Kolumbiya - Colombia

Buni chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak Kolumbiya, bu Janubiy Amerikadagi mamlakatdan tashqari ko'plab joylarga murojaat qilishi mumkin.

Kolumbiya Janubiy Amerikaning shimoli-g'arbiy burchagini egallaydi. Uning maydoni Frantsiyadan ikki baravar va Texasdan deyarli ikki baravar ko'proq, uzoq qirg'oqlari bilan Karib dengizi va Tinch okeanlari, tog'li mintaqalar va Amazon ichki o'rmon o'rmonlari. Etnik guruhlar va madaniyatlar xilma-xil. Mamlakatda deyarli har qanday sayohatchiga taqdim etadigan narsa bor.

Iqlimni tanlang, va u sizniki - agar siz Bogotaning engil ko'ylagi ob-havosini sovuq deb bilsangiz, tog'lar bo'ylab bir soat pastga tushing va ijaraga olingan Hacienda hovuzingiz yonida quyosh boting. Agar siz o'tirishni xohlamasangiz, Amazonka yoki boshqa biron bir mamlakat ichkarisidagi o'rmonlarga, qorli vulqonlarga, toshli cho'llarga, cheksiz tekisliklarga, serqatnov vodiylarga, kofe plantatsiyalar, tog 'ko'llari, kimsasiz plyajlar.

Madaniyat uchun intellektual Bogota Lotin Amerikasining qolgan qismini eksperimental teatr, indie-rok va kitob do'konlari sonida etakchilik qilishi mumkin, ammo siz Amazonda butunlay begona ta'lim olishingiz mumkin. malokayoki siz Lotin musiqasining ulkan sahnasiga kirib borishingiz mumkin salsa va kumbiya, eng hayajonli raqs namoyishi ulkan Karnaval Barranquilla.

Tarix uchun tor ko'chalarda sayr qiling Janubiy AmerikaBogotadagi asl poytaxt, Ispaniyaning eski mustamlakachilik provintsiyalariga o'xshash chekinishlarini tekshiring Villa de Leyva, shimoli-sharqdagi o'rmon bilan qoplangan qalin tog'lar bo'ylab sayohat qiling Yo'qotilgan shahar Tayrona hindulari va devorlari bo'ylab yurish KartagenaJanubiy Amerikaning mustamlakachilik tarixi mujassam bo'lgan mustahkam devorlarni ko'rib, achchiq va chiroyli eski shahar.

Kecha hayoti uchun issiq Kali - bu dunyoning salsa poytaxti bo'lib, musiqani ertalabki soatlarda ham davom ettirib turadigan Kolumbiyaning boshqa jonli katta shaharlarning sahnalarida raqobatbardoshlik borligini ta'kidlamoqda. Hipsterlarning o'yin maydonchasi El-Poblado mahallasi atrofida joylashgan Medelin shahar markazida.

Ovqatlanish uchun siz hamma joyda mavjud bo'lgan arzon, mazali kolumbiyalik uy uslubidagi taomlardan tortib, dunyoning barcha burchaklaridagi oshxonalar namoyish etiladigan yirik shaharlarda yuqori darajadagi zamonaviy va zamonaviy oshpazlik san'atiga qadar.

Va dam olish uchun Kolumbiyada ajoyib tropik plyajlar mavjud Karib dengizi va Tinch okeani qirg'oqlarida joylashgan, ammo Karib dengizi bo'yida va buzilmagan orolida siz bundan ham ko'proq ishdan bo'shashish va tinchgina chekinishlarni topishingiz mumkin. Providensiya.

Mamlakatning aksariyat qismida siyosiy zo'ravonlik sezilarli darajada susaygan va bu erga dunyoning turli burchaklaridan aqlli sayohatchilar kelib qolishgan - barchani qo'lga kiritishdan oldin!

Mintaqalar

Shaharlar

• 4.6126388888889-74.07051 Bogota - poytaxt, balandligi 3 km (ikki milya) bo'lgan kosmopolit shahar, sakkiz millionga yaqin odam And tog'laridan tashqariga yoyilib, u erda siz ajoyib muzeylar, jahon darajasidagi ovqatlanish va katta shahardan istagan narsalarning ko'pini topasiz.
• 10.963888888889-74.7963888888892 Barranquilla - Oltin Port va mamlakatning to'rtinchi yirik shahri yilning ko'p qismida hayajonli bo'lishi shart emas, lekin uning karnavali dunyodagi eng katta ikkinchi o'rinni egallaydi Rio-de-JaneyroBu ajoyib madaniy tajriba va partiyaning eng yaxshi ishtirokchisi!
• 3.44-76.5197222222223 Kali - Kolumbiyaning salsa poytaxti sifatida tanilgan uchinchi yirik shahar Lotin Amerika.
• 10.423611111111-75.5252777777784 Kartagena - Bolivar bo'limining poytaxti bo'lgan Qahramonlik shahri - bu Kolumbiyaning eng yaxshi turistik shahri. Festivallar, tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar, restoranlar va mehmonxonalarning noyob tajribasini taqdim etadigan ushbu shaharda mustamlaka me'morchiligi va osmono'par binolarni birgalikda ko'rish mumkin.
• 5.0661111111111-75.4847222222225 Manizales - ning markazi Zona kafeera Los-Nevados milliy bog'iga tashrif buyurish va kofe ekish tajribasida yashash imkoniyatini taqdim etadi.
• 6.2447472222222-75.5748277777786 Medelin - abadiy bahor shahri va Antiokiya bo'limi poytaxti butun dunyoga yuboriladigan eng sifatli kiyim-kechak ishlab chiqaradigan yirik to'qimachilik sanoatiga ega ekanligi bilan mashhur. Bu erda usta rassom Fernando Boteroning tug'ilgan joyi, shuning uchun bu erda uning asarlari aksariyat qismi joylashgan.
• 4.8142777777778-75.6945583333337 Pereyra - sevimli shahar, Risaralda bo'limining poytaxti va kofe mintaqasining yirik shahri - zamonaviy, savdo va turistik. Mashhur "yalang'och Bolivar" yodgorligi va Matecaña hayvonot bog'i bu erda. Santa Rosa issiq suv manbalariga va "Los Nevados" milliy bog'iga juda yaqin.
• 2.4411-76.60618 Popayan - oq yuvilgan bu go'zal shahar - Kolumbiyaning diniy markazi. Fisih bayrami bo'yicha dunyodagi ikkinchi eng yirik uy (Sevilya (Ispaniya)) joylashgan bu shahar, Kolumbiya prezidentlariga boshqalarnikiga qaraganda ko'proq hissa qo'shdi. Puracé National Park va San Huustin shahridagi San Agustin va Tierra Dentro arxeologik joylari eshigi bilan chegaradosh.
• 11.236111111111-74.2016666666679 Santa Marta - atrofdagi go'zal mintaqalarda sarguzasht turizmining mashhur bazasi va shu ma'noda o'ziga xosligi shundaki, u sizga bir kun go'zal plyajlarni taklif qiladi, keyingisiga esa qorli tog 'etagiga piyoda sayr qilish, eng balandi - Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. mamlakatda.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• -3.48333333-70.21 Amakayaku milliy bog'i - Amazon yomg'ir o'rmonidagi tsivilizatsiyadan yiroqda, g'alati maymunlar yuqadigan orollar va pushti delfinlarga to'la qayiqda o'rganiladigan ulkan milliy park.
• 5.0247222222222-74.0013888888892 Catedral de Sal - Sobiq tuz konida yer ostida qurilgan ulkan cherkov, uning qismlari ajoyib haykallar bilan o'ralgan va g'orli nefning qurbongohi ustida ko'tarilgan nurli xoch.

• 11.037997222222-73.9251916666673 Syudad Perdida de Teyuni - Kolumbiyadagi o'rmonda joylashgan Kolumbiyadan oldingi shahar Santa Marta. Tayrona hindulari tomonidan VIII-XIV asrlar oralig'ida qurilgan. Hozirgi kunda faqat o'rmon bilan qoplangan dumaloq shakldagi teraslar qolgan.
• 10.175-75.754 Corales del Rosario - manzarali arxipelag - Kartagenadan qayiqqa qisqa sayohat.
• 2.97138889-78.184444445 Isla Gorgona - Tinch okeanidagi ushbu sobiq qamoq oroli endi mehmonlar uchun ochiq qo'riqxonaga aylandi. Maymunlar, ilonlar, kitlar va dengiz kaplumbağalari kabi yovvoyi tabiat juda ko'p. Bu ajoyib sho'ng'in sharoitlarini taklif etadi.
• 4.8-75.3666676 Los-Nevados milliy bog'i - Kolumbiyaning baland tog'li vulqoni parki ajoyib sayr qilishni taklif etadi.
• 13.34888889-81.374722227 Providensiya - Yamayka tomon yarim yo'ldan topilgan pastroq, uzoq Karib orollari. G'arbiy yarim sharning ikkinchi eng katta to'siqli rifi bilan go'zal Providensiya oroli YuNESKOning biosfera qo'riqxonasi etib tayinlandi.
• 1.8791666666667-76.2683333333338 San-Agustin va Tierradentro - Kolumbiyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi arxeologik joylar.
• 11.28333333-74.183333339 Tayrona milliy bog'i - Barchasida eng yoqimli qirg'oq chizig'i Janubiy Amerika.

Tushuning

Kolumbiya - bu yagona mamlakat Janubiy Amerika Shimoliy Tinch okeanida ham, Karib dengizida ham qirg'oq chiziqlari bilan va dunyoda biologik xilma-xillik bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinni egallaydi. Janubida yotish Panama, Kolumbiya o'rtasida quruqlikka kirishni nazorat qiladi Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika. Panama shimolda joylashgan bo'lsa, Kolumbiya atrofini o'rab oladi Venesuela sharqda, Braziliya janubi-sharqda va Ekvador va Peru janubi g'arbda. Mamlakat sharafiga nomlangan Kristofer Kolumb, uning ismining italiyalik versiyasidan so'ng (Cristoforo Colombo). Garchi Kolumb hozirgi Kolumbiya hududiga hech qachon oyoq bosmagan bo'lsa-da, to'rtinchi safarida u Panamaga tashrif buyurgan edi 1903 yilgacha Kolumbiyaning bir qismi.

Kolumbiyada sayohat qilish, albatta, arziydi. Bogotadan dengiz sathidan 2600 m balandlikda va doimiy 19 ° C haroratda mo''tadil iqlimi bo'lgan shimoliy, janubiy, sharqiy yoki g'arbiy bir yoki ikki soatlik haydash sizni turli xil landshaftlarga olib borishi mumkin. ular chiroyli. Tarixiy shahar markazlari va shaharchalariga, zamonaviy va baquvvat partiyalar shaharlariga, ufqning narigi tomoniga ozgina modulyatsiya bilan cho'zilgan sharqiy tekisliklarga. yuqori And mintaqasi, Guajira yarim oroli va uning cho'llari, idil plyajlari, mo'l-ko'l flora va faunaga ega Amazon va Choco tropik o'rmonlari, qorli cho'qqilari va vulqonlari, qadimgi xarobalari, Magdalena daryosi vodiysi va uning issiq ob-havosi, go'zal marjon riflari va mo'l-ko'l suv osti dengiz hayoti, yoqimli tinch tropik orollari va xususiy ijarada dam olish va dam olish qobiliyati Hacienda bu sizga ushbu boyliklardan bahramand bo'lishga va ulardan zavq olishga imkon beradi. Bunday xilma-xillik turli xil urf-odatlar va ovqatlar bilan ta'minlanadi. Kolumbiya dunyoning ekvatorial mamlakatlaridan biri, ammo ekstremal topografiyasi va suvning ko'pligi bilan noyob va hamma uchun bir narsaga ega.

Iqlim

Haqiqatan ham tanlovingizni qabul qiling. Kolumbiya - bu ekvatorial mamlakat, u balandligi juda xilma-xilligi bilan ajralib turadi, shuning uchun har qanday joyda butun yil davomida har qanday harorat yaxshi ko'rsa, shuncha yaxshi bo'ladi! Iqlimi qirg'oq, sharqiy tekislik va Amazonka bo'ylab tropikdir; vaqti-vaqti bilan qurg'oqchilik bo'lgan baland tog'larda sovuq. Odatdagidek fasllar yo'qligi sababli kolumbiyaliklar odatda yomg'irli mavsumlarni qish deb atashadi, ammo erning balandligi va balandligi mamlakatning har bir burchagida yomg'irli fasllar turlicha bo'lishini anglatadi!

Ushbu iqlimiy xilma-xillikning salbiy tomoni shundaki, agar siz keng sayohat qilishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, etarli miqdordagi turli xil kiyimlarni olib kelishingiz kerak. Bog'ota va shimolda joylashgan shaharlar kabi markazda joylashgan shaharlar Boyaka potentsial 0 ° C dan past haroratlarga yetishi mumkin, shuning uchun palto olib keling. Ba'zi tog'lar ham yil bo'yi qor bilan qoplangan. Karib dengizi bo'yidagi shaharlar Kartagena, Barranquillava Santa Marta issiq va nam, And tog'larining o'rta balandlikdagi ba'zi shaharlari yoqadi Medelin (abadiy bahor shahri), Manizales, va Qahva uchburchagi mintaqasining boshqa shaharlari har doim mo''tadil ob-havoga ega.

Relyef

Yassi qirg'oq pasttekisliklari, markaziy balandliklar, baland And tog'lari, sharqiy pasttekislik tekisliklari

Tabiiy xavf: vulqon otilib chiqadigan baland tog'lar; vaqti-vaqti bilan zilzilalar. Armero shahrida vulqon falokati yuz berdi, 1985 yil. Nevado del Ruiz tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan laxarlar (vulqon toshqinlari) tomonidan 25000 kishi ko'milgan.

Eng yuqori nuqta: Piko Kristobal kolonasi 5.775 m (18.950 fut) Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Tog 'dunyodagi eng baland qirg'oq tizmasining bir qismidir. Yaqin atrofdagi Piko Simon Bolivar bir xil balandlikka ega

Tarix

Kolumbiyada Mussa, Tayrona va Quimbaya kabi ko'plab mahalliy madaniyatlar yashagan; mahalliy aholining ayrim guruhlari Kariblar doimiy urush holatida yashagan, ammo boshqalari kamqonlik nuqtai nazariga ega edilar. Hozir Kolumbiya bo'lgan hududni ispaniyaliklar ba'zi evropaliklar tomonidan "kashf etilganda" ba'zi mahalliy guruhlar bilan ittifoq orqali bosib olishdi. Istilo va mustamlaka jarayoni hududlarning ijtimoiy tuzilmalarini tubdan o'zgartirib yubordi, mahalliy aholi hajmi jihatidan keskin qisqarib ketdi va shu vaqtdan beri ularning aholi ulushi kamayib bormoqda. Ispaniya imperiyasi evropalik ko'chmanchilar va afrikalik qullarni olib keldi, koloniyadagi aholining aksariyati aralash ispan va mahalliy ajdodlardan edi. Ispaniya imperiyasi asosan "asiento" tizimidan foydalangan holda qullarni o'zlarining mustamlakalariga olib kelib, ko'plab qullar savdosi bilan shug'ullanadigan davlatlarning savdogarlarini qullarni tashish uchun litsenziyalashgan.

Ispaniyadan mustaqillik 1819 yilda "Gran Kolumbiya" Federatsiyasi tarkibida qo'lga kiritildi, ammo 1830 yilga kelib federatsiya tarqatib yuborildi. Bu Simon Bolivar tomonidan ozod qilingan beshta mamlakatdan biri edi (qolganlari Ekvador, Venesuela, Peru va Boliviya). Lotin Amerikasi bo'ylab mustaqillik harakatlarining muvaffaqiyati Napoleon urushlari Ikki raqib hukumat bilan materik Ispaniyani tark etdi. Hozir Kolumbiya va Panama bo'lgan joylar Yangi Granada Respublikasi sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Yangi davlat 1886 yilda Kolumbiya Respublikasi e'lon qilinishidan oldin federalizm bilan Granadin Konfederatsiyasi (1858), so'ngra Kolumbiya Qo'shma Shtatlari (1863) sifatida tajriba o'tkazdi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Panama kanalini boshqarish niyati Panamaga aylanishiga olib keldi. 1903 yilda alohida millat.

Kolumbiya Janubiy Amerikadagi birinchi konstitutsiyaviy hukumat edi. Mamlakatda qullik 1851 yilda bekor qilingan. Mustaqillikdan keyingi yillarda bir nechta fuqarolar urushlari bo'lib o'tdi, bu to'qnashuvlar merosi qishloq joylaridagi chapchi militsiyalarga qarshi davlat qatag'onlari va Sovuq Urush tufayli dunyo qutblanishi bilan yakunlandi kommunistik qo'zg'olon kampaniyasi FARC va ELN tomonidan Kolumbiya hukumatini ag'darish uchun 1964 yil. Mojarolar yillari kommunistik partizanlar, Kolumbiya davlati va harbiylar, o'ng qanot yarim himoyachilari va bir nechta narkokartellar o'rtasida og'ir janglar bo'lgan. 2005 yildan keyingi yillarda butun mamlakat bo'ylab xavfsizlik yaxshilanmoqda. Qiyin tinchlik jarayoni doirasida AUC (o'ng qanot harbiylari) rasmiy tashkilot sifatida o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi va 2012 yilda hukumat va FARC 50 yillik fuqarolar urushini bir marta tugatishga qaratilgan tinchlik muzokaralarini boshladilar. va hamma uchun. Kolumbiya iqtisodiyoti jadal yaxshilanib tiklanmoqda. Mojaroni tugatish, boylik tengsizligi va millatni tiklash mamlakat oldida turgan ba'zi muammolar. 2016 yil oktyabr oyida Prezident Santosga mamlakatdagi besh o'n yillik fuqarolar urushini tugatishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari uchun Nobel mukofoti berildi.

Gapir

Kolumbiyaning rasmiy tili Ispaniya. Qishloq joylardagi ba'zi mahalliy qabilalar o'z tillarida gaplashishda davom etmoqdalar, ammo bu qabilalardan deyarli barcha odamlar o'z tillarida va ispan tillarida ikki tilli bo'lishadi.

Agar siz yaqinda ispan tilini o'rgangan bo'lsangiz, Bogota lahjasi aniq va tushunarli ekanligini bilsangiz, bu oson bo'ladi. Ispan tillari har xil, ammo Kartagenadan Bogota va Kali. Odatda qirg'oqlarda ispan tilida tezroq gapirishadi va Medellindan kelgan ispan tilida o'ziga xos o'ziga xos xususiyatlar mavjud. Medellin va Kali kabi shaharlarda ispan tilining shevasi voseo shakl. Ikkinchi shaxs tanish olmoshi o'rniga tú, vos o'rniga ishlatiladi. Garchi tú hamma ham tushunadi, vos bu esa ko'proq do'stona ovoz tú samimiy doiralar uchun ajratilgan. Karib dengizi sohillari bo'ylab gaplashadigan ispan tillari og'zaki lahjalarga o'xshaydi Kuba, Puerto-Riko va Dominika Respublikasi.

Juda oz sonli kolumbiyaliklar ingliz tilida kamida bir nechta asosiy iboralarni bilishadi, chunki maktabda ingliz tili o'qitiladi va Gollivud filmlari ingliz tilida ispancha subtitrlar bilan ishlaydi. Ammo, aksariyat hollarda, siz aniq ispan tilini o'rganishga mablag 'sarflashingiz kerak, chunki siz hech kim ingliz tilida gaplashmaydigan vaziyatlarga duch kelasiz.

Ko'proq badavlat oilalardan bo'lgan kolumbiyaliklar ingliz tilini o'rganishadi va Kolumbiyadagi yuqori martabali mutaxassislar, rahbarlar va yuqori lavozimli amaldorlarning aksariyati ingliz tilini yaxshi bilishadi. Ga o'xshash inglizcha kreol Yamayka patoilari Karib dengizi arxipelagidagi Yamayka diasporasi tomonidan gapiriladi San-Andres va Providensiya.

Chiqinglar

Vizalar

Quyidagi mamlakatlarning pasport egalariga Kolumbiyaga kirish uchun viza kerak emas, agar tashrif maqsadi 90 kungacha bo'lgan turizm (agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa): Andorra, Argentina, Avstraliya, Avstriya, Ozarbayjon, Bagama orollari, Barbados, Belgiya, Beliz, Butan, Boliviya, Bosniya va Gertsegovina, Braziliya, Bruney, Bolgariya, Kanada, Chili, Kosta-Rika, Xorvatiya, Kipr, Chex Respublikasi, Daniya, Dominika, Dominika Respublikasi, Ekvador, Salvador, Estoniya, Fidji, Finlyandiya, Frantsiya, Gruziya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Grenada, Gvatemala, Gayana, Gonduras, Gonkong (180 kun), Vengriya, Islandiya, Indoneziya, Irlandiya, Isroil, Italiya, Yamayka, Yaponiya, Qozog'iston, Koreya Respublikasi, Latviya, Lixtenshteyn, Litva, Lyuksemburg, Malayziya, Maltada, Marshal orollari, Meksika, Mikroneziya, Monako, Mo'g'uliston, Chernogoriya, Gollandiya, Yangi Zelandiya, Norvegiya, Palau, Panama, Papua-Yangi Gvineya, Paragvay, Peru, Filippinlar, Polsha, Portugaliya, Qatar, Ruminiya, Rossiya, Sent-Kits va Nevis, Sankt-Lucia, Sent-Vinsent va Grenadinlar, Samoa, San-Marino, Serbiya, Singapur, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Solomon orollari, Ispaniya, Surinam, Shvetsiya, Shveytsariya, Tayvan, Trinidad va Tobago, kurka, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari, Birlashgan Qirollik, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, Urugvay, Vatikan shahri va Venesuela.

Quyidagi mamlakatlar fuqarolari o'zlarining shaxsiy guvohnomalari bilan kirishlari mumkin: Argentina, Boliviya, Braziliya, Chili, Ekvador, Paragvay, Peru, Urugvay va Venesuela.

Kanada o'zaro to'lovi 2019 yil 1 maydan boshlab Kolumbiya hukumati kanadalik sayohatchilar uchun kirish soliqlarini olib tashlaydi.

Oddiy pasportga ega bo'lgan Kanada fuqarolari kelish paytida 160 ming kolumbiyalik peso miqdorida o'zaro to'lovni to'lashlari kerak, bundan tashqari 14 yoshdan kichik yoki 79 yoshdan oshgan sayyohlar yoki oxirgi manzil bo'lgan sayyohlar bundan mustasno. San-Andres, Providensiya va Santa-Katalina.

Kolumbiya hukumati yuqorida ko'rsatilgan mamlakatlar pasportlarida eng ko'p 30 dan 90 kungacha qolish uchun ruxsat beruvchi muhr bosadi. Mamlakatning istalgan xalqaro aeroportlarida immigratsiya bo'yicha mutasaddilar odatda sizning safaringizning taxminiy davomiyligini so'rashadi va sizni qamrab oladigan kunlarning aniq sonini berishadi, siz har qanday immigratsiya xizmatining idorasiga borib, 90 ga etkazishingiz mumkin.

Sizning turar joyingizni uzaytirish

Ba'zi yirik shaharlardagi Asuntos Migratorios ofisida bo'lish muddati 90 kunga uzaytirilishi mumkin, narxi 40 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi. Sizga pasportingizning asosiy sahifasining ikki nusxasi, kirish shtampi qo'yilgan sahifaning ikki nusxasi, mamlakatdan chiqib ketadigan yo'llanmaning ikki nusxasi va to'rtta fotosurat kerak. Jarayon biroz vaqtni oladi va barmoq izlarini olishni o'z ichiga oladi. Tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun maksimal yashash muddati 1 yil ichida 6 oydan oshmasligi kerak.

Samolyotda

Yirik shaharlarga muntazam xalqaro reyslar, shu jumladan Bogota, Medelin, Kali, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Cartagena, Pereyra va San-Andres orollari hamda Venesuela, Ekvador, Panama va Braziliya bilan chegaradosh boshqa kichik shaharlarga.

AQSh, Kanada, Meksika, Kosta-Rika, Panama, Ispaniya, Frantsiya va Janubiy Amerikaga har kuni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslar mavjud.

Ehtiyot bo'ling Medelin 2 ta aeroport xizmat ko'rsatadigan yagona Kolumbiya shahri: Xalqaro va uzoq muddatli ichki reyslar Xose Mariya Kordova Xalqaro aeroport (MDE ^IATA) mintaqaviy va boshqa ba'zi ichki reyslar kelganda Olaya Errera aeroport (EOH ^IATA).

Bogotada ikkita aeroport terminali mavjud: Puente Aéreo va El Dorado. Aeroportdan tashqarida, taksi yoki mashinada yukxalta ko'tarishingizga yordam beradigan, so'ngra to'lovni kutish uchun yordam beradigan tashabbuskor erkaklardan xabardor bo'ling. Yaxshisi siz yollamoqchi bo'lgan taksi haydovchisidan boshqa barcha yordam takliflarini xushmuomalalik bilan rad eting.

Taksilar tartibga solinadi, o'rtacha narxga ega va aeroportlardan xavfsizdir. Aeroportdan Bogotadagi markaziy biznes tumaniga taksida yurish taxminan 20 daqiqa davom etadi.

Mashinada

• Kirish Venesuela tomonidan San-Kristobal-Kukota yoki Marakaybo-Maykao o'tish.
• Kirish Ekvador tomonidan Tulkan-Ipiales (Rumichaka) dovoni.
• Muhim: uchta qo'shni davlatdan: Panama, Braziliya va Perudan keladigan katta yo'llar yo'q. Panamadan umuman yo'llar yo'q va Kolumbiya bilan Peru yoki Braziliya o'rtasida kichik yo'llar bor, lekin ular yirik shaharlarga yoki mintaqalarga olib bormaydi.

Qayiqda

Kirish Panama Yelkanli qayiqda. Yelkanli kemalar muntazam ravishda jo'nab ketadi Portobelo, Panama, 5 tungi sayohatga Kartagena, Kolumbiya. Buning 3 kuni bularni o'rganishga sarflanadi San-Blas orol jannat. Narxlari 550 dan 700 dollargacha, eng obro'li qayiqlarni oldindan Internet orqali oldindan bron qilish bilan.

Panamadan kiriting Puerto Obaldia-Capurganá o'tish. Kimdan Capurganá, yana bir qayiq safari sizni olib boradi Turbo, bu erda avtobuslar sizni Medelin va Monteriyaga olib boradi.

Agar siz kirsangiz Braziliya, dan haftalik qayiqlar bor Manaus ga Tabatinga/Letisiya Amazonka daryosi orqali. Manausdan olti kun va orqaga qaytish uchun atigi uch kun davom etadi (farqning sababi daryoning oqimi). Bundan tashqari, haftalik motorli qayiqlar qimmatroq, ammo marshrutni ikki kundan kamroq vaqt ichida bosib o'tishadi. Letisiyada bir marta siz bir necha shaharlarga, shu jumladan, kunlik ichki reyslarni amalga oshirasiz. Bogota.

Adolatli raqam kruiz kemalari kunlik tashriflarni (odatda Kartagenada), ayniqsa Shimoliy Amerikada salqin oylarda.

Avtobusda

Venesueladan

Karakasning asosiy terminalidan Kolumbiyaning aksariyat shaharlarigacha ulanish mumkin. Marakaybo (Venesuela) asosiy terminalidan siz qirg'oqdagi shaharlarga (Kartagena, Baranquilla, Santa Marta) ishlaydigan avtobuslarni topishingiz mumkin. Maikaodagi chegara Venesueladan Kolumbiyaga nisbatan oson, to'g'ri kirishni ta'minlaydi.

Venesueladan ham band bo'lganlar orqali kirishingiz mumkin San-Kristobal ga Kukota marshruti, chegara shahri orqali o'tadi San-Antonio del Tachira.

Chegarasi, ayniqsa tungi vaqtda biroz qiynalishi yoki hatto xavfli bo'lishi mumkin. Mahalliy aholidan so'rang.

Ekvadordan

Ekvadordan Kolumbiyaga kirish juda to'g'ri. Tulkanga sayohat qiling, u erda chegaraga taksi olib borishingiz mumkin. Immigratsiya idoralaridan chiqish markalarini oling va boshqa taksida Ipialesga boring. U erdan siz Kali, Bogota va boshqalarga sayohat qilishingiz mumkin.

Panamadan

Siz Panamadan Kolumbiyaga avtobusda o'tolmaysiz - Darien Gap Interamerikana tugaydigan Yavizadan boshlanadi. Buning o'rniga qayiq o'tish joyidan foydalanishni o'ylab ko'ring. Sizni Kolumbiya va Panama o'rtasida jo'natadigan va ajoyib San-Blas orollarida to'xtashga imkon beradigan yaxtalar ko'pincha mavjud.

Ikki mamlakat o'rtasida parvozlarni amalga oshiradigan aviakompaniyalar - Avianca, COPA va LAN.

Atrofga boring

Samolyotda

Qisman shaharlararo temir yo'lning yo'qligi va ko'plab yirik shaharlarni bir-biridan ajratib turadigan baland tog'lar tufayli havo qatnovi bunga qodir bo'lganlar orasida mashhur va keng tarqalgan va raqobat juda kuchli. Bogota-Medellin 2018 yilda yo'lovchilarning eng gavjum 30-marshruti bo'lib, deyarli to'rt million yo'lovchini uchib ketgan va yaqinda ushbu 239 km yo'nalishda boshqa yo'nalishlarga o'tishni ko'rsatmaydi, Kolumbiyadagi eng muhim mahalliy aviatashuvchilar:

• Avianca (asosiy Kolumbiya milliy aviakompaniyasi)
• VivaColombia (arzon narxlardagi, Ryanairga o'xshash aviakompaniya).
• Wingo ning "past tariflari" yordamchi brendi COPA Kolumbiya alohida brend sifatida faoliyat yuritadi (avvalgi AeroRepublica)
• LATAM Kolumbiya (avval LAN Kolumbiya va Ayres)
• EasyFly (Medelin, Bogota va Buxaramanga atrofidagi mintaqaviy aviakompaniya)
• Satena (Servicio Aéreo va Territorios Nacionales) (Kolumbiya Havo Kuchlari tomonidan Bog'otadan Los Llanos, Amazona va Tinch okeani sohillarining uzoq mintaqalariga transport vositalarini etkazib berish uchun foydalaniladi)
• TAC (Aero Colombiana transporti) charter aviakompaniyasi
• AEXPA (birinchi navbatda, Tinch okeanining qirg'og'i va bo'ylab charter tashuvchisi)

Ularning barchasi yaxshi saqlangan avtoulovlarga ega va Kolumbiyaning yirik shahar va shaharlariga doimiy xizmat ko'rsatishadi. Ba'zi mahalliy aviakompaniyalarning onlayn to'lov jarayoni murakkab. To'lovlarni aeroportda yoki rasmiy kassalarda amalga oshirish mumkin.

Poyezdda

The Metro Medelinda va uning atrofida Kolumbiyadagi yo'lovchi poezdiga eng yaqin narsa. Mamlakatda shaharlararo poezdlar yo'q. Biroq, buni o'zgartirish rejalari mavjud va 2020-2023 yillarga mo'ljallangan Bogota meri o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasini "Metro, Metro va boshqa metro" platformasida olib bordi va metro va mintaqaviy tramvay-poyezd uchun qurilish ishlari olib borilmoqda. .

Mashinada

Haydash yo'lning o'ng tomonida - aksariyat avtomobillar standart uzatmalar qutisiga ega. Kolumbiya parki asosan 4 silindrli dvigatellari bo'lgan Evropa va Yaponiya ishlab chiqaradigan avtomobillardan iborat.

Chet ellik mehmonlar xalqaro haydovchilik guvohnomasini (butun dunyo bo'ylab avtomobil va haydovchilar klublari tomonidan chiqarilgan ko'p tilli tasdiqlash kartasi) ko'rsatgan taqdirda haydashlari mumkin.

Sug'urta arzon va majburiydir.

Aholi yashash joylarida tezlik chegarasi 30 km / soat (19 milya), shaharlarda esa 60 km / soat (37 milya). Milliy tezlik chegarasi 80 km / soat (50 milya) ni tashkil etadi.

Mamlakatda And mintaqasidagi barcha yirik shaharlarni va Karib dengizi sohilidagi shaharlarni bir-biriga bog'laydigan yaxshi saqlangan yo'llar tarmog'i mavjud. Yomg'irli mavsumda (noyabrdan fevralgacha) ko'pincha yo'llarda va magistral yo'llarda ko'chkilar mavjud. Kichkina ko'chkilar yo'llarni bir qatorga qisqartirishi va sezilarli darajada orqaga qaytishiga olib kelishi mumkin; katta ko'chkilar bir necha kundan beri transport vositalariga olib boradigan yo'l bo'lishi mumkin. Pullik o'tish joylari juda ko'p; to'lov taxminan 3.00 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi. Bundan tashqari, o'zgaruvchan sifatdagi juda ko'p tuproqli yo'llar mavjud. Xalqaro quruqlikdagi sayohat faqat Ekvador va Venesuelada mumkin.

Avtobusda

Avtobusda sayohat keng tarqalgan va har xil sifat darajalariga ega. Uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish kamdan-kam hollarda 55 AQSh dollaridan oshadi (bir tomonga). Avtobusga chiptalarni sotib olayotganda, yo'lovchilar terminalga kelib, kerakli manzilga boradigan keyingi avtobusga chipta sotib olishadi. Kompaniyaga yoki terminalga qarab, chiptani bir necha soatdan ko'proq vaqt oldin sotib olishning iloji yo'q! Shuning uchun, hech bo'lmaganda ma'lum bir xizmat qachon boshlanishini va bir kunda tugashini bilish tavsiya etiladi. Avtoulovlarning uzoq masofalarga sayohati juda sekinlashadi, chunki magistral magistrallar ikki qatorli yo'llar bo'lib, ko'plab yuk mashinalari qatnovi mavjud. Ko'p marshrutlar tog'larda baland shamol (3000 m) va sayohat kasalligi balandlik kasalligi bilan birlashishi mumkin. 5 soatdan ko'proq masofani bosib o'tishda siz havo qatnovini tekshirishni xohlashingiz mumkin.

Bogotadan masofa va sayohat vaqti:

Belgilangan joy	Masofa (km)	Vaqt (h)
Armaniston	296	8
Barranquilla	985	20
Buxaramanga	429	10
Kali	511	12
Kartagena	1090	23
Kukota	630	16
Ipiales	948	24
Manizales	278	8
Medelin	440	9
Neiva	309	6
Pasto	865	22
Pereyra	360	9
Popayan	646	15
San-Agustin	529	12
Santa Marta	952	19
Tunja	147	3

Bogota va Medellindan shimolga, Karib dengizi sohillariga va ikki shahar o'rtasidagi hududlarga yo'llarni taklif qiladigan ba'zi bir yirik kompaniyalar:

• Expreso Brasilia, Bepul: 1 8000 51 8001. Tigo va Movistar telefonlaridan # 501 yoki # 502 raqamlariga qo'ng'iroq qiling (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• Kopetran, ☏ 57 7 644-81-67 (Buxaramanga), Bepul: 1 8000 114 164. Claro uyali telefonlaridan # 567 yoki # 568 (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• Berlinas del Fonce. Bogota, Buxaramanga, Kartagena, Kukuta, Santa Marta orasidagi sayohatlar va ularning orasidagi nuqtalar (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• Rapido Ochoa, ☏ 57 4 444-88-88. Medellin va Bogotadan Arboletes, Barrakajermeka, Monteriya, Barranquilla, Santa Marta, Tolu shaharlarigacha sayohat va ular orasida bir nechta marshrut kombinatsiyalari (yangilangan iyul 2015)

Mamlakatning janubiy qismida, Bogota va Medellinning janubida va ikki shahar o'rtasidagi hududlarda bir nechta shahar va shaharchalarga boradigan boshqa kompaniyalar; va Ekvador chegarasiga qarab:

• Expreso Bolivariano, ☏ 57 1 424-90-90 (Bogota raqami). Bogota va Medellindan Manisales, Armaniston, Medellin, Calia, Ipiales, Popayan va janubdagi boshqa joylarga keng yo'nalishlarni taklif etadi. Ular, shuningdek, Peruga qadar xalqaro xizmatni taklif qilishadi. (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• ^{[o'lik havola]}Expreso Palmira, ☏ 57 321 890-35-97 (mobil telefondan), Bepul: 1 8000 936-662. (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• Fronteras - Kontinental avtobus. (yangilangan iyul 2015)
• Kumotor. (yangilangan iyul 2015)

Mamlakat bo'ylab ma'lum bir shahar yoki shaharning turli masofalarida yoki bo'lim ichida yoki qo'shni idoralar o'rtasida ko'proq ishlaydigan ko'plab boshqa avtobus kompaniyalari va haydovchilar kasaba uyushmalari mavjud. Mavjud bo'lgan narsalarga oid ma'lum bir mahalliy ushbu maqolalarni ko'ring yoki ularga hissa qo'shing. Amazonas, Los Llanos va janubiy mintaqalarning Letisiya va Tinch okeani sohillari tomon chekka qismlarida yo'llar cheklanmagan, shuning uchun avtobus qatnovi ham cheklangan. Bundan tashqari, ushbu ba'zi chekka hududlar, xususan Venesuela, Panama va Ekvador bilan chegaralarga yaqin joylar; Janubi-sharqdagi va Tinch okean sohilidagi Amazon yomg'ir o'rmonlari partizanlarning doimiy harakatlari sababli sayohat qilish va atrofida sayohat qilish uchun hali ham xavfli bo'lishi mumkin. Borishdan oldin mahalliy joylarda so'rang.

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotni bu erda topishingiz mumkin RedBus.co turli xil kompaniyalarni taqqoslaydigan.

Shahar avtobusi orqali

Ushbu asrning boshlarida Kolumbiyadagi shahar markazlari boshqa mamlakatlarga tarqaladigan yuqori samarali va toza avtobus tranzit tizimlarini rivojlantirdilar. Bogotada siz topishingiz mumkin Transmilenio, Medellin el Metroplus[1], Cali elda Mio, Barranquilada Transmetro, Buxaramanga Metrolineya, Pereyrada Megabus.

Hali ham o'z narsangizni kuzatishingiz va qimmatbaho narsalar, ortiqcha naqd pul (ko'rinadigan COP $ 20 dan ortiq) va keraksiz narsalarni olib yurmasligingiz tavsiya etiladi. Hech qachon begonalardan kelgan ovqat yoki ichimliklarni qabul qilmang. Avtobus bekatlarida yoki terminallarda begonalar bilan suhbatlashishdan saqlaning. Ehtimol sizni politsiya nazorat punktlarida to'xtatishingiz mumkin. Xotirjam munosabat noqulayliklarni oldini olishning eng yaxshi kalitidir.

Metro orqali

Kolumbiyaning yagona metro tizimi mavjud Medelin, Antiokiya departamentida (shtatda). U atrofdagi shaharlarni Medellin barriolari bilan bog'laydi - A liniyasi La Estrella dan Barrio Niquía, B liniyasi Barrio San Antoniodan Barrio San Javiergacha. Metro tizimida ikkita teleferik liniyasi mavjud: Barrio Acevedodan Barrio Santo Domingo Saviogacha bo'lgan Metrokable liniyasi K va Barrio San-Xavyerdan jo'nayotgan Metrocable liniyasi. Teleferiklarda sayohat qilish noyob tajriba, chunki yo'lovchilar gondollarda tog'larda sayohat qilishadi. MetroCable oltita bekatga ega va Parque Arví ekoparkiga kengaytirilgan. Parque Arvi-ga sayohat narxi taxminan 4 AQSh dollarini (COP $ 3500) tashkil etadi. U erda gondol aravalarida 20 daqiqalik sayohatdan so'ng siz dengiz sathidan 2500 metr balandlikka chiqasiz.

Taksida

Bogota kabi yirik shaharlardagi taksi tarmoqlari keng. Bog'ota shaharlari orasida narxlar juda farq qiladi, masalan, Kartagena qimmat. Bogota bo'ylab (yorqin sariq) taksi safari bir kun davom etishi mumkin, ammo narxi 15 AQSh dollaridan kam.

Agar siz telefon orqali taksiga buyurtma bersangiz, kompaniya sizga taksi ro'yxatdan o'tish raqamini beradi. Keyin taksi ko'rsatilgan manzilda kutib turadi. Taksida bron qilayotganda ularga berilgan uch yoki to'rt xonali kodni berishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Kun davomida mehmonxonalar, ofis binolari va davlat idoralari tashqarisidagi ba'zi taksilar faqatgina sertifikatlangan haydovchilar va kompaniyalarga ruxsat berishadi, shuningdek taksiga o'tirganingizda ismingiz va ma'lumotlaringizni olishadi. Shaharlardan shaharga taksilarni oldindan qo'ng'iroq qilish va narxni kelishib olish orqali tartibga solish oson, garchi g'arbiy standartlarga ko'ra arzon bo'ladi va xavfsiz va juda ma'qul.

Barcha taksilarda hisoblagich COP $ 25 dan boshlanadi va masofadan oshib boradi. U kelgan raqam kabinaning oldingi o'rindig'ida ko'rsatiladigan tarifga mos keladi. Taksilar va avtobuslarning narxi yakshanba kunlari, dam olish kunlari, erta tongda va kechqurun ko'tariladi. Shuningdek, yuk uchun va telefon orqali oldindan bron qilish uchun qo'shimcha to'lovlar olinadi.

Boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, taksi haydovchisiga ovqat berish odat tusiga kirmagan. Bu shaxsga bog'liq.

Ko'p taksilarga litsenziyalari bilan chegaraviy cheklovlar tufayli Bogota tashqarisiga chiqish taqiqlangan. Siz har doim Bogotadan tashqarida taksi bilan taksida sayohat qilishni kelishib olishingiz kerak.

Ba'zi joylarda (masalan, Bogotaning Kandelaiya tumanidagi Las Aguas) siz taksi haydovchilari uchun tout vazifasini bajaruvchi shaxsni topishingiz mumkin - ular sizga taksini taklif qilishadi va sizni ma'lum bir kabinetga olib borishadi. Keyin ular haydovchidan kichik maslahat olishadi.

Katta shaharlarda taksilarni do'lga tushirish uchun dasturlardan foydalanish juda keng tarqalgan. Tappsi va EasyTaxi juda mashhur bo'lib tuyuladi. Uber xizmati Bogota, Kartagena va Medelinda mavjud.

Teleferik orqali

Kolumbiya aholisining aksariyati And tog'larida yashaganligi sababli, teleferik tizimlari ham qatnov uchun, ham turistik transport uchun mashhur bo'lib kelmoqda. You can ride the ones in Manizales and Medellín, which are integrated in the Metro system, and the ones in rural small towns of Antioquia: Jardín, Jericó, Sopetrán and San Andrés de Cuerquia. Also enjoy the magnificent view of the new cable car above the Chicamocha river canyon in Santander.

Qarang

Much of Colombia is in the Andes, which means there is very beautiful mountainous scenery to be found. On the other hand, there are also nice beaches to be found in the lowlands. The altitude of some peaks mean that snow can be seen even though they lie in the tropics.

Sport

Football (soccer) is Colombia's national sport, and the Colombia's national team is one of the stronger ones in the world, having produced several world-class players such as Carlos Valderrama, Iván Córdoba and James Rodríguez. Matches against Argentina in particular tend to draw a lot of attention from the locals.

Domestically, the top tier of Colombia's football league system is the Categoría Primera A, and Colombians also take their domestic rivalries very seriously.

Qil

There are a lot of things to do in Colombia, and you can find parties and celebrations wherever you go. Colombians especially love to dance, and if you don't know how, they'll happily teach you. Colombia is known for its exciting night life.

There are many groups and agencies offering eco-tourism and it is very usual to find trekking plans (locally named 'caminatas' or 'excursiones') on weekend; many groups (named 'caminantes') offers cheaper one day excursion, special trips (on long weekends or during periods of vacation time (January, Holy Week, July, August, October, December) to different places in the country. Some recommended groups based out of Bogotá are: Viajar y Vivir, Fundación Sal Si Puedes, Caminantes del Retorno; there are many other. Patianchos in Medellín; Rastros in Bucaramanga. They usually offer guidance and transportation to the place; on long trips include lodging and other services. The recommendation is asking if the guide has the official certification.

Sotib oling

Pul

Exchange rates for Colombian pesos As of January 2020: US$1 ≈ COP$3,300 €1 ≈ COP$3,700 UK£1 ≈ COP$4,300 Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

The currency of Colombia is the Colombian peso, but the symbol you will encounter is $ (ISO code: COP). Wikivoyage uses the notation "COP$" for clarity.

Most banks and money changes will accept major world currencies such as the US dollar and the euro.

ATMs are widely available, with varying withdrawal limits. Banks with highest limits are Citibank (COP$1,000,000 but charges an extra fee) and Bancolombia (COP$600,000 limit).

Costs

Typical prices: modest but clean (and occasionally charming) hotel: US$25, for a nice meal US$15, for two beers US$0.60-1.00 at "tiendas" or similar stores, US$1.5-3 at bars; bus 100 km about US$6 (cheaper per km for longer trips, more for dirt roads); urban transport US$0.50-0.90

Tipping

A service charge of 10% is generally added to the bill in nice restaurants (if it's not, you should add it yourself). Tipping taxi drivers is not common. Most "tipping" is merely rounding up to the nearest thousand pesos (e.g., rounding up your cafe bill to COP$7,000 from COP$6,700). Private tour guides do not need to be tipped, but it is common to do so, if you liked the guide.

In some restaurants and bars that include the tip (la propina) in the bill, this extra money often does not make it into the hands of the staff person who serves you. Instead, it is simply kept by the owners. With this in mind, many Colombians will pay the bill without the tip (in cash or with credit card) and then hand a cash tip to the staff member (waiter, bartender, etc.) who served them.

Xarid qilish

The Colombian textile industry is well-recognized and reputable around South America and Europe. Clothing, including lingerie is particularly well-regarded as high quality and very affordable. Leather garments, shoes and accessories are also of interest to foreigners. The best place to buy either is Medellín, known for being the fashion capital of the country, where one can buy very high quality goods at a very low cost.

Colombian emeralds and gold (18k) jewelry can also be very attractive for visitors. A typical Colombian style of jewelry is a copy of precolombian jewelry, which is fabricated with gold, silver and semi-precious stones.

The "mochila", the Spanish word for "backpack" or "rucksack", is also a traditional, indigenous, hand-woven Colombian bag, normally worn over the shoulder. They are commonly sold in shopping malls, especially in the Santa Marta/El Rodadero area. Mochilas usually come in three sizes - a large one to carry bigger things, a medium one to carry personal belongings, and a small one to carry coca leaves. Coca leaves are carried by local tribe members to reduce hunger, increase energy and to combat altitude sickness.

Handicrafts such as intricately designed jewelry are commonly sold in markets and on street corners. Many street vendors will approach people, selling T-shirts, shorts, glasses, bracelets, watches, necklaces, souvenirs, and novelty photographs. If you want to buy something, this is a good time to exercise your bargaining skills. Usually you can go down by COP$2,000-3,000, however 10%-15% is the generally accepted rule. For example, if someone is selling a shirt for COP$10,000, try asking if you can pay COP$8,000. Go from there.

If you don't want to buy anything, a simple gracias, ("thank you") and a non-committal wave of your hand will deter would-be sellers.

Yemoq

Pre-Columbian civilizations cultivated about 200 varieties of potatoes, and they remain popular today. Try the local preparations like papas saladas (salted potatoes) or papas chorriadas (stewed potatoes). Most meals feature some kind of meat with rice, potatoes, and avocados. In the coastal areas, the rice is usually flavored with coconut.

Both restaurants and family meals often feature soup, and, in the mountain areas, you may even be served a milk-based soup called changua for breakfast.

Compared to nearby countries, Colombian food is not nearly as spicy as Mexican food. Fruit juice is particularly popular. Some foods with the same name are quite different. For example, empanadas, made with potato and meat with a pouch-like yellow exterior, are delicious and entirely different from their Mexican and Argentinian counterparts.

In many areas of Colombia, it is common to have buñuelos (deep fried corn flour balls with cheese in the dough) and arepas (rather thick corn tortillas, often made with cheese and served with butter) with scrambled eggs for breakfast. Bogotá and the central region have its own breakfast delicacy of tamales: maize and chopped pork or chicken with vegetables and eggs, steamed in plantain leaves, often served with homemade hot chocolate.

For lunch, especially on Sundays, you should try a sancocho de gallina (rich chicken soup, served with part of the chicken itself, rice and vegetables or salad). Sancocho is widespread throughout the country, with countless regional variants. On the coast it features fish, and is highly recommended. Another soup, served in Bogotá and the periphery, is Ajiaco (chicken soup made with three different kinds of potato, vegetables and herbs (guasca), served with rice, avocado, corn, milk cream and capers).

Bandeja paisa is the official national dish of Colombia. The name translates roughly as "the peasant's plate". This filling dish includes rice, beans, fried plantain, arepa (corn bread), fried egg, chorizo sausage, chicharrón (pork crackling) with the meat still attached. It's a very fatty dish, but you can leave what you don't like, and if you're lucky enough, you could find a gourmet bandeja paisa in a good restaurant in Bogotá or Medelin. They are lighter and smaller.

In Colombia there are a great variety of tamales but they are very different from their most famous Mexican cousins. They differ from region to region, but all of them are delicious. Envueltos are the sweet tamales made of corn.

There are a few chain restaurants in the country. In addition to worldwide franchises (McDonald's, Subway, T.G.I.F., which are specially focused on Bogotá and other big cities), Colombian chains are very strong and located in almost every city. Presto and especially El Corral serve outstanding burgers, Kokoriko makes broiled chicken, and Frisby specializes in roasted chicken. Gokela is the first choice among people wanting healthy options such as wraps, salads, super foods, supplements, and subsequently one of the only options for vegetarians, vegans and organic eaters. Crêpes and Waffles, as the name indicates, is an upscale breakfast/brunch restaurant with spectacular crêpes, waffles, and ice cream. There are many international restaurants, including rodizios (Brazilian steak house style), and paella houses.

Organic food is a current trend in big cities, but in little towns you can get fruits and veggies all very natural and fresh. Colombians aren't used to storing food for the winter, since there are no seasons in the traditional sense. So don't ask them for dried items like dried tomatoes or fruits. All you have to do is go shopping at the little grocery stores nearby and pick up the freshest of the harvest of the month (almost everything is available and fresh all year). As for pickles and related preserved food, you can find them in supermarkets, but they are not common in family households.

Sweets

Bread and pastry is easily available from a neighborhood bakeries. Pastry is prevalent, both salty and sweet, including pandebono, pan de yuca, pastel gloriava roscon. These vary in quality—ask the locals for the best niche places to indulge.

Colombians are famous for having a sweet tooth, so you are going to find a lot of desserts and local candies like bocadillo made of guayaba (guava fruit), or the most famous milk-based arequipe (similar to its Argentinian cousin dulce leche or the French confiteure du lait). That just covers the basics, since every region in Colombia has its own fruits, local products, and therefore its own range of sweet products. If you are a lover of rare candies, you could get artisan-made candies in the little towns near Bogotá and Tunja.

A great variety of tropical fruits can be tasted, and the corresponding variety in juices, from some of the oddest ones you can find around the globe (really) to the sweetest ones. Some examples of those exotic fruits include: tamarinds, mangoes, guanabanas, lulo, mangostines (really great and rare even for Colombians), and a great variety in citrus. In addition, you can find some of those rich and strange flavors in prepared food like ice cream brands or restaurant juices. Fruit juice is a very common and popular drink. Most of Colombians drink juices at home and in restaurants. They are inexpensive and natural everywhere.

Regarding coffee, you can find a lot of products that are both made commercially and homemade from this very famous Colombian product, like wines, cookies, candies, milk-based desserts like arequipe, ice-cream, etc.

The tres leches cake is not to be missed. A sponge cake soaked in milk, covered in whipped cream, then served with condensed milk, it is for the serious dairy fiend only. Another delicious milk-based dessert is leche asada, a milk custard similar to the better-known flan.

Ichish

For breakfast, take a home-made hot drink. The choices normally include coffee, hot chocolate or agua de panela. The latter is a drink prepared with panela (dried cane juice), sometimes with cinnamon and cloves, which gives it a special taste. Coffee is usually taken with a lot of milk. In Bogotá and the region around, it's customary to use cheese along with the drink, in a way that small pieces of cheese are put into the cup and then after they are melt, you can use a spoon to pick them up and eat it like a soup. It is the same way to drink hot chocolate.

Colombia's national alcoholic beverage, Aguardiente (a.k.a. guaro), tastes strongly of anise, and is typically bought by the bottle or half bottle or a quarter. People usually drink it in shots. Each region has its own aguardiente, "Antioqueño" (from Antioquia), "Cristal" (from Caldas), "Quindiano" (from Quindío), "Blanco del Valle" (from Valle del Cauca) and "Nectar" (from Cundinamarca). There is also a variety of rum beverages, like "Ron Santa Fe" (also from Cundinamarca), "Ron Medellín Añejo" (also from Antioquia), "Ron Viejo de Caldas" (also from Caldas) among others.

The water is drinkable right from the tap in most of the major cities, but be prepared to buy some bottles if you go to the countryside. Agua Manantial Bottled water is recommended, it comes from a natural spring near Bogotá. An advice, make sure you do not use ice cubes, or drink any beverage that might contain non distilled water, ask if the beverage is made with tap or bottled/boiled water.

If you are lucky enough, and if you are staying in a familiar "finca cafetera" (coffee farm) you can ask your Colombian friends not only for the selected coffee (quality export) but for the remaining coffee that the farmers leave to their own use. This is manually picked, washed, toasted in rustic brick stoves and manually ground. It has the most exquisite and rare flavor and aroma ever found.

In Bogotá and the rest of the country, black filter coffee is referred to as "tinto" - confusing if you were expecting red wine.

Also, you can find specialized places where you can drink coffee with many different combinations (like Juan Valdés Café or Oma), hot or frozen preparations.

Commercially, you can find a lot of products made out of coffee too like wines, ice-creams, soda-pops and other beverages.

Uyqu

In Colombia you can find a range of options, bed and breakfast conditioned to western standards and hostels to five-star hotels. There are also apartments that rent per day.

Motels vs hotels

A quick word of caution; in Colombia a "motel" is not the same as what one normally finds in the United States. The term motel in Latin America usually refers to a place of accommodation where the rooms are rented on a short term basis, typically for romantic assignations. Hotels, by contrast, are places of accommodation for travelers and are typically family friendly. Many hotels will not permit persons who are not registered as guests to go beyond the reception area. This is for the safety of both the guests and hotel staff and also to protect the hotel's reputation in what is still a culturally conservative and Catholic country. So visitors looking for a place to enjoy the physical company of another, will often use motels. Also privacy is something of a premium in Colombia, with children often living at home until they are married. For this and other practical reasons, couples, even married couples desiring a little intimacy, sometimes rent a room at a motel. These motels are common in Colombia and do not carry the social stigma that used to be associated with so called "no tell motels" in the United States or Canada. The quality and price of motel accommodations varies, sometimes drastically, with most being clean and well kept. Rooms are engaged anonymously with the tariff and any associated charges usually being paid on a cash only basis.

O'rganing

Colombia education is generally strict and is kept to high standards. Most Colombian degrees can be legalized in foreign countries. In contrast to American education, a typical Bachelor's degree program in Colombia is 160 credits or 5 years long. You can find several programs in different universities around the country.

Learn Spanish

Colombian Spanish is considered by many around the world as the purest in Latin America and there are many universities and language schools that have Spanish programs.

Learn Salsa

Colombia is one of the mother countries of Salsa and you will be able to listen to this music all over the place. In the last years several of the Salsa World Champions came from Colombia. Especially in Cali and Cartagena there are plenty of clubs and schools.

Ish

If you want to work for a national company, such as Bancolombia/Conavi, Avianca, or Presto, you must be able to speak Spanish with near-native fluency. Depending on your qualifications, companies may offer Spanish lessons, however always make sure that you are indeed eligible for the position advertised. You can teach English for extra money, especially in smaller cities where the demand for it is high. Also you could work for a non-governmental organization.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Colombia has suffered from a terrible reputation as a dangerous and violent country but the situation has improved dramatically since the 1980s and 1990s. Colombia is on the path to recovery, and Colombians are very proud of the progress they have made. These days, Colombia is generally safe to visit, with the violent crime rate being lower than that in Mexico or Brazil, as long as you avoid poorer areas of the cities at night, and do not venture off the main road into the jungle where guerrillas are likely to be hiding.

The security situation varies greatly around the country. Most jungle regions are not safe to visit, but the area around Leticia is very safe, and the areas around Santa Marta are OK. No one should visit the Darien Gap at the border with Panama (in the north of Chocó), Putumayo yoki Caquetá, which are very dangerous, active conflict zones. Other departments with significant rural violence include the Atlantic departments of Chocó, Caucava Valle del Cauca; eastern Meta, Vichadava Arauca yilda the east; and all Amazonian departments except for Amazonas. That's not to say that these departments are totally off-limits—just be sure you are either traveling with locals who know the area or sticking to cities and tourist destinations. In general, if you stick to the main roads between major cities and do not wander off into remote parts of the jungle, you are unlikely to run into trouble, and you are much more likely to encounter a Colombian army checkpoint than an illegal guerrilla roadblock.

Landmines

Colombia is one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. So don't walk around blithely through the countryside without consulting locals. Land mines are found in 31 out of Colombia's 32 departments, and new ones are planted every day by guerrillas, paramilitaries, and drug traffickers.

Paramilitaries

There was an agreement in 2005 with the government which resulted in the disarmament of some of the paramilitaries. However they are still active in drug business, extortion rackets, and as a political force. They do not target tourists specifically, but running up against an illegal rural roadblock in more dangerous departments is possible.

Kidnappings

At the turn of the millennium Colombia had the highest rates of kidnapping in the world, a result of being one of the most cost-effective ways of financing for the guerrillas of the FARC and the ELN and other armed groups. Fortunately, the security situation has much improved and the groups involved are today much weakened, with the number of kidnappings dropping from 3,000 in 2000 down to 205 cases in 2016. Today kidnappings are still a problem in some southern departments like Valle del Cauca, Caucava Caquetá. Colombian law makes the payment of ransom illegal, therefore the police may not be informed in some circumstances.

Guerrillas

The guerrilla movements which include FARC and ELN guerrillas are still operational, though they are greatly weakened compared to the 1990s as the Colombian army has killed most of their leaders. These guerrillas operate mainly in rural parts of southern, southeastern and northwestern Colombia, although they have a presence in 30 out of the country's 32 departments. Big cities hardly ever see guerrilla activity these days. Even in rural areas, if you stick to the main roads between major cities and do not wander off the beaten track, you are far more likely to encounter soldiers from the Colombian army than guerrillas. River police, highway police, newspapers, and fellow travelers can be a useful source of information off-the-beaten-path.

Crime

The crime rate in Colombia has been significantly reduced since its peak in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the police having arrested or killed many of the important leaders of the drug cartels. However, major urban centers and the countryside of Colombia still have very high violent crime rates, comparable to blighted cities in the Qo'shma Shtatlar, and crime has been on the increase. In the downtown areas of most cities (which rarely coincide with the wealthy parts of town) violent crime is not rare; poor sections of cities can be quite dangerous for someone unfamiliar with their surroundings. Taxi crime is a very serious danger in major cities, so always request taxis by phone or app, rather than hailing them off the street—it costs the same and your call will be answered rapidly. Official taxi ranks are safe as well (airports, bus terminals, shopping malls).

Drugs

Local consumption is low, and penalties are draconian, owing to the nation's well-known largely successful fight against some of history's most powerful and dangerous traffickers. Remember that the drug trade in Colombia has ruined many innocent citizens' lives and dragged the country's reputation through the mud.

Marijuana is illegal to buy and sell, although officially you can carry up to 20 grams without being charged for it. Police will tolerate you having a few grams of this drug on your person, but you are flirting with danger if you carry much more. Especially in small towns, it is not always the police you have to deal with, but vigilantes. They often keep the peace in towns, and they have a very severe way of dealing with problems.

Scopolamine is an extremely dangerous drug from an Andean flowering tree, which is almost exclusively used for crime, and nearly all the world's incidents of such use take place in Colombia. Essentially a mind control drug (once experimented with as an interrogation device by the CIA), victims become extremely open to suggestion and are "talked into" ATM withdrawals, turning over belongings, letting criminals into their apartments, etc., all while maintaining an outward appearance of more or less sobriety. After affects include near total amnesia of what happened, as well as potential for serious medical problems. The most talked about method of getting drugged with scopolamine is that of powder blown off paper, e.g., someone walks up to you (with cotton balls in their nose to prevent blowback) and asks for help with a map, before blowing the drugs into your face. But by far the most common method is by drugging drinks at a bar. To be especially safe, abandon drinks if they've been left unattended. While a pretty rare problem, it's an awfully scary one, and happens most often in strip clubs or other establishments involving sex workers.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Drink only bottled suv outside the major cities. The water in major cities is safe. Most drinking water in people's homes is either boiled or of the purified variety that comes in huge multi-gallon plastic bags (which you can find at any little grocery store). The coffee's delicious, though, so why not just start that habit!

Tropical diseases are a concern in lowland parts of the country, and more so outside of major cities. Mosquitoes carry bezgak, Yellow feverva Dengue, and infection rates are similar to other lowland parts of Janubiy Amerika (i.e., much lower than in sub-Saharan Africa). Yellow fever has a vaccine, so get it—it's required for entry to many national parks, anyway. Dengue is not preventable beyond avoiding mosquito bites, so using bug spray regularly in lowland rural areas is good sense.

Bezgak is a potential problem, so trips outside Bogotá, Medelin, Cartagena, va Andean region warrant use of antimalarials, which can be bought very cheaply without a prescription from a droguería, which are everywhere in any city of any size throughout the country. Ask for Doxycicline tablets at a dosage of 100 mg, with the number being 30 days plus the number of days in a malarial area (so you can start 1–2 days in advance, and take it daily continuing for 4 weeks past the end of your trip). The phrase you want is: doxyciclina, cien miligramos, [number] pastillas. Using some bug spray in the evening serves as a bit of extra protection.

Cases of Zika virus have been reported in Colombia. Zika is a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted infection that can cause serious birth defects. Travellers who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy should avoid travel to this country.

Hurmat

Colombians are acutely aware of their country's bad reputation, and tactless remarks about the history of violence might earn you a snide remark (likely regarding your country of origin) and an abrupt end to the conversation. However, Colombians eventually become willing to discuss these topics once they feel comfortable enough with someone.

Colombians are more formal than much of Latin America. Make a point to say "please" ("Por favor" or "Hágame el favor") and "thank you" ("muchas gracias") for anything, to anyone. When addressed, the proper response is "¿Señora?" or "¿Señor?" In parts of the country (especially Boyacá) Colombians can be formal to the point of anachronism, calling strangers "Su merced" (your Mercy!) in place of usted. The one (much) more informal part of the country is along the Caribbean coast, where referring to people just as "chico" can be more the norm—but take your cues from those around you.

Race is not a hot issue in Colombia, since whites, criollos, and mestizos (mixed race) blend naturally with natives and Afro-Colombians in everyday life (education, living, politics, marriage). Differences between white foreigners are not dwelled upon: expect to be called "gringo" even if you are, say, Russian. Unless context includes anger, it's not meant to be offensive. If you are black, you will probably be referred to as "negro" or "moreno," which also are not considered at all offensive. Asians are usually called "chino" (Chinese), regardless of actual background. Confusingly, Colombians from the inner regions also occasionally refer to children as chinos ("kids"); this use comes from Chibcha, an indigenous language. Even more confusingly, Colombians refer to blondes and redheads as "monos" (monkeys). It sounds offensive, but actually ranges from neutral to affectionate.Colombians have the mannerism of pointing to objects with their chins or lips; pointing to a person or even an object with your finger can be considered rude or less discreet.

Avoid indicating a person's height using your hand palm down, as this is considered reserved for animals or inanimate objects. If you must, use your palm facing sidewards with the bottom of the hand expressing the height.

Colombians dance a lot. Anyone will be glad to teach you how to dance, and they will not expect you to do it correctly, since they have been practicing every weekend for most of their lives. Colombian night life centers mostly on dancing, and bars where people sit or stand are less common outside major cities. Despite the sensual movements, dancing is normally not intended as flirtation. It is applied in the same way as in Brazil—an almost-naked "garota" dancing samba in the carnival is not inviting you to have sex with her but inviting you to enjoy, to be happy, to join in the celebration, to join the exuberant shedding of inhibitions.

Gay and lesbian travelers

Most Colombians are Catholic, although you'll find that young people are quite relaxed about religion, especially with regards to social issues. Public displays of affection are rare, though, and may elicit uncomfortable stares. Verbal and physical homophobic violence is not necessarily unheard of, and unfortunately less aggressive homophobia may be more widespread than what politeness masks. Overall, Colombian attitudes to homosexuality are pretty similar to what you find in the United States.

You can find more liberally-minded areas (at least about LGBT issues) in Bogotá's Chapinero tuman. It is home to what may be the biggest LGBT community in Colombia, and is the focal point of the community's nightlife in Bogotá (if not the whole country), with explicitly gay-friendly establishments such as Theatron (arguably one of the biggest discos in South America) [2]. LGBT pride parades also take place in some of the major cities sometime around late June and early July. [3]

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Colombia since April 2016.

Ulanmoq

Post

Colombia does not have a government-run post office system. However, the private firm 4-72 serves as Colombia's de facto postal service, though it tends to be somewhat slow and unreliable. Locals rarely use the 4-72 service and usually go to couriers such as Servientrega, which have many more branches than 4-72, though they are very expensive when used to send mail overseas.

By phone

Carriers

It's simple enough to get a SIM card and even an unlocked phone at the international airport in Bogotá, although there is, of course, a price hike. They're not hard to find in any city either, just ask your hotel or hostel staff where to go. Topping up is also easy, and can be done pretty much on any street corner.

The carriers you'll most likely see are Claro, Tigo, and Movistar. Claro is the most expensive (by a little bit), but has the widest coverage in the country, if you expect to get off the beaten path.

Virgin Mobile might be the best option if you want to have internet for a low price, as you can pay for COP$20,000 for a month and get 350MB (plus 50 minutes, 10 sms and unlimited use of WhatsApp, an almost universally used chat app in Colombia) without the need of a contract. It might take a bit longer to find a spot that sells the sim cards. It should cost COP$5k-10k pesos.

Dialling

Colombian area codes

#	Departments
1	Bogotá va Cundinamarca
2	Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Nariño
3	Mobile phones
4	Antioquia, Chocó, Córdoba
5	Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, La Guajira, Magdalena, Sucre
6	Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío
7	Norte de Santander, Santander, Arauca
8	Boyacá, Tolima, Huila, San Andrés and Providencia, Meta, Caquetá, Amazonas, Casanare, Vichada, Guainía, Vaupés, Guaviare, Putumayo

From landlines:

To call from a landline to another local landline, dial the normal seven digits. To call from a landline to a mobile, dial twelve digits, always beginning with 03, followed by the ten digit number provided.

It's far more complex to make long-distance domestic calls or international calls. Ask whoever owns the phone to dial it for you. If that's not an option, buy a mobile phone. Seriously.

From mobiles and from abroad:

To call a Colombian landline from another country or from a mobile phone in Colombia, use the 57 country code then the eight digit number (the first of which is the area code). To dial to a mobile phone, dial 57 and then the ten digit number. You can also type "00" instead of the " ".

By Internet

Internet cafés are easy to find in any city or town. Expect rates to run about COP$1,250-2,500 per hour, depending on how much competition there is (i.e., cheap in Bogotá, expensive in the middle of nowhere). Quality of connection is directly related to the centrality of location, and hence inversely related to price.