Ruminiya - Romania

Ruminiya (Rumin: Romaniya) - Qora dengizning g'arbiy qirg'og'idagi mamlakat; dan tashqari Dobruja, ning shimoliy qismida joylashgan Bolqon yarim oroli. Bu buyuk tabiiy go'zallik va xilma-xillik va boy madaniy meros, shu jumladan turli xil etnik, lingvistik va konfessional guruhlarni o'z ichiga olgan mamlakat. Ruminiya o'zining go'zal tog 'manzaralari va buzilmagan qishloq joylari bilan, shuningdek tarixiy shaharlari va gavjum poytaxti bilan mehmonlarni maftun etadi. Ayniqsa, unga qo'shilganidan beri sezilarli rivojlanish bo'ldi Yevropa Ittifoqi 2007 yilda. G'arbiy Evropaga odatlanib qolgan ba'zi mehmonlarni ajablantirishi mumkin. Oltita madaniy va bitta tabiiy narsaga ega YuNESKOning jahon merosi ob'ektlari.

Ruminiya ba'zida qarama-qarshiliklar bilan hayratga soladigan katta mamlakatdir: ba'zi shaharlar haqiqatan ham zamonaviy, ba'zi qishloqlar esa o'tmishdan qaytarilganga o'xshaydi. U boshqa Bolqon davlatlari bilan sezilarli madaniy o'xshashliklarga ega bo'lsa-da, Ruminiya jamiyatining madaniyatidan tiliga qadar har bir qismida aks ettirilgan kuchli lotin merosi tufayli noyob hisoblanadi. Ruminiya mashhur bo'lgan narsalarga quyidagilar kiradi: Karpat tog'lari, sharob, o'rta asr qal'alari, Dakiya mashinalari, Drakula, to'ldirilgan karam barglari (sarmale), Qora dengiz, kungaboqar dalalari, bo'yalgan monastirlar va Dunay Deltasi.

Tushuning

Sharqda Qora dengiz qirg'og'i bilan chegaradosh Bolgariya janubda, Serbiya janubi-g'arbda, Vengriya shimoli-g'arbda, Moldova shimoli-sharqda va Ukraina shimolda ham, sharqda ham. Uning janubiy mintaqalari odatda Janubi-Sharqiy Evropaning (Bolqonlarning) bir qismi sifatida qaralganda, Transilvaniya, uning eng katta mintaqasi Markaziy Evropada.

Kommunistik davrdan beri mamlakat yanada yaxshi standartlarga ega, xorijiy investitsiyalar o'sib bormoqda.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Rim imperiyasi, Vizantiya imperiyasi, Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi, Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi, Sovuq urush Evropa

Janubiy Karpat va Dunay oralig'idagi hududda insoniyat paydo bo'lgan paytdan beri aholi yashagan. Taxminan 40 ming yil ilgari berilgan radiokarbon bo'lgan Peștera cu Oase ("Suyakli g'or") da topilgan odam qoldiqlari ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimiy Homo sapiens Evropada

Qadimgi davrlarda hozirgi Ruminiya hududida asosan Dakiya qabilalari yashagan, ular ajoyib, ammo unchalik taniqli bo'lmagan madaniyat edi. Dacia qirolligi miloddan avvalgi I asrda, ularning shohi Burebista Karpat tog'laridagi kuch bazasidan Markaziy Evropadan Qora dengizgacha cho'zilgan ulkan hudud ustidan hukmronlik qilgan paytda o'z qudratining eng yuqori darajasiga etgan. Dacia poytaxti atrofida qurilgan qal'alar va ma'badlarning qiziqarli tarmog'i Sarmisegetuza, hozirgi Transilvaniyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida, asrlar davomida nisbatan yaxshi saqlanib kelingan va endi a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.

Milodiy 106 yilda, ikkita shiddatli urushdan so'ng, shoh Decebalus boshchiligidagi dakiyaliklar imperator Trajan boshchiligidagi Rim legionlari tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradilar va ularning vatanlarining katta qismi Rim imperiyasi "Dacia Feliks" nomi ostida.

Rim ma'muriyati davrida tabiiy resurslarga (ayniqsa, oltin) juda boy bo'lgan mintaqa ravnaq topdi: shaharlar tez rivojlandi, muhim yo'llar qurildi va bu erga butun imperiyadan odamlar joylashdilar. Shuning uchun ham, Rim hukmronligi atigi 169 yil (milodiy 106-275) davom etgan bo'lsa-da, o'ziga xos lotin madaniyati, fe'l-atvori va tili bo'lgan aholi paydo bo'ldi.

Ilk o'rta asrlarda vengerlar bugungi kunda Transilvaniya nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan hududga joylasha boshladilar, bu oxir-oqibat Shohlikning bir qismiga aylanadi. Vengriya, va keyinchalik Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi. Nemislar ham o'sha hududda (bir necha to'lqinlarda) va Banatda joylashdilar, ba'zilari esa XII asrdayoq kelgan. Tartar va turklarning tez-tez bosib olinishidan o'zlarini himoya qilish uchun ular mustahkam turgan shahar va qasrlar qurishga kirishdilar, ularning aksariyati tik turibdi. Karpatning janubi va sharqida Valaxiya va Moldaviya knyazliklari XIV asrda vujudga kelgan. XV asrdan boshlab ular (va bir muncha vaqt Transilvaniya ham) hukmronligi ostiga tushdilar Usmonli imperiyasi.

Qisqa vaqt ichida 1600 yilda Maykl Jasur (Mixay Viteazu) uchta knyazlikni boshqargan va shu bilan qisqa vaqt ichida amalda birlashgan Ruminiya hukmdori. Birozdan keyin uning ittifoqi qulab tushdi.

Ruminiya milliy tiklanish harakati 1700 yillarning oxirlarida Transilvaniyada boshlanib, Karpatlar bo'ylab tarqalib, 1859 yilgi Moldaviya va Valaxiya ittifoqini ilhomlantirdi va shu bilan zamonaviy Ruminiyaning prototipini yaratdi. 1918-1919 yillarda Transilvaniya va Sharqiy Moldaviya (hozirgi respublika) Moldova) Ruminiya bilan birlashtirildi.

1940 yilda Molotov-Ribbentrop shartnomasi natijasida o'z hududining bir qismini (Sharqiy Moldaviya va Shimoliy Bukovina) SSSRga boy bergandan so'ng, Ruminiya eksa kuchlariga qo'shilib, 1941 yilda Germaniyaning SSSRga bostirib kirishida qatnashdi. Ruminiyalik 855 ming askar, havo kuchlari va dengizchilar Stalingradgacha va Kavkaz tog'larigacha kurash olib bordilar, so'ngra Germaniya armiyasi safida chekinib, 30 foizdan ko'proq zarar ko'rdilar. Uch yil o'tgach, Sovetlar tomonidan bosib olingan Ruminiya sulh shartnomasini imzoladi. 1944 yil avgustdan 1945 yil 9 maygacha 540 ming kuchli Ruminiya armiyasi ittifoqchilar tomonida Axis kuchlariga qarshi kurash olib bordi va Vengriya, Chexoslovakiya va Avstriyaning ozod qilingan qismlarida 160 mingdan ziyod talafot ko'rdi. Germaniyadan tashqari, Ruminiya qurolli kuchlari Sovet frontidagi barcha eksa qo'shinlari harbiylaridan oshib ketdi va 1944 yil avgustda (SSSR, AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyadan keyin) sulh imzolangandan keyin ittifoqdosh Evropaning to'rtinchi yirik hissasiga aylandi.

Urushdan keyingi Sovet istilosi 1947 yilda kommunistik "xalq respublikasi" ning shakllanishiga va qirolning taxtdan voz kechishiga olib keldi. 1947-1965 yillarda Ruminiyani ma'muriyatining ko'p qismida sovetparast pozitsiyaga ega bo'lgan Georgiyu Georgiu-Dej boshqargan. 1965 yilda uning o'rniga Sovet Ittifoqiga unchalik g'ayratli bo'lmagan va oldingisiga qaraganda ancha betaraf tashqi va ichki siyosatni yuritgan Nikolae Cheesescu keldi; Ammo uning Securitat politsiyasi davlati 1980-yillarda tobora zulmkor va shafqatsiz bo'lib qoldi. Cheauesku ag'darilib, 1989 yil oxirida qatl etildi.

Sobiq kommunistlar, Milliy Najot fronti va keyinchalik Ruminiya Ijtimoiy Demokratiya partiyasi atrofida qayta to'planib, 1996 yilgi saylovlargacha hukumatda hukmronlik qildilar, ular markaziy partiyalarning fraktsion koalitsiyasi tomonidan hokimiyatdan supurib tashlanguncha, Ruminiya Demokratik Konvensiyasi (DCR). Muvaffaqiyatsiz islohotlar va ichki nizolardan so'ng DCR saylovlarda Sotsial-Demokratik Partiya (PSD) foydasiga yutqazdi. Ikkala guruh ham 1980-yillarda chuqur singan Vengriya bilan aloqalarni o'zgartirishga urinishgan, o'shanda Cheshesku katta venger jamoasini mamlakatni tark etishga undagan yoki ularni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri surgun qilgan (yiliga 5000 vengerlar Ruminiyani tark etishgan).

Iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy taraqqiyot haqida gap ketganda, Ruminiya qo'shnilariga (Vengriyadan tashqari) taqqoslaganda yaxshi ishlaydi, ammo G'arbiy Evropaliklar bahramand bo'ladigan rivojlanish darajasiga erishish uchun hali ham ba'zi yo'llar mavjud.

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Rumin tilidagi so'zlashuv kitobi

Ruminiyaning rasmiy tili Rumin, limba românălotin va italyan tillariga yaqin bo'lgan romantik til. 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida rasmiylashtirildi. Ruminiya lug'atining taxminan 10% slavyan tilida va 5% dan kamrog'i turk, venger yoki nemis tilidan olingan.

Ruminiyada ozchilikni tashkil qiluvchi tillar venger, nemis, turk va roman tillari (lo'lilar yoki lo'lilar tili). Dunay Deltasida ham rus va ukrain tillarini eshitish mumkin. Ilgari har bir maktabda majburiy bo'lganligi sababli, frantsuz tili Ruminiyada ikkinchi taniqli til edi; ammo, uning o'rnini asosan ingliz tili egalladi. O'rtacha universitetni tamomlagan yaxshi ma'lumotli ruminiyalik odatda ingliz va frantsuz, nemis, italyan, ispan yoki rus kabi boshqa bir Evropa tilida gaplashishi mumkin. Ammo, agar siz umumiy sayyohlik marshrutlarini tark etsangiz, Ruminiya ma'lumot so'rashning yagona usuli hisoblanadi. Bunday muammo bo'lmaydi; ba'zi bir asosiy so'zlarni o'rganing va javoblarini yozishni so'rang.

In Transilvaniya katta venger ozligi mavjud (2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha aholining 17,9%) va odamlar kundalik hayotlarida venger tilida gaplashadilar. Vengriya keng tarqalgan va aslida etnik vengerlar aholining aksariyat qismi bo'lgan mamlakatlar kiradi Xarghita, Kovasnava Mures. Ning ma'lum qismlarida Kluj, Bihor, Satu Mare, Brasov, Sibiu va boshqa Transilvaniya okruglarida Vengriya ko'pligi yoki ko'pligi bo'lgan qishloqlar yoki shaharlar mavjud.

Ruminiyaning Sharqiy blokning bir qismi bo'lganligi sababli ba'zilari rus tilida gaplashishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, siz unga ishonmasligingiz kerak. Ruminiyaliklarning qariyb 4% rus tilini tushunadi, ammo atigi 2 foizga yaqini u bilan yaxshi tanish. Seauesku ma'muriyati va undan keyingi rahbarlar tilni o'rganishni majburiy emas, balki ixtiyoriy qilishgani sababli, uchrashish imkoniyati unchalik katta emas va bugungi kunda ingliz tili rus tilini asosan yoshlar orasida tanlagan ikkinchi til sifatida egallab oldi.

Ko'pgina ma'lumotli ruminlar frantsuz, ispan va italyan kabi boshqa romantik tillarni tushunishga qodir bo'lishi mumkin. Boshqa ruminlar Italiya va Lotin Amerikasidagi mashhur seriallar tufayli ba'zi ispan va italyan tillarini tushunishlari mumkin.

Mintaqalar

Shaharlar

• 44.432526.1038891 Buxarest (București) - Ruminiyaning poytaxti, unda Megalomanik yodgorliklar, shu jumladan Seauesku davrida qurilgan "Xalq uyi", O'rta asr mahallalariga e'tibor bermaydi.
• 45.66666725.6166672 Brașov - Transilvaniyaning janubi-sharqida joylashgan bo'lib, uning asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylari - o'rta asrlarning yaxshi saqlanib qolgan shahar markazi, yaqin atrofdagi hashamatli kurort. Poiana Brașov va ga yaqinligi Rșnov qal'a va Kepak Qal'a.
• 46.76666723.5833333 Kluj-Napoka - Transilvaniyadagi eng yirik shaharcha, yirik iqtisodiy markaz va ayni paytda juda yosh shahar, chunki u Evropaning eng yirik universitetlaridan biriga ega.
• 44.16666728.6333334 Konstansa - Ruminiyaning asosiy Qora dengiz port va mintaqadagi eng yirik savdo markazlaridan biri. Eng shimoliy tuman, Mamayya, Qora dengizning eng yaxshi kurortlaridan biri.
• 47.15694427.5902785 Iai - ikkinchi yirik Ruminiya shahri, u 1861 yilgacha Moldaviya knyazligining poytaxti, keyin esa qisqa vaqt ichida Ruminiyaning poytaxti bo'lgan. Bugungi kunda u mamlakatdagi yirik iqtisodiy va madaniy markazlardan biri bo'lib qolmoqda.
• 45.79277824.1519446 Sibiu - mintaqaning eng go'zal shaharlaridan biri bo'lib, u mamlakatdagi eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan tarixiy joylarga, ko'plab muzey va ko'rgazmalarga, ajoyib Făgraș tog'lariga yaqinlikka ega, shu sababli u 2007 yilgi Evropa madaniyat poytaxtiga aylandi.
• 46.21694424.7911117 Sighișoara - shahar markazidagi Sighișoara Citadel - bu Evropada yashagan so'nggi o'rta asrlar qal'asi va eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan joylardan biri.
• 47.65138926.2555568 Suceava - asosiy shahar Bukovina va o'rta asrlarning poytaxti Moldaviya; u tashrif buyurish uchun boshlang'ich nuqta sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin Bo'yalgan monastirlar mintaqaning.
• 45.75972221.239 Timșoara - eng katta shaharcha Banat Ruminiyaning eng obod va zamonaviylashgan shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan mintaqa; aynan shu erda 1989 yilda Ruminiya antikommunistik inqilobi boshlandi.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• 45.76972222.9202781 Korvin qal'asi - Gotik-Uyg'onish qal'asi ba'zan (noto'g'ri) Drakula qal'asi uchun ilhom manbai deb hisoblangan.
• Tosh markazlari 45.3525.5513892 Sinay, 45.50444425.5783333 Oldindan oldindan aytib berish, 45.59722225.5519444 Poiana Brașov, 44.87861122.4141675 Bile Herkulan
• 45.524.256 Transilvaniya Alplari ichida Karpat tog'lari
• 47.77833325.7127787 Bo'yalgan monastirlar
• Transilvaniyada mustahkam cherkovlarga ega bo'lgan sakson qishloqlari: 46.13972224.5236118 Biertan, 45.88611123.6530569 Kalnik, 46.225.210 Darjiu, 45.71666725.76666711 Prejmer, 46.18333324.96666712 Saschiz, 46.0525.113 Viskri
• 45.08333329.514 Dunay Deltasi

Chiqinglar

Ruminiyaga borish dunyoning deyarli barcha burchaklaridan oson: unga ko'plab transport turlari va kompaniyalari xizmat ko'rsatadi.

Kirish talablari

Ruminiya buni amalga oshirishga sodiqdir Shengen shartnomasi hali buni qilmagan bo'lsa-da. Evropa Ittifoqi (Evropa Ittifoqi) yoki Evropa erkin savdo zonasi (EFTA) fuqarolari uchun (ya'ni. Islandiya, Lixtenshteyn, Norvegiya va Shveytsariya), rasmiy ravishda tasdiqlangan shaxsiy guvohnoma (yoki pasport) kirish uchun etarli. Boshqa millat vakillari odatda kirish uchun pasport talab qilishadi.

Ruminiyadan / boshqa mamlakatga (Shengen yoki yo'q) sayohat odatiy immigratsiya tekshiruvlarini olib keladi, garchi boshqa Evropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlariga borishda / kelganlarida bojxona tekshiruvlari bekor qilinadi.

O'zingizning sayohat agentligingiz yoki Ruminiyaning mahalliy elchixonasi yoki konsulligi bilan maslahatlashing.

Fuqarolar Kanada, Yaponiya va Qo'shma Shtatlar Ruminiyada 90 kunlik vizasiz qolish muddati uchun viza yoki boshqa ruxsatnoma talab qilmasdan ishlashga ruxsat beriladi. Biroq, vizasiz ishlash qobiliyati boshqa mamlakatlarga tegishli bo'lishi shart emas.

Agar sizga vizangizni o'zingizning mamlakatingizdan tashqarida olish kerak bo'lsa, uni Budapeshtdan tashqari, 3-4 kun davom etadigan boshqa joydan olishga harakat qiling. Kimdan Lyublyana jarayon ba'zan bir kunda bajarilishi mumkin, chunki ular unchalik band emas.

Samolyotda

Ruminiyada 17 ta fuqarolik aeroporti mavjud bo'lib, ularning 12 tasiga xalqaro reyslar xizmat ko'rsatmoqda. Asosiy xalqaro aeroportlar:

• Buxarest"s 44.57111111111126.0851 Anri Koandu (Otopeni) aeroporti (OTP ^IATA) eng katta va eng gavjum, u Evropaning deyarli barcha yirik shaharlarigacha, bir nechtasiga parvoz qiladi Yaqin Sharq Ruminiyaning boshqa barcha shaharlariga poytaxtlar, ammo to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslar yo'q AQSH; an'anaviy aeroportlardan tashqari Easyjet yoki Vueling kabi arzon narxlardagi aviakompaniyalar ushbu aeroportda parvozlarni amalga oshirmoqdalar.
• The 45.8121.3380555555562 Traian Vuia xalqaro aeroporti (TSR ^IATA) ichida Timisoara mamlakatdagi ikkinchi o'rinda turadi; ning bir nechta yirik shaharlariga reyslar mavjud Germaniya, Italiya, Avstriya, Vengriya, Gretsiya, Ukraina, Moldova, Frantsiya, Birlashgan Qirollik shuningdek, Ruminiyaning turli shaharlariga. Aeroport arzon Wizz Air uchun diqqat markazidir. Lufthansa va Austrian Airlines ham aeroportning muhim operatorlari.
• 46.78509223.686123 Kluj xalqaro aeroporti (CLJ ^IATA), eng katta aeroport Kluj-Napoka, Transilvaniya. Evropaning turli yo'nalishlaridan sayohatlarning ko'payib borishi bilan xizmat qilmoqda; har kuni 10 dan ortiq yo'nalishlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan arzon Wizz Air aviakompaniyasining ko'plab markazlaridan biri. Lufthansa aeroportga ham xizmat qiladi.
• Boshqa kichik xalqaro aeroportlar:
  • Sibiu (Avstriya, Germaniya, Britaniya, Italiya va Ispaniya Lufthansa, Avstriya va Blue Air-da). Blue Air yo'naltirilgan shahar.
  • Bacau (asosan Italiyaga parvozlar va London Blue Air-da. Blue Air uchun ikkinchi darajali markaz).
  • Konstansa - Ryanair xizmat ko'rsatadigan yagona Ruminiya aeroporti (ikkita Italiya yo'nalishigacha). Transilvaniya va Buxarestdan bir nechta kiruvchi mavsumiy charterlar va bir necha mavsumiy ichki reyslar ham ushbu aeroportga xizmat qiladi.
  • Iasi - Vena va Budapeshtga har kuni bitta reys
  • Targu-Mures - Wizz Air yo'naltirilgan shahar, reyslar bilan Vengriya, Germaniya, Buyuk Britaniya, Italiya, Frantsiyava Ispaniya. Buxarestga ichki reyslar TAROM tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.
  • Arad - dan parvozlar Milan.
  • Baia Mare - Faqat Buxarestdan ichki reyslar.
  • Oradea - Faqat Buxarestdan ichki reyslar.
  • Satu Mare - charter reysi Antaliya (yozgi mavsumiy) va ichki reyslar Buxarest
  • Suceava - Faqat Buxarestdan ichki reyslar.

Ruminiyaning uchta muhim aviakompaniyasi mavjud:

1. TAROM, Ruminiya bayroq tashuvchisi, Buxarestda joylashgan Otopeni.
2. Moviy havo, Buxarestda joylashgan Bacau-da ikkinchi darajali markaz va Sibiuda fokusli shahar bo'lgan yagona Ruminiya arzon aviakompaniyasi.

Ruminiya arzon narxlardagi tashuvchilar uchun tobora jozibador bo'lib qoldi. Ruminiyaning "Blue Air" aviakompaniyasi Buxarest (Aurel Vlaicu Airport), Arad, Targu Mures va Bacau'dan Evropaning turli yo'nalishlariga xizmat qiladi. Vengriyaning byudjetli aviakompaniyasi, WizzAir, London Lutonidan Buxarestga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarni taklif etadi. Bir nechta boshqalar, shu jumladan Ryanair Ruminiyaga reyslarni amalga oshiradi. EasyJet dan reyslarni amalga oshiradi London, Milanva Madrid.

Poyezdda

Ruminiya Evropa temir yo'l tarmog'i bilan nisbatan yaxshi bog'langan. Kundalik xalqaro poezdlar mavjud Myunxen, Venetsiya, Vena, Budapesht, Zagreb, Belgrad, Sofiya, Istanbul, Kishinyu, Kiyevva Moskva. Ammo mintaqadagi temir yo'l infratuzilmasining sifati pastligi sababli uzoq masofalarga poezdlar sayohati ancha vaqt talab etadi.

Shunga qaramay, poezdlar Ruminiyaning g'arbiy va markaziy shaharlarigacha etib borishning eng yaxshi usuli hisoblanadi Brasov, Sighisoara, Oradea yoki Kluj-Napoka kelgan Markaziy Evropa.

Ruminiyaga xalqaro poezdlarga (nisbatan yuqori standart) EuroCity poezdlari va tungi poezdlar kiradi. Ruminiya Eurail o'tish taklifi.

Ruminiyaga yoki undan qaytib borishning arzon usuli bu bo'lishi mumkin Bolqon Flexipass.

Avtobusda

Ruminiya an'anaviy ravishda "avtobus mamlakati" sifatida qaralmagan bo'lsa ham, avtobuslar mamlakatga chet eldan, ayniqsa, Bolqon va sobiq SSSR, shuningdek, G'arbiy Evropadan, masalan. Germaniya va Shveytsariya. Poyezdlar hali ham Markaziy Evropadan Ruminiyaga borishning eng mashhur usuli bo'lsa ham, yaxshi xizmat tufayli, Bolqon va sobiq SSSRga poezd xizmatlari sifati ancha past va tez-tez uchramaydi (asosan ushbu mamlakatlarda temir yo'l infratuzilmasi Ruminiya infratuzilmasidan ancha kambag'al). Shu sababli, xususiy avtobus operatorlari (masalan) reNNen.ro, VioTur.ro , Zgr.ro, claudiutravel.ro, Valtrans yoki Royal-tour.ro) kabi shaharlar va boshqa shaharlarga tezroq va qulayroq murabbiylik xizmatlarini taqdim etamiz Kishinyu, Kiyev, Odessa, Sofiyava Istanbul.

Avtobus yoki poezddan foydalanish kerakmi degan umumiy qoidalar quyidagicha: agar poezdlar tez-tez va bir xil narxda mavjud bo'lsa va bir xil vaqtni talab qilsa, albatta foydalaning. Aks holda, avtobuslarni ko'rib chiqing.

Ruminiyadagi avtobuslar va onlayn rezervasyonlar va chiptalar (ya'ni jadvallar va narxlar) haqida barcha ma'lumotlardan foydalanishingiz mumkin Autogari.ro ("Autogari" - bu rumincha avtostantsiyalar so'zi). Ular kredit karta orqali to'lovni ham qabul qiladilar.

Qayiqda

Dunayda kruizlar mavjud, ammo juda qimmat Passau yoki Vena va Dunay deltasida so'nggi manzilga ega bo'lish. Ushbu kruizlar yo'l bo'yidagi har bir yirik portda to'xtaydi Avstriya, Vengriya, Serbiyava Ruminiya. Deltada bo'lganingizda, siz pelikanlarning katta turar joylarini, turnalar yoki kichik ko'chib yuruvchi qushlarni tomosha qilish uchun cheksiz kanallarda tezkor qayiqlarda yoki baliqchilar qayiqlarida sayohat qilishingiz mumkin. Siz turli xil baliq turlaridan foydalangan holda tayyorlanadigan mahalliy taomlardan, baliqchilarning borschidan bahramand bo'lishingiz mumkin, lekin ehtiyot bo'ling, ular Dunay daryosi suvidan foydalanadilar!

Dunay Deltasi bo'ylab sayohat qilishning yagona yo'li va Sulina shahriga borishning yagona yo'li.

Dunay bo'ylab Bolgariyadan bir nechta portlarda paromlar bor: dan Bechet ga Oryaxovo (har kuni) va dan Zimnitsa ga Svishtov (faqat dam olish kunlari). Kimdan Kalafat ga Vidin hozirda avtoulov bilan osonlikcha o'tish mumkin bo'lgan transport ko'prigi mavjud.

Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Qora dengiz orqali parom aloqalari mavjud (ammo tasdiqlanmagan) Varna Bolgariyada to Konstansa. O'rtasida parom xizmati Odessa va Konstansa hozirda ishlamayapti.

Mashinada

G'arb mamlakatlaridan Ruminiyaga osongina haydashingiz mumkin, ammo Sharqdan kelganingizda Moldova orqali o'tishingiz kerak bo'ladi va u erda siz qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishingiz mumkin. Ruminiya Moldaviyasining janubi-sharqiy burchagida Ukraina va Ruminiya o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri chegara o'tishi mavjud emas (Reni/Galati), siz Moldovada joylashgan Giurgiulesti orqali borishingiz kerak (kichik masofa 500 m). Moldovaning chegara nazorati xodimlari vaqtni (ekologik soliq, yo'l solig'i ...) so'rashlari mumkin. Shimoldan (Ukraina) kelish ham ko'p vaqt talab qilishi mumkin, vaqti bir soatdan besh soatgacha o'zgarishi mumkin.

Yo'l infratuzilmasi G'arbiy va Markaziy Evropaga nisbatan ancha kam. Avtomobil yo'llari kam va faqat mamlakat janubida. Buning teskari tomoni shundaki, siz asosan sayohat qiladigan ko'plab Evropa yo'llari yaxshi ta'mirlangan va E bilan belgilanadi, so'ngra ularning soni (masalan, E63), chiroyli yo'llar bo'lib, tog'lar, vodiylar va o'rmonlarning ajoyib manzaralarini kesib o'tadi. Ayniqsa Transilvaniyadagi yo'llar qadimgi o'rta asr marshrutlari ustiga qurilgan va har doim to'xtab turadigan va sizning yo'lingizga tashrif buyuradigan narsalar mavjud. Haydovchilar shaharlarda ham, tashqarida ham ko'plab aylanma yo'llarga duch kelishmoqda. Ular uchun qoida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri: aylanma yo'l ichida bo'lgan avtoulovlar birinchi o'ringa ega, tashqarida bo'lganlar kutishlari kerak.

Ruminiyani g'arbiy chegaralari bilan bog'laydigan yo'llarda ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qiling, chunki transport og'ir va aksariyat yo'llar bitta yoki ko'pi bilan ikkitadan yo'lga ega, ba'zi qismlarida esa yoritilmagan.

Piyoda va velosipedda

Ukraina-Ruminiya chegarasida piyoda o'tish mumkin bo'lgan bitta nuqta bor: Solotvino-Sighetu Marmației. Tisa ustidagi ko'prik qadimgi bo'lib, sayyohlarning qiziqishini bildirishi mumkin.

Atrofga boring

Ruminiyani aylanib o'tish bu mamlakatda bosib o'tilishi kerak bo'lgan katta masofalar uchun nisbatan qiyin va samarasiz (bu Markaziy Evropaning ikkinchi eng katta mamlakati, keyin Polsha). Yo'llarning zaif tomoni bo'lib qolsa ham, transport infratuzilmasi sezilarli darajada yaxshilanmoqda. Buxarestni dengiz qirg'og'i bilan va o'z navbatida Pitesti va Ploieti shaharlari bilan bog'laydigan uchta operatsion avtomagistral bor va qurilayotgan yana bir qancha yo'llar mavjud. Biroq, poezdlarda sayohat keskin yaxshilandi. Bir nechta temir yo'llarni modernizatsiya qilish bo'yicha bir nechta loyihalar amalga oshirilmoqda, bu esa ushbu yo'nalishlarda temir yo'l harakatini hozircha biroz sekinlashtirmoqda.

Poyezdda

Ruminiyada deyarli har bir shahar va ko'plab qishloqlarga etib boradigan juda zich temir yo'l tarmog'i mavjud. Ba'zi bir modernizatsiya ishlari olib borilayotgan bo'lsa-da, ushbu tarmoq juda yaxshi holatda emas, past tezlikda va ko'plab yo'nalishlarda poezdlar harakatlanishining cheklanganligi. Shunga qaramay, poezdlar uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish uchun eng yaxshi variant bo'lib qolmoqda.

Aksariyat poezdlar davlat tashuvchisi Cile Ferate Române tomonidan qisqartiriladi (SN) CFR. Ko'pgina ikkilamchi liniyalar faqat xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan boshqariladi: Regiotranslar^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}, Mintaqaviy^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}, Transferoviarva Servtranslar.

Ta'mirlash ishlari olib boriladigan yo'nalishlar yoki g'ayritabiiy ob-havo paytida (qishda kuchli qor bo'ronlari, yozda issiq to'lqinlar yoki toshqinlar) bundan mustasno, poezdlar katta kechikishlarsiz harakatlanadi.

Poezd turlari

Uchta asosiy turdagi poezdlar mavjud: Regio, InterRegiova Shaharlararo. Oxirgi ikki tur oqilona sharoitlarni ta'minlaydi, ammo Regio poezdlardan qochish yaxshiroqdir.

• Regio (R)

Bu juda sekin poezdlar, deyarli har bir stantsiyada to'xtashadi (shu jumladan, ba'zi bir joylar orasida). Narxlar axloqsizlik bilan arzon, ammo ular juda oddiy xizmatni taqdim etadilar va ba'zida noqulay bo'lishadi (o'rindiq uchun joy ajratilmaydi, shamollatish mumkin emas, ba'zan olomon, ba'zi poezdlarda ishlaydigan hojatxonalar yo'q, yorug'lik yomon).

Odatda ular 1970-yillarda bitta shahar atrofi yoki ikki qavatli avtoulovlarga ega bo'lib, har bir qatorda 4 o'rindan iborat. Ko'pchilik 1-sinfni taklif qilmaydi (lekin agar shunday qilsalar, 1-chi chiptani olish tavsiya etiladi, u 2-sinfga qaraganda kamroq odam va kambag'al bo'ladi).

G'arbiy Desiro va Fransiyaning Z tipidagi DMUlari ba'zi yo'nalishlarda, shu jumladan Suceava-Cacica, Craiova-Sibiu, Sibiu-Brasov, Cluj-Teișș-Brasov, Cluj-Bistriya, Brahov-Sfantu Gheorghe. Z tipidagi avtoulovlar qulayroq joylashishni ta'minlaydilar, ammo tezroq sayohat qiladilar, bu esa Desironing yaxshilanishiga mutlaqo ziddir. Ushbu yangi poezdlar qisqa masofaga sayohat qilish uchun mo'ljallanganligi sababli, uzoq vaqt davomida sayohat qilsangiz noqulay bo'lishingizni kuting.

Xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan boshqariladigan poezdlarning aksariyati, shuningdek, Regio sifatida joylashtirilgan. Ular odatda CFR Regio poezdlariga qaraganda toza, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda bir xil yo'nalishlarda harakat qilishadi.

Misol: Buxoro-Brasov (166 km) Regio poezdida ~ 23 ley 2-sinfda turadi, taxminan 4 soat davom etadi va 31 bekatgacha

• InterRegio (IQ)

O'rta va uzoq yo'nalishlarda harakatlanadigan yarim sekin poezdlar, faqat shaharlarda to'xtab turishadi. Ular arzon (Regioga qaraganda deyarli ikki baravar qimmatroq) va o'zgaruvchan sharoitlarni taklif qiladi.

Yangi ta'mirlangan mashinalar bir nechta yo'nalishlarda, shu jumladan Buxarestda -Targu Jiu va Buxarest-Brasov. Biroq, ko'pchilik bu mashinalarni eskirgan mashinalarga qaraganda noqulayroq deb hisoblaydi, aksincha bo'lsa, shunchaki yaxshilangan ingl element. 1980-yilgi vagonlar bilan taqqoslaganda kichik yuk va kichik oyoq xonasi mavjud.

Ba'zi InterRegio poezdlarida ikkinchi darajali yo'nalishlarda joylashgan yo'nalishlarga ulanish vagonlari mavjud; ular InterRegio poezdidan ajralib chiqqandan so'ng, ular kabi harakat qilishadi RegioExpress (RE).

Misol: Buxarest-Brasov (166 km) InterRegio poezdida 2-sinfda 47 lei turadi, v. 2 soat 45 min, 8 to'xtashgacha

Agar sizga shaharlararo poyezdlar tanlovi taqdim etilsa (klassik vagonlar yoki "Săgeata Albastră" - Blue Arrow DMU), klassik vagonlarni tanlash tavsiya etiladi, chunki bu tezroq va qulayroq poezdlar. Săgeata Albastră - sekinroq xizmat ko'rsatadigan (160 km / soat maksimal tezligi 120 km / soat) bo'lgan 3 vagonli kichik dizel poezdlar.

Misol: Buxarest-Brasov (166 km) shaharlararo poezdda 58 ley turadi, 2-sinf, taxminan 2 soat, uch bekat

• Tungi poezdlar

Kechasi qatnaydigan InterRegio poezdlarining ko'pchiligida kushetli vagonlar (oltita yoki to'rtta karavotli) va uxlab yotgan mashinalar (uchta, ikkita yoki bitta to'shak bilan). Sharoitlar nisbatan yaxshi.

Misol: Buxarest-Satu-Mare (782 km), ~ 142 ley / bed (olti karavotli kushet), 14 soat

Chiptalarni olish

CFR tomonidan boshqariladigan poezdlarga chiptalar temir yo'l stantsiyalari va CFR bron agentliklarida sotiladi (agentie de voiaj CFR) har qanday katta shaharchada (odatda markaziy hududda). Ushbu bron agentliklarida va bir nechta yirik stantsiyalarda har qanday ichki yo'nalish va Ruminiya orqali o'tadigan xalqaro poezdlar uchun olti oygacha chipta sotib olish mumkin.

Shuningdek, ichki yo'nalishlarga chiptalarni onlayn ravishda CFR orqali olish mumkin bronlash sayti bir oygacha oldindan.

Regio va RegioExpress-dan tashqari barcha poezd turlari o'rindiqlarni bron qilishni talab qiladi (chiptalarni yuqori darajadagi bron qilish bilan aralashmaslik kerak).

Bir nechta chegirmalar mavjud:

• kichik guruhlar uchun (2 kishiga 10%, 3 kishiga 15%, 4 kishiga 20% va 5 kishiga 25%)
• katta guruhlar uchun (30 kishidan ortiq guruhlar uchun 25%)
• qaytish chiptalarini sotib olish uchun (10%)
• oldindan chipta sotib olish uchun (21 kundan oldin 13%, 11-20 kun oldin 10%, 6-10 kun davomida 5%)

CFR poezdiga chiptalar sotadigan stantsiyalardan biletsiz o'tirganlar jarimaga tortilishi mumkin va ular to'g'ridan-to'g'ri poezd xodimlaridan qimmatroq chiptalarni sotib olishlari kerak.

Xususiy operatorlar tomonidan boshqariladigan liniyalarda chiptalar odatda poezdda beriladi.

CFR ishlaydigan liniyalar haqida dolzarb jadval ma'lumotlarini ko'ring CFR jadvalining sayti. Vaqt jadvallari uchun boshqa kompaniyalar tomonidan boshqariladigan liniyalar.

Masofa va poezd turiga qarab to'liq narxlar ro'yxati Internetda mavjud^{[ilgari o'lik havola]}.

Turistik temir yo'llar

Tog'li hududlarda bir nechta tabiiy tor temir yo'llar mavjud, ammo ularga sayohat asosan kichik sayyohlar uchun emas, balki kichik guruhlar uchun mavjud. E'tiborli istisnolardan biri Valea Vaserului temir yo'li Maramureșda har kuni yozning o'rtalarida va dam olish kunlari yozning boshida-kuzda sayyohlar ishlaydi.

Guruhlar, shuningdek, sobiq Ruminiya qirolining shaxsiy poyezdini yoki Seauesku shaxsiy poezdini ijaraga olishlari mumkin, ammo bu sayohatlar juda qimmatga tushadi.

Mashinada

Avtomobil yoki murabbiy bilan sayohat qilish eng oson yo'ldir va aksariyat chet ellik sayyohlarning 60 foizidan ko'prog'i ushbu transport usulidan foydalanadilar. Rulda chap tomonda va Evropaning haydovchilik guvohnomalari politsiya tomonidan tan olinadi. Amerikaliklar uchun avtoulovni ijaraga olish uchun pasport, AQShning amaldagi haydovchilik guvohnomasi va xalqaro haydovchilik guvohnomasi talab qilinadi. Agar siz o'zingizning avtoulovingizni boshqaradigan bo'lsangiz, chegara yoki eng yaqin yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchasidan yo'l solig'i stikerini ("Rovinieta") sotib olishingiz kerak. Haydovchisiz haydash og'ir jarimaga tortiladi.

Ijaraga olish qimmat bo'lishi mumkin; yirik xalqaro ijara kompaniyalaridan, shuningdek sizga o'z avtomobillarini ijaraga berishga tayyor bo'lgan "do'stona" mahalliylardan qoching. Buxarestda va butun mamlakat bo'ylab ijaraga berish kichkina xetchbek uchun kuniga 20-30 evrodan (yoqilg'isiz) boshlanadi, o'rtacha mashina yoki cho'loq yo'ltanlamas uchun 65-90 evro atrofida o'ting va hashamatli sedan uchun 170-200 evrogacha ko'tarilishi mumkin. yoki hashamatli SUV. Agar siz 25 yoshdan katta bo'lmasangiz, sizni ijaraga berishingiz mumkin emas.

Ruminlar odatda do'stona va odobli bo'lishsa-da, bu ularning haydash uslubiga har doim ham taalluqli emas. Tezlik tez-tez uchraydi, yosh transport vositalarini boshqaradigan yosh (tajribasiz) haydovchilar shaharlarda keng tarqalgan, g'azablangan haydovchilar poytaxtda odatiy holdir va avtohalokatlar Evropa Ittifoqida eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan biri hisoblanadi.

Shahar yo'llari, ayniqsa, Buxarestda juda ko'p odamlarga ega. Xavflardan ehtiyot bo'ling, masalan, ikki kishilik to'xtash joyidagi avtoulovlar, piyodalar, tuynuk paydo bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun to'satdan tormozlanish yoki yo'ldan chiqayotgan (qarama-qarshi) hayvonlar. Shaharlararo yo'nalishlarning aksariyati 2 qatorli yo'llar bo'lib, ularda kommunistik davrdagi yuk mashinalaridan tortib zamonaviy sport avtomobillariga qadar foydalaniladi. Shunday qilib, Evropaning boshqa hududlariga qaraganda ko'proq haydash vaqtini rejalashtiring.

Buxarest juda zich va gavjum shahar markaziga ega, tor, burilish yo'llari bilan, asosan, 19-asrda qurilgan, transport kam bo'lgan. Yo'llarni har kuni 1 milliondan ortiq mashina bo'g'ib qo'yadi - 20-25 daqiqada bosib o'tiladigan masofani bosib o'tish uchun 2 soat vaqt sarflash mumkin. GPS yoki mahalliy qo'llanma zaruratdir. Buxarest ichida sayohat qilishning eng yaxshi usuli - jamoat transporti (bu juda arzon va juda ishonchli bo'lgani uchun) yoki taksida.

Ruminiya politsiyasida endi yuqori tezlikda harakatlanayotgan avtoulovchilarni ushlash uchun yuqori texnologiyali radarlar mavjud. Tezlik chegaralari odatda shahar tashqarisida 100 km / soat va obod bo'lgan hududlarda 50 km / soat yoki 70 km / soat. Ba'zi politsiya bo'linmalari yuqori sifatli transport vositalari bilan jihozlangan, boshqalari standart Dacia Logan avtomobillari. Noyob bo'lsa-da, ba'zi avtomagistral patrullarida BMW velosipedlari mavjud. On major roads, motorists in the opposite direction will sometimes flash their headlights to warn that they have passed a radar trap which may be just ahead of you. Also many national roads and motorways are discreetly watched by Police Puma helicopters. Even small offences are subject to heavy fines by the traffic police (Poliția Rutieră), they may even take one's driver's license for an irregular passing. Both hidden and visible speed cameras are becoming common on major roads and highways. Policemen sometimes seem to be more lenient with locals, than with foreigners — however, stricter fining applies for locals than for foreigners (for locals, as few as two or three minor offences will have their licence suspended for six months). Bribing is ill-advised as most patrol cars have recording equipment, so for a foreigner it is not recommended to attempt this get-away technique - it can easily land you in jail.

The Romanian police have a zero tolerance policy on drunk driving - controls are very frequent - and basically any amount of alcohol in your blood counts as drunk driving.

If you are involved in a car accident while driving and someone is hurt you must stop and wait for the traffic police. Driving away from the scene is considered hit-and-run. Accidents with no injuries can be solved with yourself and all parties involved having to go to a police station and make a statement, but, if in doubt, better phone 112 (Emergency Services) and ask for directions. In most of the cases, after an accident it is mandatory to take a blood test to establish if the drivers had consumed alcohol. Refusal to undergo this test is almost certain to land you in jail - the punishment is usually more harsh than the one for drunk driving.

Many important roads were once medieval trade routes which go straight through the centre of many villages. Passing while driving is the norm rather than the exception as slow moving trucks, horse drawn carts, and non-moving herds of cows often frequent village main streets.

Tolls

Electronic vignette can be bought on the official website.

Vignette prices by period (as of July 2020)

Vehicle	Vehicle description	1 kun	7 days	30 days	90 days	12 months
	Motorcycle	Ozod
	M1 category motor vehicle (passenger car with full mass <3500 kg)	—	€3	€7	€13	€28
	N1 category motor vehicle (freight vehicle with full mass <3500 kg)	—	€6	€16	€36	€96
	Light truck (freight vehicle with 3.5 t < full mass < 7.5 t)	€4	€16	€32	€92	€320
	Medium truck (freight vehicle with 7.5 t < full mass < 12 t, ≤3 axles)	€7	€28	€56	€160	€560
	Heavy truck (freight vehicle with full mass > 12 t, ≤3 axles)	€9	€36	€72	€206	€720
	Heavy truck with many axles (freight vehicle with full mass > 12 t, >3 axles)	€11	€55	€121	€345	€1210
	Vehicle for the carriage of passengers with more than 1 8 seats and maximum 23 seats	€7	€20	€52	€120	€320
	Vehicle for the carriage of passengers with more than 23 seats (including driver)	€7	€35	€91	€210	€560

Types of roads

A lot of road infrastructure has been constructed in the past few years, and changes appear rapidly. Therefore, check up te date online sources before you go, as information might get outdated quickly.

• Motorways (autostrada)
  • A1 - planned to connect Bucharest with cities in southern Transylvania and then proceed to the western border; the only part completed so far is the 126-km-long stretch between Bucharest and Pitești opened in 1973. The Arad—Timișoara section was opened at the end of 2011.
  • A2 - connects Bucharest with the Black Sea ports of Constanța and Agigea. This means that you can avoid Constanța, if you're going to the other resorts on the seaside.
  • A3 - is supposed to cross Transylvania diagonally from north-west to south-east and then head south to Bucharest. The Borș - Brașov segment, also called the Transylvania Motorway, is the largest road project in Europe; it will connect the Hungarian-Romanian border with Oradea, Zalau, Cluj-Napoca, Targu Mures, Sighisoara and Brasov. As of 2015, only a few sections of the A3 are in use: a 55-km stretch between Bucharest and Ploiesti in the south and a 52-km section between Campia Turzii and Gilau, which is part of the southern section of the Transylvanian Highway.

The speed limit on motorways is 130km/h.

• Expressways (drum expres) - Basically non-grade separated/semi-grade separated dual carriageway. The only completed expressways are the 60-km-long Bucharest - Giurgiu (DN 5) road, The Ploiesti Bypass (DN 1), the Cluj East bypass, the Bucharest - Henri Coanda International Airport stretch of the DN 1 (which is grade-separated). The speed limit on expressways is 100 km/h.
• National roads (drum național), including European Roads (drum european). In the absence of motorways the national roads remain the most important element of the Romanian road system, as they connect the main cities in the country. Most of them are in reasonable condition, and most of the trunk network has been rehabilitated. Many have 4 non-separate lanes near cities, some have 3 or 4 non-separate lanes throughout (such as Bucharest-Comarnic and a large part of E85) but many have only two lanes — one per traffic direction (a notable example is DN1 Câmpina-Brașov — the 100-km mountain stretch can take 3-5 hours to cross during weekends and holidays. The speed limit on national roads is 100 km/h.
• Other roads - county (drum judetean) and rural (drum comunal) roads are owned and maintained by either regional or local authorities. These roads mainly link trunk roads with very small towns or villages - few running for more than 30-40 km. The situation of county roads is highly dependent on each of the counties involved — while in Ilfov or Constanta these roads are of decent-to-high quality, in other regions such roads are in a poor to very poor condition compared with national roads. Rural roads are of even shorter nature (under 10 km), some of them being one lane of traffic only, others being covered in gravel only. The speed limit on these roads is 90 km/h.

Uchun barchasi roads, when in a city, town or village, the speed limit is 50 km/h (unless clearly otherwise posted). As such, driving a National Road becomes a constant accelerate-and-brake adventure, one having to be constantly spotting speed limit signs, city limit markers and the behaviour of other drivers.

By bus

Bus can be the least expensive method to travel between towns. In the Romanian towns and cities, you can usually find one or several bus terminals (autogara). From there, buses and minibuses depart for the towns and villages in the nearby area as well as to other cities in the country. You can find timetables on the autogari website.

Minibuses are usually very uncomfortable; some buses are old and slow. Schedules are not tightly followed, and delays of over an hour are not uncommon, especially for inter-city buses. Romanian roads are in a rather bad shape, with most of the trunk network being made of one lane per way roads (fairly similar with British rural roads), and only about 250 km of expressway. Most minibuses employed are small, crowded, 14-seat vans (some converted from freight vans), with some longer routes employing 20-seat mini-buses. For commuter and suburban routes, expect an overcrowded van (25 passengers riding a 14 seat van is quite common, with 40 passenger loads not being unheard of), with no air-conditioning, which stops several times in every village. Inter-city bus travel is only slightly better - most vehicles used are also converted vans, or, at best, purpose-build minibuses, with only some being air-conditioned. Seating is generally crowded, and in most cases there is no separate compartment for luggage. Most have no toilets on board, calling for 30 minutes stops every 2-3 hours. All in all, the experience of travelling by minibus is quite similar to that of travelling in a Russian or Ukrainian marshrutka.

However, buses are the best solution for a number of routes badly served by the railway network, namely Bucharest - Pitești - Râmnicu Vâlcea, Bucharest - Alexandria, Bucharest - Giurgiu, and Pitești - Slatina.

The comfort of vehicles is steadily improving, at least in Transylvania along the longer routes serving larger cities. You will find buses from respected companies (such as Normandia, FANY yoki Dacos va waltrans) which offer punctual and reasonable, though not always sparkling, conditions, and on which a luggage compartment will always be available. Toilet stops still need to be made, but they happen usually in places where you can also buy food or drinks. On Fridays, Sundays, and close to national holidays, these buses tend to be overcrowded, so a reservation by phone might be necessary.

Buses inside the cities are often crowded. This gives pickpockets good opportunities. The pickpocket problem seems to be not essentially worse than in any other European city. Please, pay attention.

By taxi

Taxis are relatively inexpensive in Romania. It costs about 1.4-2 lei/kilometre or slightly more, with the same price for starting. The very low prices make taxis a popular way to travel with both locals and travellers (it can be cheaper than driving your own car) - so during rush hours it may be hard to find a cab (despite Bucharest having almost 10,000 cabs).

A notable exception is the Fly Taxi company that operates from the Henri Coanda (Otopeni) Airport. The price for a ride from the airport to the city centre can be about 70 lei. Either call a taxi by phone to pick you up near the airport or chose the 783 bus line to get into the city. Alternately, you can go to the departure terminal to avoid expensive airport taxis. To do this, after you exit baggage claim, immediately turn right. Literally dozens of taxi operators will approach you and ask if you need a taxi, having marked you as a foreigner (it's their job to do so, after all). Be polite, shake your head no and keep walking. You will pass though about 200 m of shopping and service areas in a little mini-mall connecting the two terminals, and will then arrive at the 2nd level of the departures terminal. Walk out the door and you will see plenty of taxis dropping off passengers. Flag one down and make sure the fare posted on the side is less than 2 lei/km. They are not supposed to pick up there, but you aren't doing anything wrong by trying, and not many drivers can say no to 30 lei for a trip back to the city centre that they were going to make anyway. Just make sure they use the meter. Some taxi drivers use remote controls in their pockets that raise the tariff price suddenly by small increments that are otherwise unnoticeable until the end of the fare. It might be easier to negotiate the tariff price upfront based on your destination and pay that amount at the end.

Kiosks for reasonably-priced cabs can be found inside the arrivals terminal, and the police are constantly watching for pirate taxi drivers. Kiosks are a safe and reliable to hitch a €10 trip by taxi to downtown Bucharest.

Be careful to look at the cost posted on the outside of the taxi, and then to look at the meter to see that you are being charged the same fare. Be especially careful in Bucharest, where some taxis post 7.4 lei instead of 1.4, but the 7 looks very much like a 1. Ask if you're not certain - they are obliged to post and clearly state the tariff up-front. All taxis must have a license - a large, oval metal sign bolted on the sides of the car, featuring the city markings, and a serial number inscribed, usually using large numbers. Do not use any taxi without those markings. Also, do not use a taxi with a license from another city (for example, never use an Ilfov taxi in Bucharest or a Turda taxi in Cluj-Napoca).

The driver may try to cheat you if he sees you are a foreigner. Insist that he will use the meter, or have a Romanian guide with you. Don't negotiate the ride fee in advance, as it may be 2-4 times higher (even more) than the real fee (even if it would seem cheap to you). Check whether it is going in the right direction, follow the way on a map (if you have any!) Do not take cabs from the cab stand in railway stations, unless they are from a reputable company and do not take any of the services of those offering you a cab ride in the train station. They may end up being amazingly expensive (up to €50 for a cab ride that would normally be around €3). If you need a taxi from the train station (or airport), order it by phone from a reputable company (see the city pages for the cities you want to visit) - most dispatchers speak some English as do many taxi drivers.

Ride-hailing is available in Romania and the following are the most anticipated providers:

• Bolt. Includes many towns. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)
• Uber. Works in Bucharest. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)

Samolyotda

Air travel as a means for domestic transport is becoming more and more popular as increased competition resulted in lower prices (sometimes less than the cheapest train or bus ticket). This, coupled with an improved airport infrastructure leads to increases in the number of passengers compared to past decades.

Two airlines offer domestic flights in Romania - Tarom, with a hub in Bucharest and "no-frills" Blue Air with its domestic hub in Bucharest.

In 2010, Bucharest and Timisoara were linked by up to 12 daily flights (operated by Blue Air and Tarom - Tarom operated some of the flights on the routes with A310 wide-bodies), Bucharest and Cluj by up to 10 daily flights (operated by Tarom and Blue Air), Bucharest and Iasi by up to 4 daily flights (operated by Tarom), Bucharest and Oradea, Bucharest and Sibiu, and Bucuresti and Satu Mare by 2-3 daily flights (operated by Tarom), Bucharest and Suceava and Bucharest and Baia Mare by 1 daily flight (operated by Tarom). Bucharest and Arad are also connected through a daily flights by Blue Air. Constanta and Bacau, owing to the short distance from Bucharest, only see flights a couple of times per week. Frequencies on Saturdays may be reduced, especially to smaller cities.

Prices can begin from as low as 40 lei one way if booked in advance with Blue Air, or through a Tarom 'Superspecial' fare. Even 2-3 days before the flight, it is not uncommon to find tickets for under €35-€50 with a little shopping around. While Tarom style themselves as full-fare full-frill airlines, Blue Air considers itself a low fare carrier, and subsequently, has followed the model of not allowing price aggregation through reservation systems (a la Ryanair, Easyjet or Southwest), and as such, tickets for their flights will not be available through booking engines such as Orbitz or Kayak, but only directly through their website.

Some airports may be fairly distant from city centers, and, while some larger ones have adequate public transport (Bucharest, Cluj, Timisoara, Oradea), in some (such as Craiova or Iasi) you have to rely on taxis. Even so, a taxi fare from any airport downtown should not cost more than €5-10 outside of Bucharest.

Hitchhike

Hitchhiking is very common in Romania, and some experienced hitchhikers say it's the easiest country in eastern Europe. Usually, if you are in the right spot, you don't have to wait longer than 5 minutes. During weekends you may need a bit more patience, as roads are a little emptier. Locals also use this method on a regular basis, especially for shorter distances (up to 50 km). It is not uncommon for people (especially students) to hitchhike intercity (Bucharest-Sibiu, Timisoara-Arad and Bucharest-Ploiesti are particularity common hitchhiking destinations). Increase your chance to be picked up by using a paper with the city where you want to get to - it may save you some time especially if travelling intercity. A good spot is a bus station, road-split, or close to the city limits. Nevertheless, many if not most people will stop (provided they drive alone) - you may end up getting a ride in a 1970s rusty old Dacia or in a brand new Mercedes, in a semi-articulated truck or in a company car belonging to a big corporation. Hitchhiking is typically not dangerous (the highly aggressive, fast and disorderly driving style of Romanians may be more of a danger), but take usual precautions when using this conveyance. Inside city limits, it is not advisable to hitchhike using the traditional thumb-up hand signal, as many drivers may believe you are flagging a taxi or a route-taxi (mini-bus), and not stop. Use a destination paper instead.

It is customary to leave some money for the ride (so called 'gas money', about 1-2 lei/10km), but if you are a foreigner you will not be expected to leave money and nobody will get upset. Most truck drivers and company car drivers will refuse payment altogether. Furthermore, if you tell the driver where you want to get in a city, he or she will make a detour just to drop you off where it best suits you. Say "Mulțumesc"(Mooltsoomesck) (thank you) at the end.

Most Romanians are very talkative, and even if their English, French, German, whatever is extremely rusty, many will more likely than not tell you their entire life story, discuss the entire football season and/or talk politics (usually starting from discussing the poor state of roads even while on a freshly repaired road). In the end, however, hitchhiking is a mostly enjoyable experience, and, if lucky, you may even get yourself invited for lunch or dinner, offered a room for a night, or just meet some very interesting people along the way.

Qarang

Whether you're looking for stunning landscapes, ancient cultural traditions, bustling city life or beautiful historic heritage; no visitor to Romania needs to search for things to see. This country is home to a range of top sights, especially when you'd like to get a feel for the old Europe, the time of monasteries and castles.

Cities and castles

The country's lively capital Bucharest does not top the average traveller's wish list, but if you're willing to look, this city's controversial mix of building styles might just amaze you. Go see the largest parliament building in the world, the 1935 Romanian version of the Arc de Triomph or visit one of the many museums. The impressive Bran Castle, dramatically situated on a Transylvanian hill top, is widely associated with the famous tales of Count Dracula and one of the country's main tourist draws. While there's no clear evidence of this castle being the model for Bram Stoker's stories, the castle surely fits the book's descriptions and has a fascinating recorded history of its own. Yet, there are other interesting examples, including the Neo-Renaissance Peleș castle yaqin Sinaia va Corvin castle yaqin Hunedoara. The still inhabited citadel of Sighișoara is easily among the most beautiful ones of its kind. Listed as a Unesco World Heritage Site, it still features many characteristics of a medieval fortified town and is a charming town to visit. Other fine historic towns include Timișoara, the country's second city, the popular mountain resort Brașov va Sibiu.

Natural attractions

For a more natural experience, head to the Danube Delta, considered to be the most well preserved and one of the largest river deltas in Europe. While it mostly consists of extensive wetlands, it in fact holds 23 different ecosystems. It lies on route for a number of main migratory routes, and more than 320 species of bird can be found here in summer. Besides water systems, Romania is also home to the largest European populations of bears and wolves, inhabitants of its vast untouched forests. The Rodna National Park and Biosphere Reserve va Retezat National Park are excellent places to experience the country's rugged lands, old-growth forests and stunning mountainous landscapes, or hike to beautiful water falls in Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park.

Countryside and monasteries

When planning your trip, make sure to include one of the many monumental monasteries and churches, such as the one in Horezu, a World Heritage Site known for it Brâncovenesc style architecture or Curtea de Argeș the most representative Byzantine style monastery in Romania, also royal necropolis where are buried the all kings of Romania. Or, head to Southern Bukovina to see some of the wonderful and famous Painted Monasteries. Another fascinating region is Maramureș, listed by Unesco and popular among visitors for its wooden churches va Merry Cemetery. A trip to some of these more remote places of worship comes with the bonus of easy exploration of Romania's lovely countryside where -despite rapid development- old traditions and craftsmanship are still alive.

Itineraries

The following are some possible itineraries for travelling in Romania:

• Transylvania Triangle Train Tour
• If you like to drive, follow the stunning Transfăgărășan Road, “the best road in the world” according to Top Gear, for some spectacular views and lots of challenging curves. Or you could try the Transalpina Road, the highest one in Romania (2145m), also known as King Road.

Qil

• Go to church - Romania is one of the most religious countries in Europe, and the Orthodox church is omnipresent. You will certainly want to visit some churches and monasteries for their beauty and history, but why not take the chance to experience an Orthodox mass? The congregation is usually standing and it is perfectly normal to show up only briefly during the mass so you can come and go at your leisure without disturbing anyone. Show up at any church on Sunday morning, stand quietly in the back and observe. Be suitably dressed, see the section "Respect".

You will experience bible readings, prayers and other rituals accompanied by a short sermon explaining the text. You are not likely to understand much, but you can notice the varying levels of involvement among church-goers, visible in how long and where people stay at the mass, and how often they sign themselves with the cross, or even genuflect. Organized congregation singing is not common but is conducted by a choir with each church-goer joining when he feels like. The choir singing can be captivating, the quality usually reflects the importance of the church.

The altar has sections with doors that open and close depending on the church season. You will also see candles sold, they are lit in or by the church in separate trays for the souls of either dead or living people. Try to find out about special holidays and rituals, perhaps the distribution of holy water by the truckload at the baptism of Christ (Boboteaza) or midnight masses at Christmas or Easter (the Orthodox Easter may be off by one or a few weeks compared to the Western). Weddings are often Saturdays, the ritual is very colorful and interesting.

• Hiking trails come in a wide range of levels, from easy to seriously challenging. From flat delta areas to rugged terrains, the country's national parks make for great starting points and excellent vista's.
• Winter sports - the Romania mountains house a number of popular winter sports resorts, such as Poiana Brasov (close also to Bran castle), Sinaia va Predeal. While increasingly popular, also among locals, these places remain fairly off the beaten track for most international winter sports fans and remain budget friendly.

Sotib oling

Money

Exchange rates for Romanian lei As of January 2020: US$1 ≈ 4.3 lei €1 ≈ 4.8 lei UK£1 ≈ 5.6 lei Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from XE.com

The national currency of Romania is the leu (plural lei), which means lion in Romanian. The leu is divided into 100 bani (singular ban). On 1 July 2005, the new leu (code RON) replaced the old leu (code ROL) at a rate of 10,000 old lei for one new leu. Old ROL banknotes and coins are no longer legal tender but can still be exchanged at the National Bank and their affiliated offices.

Coins are issued in 1 (gold), 5 (copper), 10 (silver), and 50 (gold) bani denominations, but 1 ban coins are rare, despite store prices ending a lot of times with 99 bani. Do not expect exact change from store clerks, unless your total spending divides by 5 bani. When grossly short on change, clerks may also provide small coffee bags, oranges or similar as substitutes, but they may not accept it back as tender. Banknotes come in denominations of 1 (green), 5 (purple), 10 (red), 50 (yellow), 100 (blue), 200 (brown), and 500 (blue and purple) lei denominations, are made of polymer plastic, and, except for the 200 lei, correspond to a euro banknote in size. However, 200 and 500 lei banknotes are not common.

When exchanging money, use exchange bureaus or to use cash machines (which will provide ready access to most foreign bank accounts). Absolutely avoid black market transactions with strangers: in the best case scenario, you might come out ahead by a few percentage points, but that rarely happens. Most black marketers are con men of one sort or another, who will either leave you with a bankroll that turns out to be full of worthless Polish złotys, or will engage you in conversation for a few minutes, awaiting the arrival of their partners who will pretend to be the police and try to con you into handing over your wallet and papers. (This con game is known as a maradonist.) Exchanging money in the street is also illegal and in the worst case scenario, you might spend a night in jail. It is not recommended to exchange money in the airport either - they tend to overcharge on transactions and have very disadvantageous rates - you should use a card and the ATM for immediate needs (taxi/bus) and exchange more money later while in the city.

You should shop around a bit for good exchange rates. Some exchange offices in obvious places (such as the airport) may try to take advantage of the average tourist's lack of information when setting the exchange rate, and it is not advisable to use them, as the exchange rates may well be quite unrealistic. Prior to leaving for Romania consult the website of the National Bank of Romania for a rough estimate of what exchange rates you should expect. Typical exchange offices should not list differences larger than 2-3% from the official exchange rate. Also, when picking an exchange office, make sure it has a visible sign saying "Comision 0%"; Romanian exchange offices typically don't charge an extra commission apart from the difference between the buy and sell rates, and they are also required by law to display a large visible sign stating their commission, so if you don't see such a sign or if they charge something extra, keep going. Choosing a reasonable exchange office, which is not hard to do with the data in this paragraph, can save you as much as 10%, so this is worth observing. Changing money at a bank's exchange office is also a good idea.

Costs

Romania is relatively cheap by Western standards, you can buy more in Romania than you can in Western Europe and North America, especially local products. Although you can expect food and transport to be inexpensive in Romania, buying imported products such as a French perfume, an American pair of sport shoes or a Japanese computer is as expensive as in other parts of the EU. Clothing, wool suits produced in Romanian, shirts, cotton socks, white and red wine bottles, chocolates, salami, a wide range of local cheese, inexpensive leather jackets or expensive and fancy fur coats are possible good buys for foreigners.

Transactions

Romanian transactions generally take place in cash. Although some places will accept Euro or USD, it is not advisable as you will generally be charged an additional 20% paying by this method, although this is changing. The best method is to pay using local currency - lei (RON). Most Romanians have either a charge card or a credit card - however, they are generally used at ATM machines - on-line payments are relatively new, and some companies still look at them with suspicion - so much so, that they will make you pay on delivery. You can however pay by card in many shops and in most supermarkets. Accepted credit/debit cards are: MasterCard, Visa, American Express (in some places - although this is rapidly expanding because of a very aggressive campaign by American Express) and Diners Club (usually only in hotels, and even then expect stares and incredulity that such a card even exists). Almost all transactions at POS machines (supermarkets, shops etc.) will ask you to enter the card's PIN as well.

Most small towns have at least one or two ATMs and a bank office, with large cities having hundreds of ATMs and bank offices. (It is not uncommon to see three bank agencies next to each other in residential neighborhoods of Bucharest). ATMs are also available in many villages (generally at the post-office or the local bank-office). Romanian for ATM is bancomat. Credit cards are accepted in large cities, in most hotels, restaurants, hypermarkets, malls. Do not expect to use a credit card at any railway station or for the public transport (the subway and RATB of Bucharest, for example, are cash-only because they consider that card transactions would slow down the queues at the ticket booths). Gas stations and a great number of other stores accept Visa and MasterCard. It is advisable to always have a small sum of money in cash (about 50 lei or even more), even in large cities. It is not possible to withdraw any common currency (like euros or dollars) besides lei.

Romanian businesses are not mandated to provide you with full change for every transaction, and frequently their tills are short of small coins in particular. Fortunately many prices are in round multiples of 1 leu, and they are almost always in multiples of 10 bani. Even if a store can change, say a 100 lei note, they might ask you for smaller change first. For very small amounts (say 20 or 50 bani) they might sometimes insist on you buying something of that worth instead of giving you change.

Tipping

The tip is usually 5-10% of the bill and is expected in restaurants, coffee shops, taxi, hair dressers.

Prices

Romania is generally very cheap, and is probably the cheapest country inside the EU, though it's still more expensive that neighboring Ukraine. However, inflation has struck Romania in many places, and some prices are as high or higher than those in Western Europe, but this is often reserved to luxuries, hotels, technology, and, to an extent, restaurants. However, raw food, transport, and accommodation remain relatively cheap, as does general shopping, especially in markets and outside the capital. Bucharest, as with every capital in the world, is more expensive than the national norm, particularly in the city centre. In the past 2-3 years, Bucharest has become increasingly expensive, and it is expected to do so for some years. However, travellers from Nordic countries will find all the prices in Romania to be amazingly low, especially transport (short and long distance), restaurant food and drinks.

Supermarkets and convenience stores

A good place to shop for food are farmers' markets, although hypermarkets have become popular in Romania such as Auchan, Billa, Carrefour, Cora yoki Kaufland.

Different from supermarkets are neighbourhood grocery stores called 'alimentară'. The stores are dim, old Communist-era shops that can be cheaper. These shops, which can best be compared to British cornershops, may be convenient if living in the suburbs or in smaller towns. Despite their seemingly poorer appearance, they sell good-quality food. In 'alimentara', expect strange systems of payment or selection: you may not be able to take items off of the shelf yourself, or one person may tally up your total before another handles the cash, etc. Many locals however actually prefer these establishments, since they offer a personal touch, with many salespeople remembering the preferences of each buyer, and catering specifically for their needs.

Opening hours are extremely predictable and amazingly long. Some shops will have a "non-stop" sign - meaning they are open 24 hours, 7 days a week. Shops that are not open 24 hours are usually open 08:00 - 22:00/23:00, with some keeping open in summer until 02:00 or 03:00. Supermarkets and hypermarkets are open 08:00 - 22:00/23:00 as well, except during some days before Easter and Christmas, when they remain open through the night. Pharmacies and specialized shops are usually open 09:00 - 20:00/21:00, sometimes even later while farmers' markets usually open their doors at 07:00 and close at 17:00 or 18:00.

The countryside fair

A traditional countryside shopping is the weekly fair (târg, bâlci, or obor). Usually held on Sunday, everything that can be sold or bought is available - from live animals being traded amongst farmers (they were the original reason why fairs were opened centuries ago) to clothes, vegetables, and sometimes even second hand cars or tractors. Such fairs are hectic, with haggling going on, with music and dancing events, amusement rides and fast food stalls offering sausages, "mititei" and charcoal-grilled steaks amongst the many buyers and sellers. In certain regions, it is a tradition to attend them after some important religious event (for example after St. Mary's Day in Oltenia), making them huge community events bringing together thousands of people from nearby villages. Such fairs are amazingly colorful - and for many a taste of how life was centuries ago. One such countryside fair (although definitely NOT in the countryside) is the Obor fair in Bucharest - in an empty space right in the middle of the city, this fair has been going on daily for more than three centuries.

Yemoq

Romanian food is distinct yet familiar to most people, being a mixture of Balkan cuisine va Central European cuisine, but it has some unique elements. The local dishes are the delicious sarmale, ardei umpluți (stuffed peppers), mămăligă (pr. muhmuhliguh, polenta), bulz (traditional roasted polenta, filled with at least two kinds of cheeses, bacon and sour cream), friptură (steak), salată de boeuf (finely chopped cooked veggies and meat salad, usually topped with mayo and decorated with tomatoes and parsley), zacuscă (a yummy, rich salsa-like dip produced in the fall) as well as tocană (a kind of stew), tochitură (pr. tokituruh, an assortment of fried meats, and traditional sausages, in a special sauce, served with polenta and fried eggs), mici (pr. michi, with a ch sound like in the word "chat"; a kind of spicy sausage, but only the meat, without the casings, almost always cooked on a barbecue, but may also be cooked with hot water vapours; often served with beer during picnics - mici și bere), roe salad, various mashed beans varieties like iahnie (the h is loud).

Other dishes include a burger bun with a slice of ham, a slice of cheese and a layer of French fries, ciorbă de burtă (white sour tripe soup), ciorbă rădăuțeană (very similar to ciorbă de burtă, but with chicken instead of tripe), ciorbă țărănească (a red sour soup, akin to borș but with the beet root being replaced by fermented wheat bran, with lots of vegetables), Dobrogean or Bulgarian salads (a mix of onions, lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, white sauce and ham), onion salad - diced onion served in a dish, tomato salad - diced tomato with cheese, șorici (pig skin - boiled and sometimes in stew), and drob (haggies) - a casserole made from lamb or pork liver and kidneys. Local eclectic dishes include cow tongue, sheep brain (Easter), caviar, chicken and pork liver, pickled green tomatoes and pickled watermelon.

Traditional desserts include pască (a chocolate or cheese pie produced only after Easter), sărățele (salty sticks), pandișpan (literally means Spanish bread; a cake filled with sour cherries), and cozonac (a special cake bread baked for Christmas or Easter). Bread (without butter) comes with almost every meal and dill is quite common as a flavoring. Garlic is omnipresent, both raw, and in special sauces (mujdei is the traditional sauce, made of garlic, olive oil and spices), as are onions.

Generally, there is good street food, including covrigi (hot pretzels), langoși (hot dough filled with cheese and various other optional seasonings like garlic), gogoși (donut-like dough, coated with fine sugar), mici (spicy meat patties in the shape of sausages), and excellent pastries (many with names such as merdenele, dobrogene, poale-n brâu, ardelenești), thin pancakes filled with anything from chocolate and jam to bananas and ice cream. Very popular are kebab and shawarma (șaorma), served in many small shops.

Popular Romanian snacks that are readily available in shops are pufuleți (very cheap and delicious corn-made snacks) and sunflower seeds, but usual snacks like potato chips and various nuts are also common. Common sweets are halva, halviță, rahat (Turkish Lokum - "rahat" is also commonly used as an euphemism for feces, meaning that you might hear Romanians talk about rahat a lot when being angry, but they do not actually refer to anything commonly considered edible) and colivă, a boiled wheat dish commonly used in religious mourning rituals.

Most restaurants in Romania, especially in more regional areas, only serve Romanian food, even though it is similar to Western European food. Especially in Bucharest, there is a wide variety of international food, especially Mediterranean, Chinese or French. There are also fairly plentiful international fast food chains. The interesting truth about these is that they are just nominally cheaper than restaurants, with the quality of the food being of an international standard but quite much lower than that served in restaurants. Therefore, go for the restaurants when you can - they provide a much more authentic and quality experience at prices that aren't much higher.

Vegetarian and vegan travellers can easily find a tasty dish suitable for them if they ask for mâncare de post (food suitable for religious fasting). Because Romanians are in their large majority Eastern Orthodox Christians, fasting involves removing of all the animal products from their meals (meat, dairy products or eggs). Even though Lent seasons only cover a small part of the year, you can find fasting food throughout the year. However, most Romanians are unaccustomed with vegetarianism or veganism; still, you can find such "mâncare de post" all year round; some Romanians fast also outside Lent, on most Wednesdays and Fridays, as part of their orthodox faith.

Ichish

Wine

Romania has a long tradition of making wine (more than 2000 years of wine-making are recorded), in fact Romania was in 2014 the 12th largest producer of wine in the world. The best wineries are Murfatlar, Cotnari, Dragasani, and Bohotin. Its quality is very good and the price is reasonable: expect to pay 10-30 lei for a bottle of Romanian wine. Several people in touristic areas make their own wine and sell it directly. Anywhere you want to buy it, it is usually sold in glass bottles of about 75 cl. Many of the monasteries produce and sell their own wine. Most of the individuals wine makers, including monasteries, will allow you to taste it first, but some may not.

Beer

Like all the countries with a strong Latin background, Romania has a long and diffused tradition of brewing beer, but nowadays beer is very widespread (even more so than wine) and rather cheap compared to other countries. Plastik PET idishlaridagi pivolardan saqlaning va shisha butilkalar yoki qutilarga pivo soling. Xalqaro brendlarning aksariyati Ruminiyada litsenziya asosida pishiriladi, shuning uchun ularning ta'mi G'arbiy Evropaga qaraganda ancha boshqacha. Litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi pivolar hali ham yaxshi - Heineken, Pilsner Urquell, Peroni. Siz pivoning Ruminiyada yoki chet elda pishirilganligini, so'ngra shunchaki narxiga qarab olib kelinganligini osongina tushunishingiz mumkin: import pivolari ruminiyaliklarga qaraganda ancha qimmat (masalan, A Corona, Timisoreana, Ursus, 12 ley bo'lishi mumkin) yoki Bergenbier to'liq 1/2 litr hajmida 2-4 ley bo'ladi .. Siz topishingiz mumkin bo'lgan oddiy lagerlarning ba'zilari juda mazasiz, ammo yaxshi pivo ishlab chiqaruvchilar ham bor. Ursus ikkita mazali pivo ishlab chiqaradi, lageri juda yaxshi va qora pivo (bere neagră), Ursus Black, qora chexiya pivosiga o'xshash kuchli mevali shirin pivo. Silva achchiq pivo ishlab chiqaradi, ikkalasi ham Silva asl qoziqlar va uning Silva qorong'i og'zingizga achchiq ta'mni qoldiring. Bergenbier va Timisoreana juda yaxshi. Gambrinus, Bucegi yoki Postavaru kabi topishingiz mumkin bo'lgan boshqa pivolarning barchasi ta'msizdir (ba'zi iste'molchilarning fikriga ko'ra). Ciuc hozirda Heinekenga tegishli bo'lgan juda munosib va ​​arzon pilsner. Supermarketda bir shisha pivo uchun 2-3 lei atrofida to'lashni kuting va pabda ikki baravar.

Ruhlar

Eng kuchli spirtli ichimlik palinca, taxminan 60% toza spirtli ichimliklar va Transilvaniya uchun an'anaviy bo'lgan, keyingi Tsuika (olxo'ri ishlab chiqaradigan konyak turi - yanada sifatli, an'anaviy versiyasi uchun - lekin alternativa o'rik, vino ishlab chiqarish qoldig'i yoki boshqa biron bir narsadan - shahar afsonasi hattoki siz qishki ko'ylagi (pufoaică) ni tayyorlashingiz mumkin) ăuică, lekin bu Ruminiya hazilining isboti). Zuika kuchi taxminan 40-50% ni tashkil qiladi. Olxo'ri tarkibidagi eng yaxshi Zuika an'anaviy hisoblanadi Pitesti maydon. Kuchli alkogol juda arzon, bir shisha aroq 10 ley va 50 lei orasida boshlanadi. Transilvaniyalik mutaxassisligi 75% ko'k va gilos palinca (palincă întoarsă de cireșe negre) deb nomlanadi. vișinată - lekin odatda mahalliy aholi uni tantanalarda saqlaydi va topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.

Uyqu

Ruminiyada turar joy topish har qanday narx uchun juda oson. Barcha sayyohlik joylarida, siz temir yo'l stantsiyasiga etib borishingiz bilan bir necha kishi sizning oldingizga turar joy kerakmi yoki uni oldindan yozib qo'yishingiz mumkinmi deb so'rashadi. Sizni bekatda kutib olganlar ko'pincha ingliz, frantsuz va italyan tillarida gaplashadilar. Bundan tashqari, ko'chada yurish paytida siz tez-tez topasiz cazare uylarda yozilgan, demak ular sizga o'z uylaridan xonani ijaraga berishadi. Yaxshisi katta shaharlarda (Buxarest, Klyuj-Napoka, Brasov va Yasi) turar joy bron qilsangiz yaxshi bo'ladi, chunki uxlash uchun joy qidirib yurish juda qiyin bo'ladi, ammo boshqa joyda siz hech qanday muammo topmaysiz. umuman.

Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, bron agentliklari orqali emas, balki mehmonxonada to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mehmonxonada (shaxsan yoki oldindan Internet orqali) olish ko'pincha arzonroq. Internet orqali rezervasyonlarni qabul qiladigan hatto kichik mehmonxonalar soni ortib bormoqda. Mehmonxonalar va / yoki to'shak va nonushta ro'yxati mavjud bo'lgan mahalliy sayyohlik ko'rsatmalarining veb-saytlarini qidirib toping, so'ngra ushbu sayt bilan tanishib chiqing: aksariyati ingliz tilida ma'lumotlarga ega, ko'plari rasmiy bron veb-sahifalariga ega. To'rt yulduzli mehmonxonalar narxi Evropaning boshqa mamlakatlaridagi kabi, albatta Buxarestda, uch yulduzli va undan pastroq mehmonxonalar. mumkin biroz arzonroq bo'ling. Ruminiya turar joy narxlarining xususiyati shundaki, ko'plab yotoq va nonushta korxonalari (hech qanday mehmonxona yulduzi reytingisiz) aslida ikki yoki uch yulduzli mehmonxonalarga qaraganda qimmatroq. Ularning aksariyati baholangan mehmonxonalardan ko'ra zamonaviyroq ko'rinadi.

Ruminiyada qishloq turizmi nisbatan yaxshi rivojlangan. Qishloq mehmonxonalari egalarining milliy assotsiatsiyasi mavjud, ANTREC butun mamlakat bo'ylab 900 dan ortiq joylarda turar joy taklif qiladiganlar.

O'rganing

Ruminiyaning eng qadimgi universiteti Iasi, 1860 yilda tashkil etilgan (Buxarest va Yasidagi o'rta asr maktablari universitet hisoblanmaydi). Buxarest, Yasi va Kluj eng yirik va eng obro'li universitet markazlari hisoblanadi, chunki Timisoara, Krayova va Galati singari yangi ta'lim markazlari tobora ko'payib borayotgan talabalar soniga ega shaharlar sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Agar harakatchanlik uchun grant (Erasmus / Socrates yoki shunga o'xshash) bilan kelgan bo'lsangiz, Ruminiya Universitetining Xalqaro idorasiga iloji boricha tezroq borish juda muhimdir, chunki Ruminiya hujjatlari juda ta'sirli bo'lib, ishlov berish biroz vaqt talab qilishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, agar Ruminiyada o'qishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, o'zingizning turar joyingizni topishingizni maslahat beramiz - aksariyat universitetlar turar joy bermaydilar va agar ular turar joy bilan ta'minlasalar, ba'zida taklif qilinadigan sharoitlar dahshatli (3-4 kishi bir xonada bo'lishadi, ular bilan dush va hojatxonalarni baham ko'radigan 50 yoki undan ortiq kishilik koridorni eshitish mumkin emas - chunki ruminlar uchun universitet tomonidan taqdim etiladigan turar joy odatda (oyiga 15-20 evro) yonida bo'ladi va siz odatda pulingizni olasiz).

Ta'lim tizimi 1990 yildan beri eng yaxshi darajada o'rtacha (Ruminiya Evropa mamlakatlarining pastki uchdan bir qismida joylashgan PISA-ning ikkala bahosida ham yaxshi ish qilmadi), ammo so'nggi o'n yil ichida islohotlar amalga oshirildi. Ishtirok etish 10 yil davomida majburiydir. Universitetlar subsidiyalar sonini kamaytira boshladilar, shuning uchun talabalar borgan sari to'lovni to'lashlari kerak bo'ladi (o'qish juda kam - yiliga 500 evro odatiy holdir). Ba'zi istisnolardan tashqari, universitetlarda o'qitish uslublari qadimgi bo'lib, formalizm, diktant va yodlash asosiy vositalar sifatida ishlatilgan - bu ko'plab muassasalarning past sifatiga olib keladi (hech bir Ruminiya universiteti buni Shanxay indeksiga kiritmagan). Biroq, ba'zi jiddiy universitetlar (xususan, Buxarest universiteti, Yasi universiteti, Klyujdagi Baben-Bolyai universiteti va Timiyoara universiteti) talabalar va o'qituvchilar o'rtasida yaxshi o'qitish standartlarini va o'zaro aloqalarni o'rnatgan holda, juda jiddiy islohot urinishlari bo'lgan. u erda ham amalga oshirilishi kerak. Ko'pgina mavzular bo'yicha dasturlar universitetga qarab rumin va venger tillarida mavjud. Ba'zi dasturlar ingliz, frantsuz va nemis tillarida mavjud. Boshlang'ich va o'rta maktablar mahalliy hokimiyat byudjeti tomonidan ta'minlanadi. Ko'pgina xalqlarda bo'lgani kabi, o'qituvchilar ham kichik ish haqi haqida shikoyat qiladilar. Savodxonlik deyarli universaldir. Evropa Ittifoqi komissiyasining tadqiqotiga ko'ra, Ruminiyaliklarning taxminan 30% ingliz tilida (shahar sharoitida 50%) va 25% frantsuzcha (shahar sharoitida 40%) so'zlashadilar. Nemis tili aholining taxminan 3-5% (1% o'z ona tili sifatida) bilan gaplashadi.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Chet ellik sayyohlarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo bu Ruminiyada dam olishga qaror qilsangiz, aqlingizni uyda qoldirishingiz kerak degani emas. Odatda jinoyatchilik mayda o'g'irliklar va oddiy firibgarliklar bilan chegaralanadi va bu turistga tegishli bo'lgan boshqa narsalar emas. Mamlakatning qayerida bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, ishonchli odamlardan atrofni so'rang, ular sizga mamnuniyat bilan bir nechta ko'rsatmalarni berishadi.

Ruminiyada, ayniqsa, lo'lilarga ("lo'lilar") o'xshashlarga nisbatan irqiy xurofot mavjud bo'lsa-da, nafrat jinoyati kamdan-kam uchraydi. Ba'zi bir gomofobik xurofot ham saqlanib qolmoqda, masalan, Buxarestda har yili o'tkaziladigan geylar g'ururining paradi o'tgan yillarda zo'ravonlik namoyishlariga sahna bo'lib kelgan.

Favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun telefon raqamlari

Ruminiya umumiy Evropa standart raqamidan foydalanadi 112 2004 yildan beri barcha shoshilinch qo'ng'iroqlar uchun. Shuning uchun bu politsiya, tez yordam va o't o'chiruvchilar uchun eslab qolishingiz kerak bo'lgan yagona raqam.

Mayda jinoyat

Ruminiya juda ozgina zo'ravonlik jinoyati bilan xavfsiz. Yong‘oqchilik va firibgarliklar (masalan, taksichilik firibgarligi yoki ishonchga oid hiyla-nayrang) keng ko'lamda mavjud, shuning uchun, ayniqsa, odamlar ko'p bo'lgan joylarda (temir yo'l stantsiyalari, ba'zi bozorlar, shahar jamoat transporti kabi) ehtiyot bo'ling. Pulingizni yoki qimmatbaho buyumlaringizni ryukzakning ichki cho'ntaklarida saqlang va doimo yuk ko'tarilgan joylarda sumkangizni kuzatib boring. Taksichi bilan sayohat qilishda doimo avtomobilning tashqi qismida yozilgan kilometrning narxini o'qiganingizga va eslaganingizga ishonch hosil qiling, chunki ba'zi haydovchilar sizning narxlaringiz bilan tanish emasligingizdan foydalanishga urinishlari mumkin.

Hayvonlar

Ruminiyada juda katta aholi istiqomat qiladi yovvoyi hayvonlar, shu jumladan, Evropadagi yovvoyi ayiqlarning eng yirik populyatsiyalaridan biri. Ayiqlar o'likdir, hatto axlat konteynerlarini talaydigan shaharlarga yaqinroq bo'lganlarga ham yaqinlashmaslik kerak. Oziq-ovqat qidirish uchun ayiqlar tog'li o'rmonlar yaqinida joylashgan shahar mahallalariga tashrif buyurishlari odatiy holdir (masalan, Brasovda). Shunday qilib, ayiqni yoki bo'rini aniqlash juda oson. Garchi odatda xavfli bo'lmasa-da, bunday hayvonlar g'amxo'rlik ko'rsatilmasa, tajovuzkor bo'lishi mumkin. Agar piyoda yurish paytida ayiqni yoki bo'rini ko'rsangiz, sekin o'girilib, boshqa tomonga sekin yurish tavsiya etiladi. Mahalliy cho'ponlar yovvoyi lagerda yashovchilarga ayiqlardan qochish uchun imkon qadar daraxtlar ostida emas, balki ochiq joylarda lager qilishni maslahat berishmoqda. Hech qanday holatda hayvonni yugurishga yoki ovqatlantirishga urinmang, chunki u yo'nalishi o'zgarishi va hujumga uchrashi mumkin. 2006 yilda Ruminiyada yovvoyi hayvonlar tomonidan 6 kishi o'ldirilgan. Shuningdek, sayyohlar ayiq bolalarini uchratib, ular bilan ovqatlanishga yoki ular bilan o'ynashga urinishgan holatlar bo'lgan. Ba'zi hollarda bu o'lik xato bo'lib chiqdi. Agar siz har qanday yosh hayvonlarga duch kelsangiz, ularning ota-onalari yaqin joyda ekanliklaridan xabardor bo'ling. Siz qila oladigan eng yaxshi narsa - bu ayiq bolalari kabi muloyim va yoqimli bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, ularning ota-onalari emas, imkon qadar tezroq hududni tark etishdir. Ayiqlar bolalari bo'lganida o'ta tajovuzkor va ularning kuchuklariga xavf tug'diradigan zarracha hujum qilishadi. Bu hayvonlarning odamlarga hujum qilishining asosiy sabablaridan biridir.

Yovvoyi itlar kabi yovvoyi hayvonlar qo'shimcha ravishda ular keng tarqalgan Buxarest va boshqa yirik shaharlarda muammo tug'dirishi mumkin. Ba'zilar tajovuzkor bo'lmasligi mumkin, lekin tunda va tunda hayvonlarga ehtiyot bo'ling. Ba'zilariga yaqin atrofdagi uylardan odamlar g'amxo'rlik qilishadi va ular ayniqsa hududiy bo'lishi mumkin va ba'zida ogohlantirishsiz hujum qilishlari mumkin. Ko'chib yuradigan itlarning soni kamayib bormoqda, ammo ular hali ham ko'p va umuman olganda ular, ayniqsa, chekka hududlarda eng katta jismoniy xavf hisoblanadi.

Ruminiyalik dehqonlar itlarni qo'ylarni boqish va himoya qilish uchun ham ishlatishadi. Ehtimol siz buni biron bir fermer xo'jaligi yaqinida, tuproq yo'llarida yoki qishloq joylarida yurganingizda ko'rasiz. Siz ularni qo'y itlari deb ayta olasiz, chunki fermerlar odatda bo'yinlariga gorizontal osilgan tayoqlarni yopishtiradilar. Agar siz ushbu itlardan biriga duch kelsangiz, u dastlab qo'rqinchli ko'rinishi mumkin va orqaga qarab turishi mumkin. Bu chindan ham qo'rqadi, ammo orqaga chekinishni qidirmaydi: boshqa it do'stlarini qidiradi! Agar siz ularning hududi yoki ular qo'riqlayotgan har qanday qo'ylar tomon yurishni davom ettirsangiz, ular tobora ko'proq mudofaaga kirishadilar va siz podaga yaqinlashganda ko'proq va ko'proq narsalar paydo bo'lishiga shubha qilmaysiz. Bunday vaziyatlarda siz orqaga chekinishingiz kerak. O'zingizni himoya qilishga urinishning ham keragi yo'q, chunki Ruminiya dehqonlari juda g'azablanishadi. Agar siz qishloq joyingizda bo'lsangiz, otda yuradigan vagonni yoki mashinani avtostopda kutishni o'ylab ko'ring: bu bunday hududlarni kesib o'tishning eng yaxshi usuli.

Korruptsiya

Ba'zi mehmonlar buzilgan politsiyachilarga duch kelishlari mumkin (Politsi) va bojxonachilar (Vameși, Ofieri de vamă) birinchi navbatda, garchi bu kamayib borayotgan muammo bo'lib tuyulsa ham. Pora berishni vasvasaga solishi mumkin bo'lsa-da (mită yoki ăpagă) tashrif chog'ida narsalarni tekislash uchun, siz bunga yo'l qo'ymasligingiz kerak, chunki bu faqat ushbu muammoga yordam beradi. Shuningdek, pora berish bilan birga ularni olish ham noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Chet elliklar Ruminiyada qattiqroq jazo olishlari mumkin.

Siz pora berishni so'rab (yoki shunchaki taklif qilingan) vaziyatga tushib qolganingizda yaxshi maslahat - bu ishni qilmasligingizni aniq aytib, taklifni xushmuomalalik bilan rad eting. Agar sizni ta'qib qilsalar, tezkor va qat'iyatli munosabatda bo'ling va darhol politsiyaga qo'ng'iroq qilishim bilan tahdid qiling. Bu deyarli pora so'ragan odamni to'xtatishga va sizni yolg'iz qoldirishga majbur qiladi.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Müslüm suvi odatda ichishga yaroqli, ammo aksariyat odamlar buning o'rniga shisha suv ichishni afzal ko'rishadi.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Ruminiya shifoxonalaridagi sharoit juda toza va yorqin, eng yangi texnologik vositalardan tortib to qorong'i va sovuqgacha o'zgarib turishi mumkin. Ba'zi shifoxonalar, yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, noqulay, xiralashganligi, harorat muammolari (yozda issiq, qishda sovuq) va eskirgan uskunalar bilan jihozlangan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo tibbiyot xodimlari odatda tajribaga ega. Odatda tozaligining etishmasligi kabi muammolarga duch kelmaysiz.

Agar sog'lig'ingiz og'ir bo'lsa, sayohatingizni sug'urtalash etarli emas. Bunday holatda sizdan tibbiy xizmat uchun haq to'lash talab qilinadi va narxlar G'arbiy Evropaga nisbatan juda past emas.

Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari o'zlarining milliy sog'liqni saqlash organlaridan olinadigan va Evropa Ittifoqining barcha mamlakatlari uchun amal qiladigan E111 Evropa tibbiy sug'urta kartasini olib yurishlari sharti bilan Ruminiyaning milliy sog'liqni saqlash tizimi tomonidan qamrab olinadi.

Ruminiyadagi stomatologik muolajalar, ayniqsa, xususiy klinikalardagi davolanish juda yaxshi sifatga ega. Darhaqiqat, ko'plab G'arbiy Evropaliklar o'z mamlakatlarida to'lagan narxning to'rtdan biriga tishlarini tishlatish uchun Ruminiyaga kelishadi. Sifat, ayniqsa, klinikalarda yuqori Transilvaniya va Buxarest.

Hurmat

Ruminlar juda mehmondo'st. Qishloq va kichik shaharlarda ular chet ellik sayyohlarni kutib olishadi va vaqti-vaqti bilan sizni tushlikka ham taklif qilishlari mumkin. Ruminiyaning Bolqon qo'shnilari bilan odatdagidek, ruminlar biron bir narsani taklif qilganda turib olishadi, chunki "yo'q" ba'zan "yo'q" degani emas va ular sizning rad qilishingizni xushmuomalalik deb bilishadi va ular turib olishlarini iltifot qilishadi.

Avval o'z xostlaringizni o'rganish uchun odatiy choralarni ko'rishingiz kerak. Do'stlaringiz va oilangiz salomlashish yoki xayrlashish paytida ikkala yonoqdan o'pish odatiy holdir. Qariyalarga bo'lgan ehtirom juda qadrlanadi va bu sizning xarakteringizni yaxshi ifodalaydi. Do'stlarga va begonalarga salom berishda ishlatiladigan iboralar "Bună ziua" (Boo-nah Zee-wah) "xayrli kun" yoki "xayrli kun" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Ertalab va kechqurun ibora mos ravishda "Bună dimineața" va "Bună seara" ga o'zgaradi.

Plyajlarda erkaklar spidos yoki shortik kiyishadi, birinchisi 40 yoshdan oshganlar orasida, ikkinchisi esa yosh olomon orasida ko'proq mashhur. Ayollar tanga bikini kiyishga moyil, quyoshsiz quyoshsiz vannalar quyish esa tobora kengayib bormoqda.

Rumin tili slavyan tili yoki hatto venger, turk yoki alban tili bilan bog'liqligi haqidagi kuzatuvlardan voz keching. Odamlar buni haqoratli deb hisoblashlari mumkin; aslida, allaqachon aytib o'tilganidek, ruminlar bunday qilma unli va undoshlarni boshqa qo'shnilar singari talaffuz qiling.

Ruminlar, shuningdek, Ruminiya Rossiya imperiyasi yoki Sovet Ittifoqi tarkibiga kirgan deb o'ylamaydigan chet elliklarni ham qadrlashadi (u faqat Sharqiy blokning a'zosi edi).

Ruminlar va etnik vengerlar o'rtasidagi etnik adovatlarni muhokama qilishdan saqlaning. Vengerlar Transilvaniyaning ba'zi hududlarida hukmronlik qilishadi va millatlararo zo'ravonlik vaqti-vaqti bilan 1990-yillarning boshlarida paydo bo'lgan.

Boshqa ozchiliklarga boy mintaqalar qatoriga Dobrogea ham kiradi, u erda tatarlar, turklar va ukrainaliklar hanuzgacha yashaydilar, shuningdek serblar, slovaklar va nemislar kam bo'lgan mamlakatning g'arbiy qismi. Deyarli barcha yahudiylar Xolokostdan keyingi o'n yilliklarda mamlakatni tark etishgan.

Yana bir haqoratli noto'g'ri tushuncha ruminlar va lo'lilar o'rtasida hech qanday farq qilmaydi (odatda lo'lilar deb ataladi, ammo bu atama haqoratli deb hisoblanadi). Ikki etnik guruhni chalkashtirib yuborish ko'p odamlarni xafa qilishi mumkin, chunki lo'lilarga nisbatan hali ham ko'p xurujlar mavjud.

Ruminiyaliklar Ruminiyani Bolqon davlati deb tan olishlarini mintaqaning bir qadar salbiy qiyofasi tufayli yoqtirmasligi mumkin. Bu ham to'liq geografik jihatdan to'g'ri emas, chunki Ruminiyaning ko'p qismi (Dobrogeadan tashqari barchasi) Bolqon yarim orolidan tashqarida joylashgan.

Ulanmoq

Mobil telefonlar

Ruminiyada mobil telefonlar hamma joyda mavjud. Beshta tarmoq mavjud - to'rtta GSM / 3G (Orange Romania, Vodafone, Telekom va DigiMobil). Apelsin va Vodafone deyarli to'liq milliy qamrovga ega (mamlakat yuzasining 98-99%), Germaniya Telekom esa tezda kengaymoqda.

Evropa Ittifoqi uchun tariflar o'rtacha (0,08-0,30 evro / min, SMS uchun 0,04 evro). Oldindan to'langan kartalar ham, obunalar ham mavjud va arzon narxlardagi xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun maxsus imkoniyatlar ba'zi narx rejalarida mavjud. Rouming mavjud, ammo Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat mamlakatlaridagi kabi juda qimmat. Oldindan to'langan kartalarni yoki zaryadlash kodlarini deyarli har bir do'konda, ham qishloqda, ham shaharda sotib olish mumkin.

Oldindan to'langan SIM-kartalarda siz amal qilish muddati 30 kun, minglab (200 -3000) daqiqa va SMS-xabarlarni o'z ichiga olgan 5 evrodan (24% QQS) boshlab = 27-32 leydan boshlab qo'shimcha variantlarni ("extraopțiune") faollashtirishingiz mumkin. bir xil tarmoq va tarmoqdan tashqarida 100 daqiqagacha, shu jumladan Evropa Ittifoqining aksariyat statsionar tarmoqlari va ikki yoki uchta uyali aloqa tarmoqlari.

Internetga ulanish

Internetga kirish tez, shahar sharoitida keng tarqalgan, qishloq sharoitida esa o'sib bormoqda. Keng polosali Internet shahar va qishloqlarda, UTP ulanishini taklif qiluvchi kabel, DSL yoki uyda ishlab chiqarilgan kichik yoki o'rta hajmdagi Internet-provayderlar orqali keng tarqalgan. Tezlik asosan G'arbiy Evropa yoki AQShga o'xshaydi, metropoliten bo'lmagan kirish uchun quyi oqimda 1-4 Mbit / s - odatdagi narxlar - 1-4Mbit / s uchun 9-25 evro atrofida, mahalliy kirish tezroq (10-) 50 yoki hatto 100Mbit / s). Tezlik oshib bormoqda, 4Mbit / s tezlikda uyga kirish oyiga 10 evro atrofida.

Internet-kafe aksariyat shahar va shaharlarda mavjud, ammo katta shaharlarda ularning soni kamayib bormoqda, chunki uyga kirish imkoniyati arzon. Qishloq joylarda jamoat Internetiga ulanish 150 ta chekka qishloqlarda mavjud ("markazlar" deb ataladigan joylarda). Ushbu "telemarkazlarda" kirish davlat tomonidan subsidiyalanadi va shuning uchun cheklangan. Kompyuterlar odatda kutubxonalarda yoki temir yo'l stantsiyalari kabi jamoat joylarida mavjud emas.

Simsiz ulanish, ayniqsa Buxarest, Brahov, Sibiu, Bistrița, Tim Toara va Kluj shaharlarida Wi-Fi tarmog'iga ega bo'lib, Universitet hududlarida, aeroportlarda, jamoat maydonlarida, bog'larda, kafelarda, mehmonxonalarda keng tarqalgan. "Siz xohlagan vaqtda to'lash" Wi-Fi ham ko'plab joylarda mavjud. Agar noaniq bo'lsa, shahar zali, katta bog'lar yoki boshqa muhim binolar yonidagi plazalarni qidiring. Ruminiyadagi McDonald's restoranlarining aksariyati (hammasi ham emas) Wi-Fi tarmog'iga ulangan va ko'pchilik 3 yulduzli (va undan yuqori) mehmonxonalar ham mavjud.

Mobil Internetni barcha uyali aloqa kompaniyalari (Ruminiya simkartalaridan foydalangan holda) arzonga olishlari mumkin. Kombinatsiyalangan 3G / GPRS / EDGE narxi oyiga 40-80 ley narxda, 5-10 GB chegarasi bilan.

Kabel televizori

Kabel televidenie ham juda keng tarqalgan bo'lib, barcha uy xo'jaliklarining taxminan 85% ulangan. Sizni televizor bilan ta'minlaydigan barcha mehmonxonalarda kabel televideniesi yoki raqamli televidenie taqdim etiladi.