalar kiradi Ekolinalar va FlixBus.

Mavjud avtobus kompaniyalari vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgarishi mumkinligi sababli, quyidagi kabi avtobus taqqoslash saytlaridan foydalaning: https://www.busradar.com

Qayiqda

Paromlar Tallinni Shvetsiya (Stokgolm) va Finlyandiya (Xelsinki, Marixamn). Tallin-Xelsinki Evropadagi eng gavjum dengiz yo'llaridan biri bo'lib, har kuni har kuni 11 ta parom o'tish joyi va 6-7 xil tezkor qayiq (qish paytida emas) o'tish joylari mavjud. Feribotlar tomonidan boshqariladi Tallink, Viking chizig'i va Ekkero chizig'i. Parom chiptalari kabi past bo'lishi mumkin €19 bitta yoki qaytish uchun (odatda o'sha kuni qaytib kelgan taqdirda qaytish bepul; ular kemada ko'proq pul sarflaydigan kunlik kreyserlarni xohlashadi).

Kichik xalqaro parom aloqalariga kiradi Paldiski - Kapellskär (Shvetsiya) va Paldiski - Xanko (Finlyandiya). Ular tomonidan boshqariladi DFDS dengiz yo'llari.

O'zingizning qayiqingiz yoki yaxtangiz bilan tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin Davlat port registri va Istirohat hunarmandchiligi uchun Estoniya dengiz ma'muriyati veb-sahifasi.

Poyezdda

Xalqaro poezd xizmatlari bir tomondan Tallin va Moskva va Sankt-Peterburg yilda Rossiya o'tmishda bir necha marta to'xtatilgan. The Rossiya temir yo'llari (RZD) Moskva-Tallin (Sankt-Peterburg orqali) aloqasini kundalik tungi poezdlar bilan olib boradi. Poyezdlar Moskvadan soat 21:20 da jo'nab ketishadi va Tallinga 13.38 da etib kelishadi. Tallindan xizmatlar soat 15: 20da jo'naydi va Moskvaga soat 09: 32da etib keladi. Keng tarqalgan (va biroz ochiq) reklama qilingan Riga-to-Tallin poezd aloqasi oqilona, ​​ammo u uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tadi va sizni butun kunni qo'shni Boltiqbo'yi poytaxtlari o'rtasida oddiy sayohat qilish uchun olib boradi. Biroq, shimoldan mahalliy poezdlar Latviya janubiy Estoniyaga (ulanish Valka/Valga) foydali bo'lishi mumkin.

Atrofga boring

Estoniyada jamoat transporti tizimi yaxshi rivojlangan.

2018 yil 1 iyuldan boshlab Estoniya dunyodagi eng yirik 24/7 bepul jamoat transporti zonasini yaratadi.

Avtobusda

Estoniya butun mamlakat bo'ylab keng qamrovli avtobus tarmog'iga ega. Deyarli har bir shaharga Tallindan yoki Tartudan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avtobus orqali borish mumkin. Boshqa yirik shaharlarda o'zlarining avtobus yo'nalishlari mavjud, masalan Narva-Pärnu. Bundan tashqari, shahar va qishloqlarning aksariyati yaqin atrofdagi yirik shahar va qishloqlarga muntazam avtobus qatnoviga ega. Kichikroq joylarda ko'pincha faqat ertalab yoki tushda va kechqurun xizmat qilishadi (17: 00/18: 00). Shahar aloqalari odatda soat 21:00 gacha ishlaydi. Oxirgi avtobusni o'tkazib yubormaslikka yoki kunduzi kichikroq shahar yoki qishloqda tiqilib qolmaslikka ishonch hosil qiling.

Barcha ulanishlar onlayn orqali mavjud Tpilet.ee (shaharlararo aloqalar uchun) va Peatus.ee (qisqa masofalar va mahalliy aloqalar uchun - mazmunli natijalarga erishish uchun aniq stantsiya nomini kiriting / tanlang; masalan, "Tallinn" emas, balki "Tallinna bussijaam"). Yuklash a pilet.ee mahalliy avtobus chiptalarini sotib olish uchun mobil ilova. Veb-saytlar va ilovalar asosan eston, ingliz va rus tillarida mavjud. Siz har doim haydovchidan chipta sotib olishingiz mumkin.

Bundan tashqari, ko'plab ulanishlar uchun chiptalarni Internet orqali sotib olishingiz mumkin Tpilet.ee. Ba'zan mobil sayt sotib olish opsiyasini ko'rsatmaydi va siz smartfoningiz veb-brauzerini "Ish stoli rejimi" ga o'zgartirishni xohlashingiz mumkin. Ba'zan avtobus chiptasini Internet orqali, ayniqsa Simple Express yoki Eesti Buss avtobuslari orqali sotib olish afzalroqdir. Shunday qilib, oldindan tekshirib ko'ring va agar vaqt hali ham bo'lsa, sayohatdan oldin yoki hatto ma'lum bir rejangiz bo'lsa, oldindan sotib oling. Bu hatto qisqa masofalarga ham tegishlidir €2.50 onlayn narx €1.50 (yoki shunga o'xshash) Simple Express bilan. Agar sotib olish ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa Tpilet.ee, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tekshiring Simple Express^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}, Eesti Buss yoki Lux Express.

Shunga qaramay, Internetda sotib olingan chiptalar oddiy kompaniyalar bilan arzonroq, masalan, Express Express, bu sizning mobil telefoningizda elektron chiptalarga ham imkon beradi. Boshqa kompaniyalar uchun onlayn chiptalarni bosib chiqarish kerak va ularni mobil telefoningizda ishlatib bo'lmaydi (masalan, Go Bus kabi). Ammo bunday chiptalarni bosib chiqarish uchun shahar avtovokzalida o'z-o'ziga xizmat ko'rsatish terminallari mavjud. Agar siz telefoningizni zaryad qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, ba'zi avtobuslarda quvvat yo'q (Simple Express bor, Go Bus yo'q).

To'g'ri to'xtash joyini, ayniqsa uzoqroq masofani qidirib topishga kelsak, avtobuslar har bir shaharga kirmaydi, aksincha katta yo'l bo'ylab eng yaqin joyda to'xtaydi. Ushbu bekatlar Loksa shaharchasi o'rniga "Loksa tee" kabi "... tee" bilan belgilanadi. Shuni inobatga olgan holda avtobusga qaerga kirish va qayerdan tushish kerakligini bilganingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Shuningdek, ulanishni onlayn qidirish hech qanday aloqani topmasligi mumkin, chunki siz oddiygina bekatlarni noto'g'ri tanladingiz.

Poyezdda

Estoniyaning poyezdlar tarmog'i butun mamlakatni qamrab olmaydi. Evropa Ittifoqining katta miqdordagi mablag'lari evaziga temir yo'llar va xizmatlarning sifati tobora yaxshilanmoqda. Eski sovet dizel mashinalari zamonaviy Evropa poyezdlari bilan almashtirildi.

2014 yildan boshlab barcha ichki yo'lovchi temir yo'llari o'z zimmasiga olindi Elronveb-saytida jadvallar, sayohat rejalashtiruvchisi va narxlar mavjud. Chiptalar bortda sotiladi. Siz ularni onlayn ravishda, yirik stantsiyalarda yoki kamdan-kam uchraydigan chiptalarni sotadigan mashinalardan birida sotib olishingiz mumkin, ammo bu asosan cheklangan va sotilishi mumkin bo'lgan 1-chi chiptalar uchun mantiqiy. Internetdan sotib olinganda barcha chiptalar narxi -10% chegirmali.

Poezd aloqasi va narxlari haqida ma'lumot shuningdek orqali mavjud Peatus.ee.

Chipta narxi ancha past - 1-darajali sayohat Tallin ga Tartu xarajatlar €12.60-15.00 bir tomonga.

Mashinada

Aksariyat yo'llarda ikkita yo'l bor, lekin ba'zi milliy avtomagistrallarda (Tallin-Tartu, Tallin-Pärnu, Tallin-Narva va Tallin halqa yo'li) ba'zi segmentlarda 4 ta yo'l bor (asosan Tallinga yaqinroq). Barcha milliy avtomagistrallar yo'llarning sifatiga juda mos keladi (chiziqli belgilar bilan keng 1 1 yo'llar). The yo'llarning sifati boshqa yo'llarda farq qiladi. 2019 yil holatiga ko'ra, Estoniyadagi 16,600 km magistral yo'llardan 4,900 km asfaltlangan va yana 3,600 km siperlangan.

The Tezlik cheklovi bu 90 km / soat qishloqda va 50 km / soat shaharlarda, agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa.

Faqat yozda 110 km / soat joriy etilgan tanlangan magistral yo'llar (odatda har ikki yo'nalishda kamida 2 ta harakatlanish yo'li bo'lgan ikki tomonlama qatnov yo'llari) va qamrov doirasi har yili yozda qayta ko'rib chiqiladi. Avtomobil yo'lining belgilari qishda mavjud emas.

Statsionar tezlik kameralari katta avtomagistrallarda tez-tez uchraydi. Waze mobil ilovasi tezlik cheklovlari va statsionar kameralarni yaxshi qamrab oladi, bu esa uzoq disklarda eng foydali hisoblanadi.

Rossiya va boshqa ba'zi davlatlardan farqli o'laroq, shahar hududlari har doim "shahar atrofi" belgisi bilan belgilanadi. Aksincha, ko'k rangli qora maydonda turar-joy nomi ko'rsatilgan yo'l belgisi shahar hududining ko'rsatkichi bo'lishi shart emas.

Jarimalar chegarani 20 km / soat oshirganlik uchun €120soatiga qadar 21-40 km €400 va litsenziyaning qaytarib olinishi xavfi; qadar €1200 ko'proq uchun. Trafikning qizil signaliga e'tibor bermaslik kerak €800. O'zib ketishni taqiqlash buzilgan €800.

Mast holda transport vositasini boshqarishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi va katta miqdorda jarimaga tortiladi. Ta'sirida haydash spirtli ichimliklar gacha jarima solinadi €800 0,2 ‰ dan oshgani uchun. Mast piyodalardan ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki ular kam emas.

Chiroqlar har doim yoqilgan bo'lishi kerak kuni. Barcha yo'lovchilar xavfsizlik kamarlaridan foydalanishlari kutilmoqda.

Avtoturargoh katta shaharlarning markaziy joylarida to'lash kerak. Tallinning markazida pullik to'xtash joyi 24/7 amal qiladi. Avtoturargoh odatda telefon orqali, ilova (eng qulay usul) yoki SMS orqali to'lanadi (xalqaro telefon raqamlarida mavjud bo'lmasligi mumkin). Cheklangan miqdordagi to'lov va displey mashinalari mavjud. Tangalarni oldindan tayyorlang, chunki kredit kartalar va qog'oz pullarni faqat mashinalar mashinalar tomonidan katta yopiq to'xtash joylarida qabul qilinadi, yaqin orada pulni topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.

Estoniyada juda ko'p narsalar mavjud avtomobil ijarasi kompaniyalari va ularning vakillari tomonidan gapiriladigan ingliz tili darajasi odatda juda yuqori. Ijara narxi G'arbiy Evropaga qaraganda ancha arzon.

Estoniyada haydash juda oson. Haydovchilar odatda xushmuomala (ba'zi istisnolardan tashqari, hushyor turing) va tezlik chegaralariga va boshqa yo'l harakati qoidalariga rioya qilishadi.

G'arbiy Evropa yoki, masalan, Polsha bilan taqqoslaganda, Estoniya magistral yo'llarida transport juda ko'p emas. Tallin shahrida shoshilinch vaqtda minimal kechikishlar bilan tirbandliklar paydo bo'lishi mumkin.

Taksida

Taksod.net Estoniyadagi taksilar haqida portal.

Minadigan do'llar Estoniyada mashhur bo'lib, quyidagilar eng kutilgan provayderlar:

• Bolt. Estoniyada mashhur va ko'plab shaharlarni o'z ichiga oladi. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)
• Uber. Faqatgina Tallin va uning atrofidagi mintaqada ishlaydi. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)
• Yandex.Taxi, ✉[email protected]. Arzon narxlarni taklif qiluvchi Rossiya kompaniyasi. Xizmatlar Tallinn, Tartu va Narvada mavjud. (yangilangan dekabr 2020 yil)

Bosh barmog'i bilan

Odatda Estoniyada avtostop bilan shug'ullanish mumkin. Ilgari bu odatiyroq bo'lgan odamlar, bugungi kunda, ayniqsa, sayyohlarni ko'rganda, ular o'rta va undan katta yoshdagi Estoniyaliklar tushunmaydigan ingliz tilida gaplashishni kutishganida, o'zlarini juda tutib qolishgan.

Demak, muvaffaqiyat juda o'zgaruvchan. Sizga 10 daqiqa ichida omad kulib boqishi mumkin yoki hech kim to'xtamasdan 1 soat kutishingiz mumkin, ayniqsa chekka joylarda, transport kam bo'lgan joylarda. Oxir-oqibat olib ketishni hisoblamang, lekin oxirgi avtobus qachon ketishini bilishni unutmang.

Shuningdek qarang: Avtostop

Samolyotda

Estoniyada asosan materik va orollar o'rtasida bir nechta ichki reyslar mavjud. Transaviabaltika Tallin va shaharlari o'rtasida doimiy xizmat ko'rsatishni amalga oshiradi Kuressaare yoki Kardla. Luftverkehr Frislend-Xarle^{[o'lik havola]} chivinlar Parnu ga Ruhnu va undan keyin Kuressaare.

Velosipedda

Xalqaro velosiped loyihasi BaltiCCycle sizga ko'p ma'lumot va yordam berishi mumkin.

Piyoda va navigatsiyada

Estoniyada 1-3 kunlik yurish uchun ko'plab chiroyli marshrutlar mavjud Lahemaa milliy bog'i. Ushbu yo'llarning ishonchli va keng qamrovli (oflayn) xaritalari va to'liq xarita ma'lumotlari uchun maslahatlashing OpenStreetMap, shuningdek, ushbu sayohat qo'llanmasi va shunga o'xshash ko'plab mobil ilovalar tomonidan ishlatiladi Osm Va (ko'plab qo'shimchalar bilan murakkab) va MAPS.ME (oson, lekin cheklangan).

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Estoniya tilshunosligi

Davlat tili EstoniyaFinlyandiya bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan Ural tili. Estoniya, Islandiya va Hindiston o'rtasidagi deyarli barcha tillarga aloqasi yo'q va bu o'zlashtirish uchun qiyin tilga aylanadi.

Shahar joylarda ko'pchilik (ayniqsa, yoshroq odamlar) gapirishadi Ingliz tili juda yaxshi. Ko'plab keksa estonlar ba'zi birlari bilan gaplasha oladilar Ruscha, ammo bu umuman kamayib bormoqda, chunki bu etnik yoshlar orasida tobora g'ayrioddiy bo'lib qoldi. Rus tili ko'pincha Estoniyaning norasmiy ikkinchi tili sifatida ta'riflanadi, Tallin aholisining taxminan 40 foizi rus tilini o'z ona tili deb bilishadi va umumiy aholining 30 foizi ona tili rus tilida so'zlashadilar. Tallinda va Narva va Kohtla-Jarve kabi shaharlarda siz rus tilida so'zlashadigan odam bilan uchrashish uchun juda katta imkoniyat bor.

Rossiya va Estoniya o'rtasidagi murakkab, murakkab munosabatlarni hisobga olgan holda, ba'zi bir estoniyaliklar, agar siz ular bilan rus tilida gaplashmoqchi bo'lsangiz, ularni hurmatsizlik yoki haqoratli deb hisoblashlari mumkin.

Boshqa xorijiy tillarga nisbatan Finlyandiya 1990-yillarda ko'rfazning narigi tomonidan og'ir turizm va teledasturlar tufayli Tallindagi va yirik sayyohlik joylarida ko'p odamlar yaxshi gapirishadi. Ikkala til ham bir-biriga o'xshash bo'lganligi sababli, sekin gaplashsangiz, oddiy suhbat o'tkazishingiz mumkin. Nemis bir paytlar Estoniyada maktabda o'rganish uchun ommabop til edi va ko'p sonli odamlar (taxminlar aholining 10% dan 25% gacha o'zgarib turadi) ba'zi tillarda gaplasha oladilar. Biroq, bu tobora munozarali bo'lib kelmoqda. Gyote institutining Estoniyadagi filiali ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Germaniyaning og'ir turizmiga va ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi muhim savdo-sotiqqa qaramay, nemis tilini o'rganish pasaymoqda. Frantsuz va ispan tillari hali ham kam uchraydigan bo'lsa-da, 2010-yillarda, ayniqsa Tallinning yuqori sinflari orasida mashhurlikka erishdi.

2019 yilda Estoniyada yashaydigan katta slavyan ozchiliklari, xususan ruslar, taxminan 30% va ukrainlar, taxminan 4,3%.

Qarang

Estoniyaning eng diqqatga sazovor joylari

1. Tallinning O'rta asrlar eski shahri, Tallin, Arxitektura va tarix
2. Kadrioru bog'i, Tallin, Arxitektura
3. Lahemaa milliy bog'i, Shimoliy Estoniya, Tabiat
4. Tartu Jaani (Avliyo Ioann) cherkovi, Tartu, Arxitektura
5. Parnu plyaji, Parnu, Dam olish
6. Dengiz chiroqlari, Hiiumaa, Arxitektura
7. Narva Hermann qal'asi, Narva, Muzey
8. Kaali meteorit kraterlari, Saaremaa, Tabiat
9. Setomaa, Janubiy Estoniya, Madaniyat
10. Otepää qishki markazi, Otepää, Sport

O'rta asr tarixi va manorlari

The Eski shahar Tallin Evropadagi eng buzilmagan va eng yaxshi himoyalangan o'rta asr shaharlari va Estoniyaning premer-attraktsionidir. Uning noyob qadriyat - bu shimoliy Evropaning aksariyat poytaxtlarida yo'qolgan yaxshi saqlanib qolgan (buzilmagan) o'rta asrlar muhiti va tuzilishi. 1997 yildan beri Eski shahar YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.

Skandinaviya qirollari, Rossiya imperiyasi va Tevton ritsarlari hukmronligi ostida yashab, Estoniyani tarixiy obidalarning noyob va boy aralashmasi bilan tark etdi. XIII asrdan boshlab Estoniya bo'ylab mingdan ortiq manorlar qurilgan. Ba'zi manoralar halok bo'lgan yoki xarobaga aylangan, ammo ko'plari qayta tiklangan va sayyohlarning sevimli diqqatga sazovor joylari hisoblanadi. Lar bor taxminan 200 ta manor uylar me'moriy yodgorliklar sifatida davlat muhofazasida va 100 ta faol foydalanishda.

Orollar va qirg'oq chizig'i

Estoniyada bor 1500 dan ortiq orollar. Tabiat tabiatan befarq emas va ularning uzoqroq rustik tuyg'usi bilan butunlay boshqacha plyaj tajribasini taqdim etadi. Jamoat plyajlarining aksariyati qumli va yozda suvning o'rtacha harorati 18 ° C ni tashkil qiladi. Ichki suvlar va ba'zi sayoz koylarning suvlari yanada iliqroq.

Eng katta orol Saaremaa yagona shaharida buzilmagan va yaxshi tiklangan o'rta asr qal'asi bilan, Kuressaare. Toshdan yasalgan panjaralar, peshtoq tomlari, ishlaydigan shamol tegirmonlari va uyda ishlab chiqarilgan pivo Saaremaga xosdir. HiiumaaBoshqa tomondan, dengiz chiroqlari, buzilmagan tabiati, Xochlar tepasi va uning aholisining hazil tuyg'usi bilan mashhur. Ikkala orolda ham aeroport mavjud va shuning uchun Tallindan tezda etib borish mumkin.

Boshqa muhim orollarga kiradi Kihnu, Ruhnu ("qo'shiq qumli" plyaj bilan), Muhu va Vormsi, ularning har biri o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega. Boshqa kichkina Estoniya orollarining aksariyati madaniy ahamiyatga ega emas, lekin qushlarni tomosha qilish, kanoeda uchish, suzib yurish yoki baliq ovlash uchun qiziqarli bo'lishi mumkin.

Iyul va avgust oylarida, Parnu, Estoniyaning yozgi poytaxti diqqatga sazovor joy. Sohil chizig'ining o'zida juda ko'p tegmagan plyajlar va sayohatlar mavjud Narva-Jyesuu (sharqda) Tallinga qarab qirg'oq chizig'ini o'rganish uchun juda yaxshi. Ba'zi taniqli joylar orasida Toila, Võsu, Kessu va Kaberneeme.

Qil

• Frizbi - Frizbi estoniyaliklarning sirli sport turi bo'lib tuyuladi. Siz ko'plab joylarni topasiz, ayniqsa qishloq joylarda, qaerda disk golf savatlari topish mumkin. Shunday qilib, Frizbi olib keling.
• Piyoda yurish - Estoniyada bir yoki ikki kunlik sayr qilishga arziydigan kamida uchta milliy bog' mavjud. Ularni tekshiring. Aks holda, piyoda yurish va dengiz yaqinidagi chodirni qurish bunga loyiq bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab joylar mavjud. The o'rmon ma'muriyati shimoldan janubga va sharqdan g'arbgacha bo'lgan bir necha piyoda yo'llarni belgilab qo'ydi. Ko'p Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, Estoniyada siz tabiatda bemalol yurishingiz mumkin, ammo qoidalar bu erda biroz qattiqroq. For instance camping outside designated camping areas always requires permission from the land owner (private land) or local forest surveillance officer (public land). Qarang Hiking in Estonia for more info.
• Birdwatching – Especially in West Estonia and Islands, there are numerous viewing platform to enjoy bird watching in spring or fall when birds move from one continent to the other.
• Self-guided tours – A good way to discover Estonia by yourself. For more information visit the interactive maps sections on the official tourism website.
• Swim in the bogs – Nature parks like the Lahemaa National Park are full of black and beautiful bogs that are also possible to swim in. Take a dip if you dare and it is warm enough, but always know how to get out again.
• Football – Ten clubs play soccer in Meistriliiga, the country's top tier; five of them are based in Tallinn. The national team play home games at Lilleküla Stadium (sponsored as A Le Coq Arena) in Tallinn.
• Cycling – The premier event is the Tour of Estonia, held over 3 days in late May.

Tadbirlar

Tickets for events can be bought online via Piletilevi.ee or the lately established Ticketpro.ee^{[o'lik havola]}.

There's quite a good list of various events in Estonia at Visitestonia.com.

Film festivals

• Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (PÖFF). November/December. The festival combines a feature film festival with the sub-festivals of animated films, student films and children/youth films.  

Music festivals

• Tallinn Music Week, Tallinn. Spring. Showcase festival, aiming to stage the best and most outstanding Estonian talent on two nights in Tallinn's most vibrant live venues, as well as a networking event for the music industry professionals. 
• Tallinn International Festival Jazzkaar. April. In addition to Tallinn jazz concerts also take place in Tartu and Pärnu. 
• Tallinn Old Town Days, Tallinn. May/June. free. 
• The Estonian Song Celebration (In Estonian: Laulupidu), Tallinn. First held in 1869, takes place every five years. In 2009, 35,000 choral singers gathered to perform for an audience of 90,000 people. It is recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. 
• ^{[o'lik havola]}Õllesummer Festival, Tallinn. July. Approx 70,000 people attend the festival each year over the course of 4 days. 
• Viljandi Folk Music Festival, Viljandi. July. The festival runs for 4 days on the last weekend in July. More than 100 concerts take place in Viljandi castle's ruins, churches, and other venues throughout Viljandi County. It is the largest annual music festival in Estonia. Each year the festival draws over 20,000 visitors. 
• Saaremaa Opera Days, Saaremaa. July. 
• Leigo Lake Music Festival, near Otepää. August. Open-air concerts are held in completely natural venues on the hilly landscapes of the Otepää highland. The musicians' stage is on an island in the lake, surrounded by thousands of listeners on the sloping shore. 
• ^{[o'lik havola]}Birgitta Festival, Tallinn. August. Music and theatre festival, held at the ruins of the historical Pirita (St. Bridget's) convent. 

Sport events

• Simpel Session, Tallinn. Summer/Winter. International skateboarding and BMX event. 

Sotib oling

Pul

Exchange rates for euros As of 04 January 2021: US$1 ≈ €0.816 UK£1 ≈ €1.12 Australian $1 ≈ €0.63 Canadian $1 ≈ €0.642 Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

Estonia uses the euro, like several other European countries. One euro is divided into 100 cents. The official symbol for the euro is €, and its ISO code is EUR. There is no official symbol for the cent.

All banknotes and coins of this common currency are legal tender within all the countries, except that low-denomination coins (one and two cent) are phased out in some of them. The banknotes look the same across countries, while coins have a standard common design on the reverse, expressing the value, and a national country-specific design on the obverse. The obverse is also used for different designs of commemorative coins. The design of the obverse does not affect the use of the coin.

The Estonian kroon (EEK) ceased to be legal tender on 15 Jan 2011, but any kroons you have left over can be changed into euro at the Bank of Estonia at a fixed rate of 15.6466 kroon to €1.

Banking and cards

ATMs and currency exchange offices (valuutavahetus) are widely available. You will get the best rates by exchanging only after arrival in Estonia. Avoid changing money in the airport or port as the rates are lower.

Credit cards are accepted most of the time, exception are limited with parking machines, countryside farms and the like. Contactless payment with credit cards (Paypass/Paywave and Android/Apple Pay) is supported by roughly half of terminals in use.

Tips

Tipping has been common in Estonia only after the restoration of independence, and therefore isn't always requested. A 10% tip is usually added to the price in restaurants and taxi drivers often keep the change. Some restaurants and pubs have a jar or box on the counter labelled 'Tip' on it, where customers can put their change.

Costs

Estonia is overall much cheaper than Western Europe, but it is no longer the bargain it used to be in 1990s; in touristy areas (like Tallinn's Old Town), prices are comparable to those found in Germany and Scandinavia. It is still possible to spend less when you go off the beaten track.

Here are some prices of regular goods: 1 kg of apples – €0.80, regional dish in a café – €3-5, 30 km (19 mi) by bus – €2, hostel – €10 , local beer at the shop – €1.20. But when it comes to touristy places, suddenly prices sky-rocket: Rakvere Castle – €9, tour to National Park Lahemaa from Tallinn – €55, beer at a touristy bar – €3-4.5. Try to avoid this touristy ripoff – there is enough to see and do even without a big budget.

Yemoq

Estonian food draws heavily from German and Nordic cuisine. The closest thing to a national dish is verivorst, black pudding, served with mulgikapsad, which is basically sauerkraut stew.

Many types of food are similar to Russian dishes and have their equivalents almost exclusively in the former USSR, such as hapukoor, smetana in Russian, a sour 20%-fat milk dressing for salads, especially "kartulisalat" or "potato salad".

As Estonia used to be a food mass-production powerhouse in the times of the USSR, some of its foods, unknown to Westerners, are still well-recognized in the lands of the CIS. This is also true the other way around; in Estonian grocery stores products from countries of the former Soviet Union like Georgian mineral water are widely available.

Among other everyday food, some game products are offered in food stores in Estonia, mostly wild boar, elk sausages and deer grill. Some restaurants also offer bear meat.

For those with a sweet tooth, the national chocolate manufacturer is "Kalev", with many specialist stores around the country as well as supermarkets retailing the product.

The more adventurous may want to try "kohuke", a flavoured milk-curd sweet covered with chocolate and available at every supermarket.

Ichish

Estonians know their alcohol. Favorite tipples include the local beer Saku, or A. Le Coq, the local vodka brands Viru Valge (Vironian White) and Saaremaa Vodka and the surprisingly smooth and tasty rum-like herbal liquor Vana Tallinn (Old Tallinn), famous in the countries of former USSR.

A local soft drink is "Kali" (the Estonian equivalent of "kvass"), made from fermented brown bread. It can be described as an acquired taste.

Many locals also swear by "keefir", a fermented milk concoction.

Uyqu

The number of hotels has exploded from a few to tens and hundreds after the reestablishment of Estonian independence. In 2004, Tallinn achieved first place among the Baltic Sea cities in the number of overnight stays in hotels, though still behind Stockholm and Helsinki in the number of total overnight stays.

As Soviet collective farms were disbanded, many farmers switched to running "turismitalud," or tourism farms, which are inexpensive and indispensable places for spending holidays in the nature, usually in a former farm house. A site on Estonian Rural Tourism provides information on the tourism farms in Estonia. Hostels are another popular option for budget-sensitive travellers; see the website of the Estonian Youth Hostel Association.

Often accommodations give a discount if you book with them directly (e.g. phone) instead of using one of the monopolistic online middle men. This is due to the reason that most accommodations in Estonia can be booked without credit card anyhow. So, there is no real guarantee that someone does turn up. Just that via phone owners are at least not stuck with an online fee without receiving the room rent.

Lager is allowed virtually anywhere, except for private grounds. Some tourists have even camped in the city parks of Tartu because locals told them so. Otherwise, if you do not have a tent, some national parks (like Lahemaa) have observation towers with roof and thus space for up to 10 people at night and protection against the rain.

Learn

Estonia has a fair amount of foreign students studying in its universities, especially from Nordic countries, as Estonian diplomas are recognized throughout the EU. See the articles for university town Tartu and capital Tallinn for details.

Ish

No obstacles exist to citizens of EU countries to come to invest and work in Estonia. Citizens of developed non-EU countries are exempt from short-term tourist visas. Swedes and Finns have by far the largest working community of post-Soviet foreigners in Estonia. Estonia may have had rocket-like growth from 2001 to 2008, but it was from a very low base as a former Soviet republic, and according to Statistics Estonia the average local monthly salary was around €1220 in 2017.

Education is highly valued in Estonia because as a small nation with no exceptional natural resources, they believe that the only way to be competitive is to absorb knowledge. There are so many highly educated people in Estonia that it has become a problem for the labour market - there just aren't enough workers for jobs that require minimal education.

Considerable investments and some workers are constantly coming from CIS countries, though significant legal restrictions are imposed.

Police and Border Guard Board is the authority responsible for dealing with the paperwork.

CV Keskus.ee is the most popular job portal in Estonia that holds the biggest number of job ads.

CV Online is one of the oldest Estonian recruitment and HR services operating in 9 countries (as of 2005).

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Estonia has managed to avoid much of the crime and insecurity that has plagued many former Soviet Republics following the collapse of the USSR, and today it is among the safest European countries. Criminal activities are distributed unevenly across the territory with almost no crime in the island areas, modest petty crime in urban areas, and a considerable rate of drug dealing in the predominantly Russian-speaking industrial area of North-East.

In Tallinn, petty crime is a problem and there are some incidents involving tourists, mainly pickpocketing (especially in the markets). However, nowadays Tallinn's Old City and other main tourist attractions are closely watched by local police and private security companies.

Many Estonians are careless, reckless drivers. The number of deaths in traffic related accidents per 100,000 people are similar to South-European countries like Portugal or Italy. Estonia has strict drink-driving laws with a policy of zero tolerance, but accidents involving intoxicated drivers are nevertheless a major problem. Estonian traffic laws requires headlights to be used at all times while driving and use of seat belts by all passengers is mandatory.

Estonian law requires pedestrians to wear small reflectors, which people generally pin to their coats or handbags. Although this law is rarely enforced in cities, reflectors are very important in rural areas where it may be difficult for motorists to see pedestrians, especially in winter months. Violators of this law may be subject to a fine of around €30-50, or a higher fine up to around €400-500 if the pedestrian is under the influence of alcohol. Reflectors are inexpensive and you should be able to find them at many supermarkets, kiosks, and other shops.

As in many countries around the EU, the police are very effective at their jobs and they are not corrupt. Attempting to bribe the police may result in legal ramifications.

The main advice to anyone worried about personal security is to stay reasonably sober despite tempting alcohol prices. When driving, make sure you have had absolutely no alcohol beforehand.

The single emergency number 112 is valid all over Estonia for rescue and ambulance outcalls.

It has been mentioned that ordinary Estonians are unlikely to approach a complete stranger or a tourist on their own. If somebody suddenly turns to you in the street (with questions or matters of small business) keeping a cautious eye on your belongings would be wise. As it is a rather homogeneous country, Estonians may look intrigued if you are not white. With that said, racist acts are not common.

Public displays of affection between partners of the same gender may be met with stares, although violence is very unlikely.

Stay healthy

For an Estonian, it is considered mauvais ton not to criticize the Estonian healthcare system. EU studies have shown, however, that Estonia occupies a healthy 4th place in the block by the basic public health service indicators, on the same level as Sweden. Around 1998-2000, the Estonian healthcare system was remodelled from the obsolete USSR model, directed to coping with disastrous consequences of large-scale war and made more up-to-date by the experts from Sweden. Estonia has harmonized its rules on travellers' health insurance with EU requirements. Information about health care in Estonia is provided by the government agency Eesti Haigekassa.

For fast aid or rescue, dial 112.

Estonia has Europe's second highest rate of adult HIV/AIDS infections, over 1.3% yoki 1 in 77 adults (2013). Generally, the rate is much higher in Russian-speaking regions like Narva or Sillamäe. Don't make the situation worse by not protecting yourself and others.

Ticks spread diseases like viral encephalitis va Lyme disease, which can be transmitted to humans, their season usually starts in April and lasts till October.

Beware of poisonous plants like Sosnowsky's Hogweed va Giant Hogweed. Wear protective clothes and goggles. If burned, clean your skin with water and soap and protect it from the sun for at least 48 hours.

Tap water is usually drinkable, though some people prefer bottled water.

Hurmat

Estonians may appear sad, depressive, and maybe a little bit unwelcoming at first. Don't expect them to deliver too many social niceties or small talk; they only say what's seasonable. Once you have broken the ice, you will find them open and candid.

As in most places around the former USSR, smiling is traditionally reserved for friends; smile at a stranger and they will either think you're making fun of them and/or there's something wrong with their clothes or hairdo. Furthermore, an automatic Western smile is often regarded as insincere.

Estonians tend to keep their physical distance. If there is a "long time - no see" situation, then a hug may be suitable.

Do not raise your voice or lose your temper in a conversation. A decent, quiet conversation is the Estonian way of doing business. For similar reasons, don't be surprised if an Estonian takes time to formulate a response to whatever you've said; They prefer to listen more than they like to speak.

Estonians pride themselves on honesty and humility. They do as they say, say what they mean, and they expect you to do the same.

Don't be offended or upset if nobody shows interest in your personal life immediately; Privacy is highly valued in Estonia, and engaging in probing behaviours is a quick way to make Estonians lose their respect for you.

Even though Estonia is a member of the European Union, it is not a popular destination for immigrants and the country as a whole is very homogeneous. Non-white travellers shouldn't be surprised or alarmed if some stare at them with curiosity. This isn't a problem in the capital and in Tartu, with both cities having a sizeable foreign population.

Estonians are usually very proud of their nation and their country, and nationalism forms an important part of the country's identity. Any positive talk about the USSR and or World War II may arouse strong emotions. This isn't to say that these are no-go-zones in conversations; Estonians are more than happy to discuss those subjects if they're approached in a respectful manner.

Given the complex dynamics of Baltic-Russian relations, any positive talk about the politics of Russia may arouse strong emotions. It's worth mentioning that Estonians don't have anything against individual Russians, but rather, the Russian government and its policies.

As a small nation, its souvenir shops are often filled with characteristic items from neighbouring countries, for example with Russian matryoshka (nesting) dolls or Baltic amber. While both of them are popular among tourists, it is worthwhile to understand that neither of them have any historical or cultural connection with Estonia.

Ulanmoq

Internet

• Access to wireless, free internet is widespread in Tallinn and Tartu.
• On the open road you will often find petrol stations which offer wireless internet access too
• If you do not have a laptop, public libraries offer free computers
• The number of internet cafes is dropping but you will find several open almost all night in Tallinn and Tartu (expect to pay around €2-3 per hour)
• Most hotels also have a computer with internet access available
• The departure lounge at Tallinn airport has several free internet access points for passengers

Landlines

• For local calls, dial the 7 or 8 digit number given. There is no "0" dialled before local numbers
• For international calls from Estonia, dial "00" then the country code and number
• For international calls to Estonia, dial "00" from most countries or consult your operator, the country code "372" and the 7 or 8 digit number
• For emergencies and police dial "112"

Mobile phones

• "Everyone" has a mobile phone in Estonia
• To ring Estonia from abroad, dial 372 before the number
• Mobile access is available everywhere, even on the smaller islands and at sea
• Prepaid (pay-as-you-go) SIM cards and their top up cards can be bought from R-kiosks (ask for a "kõnekaart" - calling card in English). Popular brands are Smart, Simpel, Diil and Zen. Start-up packages are in a range of €1.55-10. 1GB is typically €1, cheaper in prepaid packages.

Postal service

• Within Estonia, the postage cost for a letter up to 250 g (8.8 oz) is €0.65. You can send a letter in a convenient way electronically in the e-service also, in case you have ID-card or Mobile-ID or contract with a Bank (Swedbank, SEB, Danske or Nordea).
• To other EU countries, Norway, Switzerland, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine the cost is €1.40 and to the rest of the world €1.50.
• Be sure to mark all air mail pieces with "Prioritaire/Par Avion" stickers available at the post office, or clearly print it on the mail if needed.
• Stamps are sold at post offices usually open during normal shopping hours, and also at news stands.
• Post offices open on Saturday but for shorter hours than during the week, and are closed on Sundays; locations and opening hours of post offices and parcel machines.

Keyingisi

• one of the less-obvious destinations is having a day cruise to Stokgolm yoki Helsinki, see Cruising the Baltic Sea