Braziliya - Brazil

Braziliya (Portugalcha: Brasil) eng katta mamlakatdir Janubiy Amerika va dunyoda beshinchi o'rinda turadi. Braziliya odamlar, madaniyat va landshaftlarda nihoyatda xilma-xil mamlakatdir - mashhur yozgi karnavalidan tortib Rio-de-Janeyro, Salvador, Olindava Recife tabiatning yovvoyi kuchiga Amazon va Iguasu sharsharasi. Siz shov-shuvli shaharlarni, tinch plyajlarni va an'anaviy turmush tarzini ko'pincha bir-birining yonida topasiz. Mamlakat bo'ylab sezilarli darajada farq qiladigan Braziliya madaniyati Evropa mustamlakachilari, Afrika va Osiyo jamoalarining (ayniqsa, Salvador va San-Pauluva butun mamlakat bo'ylab mahalliy ta'sir.

Mintaqalar

Braziliya yer yuzidagi beshinchi yirik mamlakatdir. U beshta mintaqaga bo'lingan, asosan davlat chegaralari atrofida chizilgan, lekin ular ham ozmi-ko'pmi tabiiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy chegaralarga amal qilishadi.

Shaharlar

Braziliyada yoqimli mustamlakachilik shaharchalari va qirg'oq bo'yidagi yashirin joylardan tortib, notinch, jonli metropollarga qadar ko'plab hayajonli shaharlar mavjud; bu eng taniqli sayohat joylaridan bir nechtasi:

• -15.793889-47.8827781 Braziliya - Braziliya poytaxti va me'moriy tomosha. E'tiborga molik binolar orasida savat shaklidagi sobor, chiroyli Arches saroyi (Adliya vazirligining qarorgohi) va boshqalar bor.
• -27.5717-48.62562 Florianopolis - Shahar Atlantika okeanining janubiy Santa-Katarina shtatidagi orolda joylashgan, ko'llari, lagunlari, ajoyib tabiati va 40 dan ortiq toza, chiroyli, tabiiy plyajlari mavjud. Yoz oylarida argentinaliklar uchun asosiy manzil.
• -3.718333-38.5427783 Fortaleza - Braziliyaning go'zal plyajlari bilan barakali bo'lgan 4-eng katta shahar. Iracema Beach ko'cha bozorining uyi. Shimoliy-sharqiy qirg'oqlarning plyajlarini, shu jumladan, o'rganish uchun yaxshi asos Jericoacoara. Forró musiqasi va komik aktyorlari bilan mashhur.
• -3.1-60.0166674 Manaus - Amazon markazida joylashgan, poytaxti Amazonas Shtat va u ham Amazonning eng katta shahri. Manausda Negr va Solimxes daryolari Amazonas daryosiga aylanish uchun uchrashadilar. Amazon tropik o'rmoniga tashrif buyurish uchun eng yaxshi joy. Bu Anavilhanas va Xau milliy bog'iga kirish eshigi.
• -30.033056-51.235 Portu Alegre - Argentina va San-Paulu o'rtasidagi yirik shahar va Braziliyaning ajoyib Yashil Kanyonlari eshigi.
• -8.05-34.96 Recife - dastlab Gollandiyalik mustamlakachilar tomonidan joylashtirilgan shimoli-sharqiy mintaqadagi yirik shahar. "Braziliyalik Venetsiya" taxallusi bilan u ko'plab ko'priklar bilan bog'langan bir necha orollarda qurilgan. Tarixga, san'atga va folklorga boy. Qo'shnini sog'inmang Olinda va Portu-de-Galinxas. Shahar, shuningdek, ajoyib arxipelagga kirish eshigi Fernando de Noronxa.
• -22.908333-43.1963897 Rio-de-Janeyro - Corcovado tepaligida ochiq qurolli Iso haykali bilan mehmonlarni kutib oladigan dunyoga mashhur, go'zal shahar.
• -12.974722-38.4766678 Salvador - Braziliyaning birinchi poytaxti mahalliy, Afrika va Evropa madaniyatlarining noyob aralashmasi joylashgan. Uning karnaval o'yin-kulgisi mashhur va Afrika madaniyati va dinining ta'siri ajoyibdir.
• -23.55-46.6333339 San-Paulu - Braziliyaning eng yirik, eng boy va eng kosmopolit shahri, u erda bir necha etnik guruhlarning kuchli ta'sirini, shu jumladan italyan, koreys, yapon, nemis, rus, karib havzalari va arablarni topishingiz mumkin.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• -4.439444-56.8402781 Amazoniya - o'rmon bo'ylab sayohatlar, yovvoyi tabiat, suzuvchi yog'och, Amazon sirlari
• -12.880278-41.3722222 Chapada Diamantina milliy bog'i
• -14.083333-47.6666673 Chapada dos Veadeiros – serrado (tropik savanna) yovvoyi hayoti va ajoyib sharsharalari
• -3.853808-32.4237864 Fernando de Noronxa - Atlantika okeanining o'rtasida joylashgan tropik orol jannati 1997 yildan beri dengiz milliy bog'i sifatida himoya qilinadi va a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati
• -23.15-44.2333335 Ilha Grande
• -25.686667-54.4447226 Iguasu sharsharasi - dunyoga mashhur sharsharalar
• -0.983333-49.5833337 Ilha do Marajó- dunyodagi eng katta toza suv oroli
• -2.533333-43.1166678 Lenxois Maranhenses- toza suv va qumtepalar parki; yarim qumtepalar, yarim ko'llar.
• -18-56.59 Pantanal - dunyodagi eng yirik botqoqli botqoq (botqoq) ko'plab sayyohlik va ulkan bioxilma-xillikni o'z ichiga oladi, jumladan kaymanlar, yaguaralar, anakondalar, ulkan chumoli hayvonlar, primatlar, ulkan samuralar va piranalar.

Tushuning

“	Ushbu ajoyib sahnalarda hayratga soladigan alohida ob'ektlarni belgilash oson; ammo ongni to'ldiradigan va ko'taradigan hayrat, hayrat va sadoqatning yuqori hissiyotlari haqida etarli fikr berish mumkin emas.	”
- Charlz Darvin, Beagle sayohati, Braziliya haqida

Tarix

Kolumb Amerikaga kelguniga qadar, hozirgi Braziliya deb nomlanuvchi bu hudud asosan odamlar yashagan Tupi va Guarani etnik guruhlar. Portugallar tomonidan mustamlaka dan qimmatbaho yog'och olish bilan XVI asr oxirida boshlangan pau brasil mamlakat o'z nomini olgan daraxt. Braziliya mustamlaka qilingan va Amerikaning aksariyat qismini egallagan Ispaniyaliklar emas, balki portugallar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Sharqiy Braziliya yo'lda nuqta edi Keyp marshruti Evropa va Osiyo o'rtasida. Portugaliyaning hukmronligi davrida Braziliyaning ayrim qismlari 1630-1654 yillarda Gollandiyaning mustamlakasini tashkil qildi. Gollandlar Mauritsvill kabi bir qancha shaharlarga va ko'plab shakar qamish plantatsiyalariga asos solishdi. Gollandlar portugallar bilan dahshatli o'rmon urushini olib bordilar va Angliya bilan urush tufayli o'z vatanlari Respublikasining ko'magisiz gollandlar portugallarga taslim bo'ldilar, ammo ular rasmiy ravishda Portugaliya hukmronligini tan olmadilar, bu esa hamma narsaga olib keldi. 1656 yilda Portugaliya qirg'og'ida Portugaliya bilan urush olib bordi. 1665 yilda Gaaga tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi, Portugaliya Osiyodagi mustamlakalarini yo'qotdi va Gollandiya Respublikasining mustamlakasini yo'qotgani uchun 63 tonna oltin to'lashi kerak edi.

1808 yilga kelib Braziliya Portugaliya imperiyasining markaziga aylandi, o'shanda qirol Dom Joao VI (Ioann VI) Napoleonning Portugaliyaga bostirib kirishidan qochib, o'zini va uning hukumatini shaharga joylashtirdi. Rio-de-Janeyro.

Keyingi to'rt asrda mamlakat asosan oltin, kauchuk kabi tabiiy boyliklarni ekspluatatsiya qilishni davom ettirdi, shu bilan asosan shakar, kofe va afrikalik qullar mehnatiga asoslangan iqtisodiyotni ko'tarish bilan bir qatorda. Xristianlashtirish va mahalliy aholini ekspluatatsiya qilish davom etdi va 19 va 20-asrlarda immigratsiyaning ikkinchi to'lqini paydo bo'ldi, asosan italyan, nemis (Braziliyaning janubida), ispan, yapon (San-Paulu shtatida) va portugal tillari paydo bo'lib, ular paydo bo'lgan omillar to'plamiga qo'shildi. bugungi murakkab va noyob Braziliya madaniyati va jamiyati.

Portugaliyaning uch asrligidan so'ng Portugaliya 1822 yil 7 sentyabrda mustaqil davlatga aylandi. 1889 yilgacha Braziliya Dom Pedro I va uning o'g'li Dom Pedro II hukmronligi ostida imperiya edi. Bu vaqtga kelib, u rivojlanayotgan xalqaro kuchga aylandi. Dastlab keng tarqalgan qullik 1888 yilda yakuniy bekor qilinishigacha ketma-ket qonunchilik bilan cheklanib kelindi. Monarxiya qulashi va keyinchalik nominal respublikachilikning ko'tarilishiga ko'plab omillar ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo, aslida, qulagandan keyin Braziliyada harbiy aralashuv yuz berdi. 1894 yilgacha imperiya tarkibiga kirgan. O'shandan beri Braziliyada demokratiya to'ntarishlar va diktatura bilan 1985 yilgacha to'xtatilib, yangi fuqarolik va demokratik hukumat saylanib, ikki yildan so'ng yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi.

Lotin Amerikasidagi eng katta, aholisi eng ko'p va farovon bo'lgan mamlakat, bu davlatni boshqarishdagi yigirma yildan ziyod (1964-1985) harbiy diktatura davridan kelib chiqib, demokratik boshqaruvni davom ettirish bilan birga sanoat va sanoatni davom ettirish muammolariga duch keldi. qishloq xo'jaligining o'sishi va uning ichki qismini rivojlantirish. Bugun Braziliya ulkan tabiiy boyliklarni, ulkan geografik hududni va katta mehnat havzasini ekspluatatsiya qilib, Lotin Amerikasining etakchi iqtisodiy qudrati va mintaqaning etakchisidir. Meksika va Argentina. Lotin Amerikasining aksariyat mamlakatlaridagi kabi siyosiy korruptsiya va bozorlarga kirish uchun yuqori to'siqlar, shu jumladan ishchi kuchi ham dolzarb muammolar bo'lib qolmoqda. Buning oqibati, ayniqsa katta shaharlarda jinoyatchilikning yuqori darajasi.

Lotin Amerikasi siyosatidagi "pushti to'lqin" boshqa mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi Braziliyada ham iqtisodiy nomutanosiblikni keltirib chiqardi, siyosiy tabaqalar boylik va son jihatidan ko'payib borarkan, saviyasi past va siyosiy jihatdan aloqasi past odamlar mehnat bozorlariga kirish uchun yuqori to'siqlardan aziyat chekmoqda, oliy ma'lumot va boshqa bozorlar. Braziliya hukumatidan norozilik 2014 yilgi Jahon chempionati futbol musobaqasi paytida va yana 2016 yilgi Yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari paytida ochiq noroziliklarga sabab bo'ldi. Hukumat kuchlari musobaqalar boshlanishidan oldin odamlarni majburan o'z uylaridan olib chiqishni boshlagan edi va aksariyat aktsiyalar noroziliklarga shafqatsiz munosabatda bo'lishdi. Ba'zi namoyishchilar odamlar mol-mulk huquqisiz kechqurun uylarda yashab turgan paytda uzoq joylarda qimmat stadionlar qurish bema'niligini ta'kidladilar.

Iqtisodiyotga nisbatan keng tarqalgan norozilik 2018 yilda o'ta o'ngchi populist nomzod Jair Bolsonaroning prezidentlikka saylanishiga olib keldi. Bolsonaro atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishni tugatishga va iqtisodiy rivojlanish yo'lida mahalliy va ozchilik huquqlarini qaytarishga va'da berdi, ammo bu mamlakatga qanday ta'sir qiladi. inson huquqlari holati va oddiy braziliyaliklarning hayotini ko'rish kerak.

Hukumat va siyosat

Braziliya - Amerika prezidentlik tizimidan o'rnak olgan federal respublika. Xalq to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ham davlat rahbari, ham hukumat rahbari bo'lgan prezidentni saylaydi. Prezident to'rt yil muddatga saylanadi, faqat bitta qayta saylanish huquqiga ega.

Qonun chiqaruvchi tarmoq - Milliy Kongress, Federal Senat va Deputatlar palatasidan iborat ikki palatali parlament. Ikkala palata ham to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylanadi. Senat a'zolari har 4 yilda bir marta saylanadi, har 8 yilda uchdan ikki qismi yangilanadi. Deputatlar palatasi a'zolari har bir shtatning mutanosib vakolatxonasi orqali saylanadi. Oliy Federal sud, Adliya Oliy sudi va boshqa yuqori sudlar, Milliy adliya kengashi va mintaqaviy federal sudlar sud filialini tashkil qiladi. Siyosiy tizim ko'p partiyali tizimga amal qiladi. Braziliyadagi asosiy siyosiy partiyalar - Ishchilar partiyasi, Braziliya demokratik harakati, Braziliya sotsial-demokratiya partiyasi va demokratlar.

Braziliya siyosatidagi asosiy muammolardan biri bu korruptsiya. Clientelism, nepotizm, siyosiy favoritizm va davlat mablag'larini ortiqcha baholash odatiy holdir, garchi bu 2014 yilda "Avtomobillarni yuvish" operatsiyasi bo'yicha tekshiruvlar o'tkazilgandan beri bu asta-sekin kamayib bormoqda. Bundan tashqari, Braziliyadagi siyosiy partiyalar juda parchalanishga moyil.

Madaniyat

Braziliyaning kontinental o'lchovlari, turli xil geografiyasi, tarixi va odamlari tufayli mamlakat madaniyati boy va xilma-xil. Uning bir nechta mintaqaviy farqlari bor va asosan bir tilda birlashtirilganiga qaramay, ayrim mintaqalar bir-biridan shunchalik farq qiladiki, ular umuman turli mamlakatlarga o'xshab ko'rinadi.

Musiqa Braziliya identifikatsiyasida muhim rol o'ynaydi. Bunga o'xshash uslublar choro, samba va bossa nova chinakam braziliyalik hisoblanadi. Caipira musiqa ham ildizlarda sertanejo, kantri musiqasining milliy ekvivalenti. MPB bir nechta milliy uslublarni yagona kontseptsiya ostida birlashtirgan Braziliya mashhur musiqasi degan ma'noni anglatadi. Forró, shimoliy-sharqiy baxtli raqsga tushadigan musiqa uslubi ham butun mamlakat bo'ylab keng tarqalgan. Yangi shahar uslublari kiradi funk - Rio-dan raqs musiqasi janriga berilgan ism favelalar bu og'ir elektron ritmlarni va ko'pincha shov-shuvli raplarni aralashtiradigan - va techno-brega, shimoliy shtatlarda ishqiy pop, raqs musiqasi va karib dengizi ritmlarini birlashtirgan.

Ning aralashmasi jang san'ati, raqs, musiqa va o'yin, kapoeyra afrikalik qullar tomonidan Braziliyaga, asosan Portugaliyaning mustamlakalaridan olib kelingan Angola. Vivacion murakkab harakatlar va hamrohlik musiqasi bilan ajralib turadigan, uni Braziliyaning ko'plab shaharlarida ko'rish va mashq qilish mumkin.

Klassik musiqada zamonaviy davr ayniqsa diqqatga sazovor, chunki odatdagi Braziliya maktabini yaratgan Heitor Villa-Lobos va Kamargo Guarnieri kabi bastakorlar an'anaviy Evropa mumtoz musiqasi elementlarini Braziliya ritmiga aralashtirib yubordilar, boshqa bastakorlar esa Klaudio Santoro Venaning ikkinchi maktabi ko'rsatmalariga amal qildi. Romantik davrda eng buyuk ism Antonio Karlos Gomesh edi, masalan, odatdagi Braziliya mavzusidagi ba'zi italyan uslubidagi operalarning muallifi. Il Guarany va Lo Schiavo. Klassik davrda eng taniqli ism Xose Mauritsio Nunes Garsiya, ham muqaddas, ham dunyoviy musiqani yozgan va 18-asr va 19-asrning boshlarida Vena klassik uslubining ta'sirida bo'lgan ruhoniy.

Qandil va Umbanda bu xurofot va ta'qiblardan qutulgan va Braziliyada hanuzgacha muhim izdoshlariga ega bo'lgan afrikalik ildizlarga ega dinlardir. Ularning sig'inadigan joylari deyiladi terreyros va ko'pchilik tashrif buyurishga ochiq.

Mahalliy xususiyatlarini Braziliya madaniyatining hamma joylarida, oshxonadan tortib, so'z boyligiga qadar topish mumkin. Braziliyaning barcha mintaqalarida hali ham ko'plab mahalliy guruhlar va qabilalar yashaydi, garchi ko'pchilik G'arb madaniyati ta'sirida bo'lgan va mamlakatning omon qolgan bir necha mahalliy tillari butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostida. Vajapi mahalliy guruhining an'anaviy turmush tarzi va grafik ifodalari Amapa a deb e'lon qilindi Dunyo nomoddiy merosining durdonasi YuNESKO tomonidan. Dunyodagi so'nggi aloqasiz odamlarning aksariyati Braziliyaning zich Amazon tropik o'rmonlarida yashaydilar.

Milliy o'ziga xoslikni shakllantirishda eng yirik milliy televizion tarmoq - Globo ham muhim rol o'ynaydi. Qolgan beshta yirik Braziliya telekanallari SBT (ikkinchi o'rinda), RecordTV, Band, RedeTV va Cultura (jamoat va ta'lim televideniesi). Shuningdek, boshqa ko'plab mahalliy yoki mintaqaviy telekanallar mavjud. Bundan tashqari, braziliyaliklar tobora boshqa ko'plab kabel yoki sun'iy yo'ldosh telekanallaridan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lmoqdalar. O'nta xonadondan to'qqiztasida aksariyat braziliyaliklar uchun ma'lumot va ko'ngil ochishning eng muhim manbai bo'lgan televizor, keyin radioeshittirishlar mavjud. Televizorlar sport, filmlar, mahalliy va milliy yangiliklarni va telenovelas (sovunli operalar) - mamlakatning asosiy madaniy eksportidan biriga aylangan 6-10 oylik seriyalar.

Odamlar

O'zining tarixi davomida Braziliya turli xil xalqlar va odatlarni kutib oldi. Braziliya etnik xurofotlarni va irqiy mojarolarni biroz yumshatadigan eng xilma-xil etnik guruhlarning erish qozonini tashkil etadi, ammo mahalliy aholi orasida uzoq muddatli qullik va hatto genotsid o'z ta'sirini o'tkazdi. Xurofot odatda irqlar orasidagi emas, balki ko'proq turli ijtimoiy sinflarga qaratilgan. Shunga qaramay, terining rangi bilan belgilanadigan irq Braziliya jamiyatida haligacha ajratuvchi omil bo'lib qolmoqda va siz terining odatda qorayishini ko'rasiz, chunki ijtimoiy sinf pasaymoqda: badavlat yuqori sinf odamlari asosan engil tanli; o'rtacha o'rtacha sinf odamlarining ko'pi tan; va kambag'al odamlarning aksariyati qora tanli. Ammo hozirgi kunda afro-braziliyaliklar va amerindiyaliklar o'zlarining fuqarolik huquqlari va boy madaniy merosi to'g'risida tobora ko'proq bilishadi va ular ta'lim orqali ijtimoiy harakatchanlikka erishishga umid qilishlari mumkin.

Umuman olganda, braziliyaliklar ko'ngilxushlik qiladigan odamlardir. Janubliklar bir oz sovuqroq va o'zini tutib turadigan deb hisoblanishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, Rio shimol tomonidagi odamlar sergak kayfiyat bilan maqtanishlari va bo'sh vaqtlaridan bahramand bo'lishlari mumkin.

Do'stlik va mehmondo'stlik braziliyaliklar orasida juda qadrlanadi va oilaviy aloqalar ham, ijtimoiy munosabatlar ham yuqori baholanadi. Ular uchrashgan yoki hech bo'lmaganda ismini biladigan odamlarga braziliyaliklar odatda juda ochiq, do'stona va ba'zan juda saxiydirlar. Bir marta tanishtirilgandan so'ng, bunga sabab bo'lmaguncha, odatdagi braziliyalik sizga yaqin do'stiga nisbatan iliq munosabatda bo'lishi mumkin. Braziliyaliklar, shubhasiz, dunyodagi eng mehmondo'st odamlardan biri, chet elliklarga esa odatda hurmat va ko'pincha chinakam hayrat bilan munosabatda bo'lishadi. Aytish joizki, Braziliyada turizm, dunyoning aksariyat qismida bo'lgani kabi, insoniyatning qorong'u tomonlarini keltirib chiqaradi.

Chet elliklarga nisbatan munosabat mintaqaviy farqlarga ham bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin:

• Holati Santa Katarina o'zlarining ispan tilida so'zlashadigan sayyohlarini ikki tilli belgilar va kutib olish qo'mitalari bilan kutib oladi.
• In Salvador, eng katta shahar Shimoli-sharq, turistlarga o'xshab gapiradigan, harakat qiladigan yoki ko'rinadigan har qanday kishidan (hattoki boshqa braziliyaliklar ham) ko'proq narxlar olinishi mumkin, masalan, to'xtash joylarida, restoranlarda va hokazo.

Braziliyaliklarning aksariyati halol va samimiy do'st, ammo ko'pchilik kundalik hayotida kichik korruptsiya harakatlariga odatlangan jeitinho brasileiro. Agar siz aniq turistga o'xshasangiz, siz potentsial maqsadsiz; Masalan, sotuvchi mollarni yuqori narxlarda sotishga urinishi yoki taksichi boradigan joyga eng uzoq yo'lni tanlashi mumkin. Bu siz hech kimga ishonishingiz mumkin emas degani emas, faqat biroz hushyor va ehtiyotkor bo'lishingiz kerak, ayniqsa kimdir tuyulsa juda do'stona.

Braziliya madaniyatining "g'arbiy" ildizlari asosan evropaliklar, ayniqsa mustabid shaharlari va yangi osmono'par binolar orasidagi tarixiy binolar shundan dalolat berayotgan bo'lsa-da, ko'proq "amerikalik turmush tarzini" o'zlashtirish tendentsiyasi mavjud. shahar madaniyati va arxitekturasi, ommaviy axborot vositalari, iste'molchilar va texnik taraqqiyotga ijobiy munosabat. Shunga qaramay, Braziliya hali ham Ispan Amerikasiga emas, balki Atlantika okeaniga qarama-qarshi bo'lgan davlat bo'lib, intellektual elitalarga qarashlari mumkin Evropa, ayniqsa Frantsiya, aksincha ilhom manbai sifatida BIZ. Ta'lim tizimi kabi Braziliya jamiyatidagi ko'plab jihatlar frantsuzlardan ilhomlangan va Shimoliy Amerika mehmonlari uchun dastlab g'alati tuyulishi mumkin.

Braziliyaliklar ispanlar emas. Ba'zilar, agar mehmon buni aytsa yoki braziliyaliklar asosiy til sifatida ispan tilida gaplashadi deb hisoblasa, xafa bo'lishlari mumkin. Agar ular portugal tilida suhbatni boshlashga harakat qilsalar, mehmonlar ularni iliq kutib olishadi. Agar mehmon braziliyaliklar bilan ispan tilida gaplashsa, ular portugal tilida javob berishlari mumkin.

Ushbu yirik mamlakatdagi qarama-qarshiliklar ko'pchilik mehmonlarni, ayniqsa, evropaliklarni hayratga soladi va hayratga soladi. Ko'pgina aholining ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va ekologik muammolarga befarqligi bu muammolarni uyda hal qilishga odatlangan mehmonlarni xafa qilishi mumkin. Zamonaviy jamiyat sharoitida yaxshi bilimli mutaxassislar va siyosiy sinf ishtirok etayotgan bo'lsa-da, bolalar mehnati, savodsizlik va juda past darajadagi uy-joylar hanuzgacha iqtisodiy o'sish va ulkan xorijiy sarmoyalar bilan barakali shaharlarda ham mavjud. San-Paulu yoki Rio.

Xom ashyo, qishloq xo'jaligi va energiya manbalarida o'zlarini barqarorligini braziliyaliklar kelajak uchun ulkan foyda sifatida tan olishganidek, ularning aksariyati ta'lim sohasidagi ulkan o'zgarishlarsiz va hamma uchun tadbirkorlikka kirish imkoni bo'lmaydi degan fikrga qo'shilishadi. qashshoqlik va kam rivojlanganlik.

21-asrning boshidan boshlab Braziliya immigratsiya tobora kuchayib bormoqda Xitoy, Boliviya va Gaiti.

Iqlim

Braziliya - bu turli xil iqlim zonalariga ega ulkan mamlakat, garchi mamlakatning aksariyati tropik mintaqada. Amazon mintaqasida, shimoliy Mato Grossodan g'arbiy Maranxoga qadar tropik tropik o'rmon iqlimi mavjud, juda tez-tez yomg'ir yog'ib turadi, yuqori harorat va issiqlik amplitudasi pasayadi. Shimoli-sharqda, qirg'oqda qishda tez-tez yomg'ir yog'adi.

Braziliya shimoli-sharqining ichki qismi yarim quruq iqlimga ega, bu erda juda yuqori harorat, kamdan-kam yomg'ir va tez-tez qurg'oqchilik mavjud. Braziliyaning markaziy hududlari tropik savanna iqlimiga ega, qish juda quruq, yil o'rtalarida namlik darajasi past (30% dan past) va yoz issiq va yomg'irli.

Janubi-sharqda qirg'oq issiq va nam bo'lib, tropik Atlantika massasining bevosita ta'siriga uchraydi, yozda tez-tez yomg'ir yog'adi. Janubi-sharqning eng baland hududlarida, balandligi 500 m dan 1000 m gacha va undan yuqori bo'lgan joyda, butun tropik mintaqada eng past harorat mavjud bo'lib, o'rtacha 18º C dan pastroqqa etadi. San-Paulu shtatining janubida va uchta janubiy qismida Braziliya shtatlari, iqlimi subtropik, fasllari yaxshi aniqlangan va yil davomida yaxshi tarqalgan yog'ingarchilik. Yoz juda issiq va o'rtacha harorati 30º. Zotan qishda, juda sovuqda, tez-tez sovuq va past harorat bor, ba'zida 0 ° S dan past bo'ladi. Ko'plab shaharlarda Santa Katarina va shimoliy qismida 1000 metr balandlikda Serras Gauchas Rio Grande-du-Sul mintaqasi, harorat yanada sovuqroq, hatto qor ham paydo bo'ladi.

Dam olish kunlari va ish vaqti

Braziliya quyidagi 13 ga rioya qiladi milliy bayramlar:

• Yangi yil kuni - 1 yanvar
• Karnaval - Fevral / mart (harakatlanuvchi - Pasxadan 40 kun oldin. Dushanba va seshanba kunlari haqiqiy bayramlardir, lekin bayramlar odatda shanba kuni boshlanadi va do'kon va xizmatlar qayta ochiladigan Ash chorshanba kuni tushgacha davom etadi.)
• Xayrli juma - Fisih yakshanbasidan ikki kun oldin mart / aprel (ko'char)
• Tiradentes - 21 aprel
• Mehnat kuni - 1 may
• Korpus Kristi - Pasxa yakshanbasidan oltmish kundan keyin may / iyun (ko'char)
• Mustaqillik kuni - 7 sentyabr
• Aparecida xonimining kuni (Braziliya homiysi) va bolalar kuni - 12 oktyabr
• O'lganlar kuni (Finadoslar) - 2 noyabr
• Respublika e'lon qilish kuni - 15 noyabr
• Rojdestvo - 25 dekabr

Ish vaqti odatda soat 08:00 yoki 09: 00-17: 00 yoki 18:00 gacha. Banklar dushanbadan jumagacha soat 10: 00-16: 00 gacha ishlaydi. Ko'cha do'konlari shanba kuni tushdan keyin yopilib, dushanba kuni qayta ochiladi. Savdo markazlari odatda dushanbadan shanbagacha soat 10: 00-22: 00 yoki 23:00 gacha, yakshanba kunlari esa 15: 00-21: 00 gacha ishlaydi. Ba'zi savdo markazlari, ayniqsa yirik shaharlarda, yakshanba kunlari ham ishlaydi, garchi barcha do'konlar ochiq bo'lmasligi mumkin. Yakshanba kunlari ishlaydigan 24 soatlik do'konlarni va kichik bozorlarni ham topish mumkin.

Vaqt zonalari

Braziliya UTC-2 dan UTC-5 gacha bo'lgan to'rtta standart soat mintaqasini (Braziliya tilida aytganda "Braziliya vaqt -2 "dan" Brasilia time 1 "gacha).

• Braziliya vaqti 1 (UTC-2): Fernando de Noronxa va Atlantika okeanidagi boshqa kichik orollar.
• Braziliya vaqti (UTC-3): Janubi-sharqiy, Janubiy, Shimoli-sharq, Goyas, Distrito Federal, Tokantinlar, Para, Amapa.
• Brasiliya vaqti -1 (UTC-4): Rorayma, sharqiy Amazonas, Rondoniya, Mato Grosso va Mato Grosso do Sul.
• Brasiliya vaqti -2 (UTC-5): Akr va g'arbiy Amazonas.

2019 yildan beri Braziliyada yozgi vaqtga amal qilinmaydi.

Chiqinglar

Viza talablari

• Braziliya ko'plab mamlakatlar bilan o'zaro viza siyosatiga ega, ya'ni Braziliyaga tashrif buyurgan viza uchun to'lovlar va cheklovlar qo'llanilganda, Braziliya odatda ushbu mamlakat tashrif buyuruvchilari uchun xuddi shunday choralarni ko'radi.
• Argentina, Boliviya, Chili, Kolumbiya, Ekvador, Paragvay, Peru, Urugvay va Venesuela fuqarolari mamlakatga haqiqiy shaxsiy guvohnoma bilan kirib, 90 kungacha qolishlari mumkin.
• 2018 yildan boshlab Kanada, Yaponiya, Avstraliya va AQSh fuqarolari elektron sayyohlik vizasiga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Ushbu elektron viza ikki yil ichida bir necha marta kirish uchun amal qiladi va bir yil ichida 90 kungacha davom etadi va narxi 45 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi. Xuddi shu to'rtta mamlakat fuqarolari 2019 yil 17 iyundan boshlab Braziliyaga 90 kungacha vizasiz kirish huquqiga ega bo'lishadi.
• Ushbu davlatlarning pasport egalaridan 90 kungacha bo'lgan muddatlarda viza talab qilinmaydi, agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa: Andorra, Argentina, Avstriya, Bagama orollari, Barbados, Belorussiya, Belgiya, Boliviya, Bolgariya, Chili, Kolumbiya, Kosta-Rika, Xorvatiya, Chexiya Respublikasi, Daniya, Ekvador, Finlyandiya, Frantsiya, Gruziya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Gvatemala, Gayana, Gonduras, Gonkong SAR pasporti, Vengriya, Islandiya, Irlandiya, Isroil, Italiya, Janubiy Koreya, Lixtenshteyn, Lyuksemburg, Makao, Malayziya, Malta, Meksika, Monako, Marokash, Namibiya, Gollandiya, Yangi Zelandiya, Norvegiya, Panama, Paragvay, Peru, Filippin, Polsha, Portugaliya, Ruminiya, Rossiya, San-Marino, Singapur (faqat 30 kun, oddiy pasportlar), Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Janubiy Afrika, Ispaniya, Surinam, Shvetsiya, Shveytsariya, Tailand, Trinidad va Tobago, Tunis, Turkiya, Buyuk Britaniya (shu jumladan Britaniya milliy (chet elda) pasport egalari), Urugvay, Venesuela (60 kun) va Vatikan. Immigratsiya xodimi sizning vizangizni, agar ular tegishli deb hisoblasa, 90 kundan kam muddatga cheklash huquqiga ega. (Bu kelishgan yolg'iz erkak sayohatchilar uchun muntazam ravishda amalga oshirilgan Fortaleza, go'yoki fohishalik turizmiga qarshi kurashish uchun.) Keyin ofitser pasportingizda berilgan shtamp ichida kunlar sonini (masalan, 60 yoki 30) yozadi; agar bo'lmasa, u 90 kun bo'lib qoladi.

• Boshqa barcha mamlakatlarning fuqarolari viza kerakmi?. To'lovlar o'zaro bog'liqlikka qarab farq qiladi: masalan, AQSh fuqarolari to'lashi kerak kamida Turistik viza uchun 160 AQSh dollari va ishbilarmonlik vizasi uchun 220 AQSh dollari. Tayvan yoki Tayvan fuqarosi pasporti egalari uchun Braziliya vizasining narxi 20 AQSh dollarini to'laydi (Braziliyaning Peru shahridagi Lima shahridagi elchixonasi ma'lumotnomasi) va ko'rib chiqish uchun 5 kun. Shu bilan birga, o'zaro kelishuv ko'pincha vizaning amal qilish muddatiga taalluqlidir: AQSh fuqarolariga 10 yilgacha va shu kabi Kanada fuqarolariga 5 yilgacha bo'lgan vizalar berilishi mumkin.
• Turistik vizalar (shu jumladan, immigratsiya nazorati joyida berilganlar) vakolatxonaning istalgan idorasida uzaytirilishi mumkin Federal siyosat. Shengen zonasi fuqarolariga berilgan sayyohlik vizalari uzaytirilishi mumkin emas. Barcha davlat poytaxtlari va aksariyat chegaraoldi shaharlar va xalqaro portlar bitta shaharga ega. Turistik vizalar faqat bir marta, eng ko'pi bilan 90 kunga uzaytiriladi va sizga hech qanday sharoitda turistik vizalar bilan har qanday 365 kunlik muddatga 180 kundan ortiq vaqt berilmaydi. Vizangiz tugashidan taxminan 1 hafta oldin federal politsiyaga murojaat qilishingiz kerak. Ishlov berish narxi R $ 67 (oktyabr 2008). Sizdan chiqadigan chipta (kitob) so'ralishi mumkin to'liq qaytariladigan Internetda bittasini, keyin vizangizni uzaytirganda bekor qiling) va yashash uchun guvohnomangizni (asosan sizning kredit kartangiz qabul qilinadi.) Uzaytirishga ariza berish uchun siz to'ldirishingiz kerak Emissão da Guia de Recolhimento Federal politsiya veb-saytida, siz to'lovni to'lash uchun Banco do Brasil-ga olib borasiz. Federal politsiya xodimi bilan o'zingizning ishingiz haqida gaplashmaguningizcha to'lovni to'lamang. Agar u sizning vizangizning uzaytirilishini rad etsa, pulni qaytarib olish uchun sizda Braziliyada bank hisob raqamingiz bo'lishi kerak.
• Viza berilganidan keyin 90 kun ichida Braziliyaga birinchi bo'lib kirish talabi endi faqat Angola, Bahrayn, Birma, Kambodja, Kabo Verde, Xitoy, Kuba, Ekvatorial Gvineya, Gabon, Gana, Gretsiya, Gonduras, Indoneziya, Yaponiya fuqarolariga tegishli. , Iordaniya, Koreya, Kuvayt, Laos, Liviya, Nigeriya, Ummon, Pokiston, Paragvay, Filippin, Portugaliya, Qatar, Suriya, Shveytsariya, Tayvan, Tailand va Tunis. 90 kun ichida Braziliyaga kirmaslik viza qancha vaqt bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar bekor qilinadi.

Kirish va chiqish markalari Pasportingiz Braziliya Federal Politsiyasi tomonidan muhrlangandan so'ng darhol shtampning o'ng uchidagi oxirgi raqam 1 ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling. 1 raqami sizning mamlakatga kirganingizni va 2 raqami sizning chiqib ketganingizni bildiradi. Ba'zi federal politsiya xodimlari chet elliklarga kirishda adashib 2-raqamli muhrni berishgan. Agar sizda 2-raqamli shtamp bo'lsa va sizning kirish portingiz bo'lmagan shaharda vizani uzaytirishga harakat qilsangiz, sizga noto'g'ri shtampni olgan shaharga qaytib kelishingizni aytishadi, shunda siz uni olishdan oldin tuzatishingiz mumkin. kengaytma.

• Qonunga ko'ra siz kirish chiptasini kiritishingiz kerak, ammo bu faqat alohida holatlarda amalga oshiriladi. Agar sizdan so'ralsa ham, siz tez-tez Argentinaga avtobusda ketayotganingizni tushuntirib berasiz va chiptani, masalan, Evropada sotib ololmaysiz.
• Agar siz sayyohlik vizangizni ortda qoldirsangiz, kuniga 100 AQSh dollaridan (2007 yil oktyabr oyiga qadar) jarima to'laysiz. Bu shuni anglatadiki, siz 5 yil davomida noqonuniy tursangiz ham, jarima hech qachon $ 828 dan oshmaydi. Siz buni chegara o'tish punktida to'lashingiz kerak bo'ladi. Bu vaqt talab qilishi mumkinligi sababli, buni bir necha kun oldin federal politsiya idorasida amalga oshirish oqilona bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa, agar siz ichki reysga xalqaro aloqangiz bo'lsa. Keyin federal politsiya sizga mamlakatdan chiqib ketish uchun 8 kun muhlat beradi. Agar siz jarimani chiqqandan keyin to'lamasangiz, keyingi kirishda to'lashingiz kerak bo'ladi. O'tmishda ish haqini oshirib yuborganingiz uchun jarimaga tortilganingiz, odatda, kelajakda immigratsiya bilan bog'liq qiyinchiliklarni anglatmaydi, ammo ma'lumot olish uchun barcha kvitansiyalar va eski pasportlarni saqlaganingiz ma'qul.
• Agar siz immigratsiya idoralari bilan aloqa qilmasdan biron sababga ko'ra mamlakatga kirishni / chiqishni istasangiz, deyarli hech qanday nazoratga ega bo'lmagan juda ko'p chegara shaharlari bor. Ehtimol sizga mahalliy politsiya (immigratsiya uchun shtamplar yoki kompyuter registrlari yo'q) sizga falon atrofdagi shaharchada federal politsiyaga murojaat qilishni buyurishi mumkin.
• Siz ba'zi bir tropik mintaqalardan Braziliyaga sayohat qilayotganingizda sizga sariq bezgakka qarshi emlash kerak va sizda bu borligi to'g'risida guvohnoma mavjud. Bu noqonuniy hisoblanadi hayvonlar, go'sht, sut mahsulotlari, urug'lar, o'simliklar, tuxum, asal, meva yoki har qanday qayta ishlanmagan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ruxsatisiz olib kelish. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun [vigiagro@ag Agricultureura.gov.br] bilan bog'laning.

Samolyotda

Eng arzon aviabiletlar fevraldan (Karnavaldan keyin) maygacha va avgustdan noyabrgacha. Chiptalar Nyu YorkMasalan, soliqlarni hisobga olgan holda 699 AQSh dollaridan kam bo'lishi mumkin. Braziliya ichidagi ko'plab obuna bo'lmagan reyslar arzon narxlarda amalga oshirilishi mumkin.

Hozirgacha Braziliyadagi eng katta xalqaro aeroport bu San-Paulu-Guarulhos xalqaro aeroporti (GRU ^IATA) ning markazi LATAM Airlines, ko'plab poytaxt shaharlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarni amalga oshiradigan Braziliyaning eng yirik aviakompaniyasi Janubiy Amerika. Boshqa to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Shimoliy Amerika: Nyu-York shahri, Chikago, Detroyt, Los Anjeles, Mayami, Orlando, Atlanta, Sharlotta, Xyuston, Dallas, Vashington, Kolumbiya va Toronto.

Evropa: Lissabon va Portu TAP tomonidan, Madrid Iberia, Air Europa, LATAM va Air China tomonidan, "Barselona" Singapore Airlines tomonidan, Amsterdam va Parij KLM, Air France va LATAM tomonidan, London British Airways va LATAM tomonidan, Frankfurt Lufthansa va LATAM tomonidan, Myunxen Lufthansa tomonidan, Tsyurix Shveytsariya tomonidan, Rim Alitalia tomonidan, Milan LATAM tomonidan, Istanbul Turkish Airlines tomonidan.

Osiyo: Seul Korean Air tomonidan (LAX orqali), Doha Qatar Airways tomonidan, Abu-Dabi Etihad tomonidan, Dubay Amirliklar tomonidan, Singapur by Singapore Airlines (via BCN), and Beijing by Air China (via MAD).

Africa: Luanda by TAAG, Yoxannesburg by SAA, Addis Ababa by Ethiopian.

The second largest airport in Brazil is Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, (GIG ^IATA) the home of Gol Transportes Aéreos, which flies to many regional destinations including Montevideo, Buenos Aires va Asuncion. Other direct flights include:North America: Delta Air Lines flies to Atlanta, and New York, United Airlines to Vashington, Kolumbiya, and Houston and American Airlines flies to Charlotte, Mayami, Dallas va New York City.Africa: Taag Angola to Luanda about 3 times a week.Europe: Parij by Air France, Rome by Alitalia, London by British Airways, Madrid by Iberia, Amsterdam by KLM, Frankfurt by Lufthansa, Lisbon va Porto by TAP Portugal.

The Northeastern capitals have slightly shorter flying times to Europe and North America:

Natal (NAT ^IATA): Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP, Amsterdam by Arkefly.

Recife (REC ^IATA): Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP, Mayami by American Airlines and Frankfurt by Condor.

Salvador (SSA ^IATA): Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP, Madrid by Air Europa, Frankfurt by Condor, and Mayami by American Airlines.

FortalezaFOR ^IATA) : Direct flights to Lisbon by TAP and Cabo Verde by TACV.

In addition to the above, TAP flies directly to Brasilia (BSB ^IATA), Belo Horizonte (CNF ^IATA), Campinas (VCP ^IATA) va Porto Alegre (POA ^IATA).TAP Portugal is the foreign airline with most destinations in Brazil, from Lisbon va Porto, and provides extensive connection onwards to Europe and Africa.

Air travel in Brazil has increased exponentially in the past few years, partly as a result of the poor condition of many Brazilian roads and the absence of any viable railway network (cf India). It is still relatively inexpensive with bargains sometimes available and easily the best option for long distance travel within the country. Some major airports, particularly those in São Paulo and Rio, are, however, becoming very congested.

Mashinada

The main border crossings are at:

• bilan Urugvay: Chuy/Chuí, Bella Unión/Barra do Quaraí, Artigas/Quaraí, Aceguá/Aceguá, Río Branco/Jaguarão, and between Rivera/Santana do Livramento
• bilan Argentina: Paso de los Libres/Uruguaiana, Santo Tomé/São Borja, Bernardo de Irigoyen/Dionísio Cerqueira, Tobuna/Paraíso (Santa Catarina), Comandante Andresito/Capanema, and between Puerto Iguazu/Foz do Iguaçu
• bilan Paraguay: Ciudad del Este/Foz do Iguaçu, Salto del Guaira/Guaíra, and between Pedro Juan Caballero/Ponta Porã
• bilan Bolivia: Puerto Suarez/Corumbá, Cobija/Brasileia/Epitaciolandia va San Matías/Cáceres
• bilan Peru: Iñapari/Assis Brasil
• bilan Kolumbiya: Letícia/Tabatinga No road connections on either side of the border.
• bilan Gayana: Lethem/Bonfim

In certain border towns, notably Foz do Iguaçu/Ciudad del Este/Puerto Iguazu, you do not need entry/exit stamps or other formalities for a daytrip into the neighbouring country. These same towns are good venues if you for some reason want to cross without contact with immigration authorities.

Avtobusda

Long-distance bus service connects Brazil to its neighboring countries. The main capitals linked directly by bus are Buenos Aires, Asunción, Montevideo, Santiago de Chile, and Lima. Direct connections from the first three can also be found easily, but from Lima it might be tricky, though easily accomplished by changing at one of the others. Those typically go to São Paulo, though Pelotas has good connections too. It should be kept in mind that distances between Sāo Paulo and any foreign capitals are significant, and journeys on the road may take up to 3 days, depending on the distance and accessibility of the destination. The national land transport authority has listings^{[o'lik havola]} on all operating international bus lines, and the Green Toad Bus offers bus passes between Brazil and neighbouring countries as well as around Brazil itself.

By boat

Amazon river boats connect northern Brazil with Peru, Venezuela and Colombia. The ride is a gruelling 12 days upriver though.

From French Guiana, you can cross the river Oyapoque, which takes about 15 minutes.

From the city of Guayaramerín, yilda Bolivia, you can cross the Mamoré river for the city of Guajará-Mirim, yilda Rondônia. The crossing last about 5 to 10 minutes.

Poyezdda

Train service within Brazil is almost nonexistent. However, there are exceptions to the rule, including the Trem da Morte, or Death Train, which goes from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to a small town just over the border from Corumbá in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. There is still a train line from there all the way to São Paulo which is not in use, but bus connections to São Paulo via the state capital, Campo Grande, are plentiful. The journey is reputedly replete with robbers who might steal your backpack or its contents but security has been increased and the journey can be made without much difficulty. It goes through the Bolivian agricultural belt and along the journey one may see a technologically-averse religious community which resembles the USA's Amish in many ways.

Atrofga boring

Samolyotda

Brazil Air Pass If you intend to visit various cities within Brazil, you should consider getting a Brazil Air Pass, offered by LATAM or Gol— you purchase between 4 and 9 flight tickets which can be used at any time for any destination within Brazil served by the airline. A typical 4-ticket pass starts at around US $580 while a full 9 tickets will run around US $1150. In addition, Gol also offers a cheaper flight pass good for travel only within the Northeast of the country. These passes can only be obtained before arrival in the country, and you must prove that you have already purchased international return trip tickets or tickets for onward travel.

Air service covers most of Brazil. Many flights make many stops en route, particularly in hubs as São Paulo or Brasilia. Most all airports with regular passenger traffic are operated by the federal.Infraero. They have a very convenient website, with an English version. It lists all the airlines operating at each airport, and also has updated flight schedules.

There are now several Brazilian booking engines that are good (although not perfect) for comparing flights and prices between different companies. They will mostly include an extra fee, hence it is cheaper to book on the airline's own site.

The Brazilian airline scene changes surprisingly often. The largest Brazilian carriers are LATAM, Gol va Azul. VoePass has short-haul flights to smaller airports throughout the country. There are also regional companies.

Booking on the domestic carriers' sites can be frustrating for non-Brazilian citizens. Often, you will be asked for your CPF (national identity number) while paying by credit card. Even if you -as a foreigner- have a CPF, the sites will often not recognize it. Gol now accepts international cards, but the system is buggy (Oct 2010). One trick that might work is to visit one of the airlines' foreign websites, although prices may vary. Many flights can also be found on foreign booking engines where no CPF is needed. If you book weeks in advance, most carriers will give you the option to pay by bank deposit (boleto bancário), which is actually payable by cash not only in banks, but also in a number of supermarkets, pharmacies and other stores. Buying a ticket at a travel agent is generally R$30 more expensive, noting that certain special offers can only be found online.

Many domestic flights have so many stops that some, including yours, may be missing from the listings in the airports. Double check your flight number and confirm with ground staff.

Certain domestic flights in Brazil are "international", meaning that the flight has arrived from abroad and is continuing without clearing all passengers through customs and immigration. This means ALL passengers must do this at the next stop, even those having boarded in Brazil. Do NOT fill out a new immigration form, but show what you were given upon actual arrival to Brazil.

Mashinada

See also: Driving in Brazil

Brazil has the largest road network in Latin America with over 1.6 million kilometres. A car is a good idea if you want to explore scenic areas, e.g. the historic cities of Minas Gerais, the Rio-Santos highway, or the beaches in North-East Brazil. There are the usual car rental companies at the airports.Many roads are in good condition, especially in the east and south of the country and along the coast. In other areas and outside the metropolitan regions there are also gravel and dirt roads for which an off-road vehicle can be strongly recommended. This especially applies to the Amazon area where many roads are difficult or not at all passable during the rainy season from November to March. This is why it is advisable to travel with a good map and to be well informed about distances, road conditions and the estimated travel time. Road maps of the brand Guia Quatro Rodas was available in the most newsstands in Brazil until 2015, but they ceased to be published from that year. Cochera andina^{[o'lik havola]} publishes useful information on almost 300 routes in the country. In theory, the driving rules of Brazil resemble those of Western Europe or North America. In practice, driving in Brazil can be quite scary if you are used to European (even Mediterranean) or North American road culture, due to widespread violations of driving rules, and the toleration thereof.

Distances kept to other vehicles are kept at a bare minimum, overtaking whenever close to possible, and changing lanes without much of a prior signal. Many large cities also suffer from hold-ups when you wait at a red light in the night. Even if there is no risk of robbery, many drivers (including of city buses) run red lights or stop signs at night when they do not see incoming traffic from the cross street. Drivers also indulge in "creative" methods of saving time, such as using the reverse direction lanes. In rural areas, many domestic animals are left at the roadside, and they sometimes wanders into the traffic. Pedestrians take enormous chances crossing the road, since many drivers do not bother to slow down if they see pedestrians crossing. The quality of the paving is very varied, and the presence of enormous potholes is something that strongly discourages night-driving. Also consider the risk of highway hold-ups after dark, not to mention truck drivers on amphetamines (to keep awake for days in a row).

• In Brazil cars are driven on the right hand side of the road.
• A flashing left signal means that the car ahead is warning you not to pass, for some reason. If the car ahead of you wants to show you that it is safe to pass it will flash the right signal. The right signal is the same signal to indicate that you're going to stop on the side of the road, so it means you're going to slow down. On the other hand the left signal is the same signal to indicate you're going to pass the car ahead, meaning you're going to speed up.
• Flashing, twinkling headlights from the cars coming on the opposite side of the road means caution on the road ahead. Most of the time, it indicates that there are animals, cops or speed radar ahead.
• Keep the doors locked when driving, especially in the larger cities, as robberies at stop signs and red lights are quite common in some areas. You'll make it much easier for the robber if he can simply open up the door and sit down. Be equally careful with keeping your windows wide open, as someone might put their hands inside your car and steal a wallet, for instance. Leave your handbags and valuables out of sight.

By bicycle

In smaller cities and towns the bicycle is a common means of transport. This does not mean that cyclists are usually respected by cars, trucks, or bus drivers. But you may find good roads with little traffic outside the cities. It is also easy to get a lift by a pickup or to have the bike transported by a long-distance bus.Cycling path are virtually non-existent in cities, except along certain beachfronts, such as Rio de Janeiro va Recife.

There are bicyclers groups around the country, e.g. Sampa Bikers yilda São Paulo which meets weekly.

Poyezdda

Brazil's railway system was mostly wrecked during the military regimes. Today, few interstate passenger lines remain after the dismantling and scrapping of rail transport in Brazil. However, there are several urban or short-distance tourist lines between municipalities in the same state, mainly in the southern and southeastern states.

• From Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais to Vitória, Espírito Santo - Daily trains operated by Vale leave Belo Horizonte at 07:30 and Cariacica (10 km of Vitória), at 07:00. Travel time is about 12½ hours. Seats are limited and it is not possible to reserve, so it is advisable to buy in advance at the Vale's website. The railway is the second longest passenger line of Brazil, almost 700 km long.
• From São Luis, Maranhão to Parauapebas, Pará - interesting because part of it passes through the Amazon rainforest and it's the longest passenger railway of Brazil, almost 900 km long. It is operated by Vale. The train leaves São Luís at 08:00 on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays. From Paraopebas, the train leaves at 06:00 on Tuesdays, Fridays and Sundays. 15 hours of travel.

By inter-city bus

Long-distance buses are a convenient, economical, and sometimes (usually if you buy the most expensive ticket), rather comfortable way to travel between regions. The bus terminal (rodoviária) in cities play a role akin to train stations in many countries. You should check travel distance and time while traveling within Brazil; going from Rio de Janeiro to the south region could take more than 24 hours, so it may be worth going by plane if you can afford it.

Brazil has a very good long distance bus network. Basically, any city of more than 100,000 people will have direct lines to the nearest few state capitals, and also to other large cities within the same range. Pretty much any little settlement has public transport of some kind (a lorry, perhaps) to the nearest real bus station.

Mostly you have to go to the bus station to buy a ticket, although most major bus companies make reservations and sell tickets by internet with the requirement that you pick up your ticket sometime in advance. In a few cities you can also buy a ticket on the phone and have it delivered to your hotel for an extra charge of some 3-5 reais. Some companies have also adopted the airlines' genius policy of pricing: In a few cases buying early can save you more than 50%. The facility of flagging a bus and hopping on (if there are no available seats you will have to stand, still paying full price) is widespread in the country. This is less likely to work along a few routes where armed robberies have happened frequently, such as those leading to the border with Paraguay va ga Foz do Iguaçu.

No bus company serves the whole country, so you mist identify the company that connect two cities by calling the bus station of one city. Some big cities like São Paulo and Rio have more than one bus station, each one covering certain cities around. It is good to check in advance to which bus station you are going.

Busca Ônibus is a useful resource for finding bus schedules.

Bus services are often sold in three classes: Regular, Executive and First-Class (Leito, in Portuguese). Regular may or may not have air conditioning. For long distances or overnight travels, Executive offers more space and a folding board to support your legs. First-Class has even more space and only three seats per row, making enough space to sleep comfortably.

All trips of more than 4 hours are covered by buses with bathrooms and the buses stop for food/bathrooms at least once every 4 hours of travel.

Brazilian bus stations, known as rodoviária yoki terminal rodoviário, tend to be located away from city centers. They are often in pretty sketchy areas, so if you travel at night be prepared to take a taxi to/from the station. There will also be local bus lines.

Even if you have a valid ticket bought from elsewhere, some Brazilian bus stations may also require a boarding card. This can be obtained from the bus company, often for a supplement fee. If you buy a ticket in the departure bus station you will also be given this boarding card.

Rodoviárias include many services, including fast-food restaurants, cafés, Internet cafés, toilets and left luggage. As a general rule, the larger the city, the more expensive the services (e.g. leaving a suitcase as left luggage in a smaller city may cost R$1, but in Recife in might cost you R$5).

When buying tickets, as well as when boarding the bus, you may be asked for proof of ID. Brazilian federal law requires this for interstate transportation. Not all conductors know how to read foreign passports, so be prepared to show them that the name of the passport truly is the same as the name on the ticket.

By ride sharing

Intercity buses are rather expensive in Brazil, compared to Paraguay or even Bolivia. However, many people offer shared rides between many popular destinations. The most notable website for finding rides is BlaBlaCar, which also has a rating system for drivers, making the trip very secure, especially for Brazilian standards. This way, you can easily bring down your transport costs by 40-50%. Costs are about R$20 per 100 km.

Also, it can be considerably faster, without unnecessary stops at restaurants and such. The BlaBlaCar website is free, and you only pay the driver directly. But they will almost certainly charge in the future like they do for other countries as well. But until the taxation status of such services (including Uber) is settled by the government, the free system will not change.

Do not underestimate the desire of Brazilians to discuss and talk about each and everything, and to give their opinions about even the most remote nonsense. This can be highly stressful if you got a different temperament, prefer a quiet drive and just want to reach your destination.

By city bus

Most cities have extensive bus services. Multiple companies may serve a single city. There is almost never a map of the bus lines, and often bus stops are unmarked. Be prepared for confusion and wasted time. Google Maps includes some services.

Buses have a board behind the windshield that advertises the main destinations they serve. You may have to ask the locals for information, but they may not know bus lines except the ones they usually take.

In most cities you have to wave to stop the bus when you want to take it. This in itself would not pose a problem; however, in big cities there may be dozens of bus lines stopping at a given bus stop and bus stops are not designed to accommodate so many vehicles. Frequently one cannot observe the oncoming buses due to other buses blocking the view. Bus drivers are reluctant to slow down for a bus stop if they are not sure someone will take their bus, so it is common to miss your bus because you could not see it coming to wave on time or the driver did not see you waving in between buses already at the stop. Some people go into the middle of a busy street to wait for their bus to make sure they see it and the driver sees them. In some places, like Manaus, drivers even tend to ignore stop requests (both to get on and to get off) if it is not too easy to navigate to the bus stop.

Most city buses have both a driver and a conductor. The conductor sits behind a till next to a turnstile. You have to pay the conductor; the price of the bus is usually advertised on the windshield. The turnstiles are narrow, and very inconvenient if one carries any kind of load (try balancing a heavy backpack over the turnstile while the bus is running). Larger buses often have a front section, before the turnstile, meant in priority for the elderly, handicapped and pregnant women - you can use it but you still have to pay! Typical prices are around R$3.

You can try asking the conductor to warn you when the bus is close to your destination. Depending on whether he or she understands you and feels like helping you, you may get help.

In addition to large city buses, there are often minibuses or minivans (alternativo). You pay the driver when you go aboard.

By boat

In northern Brazil, it is possible to travel many distances by boat. In fact, the boat is the main and most accessible means of transport to get around the Amazon, since the Amazon Forest is cut by many rivers and some cities are inaccessible by road. The best boat services in the country are in the Amazon, where you can ride on speedboats and comfortable yachts or small wooden boats. The main navigable rivers are the Amazon River, the Araguaia River, the Xingu River and the Tapajós River. It is necessary to know the geography of the region, as in some places waterfalls are formed.

By e-hailing

Brazil has availability of some e-hailing services, Uber being the largest of them. Notable e-hailing services in Brazil, are:

• Uber. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)
• 99Pop. If the app is not available in your Google Play store, you can download it Bu yerga. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)
• Cabify. (yangilangan Iyul 2020)

Talk

See also: Brazilian Portuguese phrasebook

Non-verbal communication Brazilians use a lot of gestures in informal communication, and the meaning of certain words or expressions may be influenced by them. The thumbs up gesture is used to mean everything's OK, yes or even thanks. Avoid using the OK hand gesture for these meanings, as it can be considered obscene. Wagging your extended index finger back and forth and/or clicking your tongue behind your teeth two or three times means yo'q Using your index finger to pull down one of your lower eyelids means watch out. Stroking your two biggest fingers with your thumb is a way of saying that something is expensive. Snapping a few times means fast yoki a long time (ago). Stroking your lips and then snapping means delicious; pinching your earlobe means the same in some regions. Making a fist with your thumb between the index and middle finger, known as the figa, is a sign of good or bad luck depending on the region. Touching the palm with the thumb and making a circular movement with the hand means I am being robbed/ripped off/ in some regions. The hush gesture is considered extremely impolite, about the same as shouting "shut up!" to someone. An informal way to get someone's attention, similar to a whistle, is a hissing sound: "pssiu!" It is not perceived as unpolite, but gets really annoying if repeated too often.

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese, spoken by the entire population (except for a few, very remotely located tribes). Indeed, Brazil has had immigrants from all parts of the world for centuries, whose descendants now speak Portuguese as their mother tongue.

If somebody talks to you in Portuguese, you can simply say "Só falo inglês". It means "I only speak English".

Brazilian Portuguese has a number of pronunciation differences with that spoken in Portugal (and within, between the regions there are some quite extreme accent and slang differences), but speakers of either can understand each other. However, European Portuguese is more difficult for Brazilians to understand than the reverse, as many Brazilian television programs are shown in Portugal. A few words can have a totally different meaning in Brazil and Portugal, usually slang words. Examples of these are "rapariga", which in Portugal means girl, and in Brazil means a prostitute, and "bicha", which in Portugal refers to a line of people, but in Brazil is a derogatory way of referring to a gay person.

Ingliz tili is not widely spoken except in some touristy areas and major hotels. Don't expect bus or taxi drivers to understand English, so it may be a good idea to write down the address you are heading to before getting the cab. In most big and luxurious hotels, it is very likely that some taxi drivers will speak some English. There are many reasons why many Brazilians cannot speak English, but to simplify: there isn't really the "culture" to know foreign languages in Brazil, all foreign films and TV shows are dubbed in Portuguese and at school teachers focus only on grammar rather than actually practicing the language. Most people above 30 never studied English at school and they are very unlikely to know a single word in English. Younger people are more likely to speak English, although with a strong accent. They, generally, have a higher knowledge of the language and will be eager to help you and practice their English.

Spanish speakers are usually able to get by in Brazil, especially towards the south, due to the proximity of the states of that region to Uruguay and Argentina and due to the tourists from those countries who visit the states of that region. While written Portuguese can be quite similar to Spanish, spoken Portuguese differs considerably and is much harder to understand. Compare the number 20 which is veinte (BAYN-teh) in Spanish to vinte (VEEN-chee) in Brazilian Portuguese. Even more different is gente (people), pronounced "HEN-teh" in Spanish and "ZHEN-chee" in Brazilian Portuguese. Letters CH, D, G, J, R, RR, and T are particularly difficult for Spanish speakers to understand, and that's without even considering the vowels. Often confusing to Spanish, even English speakers, is the pronunciation of the letter "R" in the beginning of most words. Common first names such as Roberto, Ronaldo and Rolando are not pronounced as you would think: the "R" is pronounced as "H". Thus you would say Hoberto, Honaldo and Holando. If you address Ronaldo with a perfect Spanish pronunciation, he most likely will look at you in confusion and wonder what or who you are speaking to.

Other minority languages ​​are spoken in some parts of Brazil. In the Amazon, several indigenous languages ​​are still spoken, mainly Nheengatu, Tukano and Baniwa, which has co-official status in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in Amazonas. In the south, in cities that have received German and Italian immigrants, these languages ​​and their dialects are also spoken by a small portion of the population, as in Pomerode, Santa Catarina, which has Nemis and the Pomeranian dialect with co-official status and in Serafina Corrêa and Caxias do Sul, municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul, where the co-official language is Talian, a dialect of the Venetian language spoken in northern Italy. Due to immigration, it is becoming more common in some cities to find speakers of other foreign languages, such as Italian,Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Korean,Arabic,Polish, Ukrainian, Frantsuzcha va Haitian Creole.

The primary language of the Brazilian deaf community is Brazilian Sign Language (BSL), known locally as LIBRAS. When an interpreter is present in public, he or she will use BSL. It is influenced by French Sign Language (LSF) and also uses a one-handed manual alphabet very similar to that of LSF. Users of British Sign Language, Auslan, or New Zealand Sign Language, however, will have great difficulty understanding it. Those languages ​​differ markedly in vocabulary and syntax from LSF, and also use a two-handed manual alphabet.

Virtually all movies, in addition to foreign shows broadcast on Brazilian TV channels are dubbed into Portuguese. However, some pay TV channels have dual-audio (original audio with subtitles as an option available to be turned on by the user). If you want to watch the latest movies in English, not dubbed into Portuguese, you may be able to see them in some theaters in the capitals and biggest cities. Look for the Portuguese word "Legendado" (original with subtitles). You are unlikely to find films shown in their original language without subtitles.

Qarang

Natural wonders

• Amazon Rainforest - The Amazon River Basin holds more than half of the world's remaining rainforest, and over 60% of that lies within the Shimoliy of Brazil — approximately one billion acres with incredible biodiversity. The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, over 40,000 plants species, 2,200 fish species, and more than 2,000 types of birds and mammals. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams.
• Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) - A region of tropical and subtropical forest which extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the Northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the Janubiy. The Atlantic Forest has a wide variety of vegetation, including the many tree species such as the iconic araucaria tree in the south or the mangroves of the northeast, dozens of types of bromeliads and orchids, and unique critters such as capivara. The forest has also been designated a World Biosphere Reserve, with a large number of highly endangered species including the well-known marmosets, lion tamarins and woolly spider monkeys. Unfortunately, it has been extensively cleared since colonial times, mainly for the farming of sugar cane and for urban settlements — The remnants are estimated to be less than 10% of the original, and that is often broken into hilltop islands. However, large swaths of it are protected by hundreds of parks, including 131 federal parks, 443 state parks, and 14 municipal parks, most of which are open to visitation.
• The Pantanal - A vast tropical wetland expanse, one of the world's largest. 80% of it lies within the state of Mato Grosso do Sul but it also extends into Mato Grosso (as well as into portions of Bolivia va Paraguay), sprawling over an area estimated at between 140,000 and 195,000 square kilometers (54,000-75,000 sq mi). 80% of the Pantanal floodplains are submerged during the rainy seasons, nurturing an astonishing biologically diverse collection of aquatic plants and helping support a dense array of animal species.
• Waterfalls (Cachoeiras) - Brazil has an amazing range of impressive waterfalls of all sizes and shapes. Iguaçu Falls, in eastern Parana, is one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world, truly a sight to see. The 353-meter Cachoeira da Fumaça yilda Baia"s Chapada Diamantina National Park is the country's second highest waterfall, after the Amazon's almost inaccessible Cachoeira do Araca. Other famous waterfalls include Caracol Falls, in a Rio Grande do Sul state park of the same name near Canela, Itaquira Falls, an easily accessible 168-meter fall near Formosa, Goiás, and the gorge at Parque da Cascata yaqin Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. Aside from the nationally famous falls, in many parts of the country, particularly the Janubiy, Janubi-sharqiy, and Central West regions, you are rarely far from at least one locally-famous, named waterfall worth a short hike.

Arxitektura

• Colonial architecture - Many cities have reminders of Brazil's colonial past, with churches, monasteries, forts, barracks, and other structures still intact. Some of the most concentrated and best-preserved colonial buildings can be found in old gold-mining towns such as Ouro Preto va Tiradentes, but many other cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis, Salvador, Paraty, and Goiânia have quite significant colonial centers as well.
• Oscar Niemeyer works - Niemeyer, Brazil's most famous architect, is a modern architectural pioneer who explores the aesthetic impact of reinforced concrete, using curves to create buildings with a unique sense of space. He is most famous for designing many of the buildings when the new capital of Brasilia was built in the 1950s, but his works literally dot the country, with major works in Natal, João Pessoa, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, São Paulo, Londrina and other locations.

Qil

Gay travel

Due to its high degree of acceptance and tolerance, gay travel is increasingly popular. Brazil hosted the first gay ball in America in 1754! Nowadays the main lesbian and gay destinations are Rio de Janeiro, which was elected the world's sexiest destination twice, São Paulo, which has the world's largest Pride Parade, Florianópolis, which is the hippest gay hangout and Recife which is attracting more and more lesbian and gay tourists looking for fun and sun. However, caution should still be observed especially in areas outside of major cities, where Brazil remains culturally conservative and deeply Catholic.

Carnaval

The biggest party in the world takes places across the country every year, lasting almost a week in February or early March. It is celebrated in a wide variety of ways, from the giants boneco masks of Olinda va trios elétricos ning Salvador to the massive samba parades of Rio de Janeiro va São Paulo. For a relatively more subdued atmosphere, check out the university-style street party of Ouro Preto or the sporty beach party at Ilha do Mel. Don't forget to make your reservations well in advance!

Sohillar

Almost the entire coast is lined with fabulous beaches, and the beach lifestyle is a big part of Brazilian culture. Nowhere is that more true than in Rio de Janeiro, with its laidback, flip-flop-footed lifestyle and famous beaches like Ipanema and Copacabana. Beaches in other areas of the country may not have the instant name recognition but are no less amazing. The Northeast has jewels like Jericoacoara, Praia do Futuro, Boa Vista, Porto de Galinhas, and Morro de São Paulo which bring in throngs of travellers, particularly Europeans. Landlocked mineiros go mingle with the rich and famous at Guarapari or dance forró in the sand at Itaunas, while paulistas head for Caraguá yoki Ubatuba. In Janubiy, weekend revelers flock to Ilha do Mel yoki Balneário Camboriú, while the 42 beaches of Santa Catarina Island draw in thousands of Argentianian tourists every year. Hundreds more beaches lie ready to be explored as well. Don't forget those nude beaches in Rio and São Paulo!

Sport

Football

Football (soccer) is the talk of the town wherever your are in Brazil, and the country is brimming with great teams and great players. It is often said that football is not just a sport, but the national religion. Esa Rio de Janeiro's world-famous Maracanã stadium is under renovation, you can still catch a game at lots of other great venues like the Mineirão yilda Belo Horizonte yoki Morumbi Stadium yilda São Paulo. The men's national team has won the World Cup a record 5 times, and they have a particularly charged rivalry with their neighbours Argentina.

Brazil's top professional men's league is the Brasileirão, and the league is a very competitive one with no shortage of passion from the fans. The "big twelve" clubs in Brazil, sorted by city are:

• In Belo Horizonte
  • Atlético Mineiro
  • Cruzeiro

• In Porto Alegre
  • Grêmio
  • Internacional

• In Rio de Janeiro
  • Botafogo
  • Flamengo
  • Fluminense
  • Vasco da Gama

• In São Paulo
  • Corinthians
  • Palmeiras
  • Santos
  • São Paulo

There are numerous intense rivalries between Brazil's big clubs, but perhaps the most well-known ones are the Paulista Derby between Coronthians and Palmeiras, Fla-Flu between Flamengo and Fluminense, and O Clássico dos Milhões between Flamengo and Vasco da Gama.

Other sports

• Volleyball - While soccer is the main sport in Brazil, volleyball is extremely popular as well. In addition to the standard indoor sport known the world over, there are several other varieties you can play or watch in Brazil:

• Beach volleyball - It is very common to find spaces on the beaches where you can play beach volleyball, but this version of the sport possess a different code of rules than indoor volleyball (for example instead of six players, only two players are allowed to play on each team).

• Footvolley - Created in Brazil, this challenging sport is essentially beach volleyball played with the ball and no-hands rules of soccer.

• Biribol - Another Brazilian original, biribol, named after the city of Birigüi where it was invented, is an aquatic version of volleyball, played in a 1.3-meter-deep pool with 4 players on each team and a ball similar to a water-polo ball.

Sotib oling

Pul

Exchange rates for Brazilian reais As of January 2021: US$1 ≈ R$5.20 €1 ≈ R$6.37 UK£1 ≈ R$7.12 Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

Brazil's unit of currency is the Real (pronounced 'hay-AHL'), plural Reais ('hay-ICE'), denoted "R$" (ISO code: BRL), commonly referred to as a "conto" (slang) or "pila" (a slang term for the currency in Rio Grande do Sul). One real is divided into 100 centavos. As an example of how prices are written, R$1,50 means one real and fifty centavos.

Small shops or street vendors are unlikely to have change for R$100 (and sometimes R$50) notes. Travelers would be wise to spend those at busy restaurants or grocery stores to keep an adequate supply of small bills on hand.

Foreign currency such as US dollars or euros can be exchanged major airports and luxury hotels (bad rates), exchange bureaus and major branches of Banco do Brasil (no other banks), where you need your passport and your immigration form.

The real is a free-floating currency and has become stronger in the past few years. Especially for US citizens, prices (based on exchange rates) have increased quite a bit.

There are many federal regulations for dealings with foreign currency, trading in any currency other than real in Brazil is considered illegal, although some places in big cities and bordering towns accept foreign money and many exchange offices operate in a shady area. In addition, exchange offices are almost impossible to find outside of big cities. Currency other than US dollars and euros is hard to exchange and the rates are ridiculous. If you would like to exchange cash at a bank, be prepared to pay a hefty commission. For example, Banco do Brasil collects US$15 for each transaction (regardless of amount). Also, travelling with a backpack, you are out of luck getting into banks, because they have annoying security doors and rules. And even if you get in and exchange is possible, you will have to queue for 30 min or so with other regular customers.

It is thus best to rely on ATM, most machines are giving cash without fees.

Banking

Look for an ATM with your credit/debit card logo on it. Banco do Brasil-ning yirik filiallari (har bir chiqish uchun 6,50 Rupiya talab qiladi) odatda bitta donaga ega va aksariyat Bradesco, Citibank, BankBoston va HSBC mashinalari ishlaydi. Banco 24 Horas - bu chet el kartalarini qabul qiladigan bankomatlar tarmog'i (har bir yechib olish uchun 10 AQSh dollaridan). Chiqib olish cheklovlari odatda har bir operatsiyaga $ 600 (Bradesco) yoki R $ 1000 (BB, HSBC, B24H) va har qanday holatda kuniga $ 1000. Ikkinchisini ketma-ket bir necha marta qaytarib olish, turli xil "hisob-kitoblar" ni tanlash, ya'ni "kredit karta", "tekshirish", "jamg'arma" ni chetlab o'tish mumkin. Aksariyat bankomatlar ishlamayapti yoki soat 22: 00dan keyin sizga faqat 100 dollar beradi.

2021 yil mart oyida faqat Bradesco bankidan xalqaro kredit karta bilan pulni bepul olish mumkin edi.

Kichikroq shaharlarda chet el kartalarini qabul qiladigan bankomat bo'lmasligi mumkin. Shuning uchun har doim etarli miqdorda naqd pul olib yurishingiz kerak.

Braziliyaga pul o'tkazish orqali amalga oshirish mumkin Western Union^{[o'lik havola]} ko'p shaharlarda joylashgan Banco do Brasil filialida va bir nechta valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalarida olinadigan pul o'tkazmalari.

Sayohatchilarning cheklarini valyuta ayirboshlashni taklif qilmaydigan joyda naqd qilish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.

Braziliya do'konlarining aksariyati hozirda asosiy kredit kartalarini qabul qilmoqda. Biroq, juda oz sonli onlayn-do'konlarda faqat Braziliyada chiqarilgan kartalar qabul qilinadi, garchi ular ushbu kartalarning xalqaro logotipiga ega bo'lsa ham.

Tangalar 0,05 R $, 0,10 R $, 0,25 R $, 0,50 R $ va 1 R $ ga teng. Ba'zi mazhablar bir nechta turli xil dizaynlarga ega. Xarajatlar quyidagi nominallarda keltirilgan: $ 2, R $ 5, R $ 10, R $ 20 R $ 50 va R $ 100.

Tips

Esa maslahatlar ba'zan ba'zi xizmatlar, etkazib berish yoki turizm uchun berilishi mumkin, maslahatlar juda kam uchraydi. Odatda bu kabinalarda kutilmaydi, lekin narxlar yaxlitlash vaqti-vaqti bilan amalga oshiriladi. Ko'pgina restoranlarda qaydda 10% etkazib berish haqi bor, bundan tashqari boshqa maslahatlar talab qilinmaydi. Bunday to'lov ko'pincha shahar hokimiyatiga bog'liq. Barmenlarni uchirish odat emas.

Yodgorlik

Boshqa Lotin Amerikasi singari, qo'lda ishlangan zargarlik buyumlari va aksessuarlarini har qanday joyda, ayniqsa sayyohlik joylarida topish mumkin, ammo ular ancha qimmatga tushadi. Afro-Braziliya aholisi ko'proq bo'lgan mintaqalarda siz ko'proq narsani topasiz Afrika ta'sirida bo'lgan esdalik sovg'alarishu jumladan qora qo'g'irchoqlar. Havianas Braziliyada flip-floplar arzon va osongina mavjud bo'lib, supermarketlar ko'pincha ularni sotib olish uchun eng yaxshi joydir - kichik do'konlarda odatda brend yoki soxta do'kon mavjud. Agar sumkalaringizda bo'sh joy bo'lsa, braziliyalik to'qilgan paxta hamak yaxshi, ishlab sotib olish ham. Yana bir qiziqarli va qiziqarli element - bu a peteka, voleybolga o'xshash, o'ziga xos an'anaviy o'yinda ishlatiladigan qo'l shlangi.

Xarid qilish

Kelgandan keyin ikki kun ichida engil narsalarni yig'ish va Braziliya shkafiga ega bo'lish yomon fikr emas. Bu sizni sayyoh sifatida kamroq aniq qiladi va sizga bir necha oy davomida kiyimingizga iltifot topganingizda katta savdolashuvlar haqida uyingizda mamnuniyat bilan kutib olish imkonini beradi. Braziliyaliklar o'ziga xos uslub tuyg'usiga ega va bu sayyohlarni - ayniqsa Gavayi ko'ylaklari yoki paypoq kiygan sandallarini - olomon ichida ajralib turishiga olib keladi. Do'kondan zavqlaning va aralashtiring. Braziliyada kiyim va poyafzal sotib olishning yana bir yaxshi sababi shundaki, bu sifat odatda yaxshi va narxlar ko'pincha arzon bo'ladi. Biroq, bu hech qanday xorijiy brendga taalluqli emas, chunki import yuqori soliqlarga tortiladi, shuning uchun Diesel, Levi's, Tommy Hilfiger va boshqalar kabi brendlarda yaxshi narxlarni topishni kutmang. Braziliyalik shimlarning o'lchamini aniqlash uchun belni santimetrda, 2 ga bo'ling va keyingi juft raqamga aylantiring.

Do'konlarning oynalarida tez-tez "X 5" yoki "X 10" va boshqalar ko'rsatilgan narx ko'rsatiladi. Bu to'lash-sotish narxi. Ko'rsatilgan narx - bu to'lash uchun narx, shuning uchun "R $ 50 X 10", masalan, har biri 50 AQSh dollaridan iborat bo'lgan 10 ta to'lovni (odatda oylik) anglatadi. Agar siz naqd pul bilan to'lasangiz, haqiqiy narx ko'pincha past bo'ladi.

Siz sotib olgan har qanday maishiy texnika ikki voltli yoki sizning mamlakatingiznikiga o'xshash ekanligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Braziliya 60 gigagertsli, shuning uchun agar siz Evropada yoki Avstraliyada yashasangiz, elektr soatlari yoki batareyasiz ishlaydigan motorli buyumlarni sotib olmang. Biroq, voltaj bir xil holatdagi holatga yoki hatto mintaqalarga qarab farq qiladi. (qarang Elektr quyida).

Braziliyada ishlab chiqarilgan texnika va elektronika qimmat. Agar yo'q bo'lsa, ular odatda sifatsiz. Barcha elektronika Evropa yoki AQSh narxlariga nisbatan qimmat. Import qilinadigan soliq yuqori bo'lganligi sababli import qilinadigan elektron tovarlarning narxi ancha qimmat bo'lishi mumkin va mahalliy elektron asboblar doirasi unchalik keng emas.

Haqiqatning kuchi shuni anglatadiki, Braziliyada xarid qilish endi arzon emas, lekin hali ham ko'plab savdolashishlar mavjud, ayniqsa charm buyumlar, shu jumladan poyabzal (o'lchamlari har xil). Umuman olganda, kiyim-kechak, ayniqsa, ko'plab zamonaviy narsalar mavjud bo'lgan ayollar uchun yaxshi xariddir. Keng tarqalgan ko'cha bozorlari ham juda yaxshi variant, ammo "Nike" kabi tovar nomlaridan qoching - siz ko'proq pul to'laysiz va ehtimol bu soxta. Biror narsani "his qilishdan" qo'rqmang. Agar u o'zini yaxshi his qilmasa, ehtimol bunday emas! Agar yorliq bo'lmasa, ehtimol u braziliyalikdir, ammo Braziliyada ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi mahsulotlar amerikalik yoki evropaliklarga qaraganda unchalik kuchli emas.

Yemoq

Shuningdek qarang: Braziliya oshxonasi

Oshxona

Braziliya oshxonasi uning geografiyasi va madaniyati kabi xilma-xil bo'lib, mamlakatda ishlab chiqarilgan turli xil ekinlar, chorvachilik va dengiz mahsulotlariga asoslangan. Boshqa tomondan, ba'zilar buni tuzatilmagan melanj deb bilishlari mumkin, va kundalik tariflar yumshoq va monoton bo'lishi mumkin. Mintaqaviy kelib chiqadigan ba'zi noyob taomlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ko'plab taomlar chet eldan kelgan muhojirlar tomonidan olib kelingan va avlodlar davomida mahalliy ta'mga moslashtirilgan. Braziliyadagi italyan va xitoy taomlari ko'pincha Amazon narxlari kabi hayratga solishi mumkin.

Standart Braziliya to'plami tushlik deb nomlanadi prato feito, aka-ukalari bilan komersial va ijro etuvchi. Guruch va jigarrang loviya sousda, kichik biftek bilan. Ba'zan farofa, spagetti, sabzavotlar va frantsuz kartoshkalari keladi. Mol go'shti tovuq, baliq yoki boshqalarga almashtirilishi mumkin.

Zo'r dengiz mahsulotlari qirg'oq bo'yidagi shaharlarda, ayniqsa Shimoli-sharq.

Ovqatlar

• Braziliyaning milliy taomlari feijoada, qora loviya, cho'chqa go'shti (quloq, bo'g'ma, pirzola, kolbasa) va mol go'shtidan (odatda quritilgan) tayyorlangan samimiy güveç. Yoqilgan ko'katlar va dilimlenmiş apelsinlar bilan bezatilgan guruch bilan xizmat qilinadi. Bu har bir restoranda berilmaydi; unga xizmat qiladiganlar odatda chorshanba va shanba kunlari taklif qilishadi. Turistlarning odatdagi xatosi bu juda ko'p ovqatlanishdir feijoada birinchi uchrashuvda. Bu og'ir taom - hatto braziliyaliklar ham uni parsimonlik bilan iste'mol qiladilar.
• Braziliya taomlari, lanches (sendvichlar) va salgadinhos (eng ko'pi), turli xil xamir ovqatlar. Izlamoq koksinha (qovurilgan qovurilgan tovuq go'shti), empada (kichkina pirog, empanada bilan adashtirmaslik kerak - empadalar va empanadalar butunlay boshqa narsalar) va pastel (qovurilgan aylanmalar). Boshqa keng tarqalgan atıştırmalık a misto quente, presslangan, qovurilgan jambonli pishloqli sendvich. Pa-de-quejo, maniok unidan va pishloqdan tayyorlangan rulon, juda mashhur, ayniqsa Minas Gerais shtat - pau-de-quejo va bir chashka yangi braziliyalik qahva klassik kombinatsiyadir.

Hatto ko'proq:

• Farofa. Bekon va piyoz bo'laklari bilan qovurilgan kassava uni; restoranlarda standart karbonli garnitür, oq guruch bilan birga. (yangilangan iyun 2018)
• Feijão-verde. Pishloqli gratinli yashil loviya. (yangilangan iyun 2018)
• Paçoca. A tarkibidagi kassava uniga aralashtirilgan mol go'shti pilão (katta pestle bilan katta ohak). Kovboyning an'anaviy narxi. (yangilangan iyun 2018)
• Pastel. Pishloq, maydalangan go'sht yoki jambon bilan to'ldirilgan qovurilgan pishiriq. (yangilangan iyun 2018)
• Tapioka (Beiju de tapioca). Kassava kraxmalidan tayyorlangan, shuningdek tapioca kraxmal deb ham ataladi. Kastryulkada qizdirilganda u pıhtılaşır va disk kabi shakllangan pancake yoki quruq krep turiga aylanadi. Ba'zilar uni yarmiga o'ralgan holda xizmat qiladilar, boshqalari uni rokambul tarzida aylantiradi. To'ldirish har xil, ammo uni shirin yoki mazali qilish mumkin, eng an'anaviy ta'mi: maydalangan kokos yong'og'i / quyultirilgan sut (shirin), mol go'shti suti / koliko pishloqi, oddiy pishloq va sariyog '(mazali). Biroq, u ijodkorlik bilan muomala qilish uchun "gurme" oziq-ovqat mahsulotiga aylandi; nutella, shokolad, napolitano (pizza pishloq / jambon / pomidor / oregano) va maydalangan tovuq ko'kragi / katupiriya pishlog'i bugungi kunda deyarli standart variant hisoblanadi. (yangilangan iyun 2018)
• Brigadeiro. Kakao kukuni, quyultirilgan sut va sariyog 'bilan yopilgan shokolad sepib, 1940-yillardan an'anaviy braziliyalik shirinlik. (yangilangan iyun 2018)

Mintaqaviy oshxonalar

• Janubiy - Churrasko braziliyalik barbekyu bo'lib, odatda "rodizio" yoki "espeto corrido" (hammangiz eyishingiz mumkin) xizmat qiladi. Ofitsiantlar stoldan stolga po'latdan yasalgan tupuriklarga ulkan go'sht bo'laklarini olib yurishadi va plastinkangizga bo'laklarni o'yib yozadilar (go'sht bo'lagini ushlash uchun qisqichlardan foydalaning va chekkasini xira qilmaslik uchun kumush buyumlaringiz bilan pichoqning chetiga tegmang). An'anaga ko'ra, sizga bir tomonda yashil rangga, ikkinchisida qizil rangga bo'yalgan kichik yog'och blok beriladi. Ovqatlanishga tayyor bo'lgach, yashil tomonini yuqoriga qo'ying. Agar siz ofitsiantga etarlicha to'yganligini aytish uchun juda ko'p narsangiz bo'lsa, qizil tomonini yuqoriga qo'ying ... Rodizio joylarda go'shtli bo'lmagan narsalar uchun bufet mavjud; ehtiyot bo'lingki, ba'zi joylarda shirinliklar asosiy bufetning bir qismi hisoblanmaydi va qo'shimcha sifatida olinadi. Ko'pchilik churrasco restoranlari (churrascarias) boshqa turdagi ovqatlarga ham xizmat qiladi, shuning uchun u erga go'shtni juda yaxshi ko'rmaydigan do'stingiz bilan borish xavfsizdir. Churrascarias odatda mamlakatning shimoliy, markaziy va qishloq joylarida (Braziliya standartlari bo'yicha) juda qimmat joylar bo'lsa-da, ular janubiy va katta shaharlarda, hatto kambag'allar ham boradigan joylarda ancha arzonroq.
• Mineyro "konchilar" oshxonasi Minas Gerais, cho'chqa go'shti va loviya asosida, ba'zi sabzavotlar bilan. Goiás-dan olingan idishlar shunga o'xshash, ammo ba'zi mahalliy ingredientlardan foydalaning pequi va guariroba. Minas-Gerais oshxonasi, ayniqsa mazali deb hisoblanmasa, juda yoqimli "uy" tuyg'usiga ega.
• Ning ovqatlari Baia, shimoli-sharqiy sohilda Sharqiy Afrikada va hind oshxonasida Atlantika bo'ylab ildiz otgan. Hindiston yong'og'i, dende palma yog'i, achchiq qalampir va dengiz maxsulotlari asosiy tarkibiy qismlardir. Maslahat: achchiq ("kvente") juda ko'p qalampirni anglatadi, sovuq ("frio") kamroq yoki umuman yo'q degan ma'noni anglatadi. Agar siz uni eyishga jur'at etsangiz issiq siz harakat qilishingiz kerak akaraje (krevetka bilan to'ldirilgan qovurilgan qovurilgan go'sht) va vatapá (ichiladigan qora loviya sho'rva).
• Espírito Santo va Baia ning ikki xil versiyasiga ega mokeka, maxsus turdagi loy idishida tayyorlangan pomidorga asoslangan dengiz maxsulotlaridan tayyorlangan stew.
• Amazon oshxona turli xil ekzotik baliqlar va sabzavotlarni o'z ichiga olgan mahalliy aholining ovqatidan olinadi. Tropik mevalarning ajoyib xilma-xilligi ham mavjud.
• SearaOziq-ovqat mahsuloti dengiz mahsulotlarining ajoyib turiga ega va mamlakatning eng yaxshi qisqichbaqasi borligi ma'lum. Bu shunchalik mashhurki, har dam olish kunlari tom ma'noda minglab odamlar borishadi Praia do Futuro Fortalezada qovurilgan baliq va qisqichbaqalarni iste'mol qilish (odatda undan keyin sovuq pivo).

Braziliya "termoyadroviy" oshxonalari

• Pitsa Braziliyada juda mashhur. San-Pauloda sayohatchilar mamlakatdagi har bir aholi uchun pizza salonlarining eng yuqori ko'rsatkichini topadilar. Tatlar xilma-xilligi nihoyatda keng, ba'zi restoranlarda 100 dan ortiq pitssa turlari mavjud. Evropalik "mozzarella" va braziliyalik "mussarela" o'rtasidagi farqni ta'kidlash kerak. Ular mazasi, tashqi ko'rinishi va kelib chiqishi bilan farq qiladi, lekin bufalo mozzarella ("mussarela de búfala") ham ko'pincha mavjud. Pitssalarning ko'pchiligida etakchi bo'lgan braziliyalik "mussarela" sariq rangga ega va ta'mi kuchliroq. Ba'zi restoranlarda, xususan janubda, pitssada tomat sousi yo'q. Kabi italyan kelib chiqadigan boshqa idishlar makarão (makaron), lasanha va boshqalar ham juda mashhur.
• O'rta-sharqiy va Arab (aslida Livan) oziq-ovqat keng tarqalgan. Ko'pgina variantlar yuqori sifatli va juda xilma-xillikni taklif etadi. O'rta-sharqiy oziq-ovqatning ba'zi turlari, masalan quibe va esfiha moslashtirilgan va butun mamlakat bo'ylab snack stendlari va tez ovqatlanish tamaddixonalarida mavjud. Shuningdek, braziliyaliklar "churrasco grego" (yunoncha barbekyu) deb ataydigan shawarma (kabob) stendlarini ham topishingiz mumkin.
• San-Pauluniki Yapon restoranlarda ko'plab tempura, yakisoba, sushi va sashimi xizmat qiladi. Turi yaxshi va asosan Evropa, AQSh va Yaponiyaga nisbatan narxlar juda jozibali. Yapon restoranlarining aksariyati ushbu taomlarni taklif qiladi rodizio yoki bufet variant, xuddi menyudan buyurtma berganingiz kabi bir xil sifatga ega. Ba'zida, bu haqiqatdan ancha uzoqlashishi mumkin. Xususan, Braziliyada ishlab chiqarilgan sushilarda ko'p miqdordagi qaymoqli pishloq va mayonez ishlatiladi, shuningdek, tara sousli nonli sushi ("issiq rulolar") "xom baliq" sushi singari mashhurdir. Xuddi shu narsani aytish mumkin Xitoy oziq-ovqat, yana an'anaviy ba'zi farqlar bilan. Yapon restoranlari (yoki yapon taomlarini taklif qiladiganlar) xitoylarga qaraganda ancha keng tarqalgan bo'lib, Braziliyaning ko'plab shaharlarida, ayniqsa San-Paulu shtatida joylashgan.

Restoranlar

• Restoranlarda hisob-kitob uchun 10% xizmat haqi qo'shiladi va bu odatda Braziliyada to'lanadigan yagona pul. Bu majburiy emas, lekin to'lovni olib tashlashni so'rash ko'pincha juda qo'pol hisoblanadi va odatda yomon xizmat uchun saqlanadi. Agar chindan ham maslahat berishni istasangiz, 5-10 dollar R $ etarli va bu sizning serveringizni ham ajablantirishi mumkin.
• O'z-o'ziga xizmat ko'rsatadigan restoranlarning ikki turi mavjud, ba'zida ikkala variant ham bitta joyda mavjud: stollarda barbekyu bilan jihozlangan bufetlar, deb nomlangan. rodizio, yoki vazn uchun narx (por quilo yoki quilão), butun Braziliya bo'ylab tushlik paytida juda keng tarqalgan. Bufetga ko'taring va taomni tortishdan oldin tarelkaga qo'ying. Ayniqsa, janubda an'anaviy italyancha "galeto" keng tarqalgan. Sizga stolingizda turli xil makaron, salatlar, sho'rvalar va go'sht (asosan tovuq go'shti) beriladi.
• Mijozlarga oshxonaga tashrif buyurib, oziq-ovqat bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lishlarini tekshirish uchun ruxsat beriladi, ammo bu juda kam uchraydi va bunday qilish g'alati va odobsiz hisoblanadi.
• Ba'zi Braziliya restoranlarida faqat ikki kishilik ovqat beriladi. Bu menyuda aniq bo'lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun ofitsiantdan so'rang. Ushbu toifadagi aksariyat restoranlarda bunday plitalarning "yarim porsiyasiga" ruxsat beriladi (meia-porção), narxning 60-70% gacha. Shuningdek, restoranlarda er-xotinlar ko'pincha qarama-qarshi emas, balki yonma-yon o'tirishadi; ofitsiantingiz ko'rsatmalariga rioya qiling yoki o'tirganingizda o'z xohishingizni bildiring.
• Fastfud juda mashhur bo'lib, mahalliy aholi gamburger va hot-doglarni qabul qiladi ("cachorro-quente", so'zma-so'z tarjima qilingan). Braziliya sendvichlari turli xil bo'lib, tarkibida mayonez, cho'chqa go'shti, jambon, pishloq, salat, pomidor, makkajo'xori, no'xat, mayiz, kartoshka kartoshkasi, ketchup, tuxum, tuzlangan bodring va boshqalar bor. (shunchaki komplekt), bu non va kolbasadan tashqari, namoyish etiladigan barcha narsalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Hamma joyda x-burger (va uning navlari x-salada, x-tudo va boshqalar) u kabi sirli emas: portugal tilidagi "X" harfining talaffuzi "pishloq" ga o'xshaydi, shuning uchun bu nom.
• Katta zanjirlar: tezyurar burger tarmog'i Bobning butun mamlakat bo'ylab topilgan va deyarli McDonald's kabi mamlakatda bo'lgan. Milliy tez ovqatlanish tarmog'i ham mavjud Habibnikidir bu nomga qaramay arab taomlaridan tashqari pitssa xizmat qiladi. Burger King va Metro ham keng tarqalgan.

Ichish

Spirtli ichimliklar

Braziliyaning milliy ichkilikbozligi cachaça (cah-shah-sah, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan aguardente ("yonayotgan suv") va pinga), 40% shakar qamishidan tayyorlangan spirtli ichimliklar, ehtiyotkorlarni tezda yo'q qilishlari mumkin. Buni mamlakatdagi deyarli barcha barlarda sinab ko'rish mumkin. Mashhur ishlab chiqaruvchi mintaqalar qatoriga kiradi Minas Gerais, distillash zavodlari va shaharning ekskursiyalari bo'lgan joyda Parati. Pirassununga bu erda Braziliyaning eng ko'p sotiladigan brendi bo'lgan Caninha 51 joylashgan. Tashqarida Fortaleza cachaça muzeyi mavjud (Museu da Cachaça) bu erda Ypioca brendining tarixi haqida bilib olishingiz mumkin.

Kachani to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ichish yoki faqat bir qo'g'irchoq asal yoki bir oz ohak sharbatini aralashtirish mamlakatning shimoliy-sharqiy mintaqasida odatiy holdir, ammo kaxaçaning kuchi mashhur kokteyllarda yashirin bo'lishi mumkin. Kaypirinya, u erda shakar, ohak sharbati va muz bilan aralashtiriladi. Kachaka o'rniga aroq ishlatish laqabli kaipiroska yoki caipivodka; oq rom bilan, bu a caipiríssima; va buning uchun bu a kipisak (har bir mintaqada emas). Yana bir qiziqarli uydirma deyiladi kapeta ("shayton"), mintaqaga qarab o'zgarib turadigan kachaka, quyultirilgan sut, dolchin, guarana kukuni (engil stimulyator) va boshqa ingredientlar bilan tayyorlangan. Agar sizga yaxshi brendi yoki grappa yoqsa, uni sinab ko'ring keksa cachaça. Chuqur va murakkab bu oltin rang ruh har doimgidek tez-tez uchrab turadigan shaffof ichimlikka o'xshamaydi. Qiziqarli sayohat - bu "alambikka" - butun mamlakat bo'ylab minglab odamlar bor bo'lgan mahalliy spirtli ichimliklar zavodiga - ruh nafaqat xom ashyo shakaridan tayyorlanishini ko'rishingiz mumkin, balki siz bundan ham yaxshi narxga ega bo'lasiz. .

Braziliyalik viski sinab ko'rishga arziydi! Bu aslida 50% import qilingan skotch - malt komponenti va taxminan 50% Braziliya donining ruhi. Amerikaning "Uoll-strit" singari tovushli ismlari bilan adashtirmang. Bu burbon emas. Pul uchun yaxshi qiymat va oddiy ingliz aralashmalaridan farq qilmaydi.

Esa import qilingan spirtli ichimliklar juda qimmat, ko'plab xalqaro brendlar Braziliyada litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, ularni keng ommalashtirmoqda va juda arzon. Braziliya aeroportlariga tushganingizdan keyin spirtli ichimliklarni soliqsiz sotib olishingiz mumkin, lekin odatda aeroportlardan tashqarida sotib olishdan ko'ra qimmatroq.

Pivo

Pivo Braziliyada nemis muhojirlari tufayli obro'li tarixga ega. Aksariyat Braziliya pivo brendlari nemis, daniyalik yoki ingliz pivosiga qaraganda kamroq qalin va achchiqroq bo'lishadi. Braziliyada iste'mol qilinadigan barcha pivoning 90% dan ortig'i Pilsner bo'lib, u odatda juda sovuq (0 ° C ga yaqin haroratda) ichiladi. Eng mashhur mahalliy brendlar Braxma, Antarktidava Skol. An'anaviy brendlar orasida Bohemiya, Karaku (qattiq), Asl va Serra Malte (yana bir turg'un). Ular barlarda osongina topiladi va sinab ko'rishga arziydi, lekin odatda mashhur pivolarga qaraganda qimmatroq. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi bir maxsus barlarda va supermarketlarda mavjud bo'lgan bir nechta milliy premium pivolar mavjud; agar siz yaxshi Braziliya pivosini tatib ko'rishni istasangiz, qidirib toping Baden Baden, Kolorado, Eyzenbahn, Petra, Theresopolis va boshqalar. Shuningdek, Heineken va Stella Artois kabi milliy pivo zavodlari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va asl pivo bilan taqqoslaganda ta'mi biroz boshqacha bo'lgan xalqaro pivolar mavjud.

Barlarda pivo ichishning ikki yo'li mavjud: qoralama yoki shisha pivo. Lager pivosi chaqiriladi cho'p yoki chopish ('SHOH-pee'), va odatda bir dyuym ko'pik bilan xizmat qiladi, ammo ko'pik undan qalinroq bo'lsa, bufetchiga shikoyat qilishingiz mumkin. Barlarda ofitsiant odatda stakan ustida turgan bo'sh ko'zoynaklar va butilkalarni yig'adi va ularni to'xtatishini so'raguningizcha, ularni to'liq stakanlarga almashtiradi, "teging" zaryad tizimida Idishdagi pivo holatida, shishalar (600ml yoki 1l) stol ichidagi har bir kishiga bo'linib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri shishadan mast bo'lmasdan, kichik stakanlarga quyiladi. Braziliyaliklar o'zlarining pivosini deyarli muzdek yaxshi ko'rishadi - shuning uchun haroratni pasaytirish uchun pivo butilkalari ko'pincha stol ustidagi izolyatsiya qilingan polistirolli idishda saqlanadi.

Vino

Rio Grande do Sul etakchi hisoblanadi vino ishlab chiqarish mintaqasi. Bu erda tashrif buyuruvchilar va sharobni tatib ko'rish uchun ochiq bo'lgan vino ishlab chiqaradigan fermer xo'jaliklari, vino va fermentlangan uzum sharbatini sotadigan sharob omborlari mavjud. Mehmonlar uchun ochiq bo'lgan ushbu fermer xo'jaliklaridan biri Salton vino zavodi, Bento Gonsalves shahrida joylashgan. The San-Fransisko vodiysi, shtatlari chegarasi bo'ylab Pernambuko va Baia, mamlakatning sharob ishlab chiqaradigan eng yangi mintaqasi. Braziliya vinolari, odatda, frantsuz vinolariga qaraganda, yangi, mevali va alkogolsizroqdir. Kabi mashhur brendlar Sangue de Boi, Kanzao va Santa Felicidade va narxi $ 6.00 dan past bo'lgan boshqalar odatda axlat sifatida qaraladi.

In Minas Gerais, izlamoq licor de jabuticaba (jabuticaba likyor) yoki vinho de jabuticaba (jabuticaba sharob), shirin ta'mga ega oqlangan binafsha-qora ichimlik. Jabutikaba Braziliyaga xos bo'lgan uzumga o'xshash kichik qora mevaning nomi.

Qahva va choy

Braziliya yuqori sifatli kuchli qahvasi bilan dunyoga mashhur. Kafe juda mashhur bo'lib, u ovqatlanishni nomlashi mumkin (xuddi shunga o'xshash) guruch Xitoy, Yaponiya va Koreyada amalga oshiriladi): Braziliyada nonushta deyiladi café da manhã (ertalabki kofe), esa café com pão (non bilan kofe) yoki café da tarde (tushdan keyin kofe) tushdan keyin yengil ovqatlanishni anglatadi. Kafeezyo (kichik kofe) - odatda restoranlarda ovqatlangandan so'ng (ba'zida tekinga, shunchaki xushmuomalalik bilan so'rang) beriladigan kichkina chashka kuchli va shirin kofe. Shishadan tayyorlangan filtrlangan qahvaning o'rnini yanada yuqori darajadagi restoranlarda kuchli espresso stakanlari egallaydi.

Chá, yoki portugal tilida choy, odatda, uning tarkibida uchraydi Assam versiyasi (to'q sariq, och rangli). Ba'zi ixtisoslashgan choy do'konlari va kafelarda Earl Grey va yashil choy ham mavjud.

Mate kofein tarkibida juda yuqori bo'lgan choyga o'xshash infuziya. Qovurilgan versiyasi, tez-tez sovutilgan, butun mamlakat bo'ylab iste'mol qilinadi Chimarão (qo'shni ispan tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarda tasodifan turmush o'rtog'i deb ataladi) bu janubda mavjud bo'lgan va achchiq ekvivalent bo'lib, uni juda qadrlaydi gauxos (Rio Grande do Sul aholisi). Terere ichida tarqalgan Chimarraoning sovuq versiyasidir Mato Grosso do Sul va Mato Grosso davlat.

Alkogolsiz ichimliklar

Agar xohlasangiz Koks Braziliyada, so'rang koka yoki Coca Cola, "kola" portugal tilida "yopishtiruvchi" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Guaraná dan tayyorlangan gazlangan alkogolsiz ichimlikdir guaraná berry, Amazon hududida tug'ilgan. Asosiy brendlar Antarktida va Kuat, ikkinchisi Kokga tegishli. Pureza - kamroq mashhur bo'lgan guaraná alkogolsiz ichimliklari Santa Katarina. Shuningdek, mashhur "Guaraná Jesus" ham mavjud Maranxao. Braziliyaning deyarli barcha mintaqalarida guaranada o'zlarining mahalliy variantlari mavjud, ba'zilari "Antarktida" standartidan yaxshi va yomon tomonlari bilan farq qilishi mumkin. Agar Amazonasga sayohat qilsangiz, Manausda juda mashhurligi tufayli Antarktida tomonidan sotib olingan va butun Braziliya shimolida mavjud bo'lgan sovuq "Bare" ni sinab ko'ring.

Tubayna bir vaqtlar braziliyaliklar orasida juda mashhur bo'lgan (xususan, 70-80 va 90-yillarning boshlarida) gazlangan alkogolsiz ichimlik bo'lib, uni topish juda qiyin. Bir paytlar u "Brahma" tomonidan ommaviy ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, u faqat pivoga e'tibor qaratmaguncha. Agar tasodifan uni sotadigan joy topsangiz, uni sinab ko'ring.

Mineyrinyo (yoki Mate Couro), shuningdek, guaranadan tayyorlangan mashhur alkogolsiz ichimliklar va Chapéu de Couro deb nomlangan odatdagi Braziliya yaprog'i. Garchi ko'pchilik braziliyaliklar uning mazasi o'tga o'xshaydi deyishsa-da, keksa odamlar (70 yosh) bu ichimlikning shifobaxsh xususiyatlariga ega ekanligini ta'kidlaydilar.

Meva sharbatlari

Meva sharbatlari Braziliyada juda mashhur. Ba'zi shaharlar, xususan Rio-de-Janeyro, deyarli har bir burchakda mevali sharbat barlari mavjud.

• Hech narsa urilmaydi kokos suvi (água de coco) issiq kunda. (Birinchisini ta'kidlang o, aks holda u "poo" (koko)). U asosan sotiladi koko gelado hindiston yong'og'ida, somon bilan mast. Machete bilan ishlaydigan sotuvchilardan kokos yong'og'ini ikkiga bo'linishini so'rang, shunda siz suv ichganingizdan keyin go'shtni iste'mol qilishingiz mumkin.
• Achai (Amazon mevasi) mazali va to'yimli (antioksidantlarga boy) va uni xalqlar orasida keng tarqalgan holda topish mumkin. Amazon mintaqasida u kunlik ovqatlanish uchun qo'shimcha sifatida ishlatiladi, ko'pincha kunning asosiy taomida guruch va baliq bilan birga iste'mol qilinadi. Qizig'i shundaki, Amazon mintaqasidan tashqarida, odatda, guarana (stimulyator) kukuni va banan bilan aralashtirib, tunda ziyofatdan qaytadan quvvat olish uchun ishlatiladi. U sovuq holda xizmat qiladi va yumshoq muzning mustahkamligiga ega. Shuningdek, ochai muzqaymoqlari ham mavjud.
• Marakuja (ehtirosli mevalar) (faol kun davomida ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki bu bo'shashtiruvchi ta'sirga ega)
• Kaju (kaju mevasi) va
• Garapa: yangi siqilgan shakarqamish sharbati
• Manga (mango) - bu ajoyib sharbat tajribalari.
• Mangaba
• Umbu
• Vitamin: yangi mevalar bilan sutni chayqash

Braziliyaliklar sharbatlarni aralashtirish borasida ajoyib ta'mga ega.

Uyqu

Braziliyada yuqori mavsum maktab o'quvchilarining ta'til taqvimiga to'g'ri keladi, dekabr va yanvar (yoz) eng qizg'in oylar. Yangi yil, karnaval (fevral va mart oylari orasida harakatlanuvchi, qarang Tushuning Yuqorida) va Muqaddas hafta eng yuqori davrlar bo'lib, narxlar, ayniqsa Rio va Salvador kabi qirg'oq shaharlarida osmonga ko'tarilishi mumkin. Shuningdek, o'sha ta'til kunlari ko'plab mehmonxonalar bronlashni 3 yoki 4 kunlik minimal narx bilan cheklab qo'yishadi va oldindan to'lovni amalga oshiradilar.

Mehmonxonalar Braziliyaning deyarli barcha hududlarida mo'l-ko'l va ular hashamatli plyajdagi kurortlardan juda oddiy va arzon tanlovlarga qadar o'zgarishi mumkin. Braziliyaning turizmni tartibga solish kengashi har bir ob'ekt uchun o'ziga xos minimal atributlarni belgilaydi, ammo 1-5 yulduzli reyting endi bajarilmasligi sababli, mehmonxonangiz siz kutgan turdagi xizmatlarni ko'rsatadimi yoki yo'qligini oldindan tekshirib ko'ring.

Pousada mehmon uyi (frantsuz tilining mahalliy ekvivalenti) degan ma'noni anglatadi baqlajon yoki ingliz pansionat) va odatda mehmonxonalarga qaraganda sodda va kamroq xizmatlarni taklif qiladi (xona xizmati, kir yuvish va hk). Pousadalar hatto mehmonxonalardan ham keng tarqalgan.

Shunga o'xshash cho'l hududlarida Pantanal, sayohatchilar odatda qoladi fazendalar, bu mehmonlar uchun qulayliklar bilan ta'minlangan fermer xo'jaliklari. Minas-Geraisning kichik shaharlarida odamlar yaxshi ko'radilar hotéis-fazenda (xo'jalik mehmonxonalari) bu erda siz suzishingiz, sayr qilishingiz, piyoda yurishingiz, futbol o'ynashingiz va lager qilishingiz, shuningdek, chiroyli baraklarda uxlashingiz mumkin.

Bundan tashqari, davom ettirishda juda qiziqarli qayiq mehmonxonasi bu sizni baliq ovlari uchun ajoyib sayohatlar uchun daryolar va ko'llar bo'ylab borish qiyin bo'lgan joylarga yoki shunchaki dam olish va Pantanalda juda ko'p bo'lgan yovvoyi hayotni tomosha qilish va suratga olish uchun olib boradi. Qayiqlar katta, xavfsiz va konditsioner xonalari bilan qulay (juda zarur). Tajribali baliqchi / yo'riqnoma boshqaradigan qayiq mehmonxonasi tomonidan boshqariladigan bir nechta kichik alyuminiy qayiqlari, dvigatellari, 2-3 turistni eng yaxshi "nuqtalarga" olib boradi.

Yoshlik yotoqxonalar (albergues da juventude) tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib bormoqda.

Agar siz o'rtada, ayniqsa Rioda, monopolistik bron qilish veb-saytidan foydalanmasangiz, ko'plab uy (lar) chegirmalar beradi. Shunday qilib, veb-saytlarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tekshiring yoki ularga xabar qoldiring.

Motellar va boshqalar mehmonxonalar

Tezkor ogohlantirish; Braziliyada "motel" odatda Qo'shma Shtatlarda topilganga o'xshamaydi. Lotin Amerikasidagi motel atamasi odatda romantik topshiriqlar uchun xonalar qisqa muddatga ijaraga beriladigan turar joyni anglatadi. Mehmonxonalar, aksincha, sayohatchilar uchun turar joy bo'lib, odatda oilaviy do'stdir. Ko'pgina mehmonxonalar mehmon sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tmagan shaxslarga ziyofat zonasidan tashqariga chiqishga ruxsat bermaydilar. Bu mehmonlarning ham, mehmonxona xodimlarining ham xavfsizligi uchun, shuningdek, madaniy jihatdan konservativ va katolik mamlakati bo'lgan mehmonxonaning obro'sini himoya qilish uchun. Shunday qilib, boshqa birovning jismoniy kompaniyasidan bahramand bo'lish uchun joy izlayotgan mehmonlar ko'pincha motellardan foydalanadilar. Shuningdek, shaxsiy hayotning maxfiyligi Braziliyada juda katta ahamiyatga ega, chunki bolalar ko'pincha turmush qurguncha uyda yashaydilar. Shu va boshqa amaliy sabablarga ko'ra, er-xotinlar, hatto ozgina yaqin bo'lishni xohlaydigan er-xotinlar, ba'zan moteldan xonani ijaraga olishadi. Ushbu motellar Braziliyada keng tarqalgan va ilgari Qo'shma Shtatlar yoki Kanadada "aytmang motellar" deb nomlangan ijtimoiy tamg'ani o'z ichiga olmaydi. Motellar turar joylarining sifati va narxi har xil, ba'zida keskin o'zgarib turadi, aksariyati toza va yaxshi saqlanadi. Xonalar noma'lum ravishda tarif bilan bog'liq bo'lib, unga bog'liq har qanday to'lovlar odatda faqat naqd pul asosida to'lanadi.

O'rganing

Braziliya universitetlarining sifati mintaqaga qarab juda katta farq qiladi. Braziliyada yuzlab universitetlar mavjud va davlat universitetlari odatda mamlakatda eng taniqli va xususiy universitetlarga qaraganda eng ko'p ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib boradigan universitetlardir. Ba'zi muhim davlat universitetlari San-Paulu universiteti (USP), Rio-de-Janeyro federal universiteti (UFRJ), Brasiliya universiteti (UnB), Santa Katarina Federal Universiteti (UFSC) va Rio Grande do Sul Federal Universiteti (UFRGS). Bundan tashqari, ba'zi bir muhim xususiy universitetlar ham mavjud, masalan Makkenzi Presviterian universiteti va San-Paulu Pontifik Katolik universiteti (PUCSP), Rio-de-Janeyro Pontifik Katolik universiteti (PUC-Rio), Paranadagi Papa katolik universiteti (PUCPR) va Rio Grande do Sul papa katolik universiteti (PUCRS). Davlat universitetlarida standart kirish imtihonlari mavjud ENEM (Exacion Nacional do Ensino Medio, National High School Exam), garchi ularning ba'zilari o'zlarining kirish imtihonlariga ega bo'lishsa ham. Ushbu universitetlarning barchasi bakalavriat va aspiranturadan mukammal dasturlarga ega va xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan bo'lib, dunyoning ko'plab mamlakatlaridagi turli universitetlar bilan turli xil almashinuv dasturlari mavjud.

Braziliya universitetida almashinuvchi talaba sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tish uchun siz quyidagilarni olishingiz kerak talabalik vizasi o'z mamlakatingizdagi Braziliya elchixonasida yoki konsulligida. Braziliyaga haqiqiy talabalik vizasi bilan kelganingizdan so'ng, siz ro'yxatdan o'tishingiz kerak Departamento da Polícia Federal (Federal politsiya boshqarmasi) kelganingizdan keyin 30 kun ichida va RNE (Registro Nacional do Estrangeiro), bu chet el fuqarolari uchun milliy ID karta. Bu erda siz ham mumkin vizangizni yangilang Braziliya rasmiylari bilan.

Chet elliklar uchun portugal kurslari katta shaharlardan tashqarida keng tarqalmagan. Yaxshi alternativa - bu til talabalari bilan do'stlashish va darslarni almashishdir. Agar siz Braziliyaga portugal tilidagi dastlabki tushunchalar bilan kelsangiz, odamlar sizga nisbatan yaxshiroq munosabatda bo'lishlarini va siz ancha osonlashishini ko'rasiz. Til maktablari Kuritiba, Salvador, San-Paulu, Rio-de-Janeyro, Belu-Uizontiva Portu Alegre 2 haftadan boshlab Portugal tilida kurslarni o'tkazing.

Ish

Agar siz ish topa olsangiz, Braziliyada ishlash oson, asosan norasmiylik juda ko'p. Nazariy jihatdan sizda ishlash uchun ruxsatnoma bo'lishi kerak (Autorização de Trabalho) Ishga kirishdan oldin Mehnat vazirligidan. Biroq, uni olish uchun siz mamlakatga kirishdan oldin ish beruvchi tomonidan homiylik qilishingiz kerak. Kompaniya sizga homiylik qilish uchun hukumatdan 2000 AQSh dollaridan yuqori miqdorda to'laydigan chet el fuqarosini xohlashi kerak, chunki ular qonun bilan bir vaqtning o'zida siz uchun yollovchini yollashi va o'rnini egallashni talab qilishi kerakligini biladi. Shu sababli, bugungi kunda Braziliyaning o'sib borayotgan ish bozorida ham qonuniy ish topish juda qiyin bo'lgan byurokratik vazifa bo'lishi mumkin.

Agar siz ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan bo'lsangiz, ingliz tilini o'rgatadigan yarim kunlik ish topishingiz mumkin, ammo bu sizning ta'tilingizni tejashga umid qilmaydi. Garchi norasmiy bozorda ishlash dastlab muammosiz ko'rinishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, xatarlar ham mavjud. Ish haqi shartnomasiz tuziladi, shuning uchun keyinchalik o'zingizning mehnat huquqlaringizni talab qilishingiz qiyin bo'ladi. Kattaroq shaharlarda, raqib maktab tomonidan rasmiylarga topshirilish xavfi ham bor, bu sizni rejalashtirganingizdan oldin uyga samolyotga olib borishi mumkin.

Shuningdek, ispan tili darslariga talab ortib bormoqda, shuning uchun mahalliy ispan tilida so'zlashuvchilar, ayniqsa, yirik shaharlarda ish topishda qiynalmasliklari kerak. Ikkala holatda ham, maktab orqali emas, balki xususiy ravishda ish topish har doim ham foydalidir. Masalan, Folha de S. Paulo va Estado de S. Paulo (San-Paulu), O Globo (Rio-de-Janeyroda) va Zero Hora (Portuda) gazetalarining e'lonlar bo'limiga reklama joylashtirish orqali buni osonlikcha amalga oshirish mumkin. Alegre) yoki "Veja" milliy haftalik yangiliklar jurnalida (buning uchun siz to'lashingiz kerak) yoki USP kabi universitetlarning e'lonlar taxtalariga (bepul) belgilarini qo'yish orqali.

Ga murojaat qiling Mehnat vazirligi veb-sayti batafsil ma'lumot uchun.

Ko'ngillilik

Ko'ngilli sifatida ishlash, ispan tilini o'rganish va qirg'oq bo'yida mamlakatni ko'rish Janubiy Amerikadagi ko'plab sayohatchilarga yoqadi. Ko'pincha, ko'p vaqtga ega odamlar ushbu sayohatni, mamlakat va uning aholisi bilan tanishishni afzal ko'rishadi.

Volunteering can be done as part of a large organisation, or for local families. When working with or for local families, they often provide you with food and accommodation for about 3-5 hr work per day. Such engagements can be found with any of the following websites, which differ by length and type of stay: Workaway, HelpX, Wwoofva Worldpackers. The website generally demand a small commission or a yearly fee.

Use the rating system of these websites to determine good and reliable hosts. And beware, many locals just use those websites to find cheap labour, offering a terrible experience, sometimes no food or no decent accommodation. Avoid such offers, which are just badly managed businesses, and opt for placements that really depend on volunteers (like green farming, education, NGOs, etc.).

In general, avoid paying for volunteering. You can also contact a bunch of international NGOs and let them know you are interested in working for them. Sometimes you can also get a paid job after doing some volunteer work. Just be clear that you are able to stay a fixed amount of time for unpaid work, and that you would need some money to continue your work.

Sog'lom bo'ling

When visiting the Midwestern states of Brazil, the relative humidity can be below 30% during the dry season from June to September. It is important to drink plenty of water to avoid the unpleasant effects of dehydration.

Food from street and beach vendors has a bad hygienic reputation in Brazil. The later in the day, the worse it gets. Bottled and canned drinks are safe, although some people will insist on using a straw to avoid contact with the exterior of the container. Bear in mind the heat and humidity when storing perishable foods.

Tap water varies from place to place, (from contaminated, saline or soaked with chlorine to plain drinkable) and Brazilians themselves usually prefer to have it filtered.

In airports, bus stations, as well as many of the cheaper hotels and malls, it is common to find drinking fountains (bebedouro), although not always safe. In hostel kitchens, look for the tap with the cylindrical filter attached. In more expensive hotels, there is often no publicly accessible fountain, and bedrooms contain minibars, selling you mineral water at extremely inflated prices — buying bottled water from the store is always the best alternative.

Vaccination against yellow fever and taking anti-malaria medication may be necessary if you are travelling to Midwestern state of Mato Grosso or northern (Amazon) regions. If you're arriving from Peru, Colombia or Bolivia, proof of yellow fever vaccination is required before you enter Brazil. Some countries, such as Australia va Janubiy Afrika, will require evidence of yellow fever vaccination before allowing you enter the country if you have been in any part of Brazil within the previous week. Check the requirements of any country you will travel to from Brazil. In coastal Brazil there's also a risk for dengue fever, va Zika virus outbreak in Latin America hit Brazil hard with more than 60,000 confirmed cases in 2015 and 2016.

Public hospitals tend to be crowded and terrible, but they attend any kind of person, including foreigners. Most cities of at least 60,000 inhabitants have good private health care.

Dentists abound and are way cheaper than North America and Western Europe. In general, the quality of their work is consistent, but ask a local for advice and a recommendation.

As described above, the emergency number is 190 yoki 192, but you must speak Portuguese.

Beware that air conditioning in airports, intercity buses etc. is often quite strong. Carry a long-sleeved garment for air-conditioned places.

Although Brazil is widely known as a country where sex is freely available, it is sometimes misunderstood regarding HIV. Brazil has one of the best HIV prevention programs and consequently, a very low infection rate compared with most countries. Condoms are highly encouraged by governmental campaigns during Carnaval, and distributed for free by local public medical departments.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

“	O Brasil não é para principiantes. "Brazil's not for beginners."	”
—Tom Jobim, Brazilian musician

By law, everyone must carry a photo ID at all times. For a foreigner, this means your passport. However, the police will mostly be pragmatic and accept a plastified color photocopy. Not carrying a photo ID can lead to problems and delays if stopped by police or in case of a medical emergency.

Crime

Even the most patriotic Brazilian would say that the greatest problem the country faces is crime. Brazil is one of the most criminalised countries of the world; therefore, the crime rate is high, even for a developing nation. Pick-pocketing and theft are rampant, but perhaps what is more scary to visitors - and also depressingly common - are robberies at gunpoint, which target both locals and tourists. There are cases of armed criminals attacking hotels (from guesthouses to luxurious resorts) and even package tour buses, and armed robberies in crowded areas at plain daylight.

Most visitors to Brazil have trips without any incidents, and a few precautions can drastically reduce the likelihood of being victim of crime. Even with those precautions, though, the chance of a bad incident may still not be negligible. Check the individual city/area articles for advice on specific cities or places. Generally speaking, with exception of a few prosperous countryside areas and smaller towns (mostly in the southern part of the country), most areas in Brazil aren't extremely safe, so it is advisable to avoid showing off expensive possessions in public areas, to avoid deserted streets during the night, and especially, to avoid poor, run-down towns or neighbourhoods. There are cases of Brazilians or tourists being shot down without warning when entering certain neighbourhoods, either in a car or on foot. If you want to visit a favela (slum neighbourhood) or indigenous village, use a licensed, reputable tour service.

Intercity buses are generally safe, but in large cities, intercity bus terminals are often located in run-down, unsafe areas of the city, so it is prudent to take a taxi to and from the terminal rather than walk to or from it. In touristy places, tourists are often seen as "preferred prey" for criminals, so it is better to avoid looking like a tourist. For example, avoid being seen carrying a large camera or guidebook (leave them in a backpack and use them discreetly only when necessary), or dressing in a way dramatically different from the locals. It is perfectly fine to sometimes stop locals to ask questions, but avoid looking clueless and vulnerable when in public.

Emergencies related to crime can be reported to toll-free number 190. Brazil has five police forces, one for each different purpose. Each state has a Military Police (Polícia Militar, often abbreviated as PME*, where * is the abbreviation of the state. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brigada Militar, abbreviated as BMRS), which is responsible for ostensive policing, and a Civil Police (Polícia Civil, often abbreviated as PCE*, where * is the abbreviation of the state.), which deals with investigations. In state and federal highways, road patrol is handled by the State Highway Police (Polícia Rodoviária Estadual) and the Federal Highway Police (Polícia Rodoviária Federal). Border control, security of ports and airports, and interstate crimes are handled by the Federal Police (Polícia Federal). Many municipalities in Brazil also have a Municipal Guard (Guarda Municipal), which is responsible for the security of public parks, city government buildings and city public schools.

Road safety

Murder is probably the top fear of visitors to Brazil, but traffic-related deaths are actually nearly as common as murders - in fact, the chance of a road fatality in Brazil is comparable to countries with poor road safety reputation, like Malayziya yoki Vietnam. This may come as surprise as the traffic in Brazil, especially in large cities, appears to be relatively well-organised compared to these countries. However, this apparent sense of safety is where the danger lurks - Brazil has a large share of irresponsible drivers, who defy speed limits, drive under the influence of alcohol, and sometimes ignore traffic lights. Therefore, keep always your eyes open when crossing the road, even when the pedestrian light is green and the cars have stopped - you never know when a motorbike will pop up from between two cars.

In certain parts of the country, especially in the northern part, roads tend to be poor-maintained, and enforcement of traffic regulations tend to be lax. Although sometimes unavoidable, it is worthwhile to re-consider taking very long road trips inside the country when there is the option of taking a plane instead.

Natural hazards

As Brazil is a very large country and has a wide geographical diversity, parts of the country can be affected by natural disasters.

Floods and landslides

In the Amazon, the rainy season occurs between December and May, bringing torrential rains and frequent flooding in these regions, which can make the highways (which are not paved) a real quagmire impossible to transit. However, it can still be a good time to visit some of the well-populated and tourist-oriented areas and, except in unusually strong floods, you can still see the strong waterfalls, igapós and other attractions in the forest that can make an interesting moment to visit.

Floods in the semi-arid Sertão, in the inland of the Northeast region, are rare, so you would be unlucky to find them. However, if you are planning to visit a city in the Sertão and the area is flooded, you should reconsider. The terrain is flat, so the water can take weeks to drain, leaving the land swampy.

The rainiest period in the Central West is generally around the summer months, from early October to April. Some cities can have points of flooding. On the northeastern coast and in the Southeast region of the country, including Salvador, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Belo Horizonte, the rainiest period is summer months. Torrential rains in the region can cause floods and catastrophic landslides, including in tourist areas. In São Paulo, as the city is cut by the rivers Tietê and Pinheiros and the soil is impermeable, making the water slow to drain. In mountainous areas in the southeast of the country, landslides can disrupt roads and cause damage.

Earthquakes

As Brazil is located in the center of the South American plate, Brazil does not usually have earthquakes of great intensity and many of them are imperceptible by the population (below 3.0 degrees on the Richter scale).

Hurricanes

Brazil is a difficult country for hurricanes reach, as wind shear is rare in countries close to the Equator and the temperature of the ocean reaches just 26º C on the northeast coast. The only tropical storm that has ever occurred in Brazil was Hurricane Catarina, in 2004, which hit the coast of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Even so, cases like this are very rare in Brazil.

Tornadoes

The Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Katarina and the center and south of the state of Parana are part of the South America Tornado Corridor, the second most tornado-prone area in the world (behind the United States Tornado Alley). Monitor local media notices and if you see that the sky is dark, the light take on a greenish-yellow cast or a loud sound that sounds like a freight train, this could be an indication of a tornado. Find shelter immediately.

Refer to the tornado safety article for analysis of the issues here.

O'rmon yong'inlari

Low humidity during the dry season in the Central West and the Pantanal of Brazil, in states like Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Brasília between May and October can lead to forest fires. If you have breathing problems and are visiting these areas, it is recommended to monitor information from the local media and avoid the areas of fires.

Demonstrations

Demonstrations and political protests are common in Brazil and are best avoided by tourists, as these demonstrations can sometimes become violent and end in clashes with the Military Police, especially when approaching city, state or federal government buildings. The majority of popular demonstrations usually take place in the capitals such as São Paulo (in places like Largo da Batata, Avenida Paulista and Praça da Sé), Rio de Janeiro (Cinelândia and Copacabana Beach), Brasília (Eixo Monumental and Esplanada dos Ministérios) or Porto Alegre (Esquina Democrática and the Historic District).

Engish

Newspapers

The main Brazilian newspapers are Folha de S. Paulo, Estado de S. Paulo (both published in São Paulo) and O Globo (published in Rio de Janeiro). Other major newspapers include Correio Braziliense, Estado de Minas va Zero Hora. Veja, IstoÉ va CartaCapital is the main Brazilian national weekly news magazines.

Folha de S. Paulo has an English-language news website. The Rio Times is a Brazilian online newspaper in English language.

Elektr

See also: Elektr tizimlari

Brazil is one of a few countries that uses both 110 and 220 volts for everyday appliances. Expect the voltage to change back and forth as you travel from one place to the next—even within the same Brazilian state, sometimes even within the same building. There is no physical difference in the electric outlets (power mains) for the two voltages.

Electric outlets usually accept both flat (North American), and round (European) plugs. Otherwise adaptors from flat blades to round pins are easy to find in any supermarket or hardware shop. Some outlets are too narrow for the German "Schuko" plugs. One makeshift solution is to buy a cheap T-connection and just force your "Schuko" in, -the T will break, but it will work. Very few outlets have a grounding point, and some might not accept newer North American polarized plugs, where one pin is slightly larger. Again, use the cheap T. Near the border with Argentina, you might occasionally find outlets for the Australia/New Zealand-type plug. If crossing the border, you'll probably need this adapter as well.

In 2009/2010, the IEC 60906-1 was introduced to Brazil and some newer buildings already have it. It is backwards compatible with the Europlug, but it has a receded socket. Again, T-plugs can be used as adapters for other common formats.

Frequency is 60 Hz, which may disturb 50 Hz electric clocks. Blackouts are becoming less frequent, but you always run a risk at peak of high season in small tourist towns and during particularly strong storms, even in big cities.

Hurmat

Brazilians tend to be very open and talk freely about their problems, especially political subjects and other issues. Also, they use a lot of self-deprecating humour. This allows you to make jokes about the problems in Brazil, when they are talking about such issues, in a playful manner. It is common when you are pointing out something bad, for them to give answers like, "That's nothing. Look at this here. It's so much worse". But don't imitate them, as they are likely to feel offended if you criticize certain areas, such as nature or soccer. In some small towns, local politics can be a sensitive issue, and you should be careful when talking about it. Always be polite.

Punctuality

Brazilians are not known for being punctual, which can be very surprising to visitors from countries where punctuality is highly valued. You should expect your Brazilian contacts to arrive at least 10 to 15 minutes late for any appointment. This is considered normal in Brazil and does not mean a lack of respect for the relationship. However, this does not apply to work or business meetings.

If you are invited to a dinner or party, e.g. 19:00, that does not mean that you must be present at 19:00, but that you must not arrive before 19:00. You will be received at some minutes later. However, not all scheduled activities are tolerant with delays in Brazil. For example, at concerts or plays, the venue's doors close at the scheduled time. Long-distance buses also depart on the scheduled time. Short-distance public transport, such as city buses and subway, is not even concerned with the estimated time of arrival; they arrive when they arrive! Keep these elements in mind when calculating how long things will take.

Delays in the subway or city buses are not uncommon, especially in the capitals (such as São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro). However, long distance bus departures almost always leave on time (even if they arrive late), so don't count on lack of punctuality to save money when you arrive late at the bus terminals. Brazilian airports are also known for their punctuality: flights always take off at the scheduled time.

Things to avoid

• Racism is a very serious offence in Brazil. Most Brazilians frown upon racism (at least in public), and even if you are only joking or you think you know your company, it is still wise to refrain from anything that can be perceived as racism. According to the Brazilian Constitution, racism is a crime for which bail is not available, and must be met with 6 months to 8 years imprisonment. This is taken very seriously. However, the law only seems to apply to overt, unquestionably racist statements and actions. Therefore, be respectful when discussing racial relations in Brazil; do not assume you understand Brazil's history of racial inequality and slavery better than a Brazilian person of colour.
• Portuguese is not Spanish and Brazilians (as well as other Portuguese speakers) feel offended if you do not keep this in mind. The languages can be mutually intelligible to a certain extent, but they differ considerably in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. It is not a good idea to mix Portuguese with Spanish; don't expect people to understand what you're saying if you (intentionally or unintentionally) insert Spanish words into Portuguese sentences.
• Take care when talking about politics, especially about the Getúlio Vargas regime (1930-1945, 1951-1954) and about the military dictatorship that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985. These are sensitive topics in Brazil and although these periods have been characterized as dictatorships, some people have a positive view of Getúlio Vargas or the military in Brazil. Depending on your political views, some may call you "communist" or "fascist".
• Avoid comparing Brazil with its neighbor Argentina: the two countries are considered rivals, especially in the economic area.

LGBT tourism

Brazil is open to LGBT tourists. São Paulo boasts the biggest LGBT Pride Parade in the world, and most major cities will have gay scenes. However, homophobia is widespread in Brazilian society, and Brazil is not the sexual heaven that many foreigners perceive it to be. Couples that in any way don't conform to traditional heterosexual expectations should expect to be open to some verbal harassment and stares if displaying affection in the streets, although several neighborhoods of many of the major cities are very welcoming of the LGBT population, and LGBT-oriented bars and clubs are common. It is best to gather information from locals as to which areas are more conservative and which are more progressive. In general, small towns or rural areas tend to be conservative and many people (especially older ones) may be shocked by public displays of homosexual affection.

Religion

Most Brazilians are Christians, with more than 60% of the population being Catholic and more than 20% being Evangelical or Protestant. However, many Brazilians are secular in everyday life and less than half of the Brazilian population attends church. Avoid talking about religion; Brazilians do not like anything that can be seen by them as proselytizing. It is not necessary to cover your head when entering a church or temple; however, it is recommended to dress respectfully and avoid wearing shorts, miniskirts or sleeveless shirts.

Religious freedom is respected by most Brazilians and people of all religions can generally practice their religion without any problems. Despite this, in the 2010s, there have been some cases of religious intolerance, especially against religions of African origin (such as Candomblé and Umbanda). Most Brazilians do not accept cases of religious intolerance and Brazilian law considers prejudice and religious discrimination crimes.

Social etiquette

• Cheek-kissing is very common in Brazil, among women and between women and men. When two women, or opposite sexes first meet, it is not uncommon to kiss. Two men will shake hands. A man kissing another man's cheek is extremely bizarre by Brazilian standards (unless in family relationships, special Italian descendants, and very close friends). Kissing is suitable for informal occasions, used to introduce yourself or being acquainted, especially to young people. Hand shaking is more appropriate for formal occasions or between women and men when no form of intimacy is intended. Trying to shake hands when offered a kiss will be considered odd, but never rude. However, to clearly refuse a kiss is a sign of disdain.

When people first meet, they will kiss once (San-Paulu), twice (Rio-de-Janeyro) or three times (Florianopolis va Belo Horizonte, for instance), depending on where you are, alternating right and left cheeks. Observe that while doing this, you should not kiss on the cheeks (like in Russia) but actually only touch cheeks and make a kissing sound while kissing the air, placing your lips on a strangers cheek is a clear sign of sexual interest. Failing to realise these rules likely won't be seen as rude, especially if it is known that you are a foreigner.

• Many Brazilians can dance and Brazilians are usually at ease with their own bodies. While talking, they may stand closer to each other than North Americans or Northern Europeans do, and also tend to touch each other more, e.g. on the shoulder or arm, hugs etc. This is not necessarily flirtatious in nature.
• Brazilians love to drink, and going to pubs and bars is definitely part of social life - sometimes even for those who don't drink alcohol. However, alcoholic beverages aren't allowed in certain places such football stadiums, and laws concerning driving under the influence of alcohol have become increasingly more strict and more rigorously enforced.
• Brazilians do not normally take their shoes off as soon as they get home, neither expect their visitors to do so. Hence, only take off your shoes when you visit someone's house if your hosts ask so or you see them do so.

Table etiquette

• Except for highly formal situations, Brazilians don't normally mind their tones when eating and chatting. Restaurants tend to be relatively noisy and cheerful environments, especially when there are tables with large groups of people.
• Most meals will be eaten with forks/spoons and knives, but there are some things that you can eat with your hands. If you are unsure whether you should use the knife to cut something shorter or just grab it with your hands, observe how people behave around you and imitate them - or simply ask.
• Burping is considered impolite, unless you are among very close friends or relatives. Brazilians usually place the knife and the fork in a parallel manner on the plate to signalize they are finished.
• If you order a beer or a soda and it comes with a cup, waiters may fill it for you from time to time as they see it becoming empty. They will normally collect empty bottles and cans without asking you first.

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By phone

Brazil has international telephone code 55 and two-digit area codes, and phone numbers are eight or nine digits long. Some areas used seven digits until 2006, meaning you might still find some old phone numbers which won't work unless you add another digit. (Mostly, try adding 2 or 3 at the beginning, or if it's an eight-digit number starting with 6 to 9 try adding a 9 at the beginning).

Eight-digit numbers beginning with digits 2 to 5 are land lines, while eight-digit or nine-digit numbers beginning with digits 6 to 9 are mobile phones.

All cities use the following emergency numbers:

• 190 - Police
• 192 - SAMU (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, Paramedics)
• 193 - Firefighters

However, if you dial 911 while in Brazil, you will be redirected to the police.

To dial to another area code or to another country, you must choose a carrier using a two-digit carrier code. Which carriers are available depends on the area you are dialing from and on the area you are dialing to. Carrier 21 (Embratel) is available in all areas.

The international phone number format for calls from other countries to Brazil is 55-(area code)-(phone number)

In Brazil:

• To dial to another area code: 0-(carrier code)-(area code)-(phone number)
• To dial to another country: 00-(carrier code)-(country code)-(area code)-(phone number)
• Local collect call: 90-90-(phone number)
• Collect call to another area code: 90-(carrier code)-(area code)-(phone number)
• International Collect Call: 000111 or through Embratel at 0800-703-2111

Public payphones use disposable prepaid cards, which come with 20, 40, 60 or 75 credits. The discount for buying cards with larger denominations is marginal. Phone booths are nearly everywhere, and all cards can be used in all booths, regardless of the owner phone company. Cards can be bought from many small shops, and almost all news agents sell them. The Farmácia Pague Menos sells them at official (phone company) price, somewhat cheaper. Calls to cell phones (even local) will use up your credits juda quickly (nearly as expensive as international calls). Calling the USA costs about one real per minute.It's possible to find all international and Brazilian phone codes on DDI and DDD phone codes.

Mobile networks

When traveling to Brazil, even though it may seem best to carry your cell phone along, you should not dismiss the benefits of the calling cards to call the ones back home. Get yourself a Brazil calling card when packing for your trip.

Brazil has 4 national mobile operators: Vivo (Telefónica Group), Claro (Telmex/América Móvil Group), OI and TIM (Telecom Italia Group), all of them running GSM, HSDPA/HSPA and LTE networks. There are also smaller operators, like Nextel (NII/Sprint Group) (with iDEN Push-To-Talk and HSPA ), CTBC-ALGAR (GSM and HSDPA in Triangulo Mineiro Region (Minas Gerais)), and Sercomtel (GSM and HSDPA in Paraná).

Pay-as-you-go (pré-pago) SIM cards for GSM phones are widely available in places like newsstands, drugstores, supermarkets, retail shops, etc. Vivo uses 850/1800/1900 MHz frequencies, while other operators uses 900/1800 MHz (and some specific cases, 1900Mhz) frequencies. 3G/HSDPA coverage is available mostly on big cities on the southeast states and capitals. Some states use 850 MHz but others use 2100 MHz for 3G/HSDPA. For LTE, all states and operators use the European 2600Mhz (B7) frequency (700Mhz B28 is being tested) If you need to unlock a phone from a specific operator, this can be done for a charge in any phone shop.

If you prefer, you can use international roaming in any operator (respecting the roaming agreements). In this case, if you want to call to Brazil, you must call the number directly, as stated above, or using the standardized way, as to call abroad.

All major carriers (Vivo, Claro, TIM and Oi) can send and receive text messages (SMS) as well as phone calls to/from abroad. Some operators (as Vivo, Claro, and TIM), can send and receive international text messages.

Television

Brazil uses a hybrid video system called PAL-M. It is not at all compatible with the PAL system of Europe and Australia. Nowadays, most new TV sets are compatible with the NTSC system used in the USA and Canada. Until 2023, Brazil will bring digital broadcasting with the Japanese ISDB standard. Digital terrestrial television is available in almost 90% of Brazil. In addition to the 6 major Brazilian television networks (Globo, RecordTV, SBT, Band, RedeTV and Cultura), many cities in the country have pay TV via cable or satellite. Some hotels have cable TV included with their accommodation, which means that you can also watch the main international news channels and many series and light entertainment reruns, sports and films.

Digital video appliances such as DVD players are also compatible with NTSC (all digital colour is the same worldwide), but make sure the DVD region codes, if any, match your home country (Brazil is part of Region 4). Also, the term "DVD" in Brazil is both an abbreviation for the disc and for its player, so be specific to avoid confusion.

Internet

Hotels, airports and shopping malls often offer free WiFi hotspots for your laptop computer or smartphone. In addition, Brazil seems to be a country with overly many open WiFi hotspots, only requiring login via Facebook for instance.

For general tips on internet while travelling, see our travel topic: Internet access.

Postal services

The Brazilian Correio is fairly reliable and post offices are everywhere. However, if you ask how much it costs to send a letter, postcard or package they will automatically give you the "priority" price (prioritário) instead of the normal one (Econômico). You might think that the priority one will make it go faster, but it isn't always true; sometimes it takes as long as the normal fare, so be sure to ask for the "econômico" price of anything you wish to dispatch.