- Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa joylar uchun qarang Xitoy (ajralish).
 | COVID-19 ma `lumot: Aksariyat sayohatchilarga kirish taqiqlangan. Haqiqiy yashash uchun ruxsatnoma, shu jumladan ishlash uchun ruxsatnoma yoki oilani birlashtirish va shaxsiy masalalar bo'yicha ruxsatnomalarga ega bo'lgan chet el fuqarolari, qaysi mamlakatdan kelganiga qarab kirishga ruxsat berilishi mumkin. Yashash uchun ruxsatnoma muddati 28 martdan keyin tugagan chet elliklar, tezlashtirilgan jarayon bilan yangisiga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Xitoyga uchadigan barcha yo'lovchilar COVID-19 salbiy sertifikatlarini olishlari kerak, ular ingliz tilida va Xitoy elchixonasi tomonidan notarial tasdiqlangan bo'lishi kerak. Shuningdek, sizga antikor tekshiruvi kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Sayohatchilar birinchi kirish punkti shaharida 14 kunlik yoki 21 kunlik majburiy karantin ostiga olinadi va bir necha bor COVID sinovidan o'tkaziladi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarning ishbilarmonlari karantindan ozod qilinadilar, ammo samolyotga chiqishdan 48 soat oldin COVID-19 salbiy tekshiruvidan o'tishlari va oldindan belgilangan belgilangan marshrutga mahkam yopishishlari kerak. Qoidalar qaysi mamlakatdan kelganingiz va tranzit o'tayotgan har qanday mamlakatingizga qarab farqlanadi; aniq ma'lumot uchun eng yaqin Xitoy elchixonasiga murojaat qiling. Xitoyda sayohat va faoliyatga nisbatan ba'zi cheklovlar davom etmoqda, ular juda xilma-xil bo'lib, ozgina vaqt ichida o'zgarishi mumkin. Ko'pgina mehmonxonalar va boshqa korxonalar xitoylik bo'lmagan fuqarolarga xizmat ko'rsatishni rad etishadi. Ba'zi joylarda yuz maskalari talab qilinishda davom etmoqda. Xitoy hukumati hatto eng kichik yuqumli kasalliklarga qarshi kurashda bema'ni yondashuvni qo'lladilar va har qanday yuqumli kasalliklar klasteri paydo bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa, shaharlarni yoki hatto butun viloyatlarni qisqa vaqt ichida qamab qo'yish mumkin, ya'ni siz bir necha hafta yoki hatto oylar davomida tiqilib qolishingiz mumkin. . Infeksiya klasterlari rivojlanib borishi munosabati bilan viloyat chegaralari qisqa vaqt ichida yopilishi mumkin. |
| (Axborot oxirgi marta 2021 yil 12-martda yangilangan) |
Xitoy (中国; Zhōngguo) dunyodagi eng qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalardan biridir. Uning uzoq va boy tarixi odamlar tafakkuri va qadriyatlarida, shuningdek, sulolalar o'tmishidan qolgan san'at, me'morchilik va muhandislik faoliyatida mavjud.
Shov-shuvli 20-asrdan keyin Xitoy keskin ravishda iqtisodiy qudratga aylandi. Uning jadal rivojlanishi xalqaro sahnaga ko'tarilish bilan parallel bo'lib, uni super kuchga aylantirdi. Albatta, ko'p qavatli binolar va fabrikalar mitti asrlik pagodalarga aylanganda tobora ko'payib borayotgan azob-uqubatlar mavjud, ammo kelajakda nima bo'lishiga bo'lgan g'ayrat va nekbinlik hissi ham mavjud. Agar hozir tashrif buyursangiz, ming yillik tarixiy yodgorliklarni ko'rishingiz va davom etayotgan keyingi o'zgarishlarning alomatlarini his qilishingiz mumkin.
Mintaqalar
Xitoy ma'muriy bo'linmalar ierarxiyasi 22 ga ega viloyatlar (省 shěng) o'z madaniy o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan va 5 avtonom viloyatlar (自治区 zìzhìqū), ularning har biri belgilangan ozchilik etnik guruhga ega. Ular to'rtta munitsipalitet bilan birga (直辖市 zhíxiáshì) deb nomlangan narsani tuzing materik Xitoy.
Vikivoyaj muqovalari Gonkong, Makao va Tayvan alohida maqolalarda. Ular alohida immigratsiya va viza tizimlariga ega va o'z valyutalarini chiqaradilar. Ularning har ikkalasi orasidagi yoki ularning birortasi bilan materik Xitoy o'rtasidagi sayohatlar chegara tekshiruvlarini o'z ichiga oladi.
Bu hech qanday siyosiy pozitsiyani tasdiqlashni anglatmaydi. |
Vikivoyaj maqsadida ushbu viloyatlar quyidagi mintaqalarga birlashtirilgan:
| Shimoliy-sharqiy Xitoy (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang) Tarixiy sifatida tanilgan Manchuriya, shimoli-sharqiy dashtlar o'lkasi, keng o'rmonlar va uzoq qorli qishlar. Madaniy jihatdan Rossiya, Koreya va Yaponiya ta'sirida, unda zamonaviy shaharlarning aralashmasi va qarovsiz qolgan "zangli kamar" sanoat shaharchalari mavjud. |
| Shimoliy Xitoy (Shandun, Shanxi, Ichki Mo'g'uliston, Xenan, Xebey, Pekin, Tyantszin) Sermahsul daryoning havzasi atrofidagi Shimoliy Xitoy tekisliklari Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining beshigi. Ular ming yillar davomida Xitoy imperiyalarining siyosiy markazi bo'lgan va zamonaviy poytaxt Pekin joylashgan. |
| Shimoliy-g'arbiy Xitoy (Shensi, Gansu, Ningxia, Tsinxay, Shinjon) Tarixiy chegara hududi, o'tloqlar cho'l va tog'larga yo'l ochib bergan va qadimgi Ipak yo'li Xitoyni Evropaga bog'lagan. Shimoliy-g'arbiy Xitoyda ba'zida mustaqil qirolliklarni tashkil qilgan ko'plab musulmonlar va etnik ozchiliklar yashaydi. |
| Janubiy-g'arbiy Xitoy (Tibet, Sichuan, Chontsin, Yunnan, Guychjou) Kam sonli xalqlar, ajoyib manzaralar va ryukzak uylari. |
| Janubiy-markaziy Xitoy (Anxuiy, Xubey, Xunan, Tszansi) Yangtze daryosi havzasi maydoni, fermer xo'jaliklari, tog'lar, daryo daralari, mo''tadil va subtropik o'rmonlar. |
| Janubiy Xitoy (Guandun, Guansi, Xaynan) An'anaviy savdo markazi, ishlab chiqarish va texnologik quvvat. |
| Sharqiy Xitoy (Tszansu, Shanxay, Chjetszyan, Fujian) "Baliq va guruch mamlakati", an'anaviy suv shaharlari va Xitoyning yangi kosmopolit iqtisodiy markazi. |
Shaharlar
Bu erda sayyohlar uchun Xitoyning to'qqizta eng qiziqarli shaharlari keltirilgan. Boshqalari mintaqadagi maqolalarda keltirilgan.
- 1 Pekin (北京) - taqiqlangan shaharning poytaxti, madaniy markazi va uyi, yozgi saroy va boshqa muhim tarixiy joylar
- 2 Chengdu (成都) - sarmoyasi Sichuan achchiq-achchiq ovqat bilan tanilgan viloyat va ulkan pandalar uyi
- 3 Guanchjou (广州) - janubdagi eng obod va liberal shaharlardan biri, unga yaqin Gonkongva Kanton madaniyatining asosiy markazi
- 4 Xanchjou (杭州) - G'arbiy Leyk atrofida, YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan va janubiy terminali Katta kanal
- 5 Harbin (哈尔滨) - sarmoyasi Heilongjiangmuz va qor haykaltaroshlik festivalini qishning sovuq paytida o'tkazadi
- 6 Qashqar (Xitoycha: 喀什, uyg'urcha: ksەqەr) - uyg'ur madaniyatining markazi, go'zal va yaxshi saqlanib qolgan eski shahar va mashhur Id Kah masjidi.
- 7 Nankin (南京) - erta Min sulolasi va Xitoy Respublikasi davridagi poytaxt, ko'plab tarixiy joylarga ega taniqli tarixiy va madaniy shahar.
- 8 Shanxay (上海) - Xitoyning eng yirik shahri, daryo bo'yidagi shahar manzarasi bilan mashhur, ko'plab savdo imkoniyatlariga ega bo'lgan yirik savdo markazi
- 9 Sian (西安) - Xitoyning eng qadimiy shahri va qadimiy poytaxti, qadimgi termin Ipak yo'liva terakota jangchilarining uyi
Yangisidan foydalanib, ushbu shaharlarning ko'piga sayohat qilishingiz mumkin tezyurar poyezdlar. Xususan, Xanchjou - Shanxay - Suzhou - Nankin liniyasi ushbu tarixiy hududlarni ko'rish uchun qulay usuldir.
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
Xitoyning eng mashhur sayyohlik joylari:
- 1 Buyuk Xitoy devori (万里长城) - uzunligi 8000 km dan oshiqroq bo'lgan bu qadimiy devor Xitoyning eng diqqatga sazovor joyidir
- 2 Xaynan (海南) - og'ir turizm yo'naltirilgan rivojlanayotgan tropik jannat oroli
- 3 Jiuzhaigou qo'riqxonasi (九寨沟) - ko'p darajali sharsharalari, rang-barang ko'llari va ulkan pandalar uyi sifatida tanilgan
- 4 Leshan - Buddaning va uning atrofidagi ulkan daryo bo'yidagi qoyada o'ymakorligi bilan mashhur Emei tog'i
- 5 Everest tog'i - Nepal va Tibet o'rtasidagi chegara bo'ylab, bu dunyodagi eng baland tog'dir
- 6 Tai tog'i (泰山 Tài Shān) - Xitoyning beshta muqaddas taosist tog'laridan biri va Xitoyda eng baland toqqa chiqqan tog '.
- 7 Tibet (西藏) - Tibet buddistlarining aksariyati va an'anaviy Tibet madaniyati bilan o'zini butunlay boshqa dunyo kabi his qiladi
- 8 Yungang Grottoes (云冈 石窟) - bu tog 'yonidagi g'orlar va chuqurchalar soni 50 dan ortiq va 51000 budda haykallari bilan to'ldirilgan
- 9 Guilin karst (桂林) - uzoq vaqt Xitoy rasmlari mavzusiga aylangan shov-shuvli tog 'manzaralari
Xitoyda 40 dan ortiq sayt mavjud YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.
Tushuning
 | |
| Poytaxt | Pekin |
| Valyuta | renminbi (CNY) |
| Aholisi | 1,4 milliard (2017) |
| Elektr | 220 volt / 50 gerts (NEMA 1-15, Europlug, AS / NZS 3112) |
| Mamlakat kodi | 86 |
| Vaqt zonasi | Xitoy standart vaqti, UTC 08:00 |
| Favqulodda vaziyatlar | 119 (o't o'chirish bo'limi), 110 (politsiya), 120 (shoshilinch tibbiy xizmat) |
| Haydash tomoni | to'g'ri |
| Wikidata-da tahrirlash | |
Xitoy bu dunyodagi eng yirik tsivilizatsiyalardan biri bo'lib, ko'p asrlar davomida G'arb zamonaviy zamonaviy davrgacha tenglasha olmagan texnologiyalar bilan etakchi davlat sifatida ajralib turdi. Qog'oz va porox xitoy ixtirolarining namunalari bo'lib, bugungi kunda ham keng qo'llanilmoqda. O'z tarixining aksariyat qismida mintaqada hukmron kuch sifatida Xitoy o'z madaniyatining katta qismini qo'shnilariga eksport qildi Vetnam, Koreya va Yaponiyava Xitoy ta'sirini ushbu mamlakatlarning madaniyatlarida hali ham ko'rish mumkin.
Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasi ming yillik g'alayonlar va inqiloblarni, oltin asrlarni va anarxiya davrlarini boshdan kechirdi. 1980-yillardan boshlab islohotlar bilan boshlangan iqtisodiy o'sish orqali Xitoy o'zining katta, mehnatsevar aholisi va mo'l-ko'l tabiiy resurslari bilan quvvatlanadigan yirik siyosiy va iqtisodiy jahon kuchi sifatida o'z o'rniga qaytdi. Boy merosga ega bo'lgan Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining chuqurligi va murakkabligi kabi G'arbliklarni hayratga soldi Marko Polo o'tgan asrlarda Gottfrid Leybnits va bugungi kunda ham sayohatchini hayajonlantiradi va hayratda qoldiradi.
Xitoy tilida Xitoy shunday zhōng guó, so'zma-so'z "markaziy davlat", lekin ko'pincha "O'rta Shohlik" deb ko'proq she'riy tarjima qilingan. Boshqa joylardan kelgan odamlarga '' wàiguórén '' (外国人, "chet el odamlari") yoki so'zma-so'z lǎowài, "keksa begona" hurmatli yoki hurmatli ma'noda "keksa" bilan murojaat qilishadi (amalda bu atamalar asosan oq tanlilar yoki g'arbliklar va deyarli hech qachon xitoylik ajnabiyga).
Tarix
- Qarang Imperial Xitoy inqilobgacha bo'lgan Xitoy haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olish uchun.
Qadimgi Xitoy
Afsonalarga ko'ra, Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining kelib chiqishi bilan izlash mumkin Uch suveren va beshta imperator (三皇 五帝), garchi ularni aksariyat zamonaviy tarixchilar afsonaviy shaxslar sifatida ko'rishgan.
Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining yozib olingan tarixi Sariq daryo vodiysi, "Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasi beshigi" deb aytilgan. The Sya sulolasi (Miloddan avvalgi miloddan avvalgi 2070 yil - miloddan avvalgi 1600 yil) qadimgi tarixiy xronikalarda tasvirlangan birinchi sulola bo'lgan, ammo hozirgi kungacha uning mavjudligining shubhasiz isboti topilmagan. Ba'zi arxeologlar Erlitu aholi punktlarini Sya sulolasi bilan bog'lashgan, ammo bu munozarali pozitsiya.
The Shang Dynasty (Miloddan avvalgi miloddan avvalgi 1600 - miloddan avvalgi 1046), Xitoyning birinchi arxeologik tasdiqlangan sulolasi, faqat Sariq daryo havzasi bo'ylab hukmronlik qilgan. Ular muvaffaqiyat qozonishdi Chjou sulolasi (Miloddan avvalgi 1046 - miloddan avvalgi 256), Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasini janubga tomon kengaytirgan Yangtze daryosi havza. Chjoular feodalizmni o'zlarining boshqaruv tizimi sifatida qabul qildilar, bunda feodallar o'z hududlarini yuqori darajadagi muxtoriyat bilan boshqargan, hatto o'z qo'shinlarini saqlab qolgan, shu bilan birga qirolga o'lpon to'lagan va uni ramziy hukmdor sifatida tan olgan. Xitoy.
Chjou davrining ikkinchi yarmida Xitoy ko'p asrlik siyosiy notinchliklarga tushib, ko'pgina kichik feodallar feodallari davrida hokimiyat uchun kurash olib borishdi. Bahor va kuz davri (Miloddan avvalgi 770 yil - miloddan avvalgi 476 yil) va keyinchalik ettita yirik davlatga barqarorlashdi Urushayotgan davlatlar davri (战国 时代, miloddan avvalgi 475 - miloddan avvalgi 221). Ushbu notinch davrda Xitoyning eng buyuk mutafakkirlari, shu jumladan Konfutsiy, Mensiy va Laozi (shuningdek, Lao-Tszi deb yozilgan) tug'ildi, ular xitoy tafakkuri va madaniyatiga katta hissa qo'shgan, shuningdek, harbiy strateg Sun Szu Urush san'ati hozirgi kungacha o'rganilmoqda.
Imperial Xitoy
- Shuningdek qarang: Marko Poloning izidan
Xitoy miloddan avvalgi 221 yilda "Tsinning birinchi imperatori" Tsin Shi Xuang davrida birlashtirildi. Uning Tsin sulolasi (Miloddan avvalgi 221 yil - miloddan avvalgi 206 yil) Xitoy uchun markazlashgan boshqaruv tizimini o'rnatgan va birliklar yaratish uchun og'irlik va o'lchovlar, xitoycha belgilar va valyutani standartlashtirilgan. The Xan sulolasi (Miloddan avvalgi 206 - milodiy 220) miloddan avvalgi 206 yilda qo'zg'olon va fuqarolar urushi davridan keyin Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining birinchi oltin davrini boshlab berdi. Bugungi kungacha aksariyat xitoyliklar o'zlarini ta'riflash uchun "Xan" atamasidan foydalanmoqdalar va xitoycha belgilar "Xancha belgilar" (continue hanzì) xitoy tilida. Boshida Xan sulolasi rahbarlik qilgan Ipak yo'liva qog'oz ixtirosi.
Milodiy 220 yilda Xan sulolasining qulashi siyosiy notinchlik va urush davriga olib keldi Uch qirollik davri (三国 时期, 220—280), Xitoy uni uchta alohida holatga ajratdi Vey (魏, 220-265), Shu (P, 221—263) va Vu (吴, 222—280). The Jin sulolasi (Y, 265—420) milodiy 280 yilda Xitoyni birlashtirdi, garchi birlashish qisqa muddatli bo'lsa va Xitoy tezda yana fuqarolar urushi va bo'linishlarga tushib ketsa. Milodiy 420 yildan 589 yilgacha Xitoy ikki qismga bo'lingan, janubiy va shimoliy sulolalar (南北朝). The Suy sulolasi (隋朝, 581—618) 581 yilda Xitoyni birlashtirdi. Suy yirik jamoat ishlari loyihalari bilan mashhur edi, masalan, Katta kanalasta-sekin rivojlanib, shimolda Pekinni janubda Xanchjou bilan bog'laydigan kanalga aylandi. Kanalning ayrim uchastkalari bugungi kunda ham harakatlanmoqda.
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Milodiy 618 yilda Sui o'rnini bosgan Tang sulolasi (S, 618- 907), Xitoy tsivilizatsiyasining ikkinchi oltin davrini boshlagan, xitoy she'riyatining gullab-yashnashi, buddizm va davlatchilikning yuksalishi bilan ajralib turadi. Miloddan avvalgi 907 yilda Tang sulolasi qulaganidan so'ng, Xitoy yana bir marta bo'linib ketdi Song Dynasty Milodiy 960 yilda (宋朝, 960—1279) miloddan avvalgi 960 yilda. Song7 1127 yilda Xuraylar tomonidan Xuay daryosidan janubga haydalgan va ular Linan (Jan Lín'ān, zamonaviy Xanchjou). Garchi harbiy jihatdan zaif bo'lsa-da, Qo'shiq tijorat va iqtisodiy rivojlanishning yuqori darajasiga erishdi, bu G'arbga qadar tengsiz edi. Sanoat inqilobi. The Yuan sulolasi (B, 1271—1368, ning to'rtta bo'linmasidan biri Mo'g'ul imperiyasi) yurxenlarni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi, so'ngra 1279 yilda Songni zabt etdi va ulkan imperiyani Xanbaliqdan boshqargan (大都 Dádū, zamonaviy Pekin).
Mo'g'ullarni mag'lubiyatga uchratgandan so'ng Min sulolasi (明朝, 1368—1644) etnik xanlar tomonidan qayta o'rnatildi. Ming davri savdo va razvedka uchun qayd etildi, bilan Zheng He ko'plab sayohatlar ga Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo, Hindiston va Arab dunyosi, hatto sharqiy sohiliga etib boradi Afrika; qarang Dengiz ipak yo'li. Pekinda man etilgan shahar va Osmon ibodatxonasi kabi mashhur binolar shu davrda qurilgan. Oxirgi imperatorlik sulolasi Tsing sulolasi (清朝, 1644—1911), etnik manjurlar bo'lib, ular Xitoy imperiyasini Shinjon va Tibetning g'arbiy mintaqalarini birlashtirib, hozirgi chegaralariga qadar kengaytirdilar.
19-asrda Tsing sulolasi tanazzulga yuz tutdi va Xitoy ko'pincha "Osiyoning kasal odami" deb ta'riflandi (g東亞 / 病夫 病夫). Uni G'arb davlatlari va Yaponiya bir-biridan ajratib olgan, bu davr xitoyliklar tomonidan "Xo'rlik asri" deb nomlangan. G'arbliklar va yaponlar Guanchjou, Shanxay va Tyantszinda o'zlarining shartnoma portlarini yaratdilar. Xitoy bir qancha hududlarni, shu jumladan Gonkongni Buyuk Britaniyaga, Tayvanni Yaponiyaga, va uning irmoqlari Vetnam, Koreya va Ryukyu orollari ustidan nazoratni yo'qotdi. Bu, shuningdek, Xitoy xalqining stereotipik ko'rinishi, masalan, cho'chqalar, manchur soch turmagi va magua (manchurcha kiyim-kechak turi) dengiz taqiqlangandan beri chet el aloqa vositalarining ko'payishi tufayli boshqa xorijiy mamlakatlarda ham ildiz otgan. Tsin sulolasi va Xitoy Respublikasi davrining oxiridagi notinchlik ko'plab xitoylarning ko'chib ketishiga olib keldi, ular dunyoning boshqa qismlarida chet elda xitoy jamoalarini tashkil qildilar. Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan oldin hijrat qilgan chet ellik xitoyliklarning aksariyati Fujian, Guandun yoki Xaynan, agar chet elda xitoyliklar merosini o'rganishni istasangiz, o'sha viloyatlarni tabiiy joylarga aylantirish.
Respublika va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
- Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy inqilobiy yo'nalishlari, Tinch okeani urushi, Uzoq mart
2000 yilgi imperiya tuzumi 1911 yilda Sun Yat Sen asos solganida qulab tushdi Xitoy Respublikasi. 1916 yilda Respublikaning ikkinchi prezidenti va o'zini imperator deb e'lon qilgan Yuan Shixay vafot etganidan keyin markaziy boshqaruv qulab tushdi; Xitoy anarxiyaga tushib, urush boshliqlari Xitoyning turli mintaqalarida hukmronlik qilib, o'zaro urush olib borishdi. 1919 yilda Pekinda Versal shartnomasining noqulay shart-sharoitlari sezilganligi sababli talabalar noroziligi (Xitoy qatnashganidan beri Birinchi jahon urushi ittifoqchilar tarkibida) "to'rtinchi may harakati" ni tug'dirdi, u Xitoy jamiyatida xalq tilidan yozma ravishda foydalanish, ilm-fan va demokratiyani rivojlantirish kabi islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Harakatning intellektual fermenti qayta tashkil etilganlikni tug'dirdi Gomintang (KMT) 1919 yilda va Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi (CCP), 1921 yilda. Shuningdek, u butun mamlakat uchun xitoy tilining birinchi standart nutq shakli sifatida Standard Mandarin-ni o'rnatishga asos yaratdi.
1928 yilda Sharqiy Xitoyning katta qismi KMT hukmronligi ostida birlashtirilgandan so'ng, KXP va KMT bir-biriga o'girildilar va KPK Shaansi shahridagi Yan'anga qochib ketdi Uzoq mart. 1920 va 30-yillarda Shanxay Sharqiy Osiyodagi eng gullab-yashnagan shaharlardan biriga aylangan bo'lsa-da, keng qishloqlarda, xususan, mamlakatning ichki qismlarida, masalan, fuqarolar tartibsizligi, o'ta qashshoqlik, ocharchilik va urush boshliqlari to'qnashuvi kabi muammolar mavjud edi.
Yaponiya 1931 yilda Manchuriyada Manchukuo qo'g'irchoq davlatini barpo etdi va 1937 yilda Xitoyning yuragiga keng ko'lamli bosqinni boshladi. Yaponlar Sharqiy Xitoyda shafqatsiz boshqaruv tizimini amalga oshirdilar va 1937 yildagi Nankin qirg'inlari bilan yakun topdilar. G'arbdan Chongingga qochib ketgandan keyin. , KMT yaponlarga qarshi birlashgan jabhani tashkil etish to'g'risida CCP bilan o'n yillik shartnomani imzoladi. 1945 yilda Ikkinchi Jahon urushi oxirida Yaponiyani mag'lubiyatga uchratish bilan KMT va CCP qo'shinlari Shimoliy Xitoyda pozitsiyalar uchun manevralar qilib, fuqarolar urushiga zamin yaratdilar. Fuqarolar urushi 1945 yildan 1949 yilgacha davom etdi. Gomintang mag'lubiyatga uchradi va Tayvanga qochishga majbur bo'ldi, ular o'zlarini tiklashga va materikni bir kun qaytarib olishga umid qilishdi.
Qizil Xitoy
1949 yil 1-oktabrda Mao Szedun tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi (中华人民共和国). Dastlabki davrdan so'ng og'ir sanoatlashtirish va keng qamrovli markaziy iqtisodiy rejalashtirishning sovet modeli asosida Xitoy marksizmni asosan agrar jamiyatga moslashtirish bo'yicha tajriba o'tkaza boshladi.
1957 yildan 1976 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda katta ijtimoiy tajribalar Xitoyni larzaga keltirdi. Katta pog'ona oldinga siljish Xitoyni tezda kollektivlashtirish va sanoatlashtirishni maqsad qildi. Madaniy inqilob intizom, "to'rt keksa odamni" yo'q qilish (urf-odatlar, madaniyat, odatlar, g'oyalar) va Mao Tsedun fikriga to'la bag'ishlanish orqali hamma narsani o'zgartirishni maqsad qilgan. Buyuk sakrash va madaniy inqilob odatda Xitoyda o'n millionlab odamlarning o'limiga sabab bo'lgan halokatli muvaffaqiyatsizliklar deb hisoblanadi. Madaniy inqilobning samaralarini hanuzgacha sezish mumkin: Xitoyning an'anaviy madaniyati va xalq e'tiqodining ko'plab elementlari Gonkong, Makao, Tayvanda va chet eldagi xitoy jamoalarida rivojlanishda davom etmoqda, ammo Xitoy materikida deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketdi.
Mao 1976 yilda vafot etdi va 1978 yilda Den Syaopin Xitoyning eng yaxshi rahbariga aylandi. Deng va uning leytenantlari asta-sekin bozorga yo'naltirilgan islohotlarni va markazlashmagan iqtisodiy qarorlarni qabul qilishni joriy etdilar. Innovatsiyalardan biri bu yaratilish edi Maxsus iqtisodiy zonalar sarmoyalar va rivojlanishni rag'batlantirish uchun soliq imtiyozlari va boshqa hukumat choralari bilan; bular hali ham mavjud va juda gullab-yashnagan.
1978 yildan buyon Xitoyning mo''jizaviy o'sishi g'ayrioddiy yutuq bo'ldi. Shunga qaramay, muhim muammolar, jumladan inflyatsiya, mintaqaviy daromadlar tengsizligi, inson huquqlarining buzilishi, atrof-muhitning katta muammolari, qishloqdagi qashshoqlik va Shinjon va Tibetdagi etnik mojarolar mavjud. Xususan, ochiq-oydin korruptsiya 1989 yilda keng miqyosli siyosiy harakatlarning asosiy sababi bo'lib, natijada shaharlarda namoyishchilarning qonli bostirilishiga olib keldi. Pekin, ko'pincha Tiananmen qirg'ini. Hodisa hali ham Xitoyda sezgir va yuqori tsenzuraga uchragan mavzu.
Xu Tszintao, 2004 yildan 2012 yilgacha birinchi darajali rahbar bo'lib, "Uyg'un jamiyat" siyosatini e'lon qildi, u muvozanatli iqtisodiy o'sishni tiklashga va sarmoyalar va farovonlikni Xitoyning markaziy va g'arbiy viloyatlariga yo'naltirishga va'da berdi. Xitoy 1990-yillardan beri iqtisodiy jihatdan yuqori tezlikda rivojlanib, o'zib ketdi Yaponiya dan keyin dunyodagi ikkinchi yirik iqtisodiyotga aylanish Qo'shma Shtatlar 2010 yilda jahonning yirik siyosiy, harbiy va iqtisodiy kuchi sifatida yana o'z o'rnini mustahkamladi. Xitoy xalqaro miqyosdagi obro'sini kengaytirdi va xorijiy investitsiyalarning asosiy manbaiga aylandi, xususan Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo, Markaziy Osiyo, Afrika va tobora ko'proq Lotin Amerika shuningdek. Prezident Si Tszinpin 2013 yilda "Belt va Yo'l" tashabbusini ilgari surgan bo'lib, u xalqaro infratuzilma tarmoqlarini Xitoyning transport infratuzilmasiga investitsiyalari orqali kengaytirishga harakat qilmoqda. U asosan eski yo'ldan yuradi Ipak yo'li. Xi ma'muriyati avvalgilariga qaraganda ko'proq diktatura deb tanqid qilinsa-da, Xitoyning xalqaro ta'siri ham uning rahbarligida ancha kengaygan va oshkora korruptsiya sezilarli darajada kamaygan. Bundan tashqari, g'arbiy Xitoyning iqtisodiy o'sishi ortida qolgan ko'pgina qashshoq mintaqalar infratuzilma uchun ko'proq sarmoyalarni ko'rishni boshladilar.
Ikki sobiq koloniya, Gonkong (Britaniya) va Makao (Portugaliya), 1997 va 1999 yillarda mos ravishda Xitoyga qo'shildi. Ular Maxsus ma'muriy hududlar (SAR), "Bitta mamlakat, ikkita tizim" shiori ostida boshqacha tarzda ishlaydi. Ushbu maqola ularni qamrab olmaydi, chunki amaliy sayohat qilish uchun ular o'zlarining vizalari, valyutalari va qonunlariga ega bo'lgan turli mamlakatlar kabi ishlaydi.
Hukumat va siyosat
- Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy viloyatlari va viloyatlari
Xitoy - Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan avtoritar davlat. "Birinchi darajali etakchi" Kommunistik partiyaning Bosh kotibi bo'lib, u boshqa bir qancha lavozimlarni, shu jumladan tantanali Prezidentni ham egallaydi. Davlat kengashi ijro etuvchi hokimiyatni shakllantiradi; keyingi eng qudratli rahbar - hukumat boshlig'i (bosh vazir singari) bo'lgan Davlat Kengashi Premer. Qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat bir palatali Milliy Xalq Kongressidan (NPC) iborat bo'lib, dunyodagi eng yirik qonun chiqaruvchi organ bo'lib, deyarli 3000 delegatiga ega. NPC ko'pincha "rezina shtamplash" tanasi sifatida tavsiflanadi; deyarli hech qanday qonun loyihalariga veto qo'ymadi va a'zolar o'zlarining kuchsizligidan shikoyat qildilar.
Xitoy asosan markazlashgan boshqaruv tizimiga amal qiladi va ma'muriy jihatdan 22 viloyat, 5 avtonom viloyat va 4 bevosita boshqariladigan munitsipalitetlarga bo'linadi. Viloyat hukumatlari ichki va iqtisodiy ishlarida cheklangan vakolatlarga ega. Muxtor mintaqalar viloyatlarga qaraganda ko'proq qonuniy erkinlikka ega, masalan, mandarindan tashqari qo'shimcha rasmiy tillarni e'lon qilish huquqi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri boshqariladigan munitsipalitetlar - bu biron bir viloyat tarkibiga kirmaydigan shaharlar bo'lib, ular Pekindagi markaziy hukumatga bevosita hisobot berishadi. Ko'pincha turli nomlarga ega bo'lgan prefekturalar ((地 级) 市 / 自治州 / 地区), okruglar (县 / (县级) 市 / 区) va shaharchalar (乡 / 镇 / 街道) viloyatlarga bo'ysunadi.
Maxsus ma'muriy hududlar (SAR), Gonkong va Makao, printsipial jihatdan o'zlarini alohida yurisdiktsiya sifatida boshqaradilar, faqat tashqi siyosat va mudofaani Pekin nazorat qiladi, ammo amalda bu muxtoriyat cheklangan.
XXR ko'rib chiqadi Tayvan 1949 yildan beri Tayvan hukumati (Xitoy Respublikasi) materik Xitoy hukumatidan butunlay ajralib chiqdi. Ikkala hukumat ham butun Xitoy uchun yagona qonuniy hukumat deb da'vo qilishda davom etmoqda. Tayvanda rasmiy mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlash bor, ammo Xitoy hukumati orol o'zini mustaqil deb e'lon qilsa, Tayvanga qarshi harbiy hujum uyushtirish bilan bir necha bor tahdid qilgan. Qarang Xitoy viloyatlari va viloyatlari batafsil ma'lumot uchun.
Odamlar va urf-odatlar
1,4 milliard aholisi bo'lgan Xitoy dunyo aholisining qariyb beshdan bir qismida yashaydi va dunyodagi eng ko'p aholiga ega mamlakatdir. Bu mintaqa, mintaqa madaniyati, tili, urf-odatlari va iqtisodiy darajalarida katta farqlarga ega bo'lgan va ko'pincha kuchli madaniy va mintaqaviy o'ziga xosliklarga ega turli xil joy.
Iqtisodiy landshaft ayniqsa xilma-xil. Pekin, Guanchjou va Shanxay kabi yirik shaharlar zamonaviy va nisbatan boy. Biroq, xitoyliklarning qariyb 50 foizi hali ham qishloq joylarida yashaydi, garchi Xitoyning atigi 10 foizi ekin ekishga yaroqli bo'lsa. Yuz millionlab qishloq aholisi hanuzgacha qo'l mehnati yoki chorva mollari bilan dehqonchilik qiladilar. 200 dan 300 milliongacha bo'lgan sobiq dehqonlar ish qidirib shaharchalarga va shaharlarga ko'chib ketishdi. Qashshoqlik keskin kamaytirildi, ammo 2016 yil oxiriga kelib, Xitoyda 4300 kishi rasmiy ravishda qashshoqlik chizig'ida 2300 ¥ (taxminan 334 AQSh dollari) yillik daromadga ega edi. Boshqa tomondan, boylar ko'chmas mulk va boshqa aktivlarni misli ko'rilmagan darajada to'plashni davom ettirmoqdalar. Odatda janubiy va sharqiy qirg'oq mintaqalari ancha boy, ichki hududlar, uzoq g'arbiy va shimoliy va janubi-g'arbiy jihatdan ancha kam rivojlangan.
Madaniy landshaft ham juda xilma-xildir. Xan xitoylari eng katta etnik guruh bo'lib, aholining 90% dan ko'prog'ini tashkil qiladi, ammo ular madaniy jihatdan bir hil emas va o'zaro tushunarsiz turli xil lahjalar va tillarda so'zlashadilar. Ko'p urf-odatlar va xudolar alohida mintaqalar va hatto qishloqlarga xosdir. Har xil mintaqalarda Oy yangi yilini va boshqa milliy festivallarni nishonlash keskin farq qiladi. To'y, dafn marosimi va tug'ilish kabi muhim voqealarni nishonlash bilan bog'liq urf-odatlar ham turlicha. Madaniy inqilob an'anaviy xitoy madaniyati va dinining ko'p qismini yo'q qildi va ular hali ham ma'lum darajada saqlanib qolgan bo'lsa-da, qadimgi an'analarning aksariyati Gonkong, Tayvan, Makao va xorijdagi xitoy jamoalarida materik Xitoyga qaraganda yaxshiroq saqlanib qolgan. Umuman olganda, zamonaviy xitoylik xitoylik jamiyat dunyoviy bo'lib, an'anaviy madaniyat kundalik hayotda ko'proq yashirin oqim hisoblanadi. Ya'ni, XXI asrda madaniy tiklanish yuz berdi, asosan yosh o'rta xitoylik yoshlar rahbarlik qilmoqdalar, ular hozirgi kunda ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan o'zlarining an'anaviy madaniyatlarining turli qirralarini targ'ib qilishmoqda.
Aholining qolgan 10 foizi tan olingan 55 etnik ozchilikni tashkil qiladi - ularning eng kattasi - har biri o'ziga xos madaniyat va tillarga ega bo'lgan Chjuan, Manchu, Xuy va Miao (Hmong). Boshqa etnik ozchiliklarga koreyslar, tibetliklar, mo'g'ullar, uyg'urlar, qozoqlar va ruslar kiradi. Xitoy Koreyadan tashqarida eng katta koreys aholisi yashaydi va mo'g'ullardan ko'ra ko'proq etnik mo'g'ullar yashaydi Mo'g'uliston. Ko'pgina ozchiliklar turli darajalarda singib ketgan, tili va urf-odatlarini yo'qotgan yoki Xan urf-odatlari bilan birlashib ketgan, ammo Xitoyda Tibet va Uyg'urlar o'z madaniyatlarini qattiq himoya qilmoqdalar.
Baxtli raqamlar
Ko'pgina xitoyliklar gomofonni yoqtirishadi va bir nechta raqamlar boshqa xitoycha so'zlar bilan qofiyalar asosida xayrli yoki foydasiz hisoblanadi. "Olti" biznes uchun yaxshi raqam bo'lib, mandarin tilida "silliq" yoki "silliq", kanton tilida "omad" yoki "baxt" kabi yangraydi. "Sakkiz" "gullab-yashnay" so'ziga shunchalik yaqin tovushlar bo'ladiki, u keng tarqalgani ma'qul. "To'qqiz" ilgari imperator bilan bog'langan, shuningdek, "uzoq umr" kabi tovushlar.
Ayni paytda, "to'rt" aksariyat xitoyliklar uchun taqiqdir, chunki Mandarin, Kanton va boshqa ko'plab xitoy shevalarida talaffuz "o'lim" ga yaqin; ba'zi binolar pollarni va xona raqamlarini o'tkazib yuboradi, ular 4 sonidan iborat
Iqlim va relyef
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Iqlimi nihoyatda xilma-xildir, janubdagi tropik mintaqalardan shimolda subarktikagacha. Xaynan Orol taxminan Yamayka bilan bir xil kenglikda joylashgan Harbin, shimoldagi eng katta shaharlardan biri, taxminan Monreal kengligida va mos keladigan iqlimga ega. Shimoliy Xitoyda yoz fasli juda issiq va qishi qattiq sovuq bo'lgan to'rt fasl bor. Janubiy Xitoy yumshoqroq va namroq bo'lishga intiladi. Shimoliy va g'arbiy sayohat qilsangiz, iqlim quriydi. Sharqiy Xitoydan chiqib, Tibetning ulug'vor tog'lariga yoki Gansu va Shinjonning keng dashtlari va cho'llariga kirganingizdan so'ng, masofalar juda keng va er qattiq.
Kommunistik rejali iqtisodiyot davrida, Yantszi daryosining shimolidagi binolar qishda issiq bo'lishini talab qilar edi, ammo undan janubdagi har qanday narsa bo'lmaydi - demak, Shanxay va Nankin kabi joylarda binolar isitilmas edi. qishda muzlash. Qoidalar ancha oldin yumshatilgan edi, ammo effektlar hali ham ko'rinib turibdi. Umuman olganda, xitoyliklar taqqoslanadigan iqlim sharoitida g'arbliklarga qaraganda kamroq isitish va kamroq bino izolyatsiyasidan foydalanadilar va ko'proq issiq kiyim kiyadilar. Maktablarda, kvartiralarda va ofis binolarida, hatto xonalar isitilsa ham, koridorlar yo'q. Ikkita oynali oynalar juda kam uchraydi. O'quvchilar va o'qituvchilar darsda qishki kurtkalarni kiyishadi va uzun ichki kiyimlar keng tarqalgan. Konditsionerlik tobora keng tarqalgan, ammo xuddi shunday koridorlarda ishlatilmaydi va ko'pincha deraza va eshiklar ochiq holda ishlatiladi.
Xitoyda markazda va uzoq g'arbda ko'plab ichki tog 'tizmalari, baland platolar va cho'llar mavjud; sharqda tekisliklar, deltalar va tepaliklar hukmronlik qilmoqda. The Pearl River Deltasi Guanchjou va Gonkong atrofidagi mintaqa va Yangtze deltasi Shanxay atrofida Pekin va Sariq daryo atrofidagi Shimoliy Xitoy tekisligi kabi yirik global iqtisodiy kuchlar mavjud. Tibet (Tibet avtonom viloyati) va Nepal o'rtasidagi chegarada Tog' joylashgan Everest, 8850 m balandlikda, er yuzidagi eng baland joy. The Turpan depressiya, Xitoyning Shinjon g'arbida Xitoyning dengiz sathidan 154 m pastdagi eng past nuqtasi bo'lib, bu dunyodagi eng past nuqtadan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turadi. O'lik dengiz.
O'lchov birliklari
Xitoyning rasmiy o'lchov tizimi metrikdir, lekin ba'zida an'anaviy xitoy o'lchov tizimining so'zlashuvda ishlatilishini eshitasiz. Kundalik foydalanishda siz eng ko'p uchraydigan narsa bu massa birligi jīn (斤), hozirgi kunda Xitoy materikida 0,5 kg ga teng. Ko'pchilik xitoyliklar o'z vaznlarini keltiradilar jīn agar so'ralsa va bozorlarda oziq-ovqat narxlari ko'pincha belgilanadi jīn.
Bayramlar
Oyning yangi yil sanalari Yili Ho‘kiz 2021 yil 3-fevral kuni soat 22:58 da boshlangan va Oy Yangi yil 2021 yil 12-fevralda bo'lgan
Ommabop e'tiqoddan farqli o'laroq, zodiakning o'zgarishi Oyning Yangi yilining birinchi kunida sodir bo'lmaydi, aksincha Li Chun (立春 lí chūn), an'anaviy xitoy bahorining boshlanishi. |
Xitoy yil davomida ikki hafta davom etadigan ta'til kunlarini o'tkazadi Oltin haftalar. Ushbu haftalar davomida, atrofida Xitoy Yangi Yili (yanvar oxiridan fevral oyining o'rtalariga qadar) va Milliy kun (1 October), hundreds of millions of migrant workers return home and millions of other Chinese travel within the country (but many in the service sector stay behind, enjoying extra pay). Try to avoid being on the road, on the rails, or in the air during the major holidays. If you do have to travel the, plan well in advance, especially for transportation and for travel from western China or the east coast. Every mode of transportation is extremely crowded; tickets are very hard to come by, and will cost you a lot more. Air tickets sell out more slowly because of the higher prices. The Chinese New Year period is the largest annual migration of people on Earth.
China has seven national holidays:
- New Year (元旦 Yuándàn) — 1 January
- Spring Festival (春节 Chūn Jié), a.k.a. Chinese New Year — 1st day of the 1st lunar month, late January to mid-February (12 February in 2021)
- Tomb-Sweeping Day (清明节 Qīngmíng Jié) — 15th day from the Spring Equinox, 4 to 6 April (4 April in 2021). Cemeteries are crowded with people who go to sweep the tombs of their ancestors and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to cemeteries can be very heavy.
- Labor Day (劳动节 Láodòng Jié) — 1 May
- Dragon Boat Festival (端午节 Duānwǔ Jié) — 5th day of the 5th lunar month, late May to June (14 June in 2021). Boat races and eating rice dumplings (粽子 zòngzi, steamed pouches of sticky rice) are a traditional part of the celebration.
- Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节 Zhōngqiū Jié） — 15th day of the 8th lunar month, September to early October (21 September in 2021). Also called the "Mooncake Festival" after its signature treat, mooncakes (月饼 yuèbǐng). People meet outside, put food on the tables and look up at the full harvest moon.
- National Day (国庆节 Guóqìng Jié) — 1 October
Known as the Golden Weeks, Chinese New Year and National Day holidays span multiple days; nearly all workers get at least a week for Chinese New Year and some of them get two or three. For many working Chinese, these are the only times of the year they get to travel. Students get four to six weeks of holiday.
Chinese New Year is a traditional time to visit family, and the entire country pretty well shuts down. Many stores and other businesses will close from a few days to a week or longer.
In early July, around 20 million university students will return home and then in late August they will return to school. Roads, railways and planes very busy at these times.
Many areas or ethnic minorities have their own festivals. See listings for individual towns for details. Here are some other nationally important festivals:
- Lantern Festival (元宵节 Yuánxiāo Jié or 上元节 Shàngyuán Jié) — 15th day of the 1st lunar month, traditionally the last day of the Chinese New Year, February to early March (26 February in 2021). In some cities, such as Quanzhou, this is a big festival with elaborate lanterns all over town.
- Double Seventh Day (七夕 Qīxī) — 7th day of the 7th lunar month, usually August (14 August in 2021). This romantic holiday is similar to Valentine's Day.
- Double Ninth Festival or Chongyang Festival (重阳节 Chóngyáng Jié) — 9th day of the 9th lunar month, usually October (14 October in 2021)
- Winter Solstice (冬至 Dōngzhì) — 21 to 23 December (21 December in 2021)
Some Western festivals are noticeable, at least in major cities. Around Christmas, one hears carols — some in English, some in Chinese, and one from Hong Kong that goes "Lonely, lonely Christmas". Some stores are decorated and many shop assistants wear red and white elf hats. Chinese Christians celebrate services and masses at officially sanctioned Protestant and Catholic churches as well. For Valentine's Day, many restaurants offer special meals.
Around the longer holidays (especially the two Golden Weeks and sometimes Labor Day), surrounding weekends may be rearranged to make the holiday longer. This means that around major holidays, places may be closed when they're usually open or open when they would usually be closed.
Time zones
Despite geographically spanning five time zones, all of China officially follows Beijing Time (GMT 8). However, in the restive province of Xinjiang, while the official time is Beijing Time, some ethnic Uyghurs use the GMT 6 time zone as a sign of defiance against Beijing.
O'qing
- Wild Swans by Jung Chang (ISBN 0007176155 ) - a biography of three generations, from the warlord days to the end of Mao's era, illustrating life under China's version of nationalism and communism. This book is banned in China.
- The Search for Modern China by Jonathan Spence - a standard history book on modern China from the late Ming to the current period.
Topics in China |
Gapir
- See also: Chinese phrasebook
The official language of China is Standard Mandarin, known in Chinese as Pǔtōnghuà (普通话, "common speech"), which is based on the Beijing dialect; Chinese in general is known as Zhōngwén (中文). Standard Mandarin is the main language for government and media, as well as the national lingua franca. While the official language is standardized, local pronunciation of Mandarin does vary by region. Unless otherwise noted, all terms, spellings and pronunciations in this guide are in Standard Mandarin. While national media is broadcast in Mandarin, each area often has its own local media that broadcasts in the local language.
Chinese is written using Chinese characters (汉字, hànzì, lit. "Han characters"). Unlike an alphabet that represents individual sounds without any inherent meaning, each Chinese character represents a meaningful syllable: a specific word or part of a word. Although they look impenetrable at first, there is some method to the madness: most characters are composed from base components combined with other characters (often giving clues to both pronunciation and general meaning). The same characters are used in Japan and Korea with usually similar meanings, albeit different pronunciations. However, since the 1950s mainland China has used simplified characters, such as 龟 ning o'rniga 龜, in an attempt to eradicate illiteracy. Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and many overseas Chinese still use the traditional characters, which are also sometimes used on the mainland as an aesthetic choice. As a result, a word like "bank" will be written 銀行 as often as 银行. The simplification was fairly systematic, and you may deduce at least some of the simplifications on your own just from seeing them frequently. Cursive forms of Chinese characters, often used for effect in logos, range from "looks familiar if you squint" to "impenetrable scribbles".
The standard way of romanizing Mandarin is pinyin (汉语拼音 hànyǔ pīnyīn). It's a fairly logical system, although it has a few idiosyncrasies, including using some letters in ways that are different from English (such as q which is similar to English "ch" and x which is like English "sh"). Mandarin is also tonal, meaning each syllable has to be pronounced with the correct tone — high, rising, falling-rising, falling, or neutral — to be understood; tones are marked in pinyin using diacritics that graphically mimic the tones patterns (as in mā, má, mǎ, màva ma). With just a few hours of practice, you can learn to pronounce Mandarin words accurately using pinyin. However, as Chinese has many homophones, pinyin is useful for pronunciation but not practical for communicating meaning; for something like a street address, you need to use Chinese characters.
Although Chinese is written nearly the same across the country, spoken Chinese has a huge array of dialects, of which Standard Mandarin is just one. Verbally, Chinese dialects are as different from each other as English and Dutch, or French and Italian — related, but not mutually intelligible. Two people who speak different Chinese dialects read and write the same, but they would pronounce the written text differently, and can't carry on a conversation with each other. However, thanks to heavy emphasis in the education system, most people can comfortably carry on a conversation in Standard Mandarin, though sometimes with a strong accent. In some areas, younger people are more likely to speak Mandarin than dialects, due to previous education policies that prohibited the use of dialects in school.
A variety of (mainly northern) dialects closely related to the standard are classified as Mandarin and account for the majority of China's population. Other large groups of dialects include Wu (spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu) and Yue (Guangdong), which includes Cantonese (spoken in much of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau). The Min (Fujian) group includes Minnan (Hokkien, spoken in South Fujian and in Taiwan), Fuzhou dialect (Foochow or Hokchiu, spoken around Fuzhou), Teochew (Chiuchow, spoken in Chaoshan) and Hainanese (spoken in the island province Hainan). Hakka is spoken in several parts of southern China but is more related to northern dialects. Like Mandarin, these are all tonal languages.
Most Chinese are bilingual or even trilingual, speaking Mandarin as well as regional or local dialects. Some who are older or less educated may speak only the local dialect. While you can easily get by in most of China speaking Mandarin, learning a bit of the local dialect is always appreciated, and may get you preferential treatment in shops and restaurants.
Besides dialects of Chinese, various regions also have ethnic minority languages. The west has Turkic languages such as Uyghur, Kyrgyzva Kazakh as well as other languages such as Tibetan; the north and northeast has Manchu, Mongolianva Korean; the south has many other ethnic minorities who speak their own languages. However, except for some older folks, Mandarin is generally usable in these regions and many people are bilingual. In areas with large ethnic minority populations, the relevant ethnic minority language is sometimes co-official with Mandarin, and you may see bilingual road signs.
Chinese Sign Language (CSL or ZGS, 中国手语 Zhōngguó Shǒuyǔ) is the dominant sign language. There is an official version of CSL standardized by the government. There are also two regional dialects, Southern (from Shanghai) and Northern (from Beijing); these and official CSL are largely mutually intelligible. CSL is not mutually intelligible with Hong Kong, Taiwanese, or Malaysian Sign Languages, nor with any others. Tibetan Sign Language (藏语手语 Zàng yǔ shǒuyǔ) is an independent sign language used in Tibet, not mutually intelligible with any others; it too is standardized by the government based on existing regional sign languages.
English
Chinese students study English from primary school to high school, and are required to pass an English test in order to graduate from university. However, the focus is mainly on formal grammar and writing, with less emphasis on reading, and even less on speaking or listening. While knowledge of basic words and phrases such as "hello," "thank you", "OK" and "bye-bye" appears nearly universal, the ability to participate in an English conversation can be limited.
It's generally rare to find locals conversant in English. Staff at airports, hotels, and popular tourist attractions can sometimes speak basic to conversational English. As China's tourism industry primarily caters to the domestic market, outside major international tourist cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xi'an, even staff at tourist attractions may not be conversant in English.
When using English, simplify and speak slowly. Chinese grammar is very different from English, as verbs, pronouns, and other words essentially don't inflect at all. Although it sounds abrupt in English, simple declarative sentences like "Give me two beers" are quite similar to Chinese, and thus more readily understood than roundabout constructions like "Could we have a pair of beers please?".
While English signage or menus are increasingly widespread in China, especially at or near tourist attractions, they are often written in incorrect English. Such signage can be difficult to read, but as "Chinglish" follows certain rules, it can usually be deciphered. Oftentimes, translations are simply a word-by-word equivalent of a Chinese expression which, like a word puzzle, can sometimes be pieced together with some thought, but in other cases may be utterly baffling.
Many places have English Corner, informal gatherings for practicing oral English, which can be a good way to meet locals. They're often held at schools and colleges on Friday afternoons, and on Sundays in public parks, English schools, and bookstores, and universities. Topics often include cultural activities like holidays and festivals from English speaking countries, such as Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.
Other foreign languages
Although not as widespread as English, there are some foreign languages that are of use in China. Korean is spoken as a native language by the ethnic Korean minority in the north east of the country, while Mongolian is the native language of the ethnic Mongol community in Inner Mongolia. Japanese is spoken by some professionals in international businesses. German is a popular language for engineering professionals. Some people in border areas and some older people are able to speak Ruscha. Arabic is commonly studied among Muslim communities.
Chiqinglar
 | Visa restrictions: As of 31 January, 2020, Chinese authorities do not recognize British National (Overseas) (BNO) passports. BNO passport holders should use appropriate travel documents (foreign passport/home return permit) to enter China. |
| (Information last updated Jan 2021) |
Visas
| COVID-19 information:Entry will be denied to most travelers, including those with valid visas or residence permits and those who are normally permitted visa-free transit. Entry by foreign nationals with APEC Business Travel Cards is suspended. Visa on arrival, 24/72/144-hour visa-free transit policy, Hainan 30-day visa-free policy, 15-day visa-free policy for foreign cruise-group-tour through Shanghai Port, Guangdong 144-hour visa-free policy specified for foreign tour groups from Hong Kong or Macao SAR, and Guangxi 15-day visa-free policy for foreign tour groups of ASEAN countries are also temporarily suspended. Entry with diplomatic, service, courtesy or C visas is not affected. Foreign nationals coming to China for necessary economic, trade, scientific or technological activities or out of emergency humanitarian needs may apply for visas at Chinese embassies or consulates. Visas issued after 26 March 2020 will be accepted. Meanwhile, healthy Chinese, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan travellers who have not visited any foreign countries in the past 14 days can visit parts of Guangdong from Macau (including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen va Zhaoqing) after declaring their COVID-19 test as negative through Guangdong's health code app. |
| (Information last updated 27 Jan 2021) |
Visa policy overview China offers the following visas to citizens of most countries:
A few nationalities are exempted from needing to obtain a visa before traveling to China for certain durations. You can contact your nearest Chinese embassy or consulate for more details. |
Most travelers will need a visa (签证 qiānzhèng) to visit mainland China. In most cases, it should be obtained from a Chinese embassy or consulate before departure. Visas for Gonkong va Macau may be obtained from a Chinese embassy or consulate, but they must be applied for separately from the mainland Chinese visa; there is no visa that serves both mainland China and either of those areas. A single-entry mainland China visa is terminated if you go to Hong Kong or Macau, so ensure that you have a multiple entry visa if you plan to return to mainland China.
You must submit your fingerprints during the visa application process. Children under 14, and senior citizens over 70 are excepted. Your fingerprints may also be taken when you enter China.
30-day single- or double-entry visas for the mainland can sometimes be acquired in Hong Kong or Macau. You can generally fly from overseas to Hong Kong and spend a few days there to get a visa for the mainland. This is supposed to be available only to residents of Hong Kong or Macau. Exceptions are often made but they vary over time, and are not reliable. Macau's visa office is less crowded and the hotels are a bit cheaper, but it takes just as long. In general, only single- and double-entry visas are granted to visitors without Hong Kong ID cards, although foreigners with previous entries into the mainland and Hong Kong student or work visa holders have been known to be approved for multiple entries. Many Hong Kong travel agencies (such as China Travel Service) offer a faster visa turnaround service for a fee. In addition, a travel agency has some capacity to negotiate on the length of your visa. You might apply for a one-year visa and have that rejected; however, they may well be able to get a 6-month visa for you instead.
Visas are sometimes denied to travelers with passport stamps from Turkey and nearby Middle Eastern countries; qarang Visa trouble#China qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun.
Visa-free travel: Nationals of Brunei, Yaponiyava Singapur can visit China without a visa for up to 15 days; nationals of Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Fiji, Grenada, Qatar, Serbia, Seychelles, Tongava United Arab Emirates for up to 30 days; nationals of Mauritius for up to 60 days; and nationals of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ekvadorva San Marino for up to 90 days. (Nationals of Bosnia and Herzegovina can only stay 90 days within a 180-day period.)
To visit mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau residents of Chinese nationality must apply at the China Travel Service, the sole authorized issuing agent, to obtain a Home Return Permit (回乡证 húixiāngzhèng), a credit card-sized ID allowing multiple entries and unlimited stay for ten years with no restrictions including on employment. Taiwanese citizens are required to obtain a Taiwan Compatriot Pass (台胞证 táibāozhèng), which is typically valid for five years, and may live in mainland China indefinitely for the duration of the permit's validity with no restrictions including on employment. Travelers should check the most up-to-date information before traveling.
Transit without a visa
Exceptions from visa requirements may be available for those transiting through some airports, to enable you to take short visits to many metropolitan regions of the country. These rules are dizzyingly complicated and subject to sudden changes, so check with your airline shortly before attempting this method of entry.
Citizens of the designated countries who arrive at airports in Pekin, Chengdu, Chontsin, Dalian, Hangzhou, Kunming, Nanjing, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanxay, Shenyang, Shijiazhuang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xiamenva Sian can stay in the city of arrival for up to 144 hours provided they depart from an airport of the same city. The onward ticket must be to a country other than the country from which their arriving flight originated and they must have the required entry documents for the third country or countries. In Guangdong, this arrangement applies to the whole province. A similar policy in Guilin, Harbinva Changsha allows stays of up to 72 hours. Passengers without a visa who intend to leave the transit area will typically be directed by an immigration officer to wait in an office for around 20 minutes while other officials review the passengers' onward flight documentation.
For the city of Shanxay and the neighboring provinces of Jiangsu va Zhejiang, visa-free entries through the airports of Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, as well as the Shanghai sea port or Shanghai Station (through train from Hong Kong), are allowed. Once admitted, passengers can go anywhere within the three province-level units, and must depart within 144 hours (6 days). Translation: 144-Hour Visa-Free Transit Policy for Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.
In Hainan, citizens of the UK, Canada, the US and some other European and Asian countries can travel for up to 30 days without a visa.
Types of visas
Getting a tourist visa is fairly easy for most passports as you don't need an invitation, which is required for business or working visas. The usual tourist single-entry visa is valid for a visit of 30 days and must be used within three months of the date of issue. A double-entry tourist visa must be used within six months of the date of issue. It is possible to secure a single, double, or multiple entry tourist visa for up to 60 days or, less commonly, 90 days for some citizens applying in their home countries.
Consulates and travel agents have been known to occasionally request proof of onward travel at the time of visa application.
Tourist visa extensions can be applied for at the local Entry & Exit Bureau or Public Security Bureau (公安局 Gōng'ānjú) after handing in the following documents: valid passport, visa extension application form including one passport-sized photo, a copy of the Registration Form of Temporary Residence which you received from the local police station at registration. Tourist visas can be only extended once. Processing time is usually five working days and it costs ¥160. See city articles to find out the local bureau.
Some travelers will need a dual entry or multiple entry visa. For example, if you enter China on a single entry visa, then go to Hong Kong or Macau, you need a new visa to re-enter mainland China. In Hong Kong, multiple entry visas are officially available only to HKID holders, but the authorities are willing to bend the rules somewhat and may approve three-month multiple entry visas for short-term Hong Kong qualified residents, including exchange students. It is recommended to apply directly with the Chinese government in this case, as some agents will be unwilling to submit such an application on your behalf.
Obtaining a Visa on Arrival is possible usually only for the Shenzhen or Zhuhai Special Economic Zones, and such visas are limited to those areas. When crossing from Hong Kong to Shenzhen at Lo Wu railway station, and notably not at Lok Ma Chau, a five-day Shenzhen-only visa can be obtained during extended office hours on the spot. The office accepts only Chinese yuan as payment.
There may be restrictions on visas for some nationalities and these vary over time. Masalan:
- The visa fee for American nationals is US$140 (or US$110 as part of a group tour).
- Indian nationals are limited to 10- or 15-day tourist visas, and have to show US$100 per day of visa validity in the form of traveler's checks. (US$1,000 and US$1,500, respectively).
- Foreigners in South Korea not holding an alien registration card must travel to the Chinese consulate in Busan, as the Chinese embassy in Seul does not issue visas to non-residents in Korea. Applications must be made through an official travel agency.
Qarang Working in China for information for those who want to work in China, and their family members.
One option for foreigners married to Chinese citizens is to obtain a six- to twelve-month visiting relatives (探亲 tànqīn) visa. This is a tourist (L) visa that permits individuals to remain in China continuously for the duration of their visa and does not require the visa holder to exit and re-enter China to maintain the validity of the visa. To apply for a this visa, you should first enter the country on a different visa and then apply for a visiting relatives visa at the local Public Security bureau in the city that your marriage was registered in, which is usually your Chinese spouse's hometown. Bring your marriage certificate and spouse's identification card (身份证 shēnfènzhèng).
If you apply for a visa in South Korea, you will generally have to either show an Alien Registration Card showing you still have several months of residency in South Korea or show that you've received a Chinese visa within the last two years. You cannot apply to a Chinese embassy or consulate directly but must proceed through a travel agent. Generally only 30-day single entry visas are available.
Registering your abode
Chinese immigration law requires that hotels, guest houses and hostels register their guests with the local police when they check in. The staff will scan your passport including your visa and entry stamps. In some places, your face may be photographed. Help staff out if they do not know where the most recent stamp is — immigration officers are sometimes known to stamp in the wrong order.
Some of the lower-end hotels are not set up for this and will refuse foreign guests. Others will accept foreign guests but ignore the registration requirement. You should avoid staying at one of these places immediately after arriving in China, lest you run into problems later, such as refusal of entry, due to not registering when you entered the country.
If you are staying in a private residence, you are required to register your abode with the local police within 24 hours (city) to 72 hours (countryside) of arrival, though the law is enforced inconsistently. The police will ask for a copy of the photograph page of your passport, a copy of your visa, a copy of your immigration entry stamp, a photograph and a copy of the tenancy agreement or other document concerning the place you are staying in. That agreement might not be in your name but it will still be asked for.
This Temporary Residence Permit should be carried with you at all times, especially if you are in larger cities or where control is tight.
You must re-register if your visa or residence permit undergoes any changes — extensions, or changes in passport (even here, it is ideal to re-register when you get a new passport, regardless if you've transferred the visa or residence permit to the new passport). In some cities, you must re-register every time you re-enter mainland China even if your residence permit is still valid; check with your local police station to see if this is necessary.
Samolyotda
| COVID-19 information: China maintains a circuit breaker policy regarding flights arriving in China. A flight route operated by a particular airline will be terminated for a period of 1 week if more than 5 COVID-19 positive cases are found related to the route, and 4 weeks for more than 10 cases. The Civil Aviation Administration of China publishes these termination orders regularly from time to time, and please contact your airline if you are affected by such orders. |
| (Information last updated 13 Oct 2020) |
Transiting through Hong Kong and Macau If arriving in Hong Kong or Macau there are ferries that can shuttle passengers straight to another destination such as Shekou or Bao'an Airport in Shenzhen, Macau Airport, Zhuhai and elsewhere without actually "entering" Hong Kong or Macau. |
The main international gateways to mainland China are Pekin (PEK IATA & PKX IATA, for all airports BJS IATA), Shanxay (PVG IATA) and Guangzhou (CAN IATA). The explosive growth of commercial aviation in China has led to the proliferation of international gateways to the country. In particular, Chengdu (CTU IATA), Chontsin (CKG IATA) and Kunming (KMG IATA) are emerging as major Chinese hubs, with flights to destinations in North America, Europe and Oceania.
Airline tickets are expensive or hard to come by around Chinese New Year, the Chinese 'golden weeks' and university holidays.
If you live in a city with a sizeable overseas Chinese community, check for cheap flights with someone in that community or visit travel agencies operated by Chinese. Sometimes flights advertised only in Chinese newspapers or travel agencies cost significantly less than posted fares in English. However if you go and ask, you can get the same discount price.
Airlines
China's carriers are growing rapidly. The three largest, and state-owned airlines are flag carrier Air China (中国国际航空), as well as China Eastern Airlines (中国东方航空) and China Southern Airlines (中国南方航空), based in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou respectively. Other airlines include XiamenAir (厦门航空), Hainan Airlines (海南航空), Shenzhen Airlines (深圳航空) and Sichuan Airlines (四川航空).
Gonkong-based Cathay Pacific can connect from many international destinations to all the major mainland cities. Other Asian carriers with good connections into China include Singapore Airlines, Japan-based Japan Airlines va All Nippon Airways, South Korea-based Korean Air va Asian Airlines, and Taiwan-based China Airlines va EVA Air.
Many major carriers based outside Asia fly to at least one of China's main hubs — Pekin (Capital or Daxing), Shanghai Pudong va Guangzhou — and many go to several of those. Some, such as KLM, also have flights to other less prominent Chinese cities. Check the individual city articles for details.
Qarang Discount airlines in Asia for some additional options both to reach China and to get around within it.
Poyezdda
China can be reached by train from many of its neighboring countries and even all the way from Europe.
- Russia & Europe - two lines of the Trans-Siberian Railway (Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Manchurian) run between Moskva and Beijing, stopping in various other Russian cities, and for the Trans-Mongolian, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
- Kazakhstan & Central Asia - from Almaty, Kazakhstan, you can travel by rail to Ürümqi in the northwestern province of Xinjiang. There are long waits at the Alashankou border crossing for customs, as well as for changing the wheelbase for the next country's track. Another, shorter, trans-border route has no direct train service; rather, you take an overnight Kazakh train from Almaty to Altynkol, cross the border to Khorgos, and then take an overnight Chinese train from Khorgos (or the nearby Yining) to Urumqi. There is also direct train service between Ürümqi and Astana (via Khorgos). (Details, in Chinese)
- Gonkong - regular services link mainland China with Gonkong. A high speed rail link was completed in 2018.
- Vetnam - from Hanoi Gia Lam Station to Nanning in Guangxi province, via the Friendship Pass. You can take a train from Hanoi to Lao Cai, walk or take a taxi across the border to Hekou, and take a train from Hekou North to Kunming.
- North Korea - four weekly connections between the North Korean capital Pyongyang va Pekin.
By road
China has land borders with 14 countries. Mainland China also has land borders with the Special Administrative Regions of Gonkong va Macau, which are similar to international borders. Most of the border crossings in western China are in remote mountain passes, which while difficult to reach and traverse, often reward travelers willing to make the effort with breathtaking scenic views.
Hindiston
The Nathu La Pass between Sikkim in India and Southern Tibet is not open to tourists, and both countries require special permits to visit. The pass has reopened for cross-border trade since 2006, so the tourist restriction may be lifted in the future.
Myanmar (Burma)
Entering China from Myanmar is possible at the Ruili (China)-Lashio (Myanmar) border crossing, but permits must be obtained from the Burmese authorities in advance. Generally, this would require you to join a guided tour.
Vetnam
For most travelers, Hanoi is the origin for any overland journey to China. There are three international crossings:
Laos
From Luang Namtha you can get a bus to Mengla. You must have a Chinese visa beforehand as there is no way to get one on arrival.
Also, there is a direct Chinese sleeper-bus connection from Luang Prabang to Kunming (about 32 hours). You can jump in this bus at the border, when the minibus from Luang Namtha and the sleeper meet. Don't pay more than ¥200, though.
Pokiston
The Karakoram Highway from northern Pokiston into Western China is one of the most spectacular roads in the world. It's closed for tourists for a few months in winter. Crossing the border is relatively quick because of few overland travelers, and friendly relations between the two countries. Preliminary customs inspection will be done on spot, while immigration and customs inspection are done at suburban Tashkurgan. A bus runs between Kashgar (China) and Sust (Pakistan) across the Kunerjab pass.
Nepal
The road from Nepal to Tibet passes near Mount Everest, and through amazing mountain scenery. Entering Tibet from Nepal is only possible for tourists on package tours, but it is possible to travel into Nepal from Tibet
Mongolia
There are two border crossings open to foreigners between Mongolia and China:
Other crossings open to nationals are are: Zhuen Gadabuqi or Zuun Khatavch (Xilingol, Inner Mongolia), Bichig (Mongolia), and Sheveekhuren - Sekhee.
Qozog'iston
The border crossing closest to Almaty is at Khorgos. Buses run almost daily from Almaty to Ürümqi va Yining. No visa-on-arrival is available so ensure that both your Chinese and Kazakh visas are in order before attempting this. Another major crossing is at Alashankou (Dostyk on the Kazakh side).
Kyrgyztan
It is possible to cross the Torugart pass from Kyrgyztan, but the road is rough and the pass is only open during the summer months (June–September) every year. It is possible to arrange crossings all the way from Kashgar, but ensure that all your visas are in order.
Alternatively, while less scenic, a smoother crossing is at Irkeshtam to the south of Torugart.
Tajikistan
There is a single border crossing between China and Tajikistan at Kulma, which is open on weekdays from May–November. A bus operates across the border between Kashgar in Xinjiang and Khorog in Tajikistan. Ensure both your Chinese and Tajik visas are in order before attempting this crossing.
Rossiya
The most popular border crossing at Manzhouli yilda Inner Mongolia. Buses run from Manzhouli to Zabaikalsk in Russia. There are also ferries across the Amur from Heihe to Blagoveshchensk, and from Fuyuan to Khabarovsk. Farther east, there are land border crossings at Suifenhe, Dongning, and Hunchun. Ensure both your Russian and Chinese visas are in order before attempting.
North Korea
Crossing overland from North Korea at the Dandong/Sinuiju border crossing is fairly straightforward if you have arranged it as part of your North Korean tour. The other border crossings along the Yalu and Tumen rivers may not be open to tourists. Your tour company must ensure that your Chinese and North Korean visas are in order before attempting this.
Gonkong
There are four road border crossings into China from Gonkong:
- Lok Ma Chau/Huanggang,
- Sha Tau Kok/Shatoujiao,
- Man Kam To/Wenjindu, and
- the Shenzhen Bay Bridge.
A visa on arrival is available for some nationalities at Huanggang, but visas must be arranged in advance for all other crossings.
Macau
The two border crossings are at the Portas do Cerco/Gongbei va Lotus Bridge. A visa-on-arrival can be obtained by certain nationalities at the Portas do Cerco. At Gongbei, Zhuhai train station is adjacent to the border crossing, with frequent train service to Guangzhou.
Boshqalar
Travelers cannot cross the borders with Afghanistan va Bhutan.
By boat
There are a number of boats to China by sea and river:
- Hong Kong and Macau: There is regular ferry and hovercraft service between Hong Kong and Macau to the rest of the Pearl River Delta, such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai. Ferry service from Hong Kong International Airport allow arriving passengers to proceed directly to China without having to clear Hong Kong immigration and customs.
- Yaponiya: A ferry service to Shanxay from Osaka va Kobe, Japan. Service is once or twice weekly, depending on the season and takes about 2 days.
- Janubiy Koreya: A ferry service to Shanghai and Tianjin from Incheon, a port close to Seul. Another line is to Qingdao or Weihai from Incheon or Dalian from Incheon.
- Taiwan: Hourly ferries (18 departures per day) run from Kinmen to Xiamen, with the journey time either 30 minutes or one hour depending on port. There is also a regular ferry between Kinmen and Quanzhou with 3 departures per day. A twice-daily ferry links Matsu with Fuzhou, with journey time about 2 hours. From the Taiwanese main island, there are weekly departures from Taichung va Keelung aboard the Cosco Star to Xiamen va Damaiyu, Taizhou.
- Tailand: Golden Peacock Shipping company runs a speedboat three times a week on the Mekong river to Jinghong yilda Yunnan from Chiang Saen (Thailand). Passengers are not required to have visas for Laos or Myanmar, although the greater part of the trip is on the river bordering these countries. Tickets cost ¥650.
- Kruiz kemasi: Kuzda bir nechta kruiz chiziqlari kemalarini harakatga keltiradi Alyaska ga Osiyo va yaxshi aloqalarni umuman olganda qoldirish mumkin Anchorage, Vankuver, yoki Sietl. Star Cruises o'rtasida ishlaydi Keelung Xitoyning materik qismidagi Tayvanda va Xiamenda, yo'lda Yaponiya orollaridan birida to'xtadi.
Atrofga boring
Sog'liqni saqlash kodlari  "Sog'liqni saqlash kodeksi" ga misol |
Google Maps kabi ko'plab xorijiy dasturlar ishlamang Xitoyda va VPN orqali ulangan bo'lsa ham, qamrovli qamrov va ma'lumotlar sifatiga ega. Bundan tashqari, Xitoy o'zining koordinatali tizimidan foydalanadi, bu ba'zan chet el xaritasi dasturlaridan foydalanishda muammo tug'diradi. Xitoyliklarning o'zi foydalanadigan eng keng tarqalgan yo'nalish topuvchi dastur Baidu xaritalari, garchi u faqat xitoy tilida mavjud bo'lsa. Amap butun Xitoy uchun samarali Citymapper hisoblanadi. U faqat ingliz tilida Apple qurilmalarida mavjud va Xitoy materikida bo'lganingizda Apple Maps o'rnini bosadi. Unda barcha jamoat transportlari ro'yxati berilgan va hatto qishloq ko'rinadigan joylarda ham avtoulov marshrutlari taklif qilingan. Shu bilan bir qatorda OpenStreetMap ma'lumotlariga yoki mahalliy GPS-ni ijaraga olishga asoslangan boshqa xarita dasturlari kiradi. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot GPS-navigatsiya.
Uzoq ko'chalarning nomlari ko'pincha ko'cha qismini ko'rsatadigan o'rta so'z beriladi: shimoliy (北.) běi), janub (南 nán), sharq (东.) dōng), g'arbiy (西 xī) yoki markaziy (中 zhōng). Masalan, Oq ot ko'chasi yoki Báimǎ Lù (白 马路) bo'linishi mumkin Báimǎ Běilù ("White Horse North Street"),, Báimǎ Nánlù (白马 白马 "White Horse South Street"), va Baimǎ Zhōnglù ("White Horse Central Street"). Ammo ba'zi shaharlarda bu nomlar bitta ko'chaning qismlarini bildirmaydi. In Xiamen, Xubin Bey Lu va Xubin Nan Lu (Shimoliy ko'l bo'yidagi yo'l va Janubiy ko'l bo'yidagi yo'l) parallel bo'lib, ko'lning shimoliy va janubiy tomonlaridan sharqiy-g'arbiy yo'nalishda harakatlanadi. In Nankin, Zhonshan Lu, Zhonshan Be Lu va Zhongshan Dong Lu uchta alohida katta yo'l.
Samolyotda
Xitoy ulkan mamlakat, agar siz faqat sharqiy dengiz qirg'og'iga borishni rejalashtirmasangiz, albatta ichki reyslarni ko'rib chiqing. Xitoyda barcha yirik shaharlar va sayyohlik yo'nalishlarini bog'laydigan ko'plab mahalliy reyslar mavjud. Aviakompaniyalar uchta davlatga tegishli xalqaro aviakompaniyalarni o'z ichiga oladi: Air China, China Southern va China Eastern, shuningdek Hainan Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Sichuan Airlines va Shanghai Airlines.
Gonkong yoki Makao va Xitoyning materik shaharlari o'rtasidagi parvozlar xalqaro parvozlar hisoblanadi va juda qimmatga tushishi mumkin. Demak, Gonkong yoki Makaoga kelish yoki undan ketish, odatda ko'p shunchaki chegaradan narida joylashgan Shenchjen yoki Chjujayga yoki Guanchjouga uchish arzonroq, bu esa biroz uzoqroq, ammo ko'proq yo'nalishlarga parvozlarni taklif qiladi.
Ichki reyslarga narxlar standart stavkalarda belgilanadi, lekin chegirmalar, ayniqsa, gavjum yo'nalishlarda keng tarqalgan. Aksariyat yaxshi mehmonxonalar va ko'plab yotoqxonalarda sayohat chiptalari xizmati mavjud bo'lib, ular sizni chiptalar narxidan 15-70% tejashga qodir. Xitoyning barcha shaharlarida sayyohlik agentliklari va bron ofislari juda ko'p va shunga o'xshash chegirmalar taqdim etadi. Chegirmalarni ko'rib chiqishdan oldin ham, Xitoyda samolyotda sayohat qilish qimmat emas.
Xitoy bo'ylab sayohat qilish uchun, odatda, Xitoydan yoki Xitoy veb-saytlaridan (ko'pincha ingliz tilidagi versiyalari mavjud) chiptalarni sotib olish yaxshiroqdir. Foydali dastur / veb-sayt CTrip, bu poezd / samolyot chiptalarini sotib olish uchun xalqaro kredit / debet kartasidan foydalanishingiz mumkin bo'lgan yagona usul. Agar siz chiptani xitoylik sotuvchidan sotib olsangiz, ular siz bilan parvozingizdagi o'zgarishlar to'g'risida sizga xabar berish uchun murojaat qilishadi. Agar siz chiptangizni chet eldan sotib olgan bo'lsangiz, uchishni rejalashtirishdan bir-ikki kun oldin parvoz holatini tekshirib ko'ring. Xitoy veb-saytlarida narxlar parvoz kunidan ikki oy oldin yuqoriligicha qolmoqda, bunda, agar ma'lum bir reys oldindan og'ir bron qilinmagan bo'lsa, odatda katta chegirmalar mavjud.
Parvozlarning sababsiz kechiktirilishi odatiy hol bo'lib, qisman havo hududining qattiq harbiy nazorati ostida bo'lganligi sababli - kam sonli mamlakatlar o'zlarining havo hududlarini Xitoy kabi fuqarolik aviatsiyasi chegaralaridan tashqarida qoldiradilar. Qisqa masofaga sayohat qilish uchun siz kabi alternativalarni ko'rib chiqishingiz mumkin tezyurar temir yo'l. Parvozni bekor qilish ham odatiy hol emas. Agar siz chiptani xitoylik sotuvchidan sotib olsangiz, ular siz bilan bog'lanishga harakat qilishadi (agar siz aloqa ma'lumotlarini qoldirsangiz) parvoz rejasining o'zgarishi haqida sizga xabar berish uchun. Agar siz chiptangizni chet eldan sotib olgan bo'lsangiz, uchishni rejalashtirishdan bir-ikki kun oldin parvoz holatini tekshiring.
20-asr oxirlarida tartibga solinmaganligiga qaramay, Xitoy aviatsiyasining xavfsizlik ko'rsatkichlari hozirda juda yaxshi. Ular 2010 yildan buyon o'lim bilan bog'liq katta baxtsiz hodisaga duch kelmaganlar va Xitoyning nazorat organlari ekipajlar tomonidan xavfsizlik qoidalarini buzish yoki texnik xizmat ko'rsatish muammolari haqida gap ketganda juda bema'nilik qilishadi.
Shuningdek, tekshirilgan bagaj kvitansiyalaringizni yo'qotmasligingizga ishonch hosil qiling, chunki ular yuklarni qabul qilish zalidan chiqib ketishingizga ruxsat berishdan oldin ular sizning yuklaringiz yorliqlari bilan tekshiriladi.
Poyezdda
- Shuningdek qarang Xitoyda temir yo'l bilan sayohat
Poezdlarda sayohat qilish xitoyliklar uchun uzoq masofalarga transportning asosiy usuli bo'lib, mamlakatning aksariyat qismini qamrab oluvchi keng yo'nalish tarmog'i mavjud. Dunyo bo'ylab temir yo'l transportining to'rtdan bir qismi Xitoyga to'g'ri keladi.
Hozir Xitoy dunyodagi eng uzun tarmoqqa ega tezyurar temir yo'llar (Frantsiya TGV yoki Yaponiyaning Shinkansen o'q poezdlariga o'xshash) deb nomlangan CRH, shu jumladan dunyodagi yagona yuqori tezlikda shpal poezdlari. Agar sizning marshrutingiz va byudjetingiz imkon bersa, bu aylanib o'tishning eng yaxshi usuli bo'lishi mumkin. CRH poezdlari jihozlar va tozalik jihatidan, hatto xalqaro miqyosda ham eng yuqori darajaga ega.
Ko'pgina yuqori darajadagi poezdlarda yozuvlar xitoy va ingliz tillarida amalga oshiriladi. Mahalliy poezdlarda ingliz tilida e'lon mavjud emas. Poezdda bo'lganingizda qimmatbaho buyumlaringizga ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki jamoat transportida o'g'irlik muammo tug'diradi. Harakat tabletkalari va quloq tiqinlari tavsiya etiladi.
Uzoq masofali poezdlarda bufet yoki ovqatlanish mashinasi mavjud bo'lib, ular o'rtacha ¥ 25 atrofida o'rtacha issiq ovqat bilan ta'minlanadi. Menyu butunlay xitoy tilida. Vokzal platformasida noodle, gazak va mevalarni arzonroq narxlarda sotadigan sotuvchilar bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pgina poyezd vagonlarida issiq qaynatilgan suv tarqatgich mavjud, shuning uchun siz choy, sho'rvalar va tez tayyorlanadigan makaron olib kelishingiz mumkin.
Chekishga o'tirish yoki uxlash joylarida ruxsat berilmaydi, lekin oddiy poezdlarda har bir vagon oxirida vestibyullarda ruxsat etiladi, tezyurar poezdlarda esa bu butunlay taqiqlangan. Belgilangan chekish xonalaridan tashqari stantsiya binolarida chekish taqiqlanadi.
Qarang Xitoyda temir yo'l bilan sayohat chiptalarni sotib olish bo'yicha ma'lumot uchun.
Xitoy temir yo'l stantsiyalari aeroport kabi ishlaydi, shuning uchun oxirgi daqiqada poezdda o'tirishga umid qilmang: eshiklar jo'nashidan bir necha daqiqa oldin yopiladi! Xavfsizligingiz uchun, u erda kamida 20 daqiqa oldin yoki katta temir yo'l stantsiyasiga kirsangiz, 30 daqiqada bo'ling. Kerakli joyda kutayotganingizga ishonch hosil qiling, chunki ko'pincha poezd bir necha daqiqada to'xtaydi.
Ko'pgina shaharlarda oddiy poezdlar va tezyurar poezdlar uchun turli xil stantsiyalar mavjud. Tezyurar stantsiya nomlari odatda shahar nomi va kardinal yo'nalishdan iborat (masalan Héngyángdōng, "Hengyang East").
Avtobusda
Jamoat tomonidan sayohat qilish shahar avtobuslari (公共汽车 gōnggòngqìchē) yoki shaharlararo avtobuslar (长途汽车 chángtúqìchē) arzon va shahar ichkarisida va qisqa masofalarga tashish uchun ideal.
Shahar avtobuslari har shaharda turlicha. Ammo, agar siz avtobus yo'nalishlarini tushunsangiz, u holda ular arzon va deyarli hamma joylarga borishadi. Odatda avtobuslarda sizga navbatdagi to'xtash joylari to'g'risida xabarnomalar yozib qo'yiladi - bunga misollar "xià yí zhàn - zhōng shān lù" (Zhongshan Road keyingi bekati) yoki "Shànghǎi nán huǒ chē zhàn dào le" (Shanxay Janubiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi - hozir kelmoqda) kiradi. ). Pekin yoki Xanchjou kabi ba'zi yirik shaharlar, hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi yirik yo'nalishlarda ingliz tilida e'lon qilishadi. Shahar atrofiga sayohat qilsangiz, tariflar odatda ¥ 1-3 yoki undan yuqori. Ko'pgina avtobuslarda kirish joyi yonida temir kassa bor (u erda siz tarifingizni kiritishingiz mumkin (o'zgarishsiz - ushbu ¥ 1 tangalarni tejang) yoki uzoqroq marshrutlarda chiptalarni yig'adigan va chiptalarni chiqaradigan va o'zgartiradigan konduktor. Haydovchi odatda tezlikni qulaylikdan ustun qo'yadi, shuning uchun mahkam ushlang.
Murabbiylar yoki shaharlararo avtobuslar, shahar atrofiga yoki kichik shaharlarga borish uchun poezdlarga qaraganda ancha amaliy bo'lishi mumkin. Sharqiy sohilning yirik shaharlaridan kelib chiqqan murabbiylar yumshoq o'rindiqlar bilan konditsioner bo'lishadi. Avtobus xodimlari foydali bo'lishga intiladilar, ammo ular chet elliklar bilan aviakompaniya xodimlariga qaraganda kamroq tanish.
Xitoyning qishloq joylarida murabbiy yoki avtobus - bu boshqacha tajriba. Avtobuslarni aniqlash uchun bekatdagi yozuvlar xitoy tilida bo'ladi. Chiptada murabbiyning davlat raqami bosilgan, u avtobusning orqa tomoniga purkagich bilan bo'yalgan bo'ladi. Rejalashtirilgan jo'nab ketish va kelish vaqti faqat taxminiy taxminlar, avtobus belgilangan vaqtda emas, balki to'la bo'lganida chiqib ketadi. Ko'pincha, qishloq murabbiylari Xitoyning ko'plab mintaqalarida transportning yagona shakli bo'lib, odatda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri transportsiz uzoqroq hududlarga borishni istasangiz, marshrut bo'ylab istalgan joyda to'xtashga tayyor. Avtobuslar, shuningdek, marshrut bo'ylab ko'p joylarda belgilanishi mumkin. Qolgan yo'llarga chipta narxi kelishib olinadi.
Chipta olish to'g'ridan-to'g'ri. Katta avtovokzallarda chiptalarni sotadigan kassalar mavjud bo'lib, ular jo'nash vaqti, yo'lovchilarning chiqish joyi va avtobusingizning davlat raqamini aks ettiradi. Chipta sotib olish uchun sizga pasport kerak, va ko'pincha xavfsizlik tekshiruvidan o'tishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
Metro orqali
Hozir Xitoyning aksariyat yirik shaharlarida metro / metro (地铁) mavjud dìtiě) tizimlar. Ular odatda zamonaviy, toza, samarali va hali ham tez sur'atlar bilan kengayib bormoqda. Pekin, Shanxay va Guanchjou allaqachon dunyodagi eng keng tizimlarga ega.
Vokzal platformalarida va poezdlarda odatda xitoy va ingliz tilidagi yozuvlar ushbu yo'nalishdagi barcha stantsiyalarni aks ettiradi. Vokzallar va poezdlardagi e'lonlar mandarin va ingliz tillarida, ba'zan esa mahalliy tilda amalga oshiriladi. Ko'pgina xaritalar (ayniqsa ingliz tilidagi versiyalari) tez kengayishda saqlanib qolmagan bo'lishi mumkin. O'zingiz bilan olib yurishingiz mumkin bo'lgan ikki tilli metro xaritasini onlayn qidiring.
Xitoy metro stantsiyalarida tez-tez turniketlardan oldin xavfsizlik punkti mavjud, bu erda siz sumkangizni rentgen skaneri orqali boshqarishingiz kerak. Cho'ntak cho'ntaklari, ehtimol, bekat to'xtash vaqtida uriladi, shuning uchun narsangizga e'tibor bering.
Stantsiyalar A, B, C1 yoki C2 kabi yorliqli ko'plab chiqishlarga ega. Xaritalarda har bir chiqish stantsiya atrofida aniq ko'rsatilganligini ko'rasiz. Bekatdagi belgilar sizning chiqish joyingizni topishni osonlashtiradi.
Taksida
Taksilar (出租车 chūzūchē yoki 的士 dīshì, Kanton tilida so'zlashadigan joylarda "deg-see" deb talaffuz qilinadi) o'rtacha narxga ega: flagship ¥ 5-14, km zaryad uchun ¥ 2-3. Shahar markazidagi ko'p sayohatlar 10-50 ¥ ni tashkil qiladi. Bagaj uchun qo'shimcha haq olinmaydi, lekin ko'plab shaharlarda kechalari narxlar yuqoriroq. Taksi narxi odatda eng yaqin yuanga yaxlitlanadi. Maslahatlar kutilmaydi, lekin xush kelibsiz, ayniqsa uzoq safarlardan keyin.
Taksilar odatda a orqali buyurtma qilinadi telefon ilovasi, va ko'chada taksida yurish qiyinlashdi. Eng mashhur dastur, Didi Chuxing, shuningdek, ingliz tilida ham mavjud.
Taksilar savdogarlar aeroport terminallari, temir yo'l stantsiyalari va chegara punktlarida sodda sayohatchilarni ta'qib qilishadi. Ular belgilangan narx bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga harakat qilishadi va odatda hisoblangan tarifning 2-3 baravaridan haq oladilar. Ko'pgina yirik aeroport terminallari tashqarisida taksilar uchun mo'ljallangan joylar mavjud; haydovchining hisoblagichdan foydalanishini talab qiling. Yo'l haqi taksida aniq belgilangan bo'lishi kerak.
Tug'ilgan soatlarda taksi topish biroz qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Yomg'ir yog'ayotgan bo'lsa, bu haqiqatan ham qiyinlashadi. Pik soatlardan uzoqroqda, ayniqsa tunda, ba'zida 10% dan 20% gacha chegirmaga ega bo'lish mumkin, ayniqsa, agar siz oldindan muzokara olib borsangiz, hisoblagich yoqilgan bo'lsa va kvitansiya so'rasangiz ham.
Old yo'lovchi o'rindig'ida o'tirish ma'qul va xitoy tilida aloqa qilishda muammolarga duch kelsangiz foydalidir. Ba'zi taksilar taksometrni vites qutisi yoniga o'rnatadilar, bu erda siz uni faqat oldingi o'rindiqdan ko'rishingiz mumkin. Haydovchilar chekishni so'ramay boshlashlari mumkin. Ba'zi shaharlarda haydovchilar, agar ularning yo'nalishlari bir xil umumiy yo'nalishda bo'lsa, bir nechta yo'lovchini olishga harakat qilishlari odatiy holdir. Har bir yo'lovchi yo'lovchining to'liq to'lovini to'laydi, lekin bu shoshilinch vaqtda bo'sh kabinani kutish vaqtini tejaydi.
Hatto yirik shaharlarda ham siz ingliz tilida gaplashadigan taksi haydovchisini topishingiz ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Agar siz talaffuz qila olmasangiz mandarin yaxshi, boradigan joyingizni yozib qo'ying xitoycha belgilarda haydovchiga ko'rsatish. Buning uchun sizning mehmonxonangiz va restoranlaringiz uchun tashrif qog'ozlar foydalidir. Obod janubiy va sharqiy qirg'oq provinsiyalarining yirik shaharlarida ko'plab taksi haydovchilari Xitoyning boshqa qismlaridan ko'chib kelganlar, ular Mandarin tilida gapirishadi, lekin mahalliy lahjada emas.
Haydovchilarning aksariyati halol va tariflari o'rtacha, ammo u erda yomon odamlar ham bor, ular sizning xitoycha bilimlaringizni kamligini o'z manfaatlaridan foydalanishga harakat qilishadi. Narxlar farqi odatda minimal bo'ladi. Agar sizning mehmonxonangizga borishda jiddiy aldanganingizni va uning eshigi borligini sezsangiz, unga yoki ish stoli xodimlariga yordam so'rab murojaat qilishingiz mumkin. Shaharlarda haydovchining guvohnomasini (boshqaruv panelida joylashtirilgan) yoki davlat raqamini suratga olish va uni rasmiylarga xabar berish bilan qo'rqitish juda samarali bo'lishi mumkin.
Ba'zi shaharlarda taksi kompaniyalari haydovchilar uchun haydovchilarning nom plitasida, yo'lovchilar o'rindig'i oldidagi panelda ko'rsatilgan 0 dan 5 gacha bo'lgan yulduzlarni baholash tizimidan foydalanadilar. Yo'q yoki ozgina yulduzlar yomon haydovchini ko'rsatmasa ham, ko'pgina yulduzlar shaharni yaxshi bilishini va sizni eng qisqa yo'l bilan so'ragan joyingizga olib borishga tayyorligini bildiradi. Haydovchining qobiliyatining yana bir ko'rsatkichi xuddi shu plakatda - haydovchining identifikatsiya raqamida bo'lishi mumkin. Kichkina raqam sizga uning uzoq vaqtdan beri borligini va shu bilan shaharni yaxshiroq bilishini aytadi. Mumkin bo'lgan taqdirda kattaroq taksi kompaniyalaridan foydalaning, chunki kichikroq kompaniyalarda insofsiz haydovchilar soni ko'proq.
Taksi topish haqida gap ketganda xitoyliklar ba'zan raqobatbardosh. Muayyan avtoulovni bayroqqa tushirgan shaxs, albatta, ushbu sayohatga ega bo'lish huquqiga ega emas. Mahalliy aholining avtoulovlarni ushlab qolish uchun tirbandlikda uzoqlashishi yoki taksiga kirishga urinayotganda yo'ldan chetlatilishi odatiy holdir. Agar bu hududda sayr qilish uchun raqobatlashadigan boshqalar bo'lsa, mashinangizga etib borishga va uni belgilab qo'ygandan so'ng imkon qadar tezroq unga kirishga tayyor bo'ling. Xavfsizlik kamaringizni doimo taqing (agar topsangiz).
Ba'zi taksi haydovchilari, xususan ingliz tilida gaplasha oladiganlar, ayniqsa, avjga chiqqan soatlarda (cur) qiziquvchan va suhbatdosh bo'lishlari mumkin. gāo fēng).
Velosipedda
- Asosiy maqola: Xitoyda velosiped haydash
Velosipedlar (自行车 zìxíngchē) ilgari Xitoyda transportning eng keng tarqalgan shakli bo'lgan, ammo ko'p odamlar elektr velosiped va mototsiklga o'tdilar. Velosipedlarni ta'mirlash ustaxonalari shaharlarda va qishloq joylarda keng tarqalgan.
Dockless minadigan velosipedlar Xitoyning yirik shaharlarida grab'n'go asosida ishlaydi: siz mobil telefoningiz orqali mavjud bo'lgan velosipedning qulfini ochasiz, ulardan foydalanayotganda har 30 daqiqada 1-2 ¥ to'laysiz va xohlagan joyingizga tashlab qo'yasiz. Eng yirik operatorlar Mobike (to'q sariq) va Ofo (kanareyka sariq) ingliz tilidagi dasturlarga ega. Dockless velosipedlar bardoshli ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan, ya'ni ular og'ir, jirkanch va kiyinmagan, ammo sayohatchilar uchun ular arzon, qulay transport vositasi bo'lishi mumkin, bu jamoat transporti bilan shug'ullanishdan ko'ra yaxshiroqdir.
Ikkita asosiy narsa bor velosipedchilar uchun xavf Xitoyda:
- Avtotransport harakati; avtomobillar va mototsikllar tez-tez ogohlantirishsiz tortib olinadi va aksariyat joylarda qizil chiroqlar ixtiyoriy.
- Velosipedni o'g'irlash avj olgan Xitoyning barcha shaharlarida.
Xitoy ulkan mamlakat va u jiddiy velosipedchilarga tog'lar va cho'l bo'ylab velosipedda yurish uchun qiyinchiliklar tug'diradi. Agar siz Xitoy bo'ylab velosipedda yurishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, sayohatingizdan oldin viza oling, chunki yo'lda borish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Safar velosipedda bo'ladi, deb aytishdan saqlaning, chunki elchixona xodimlariga bu yoqmasligi mumkin va Shinjon va Tibet siyosiy jihatdan sezgir. Viza har qanday chegarani kesib o'tish va transport usuli uchun amal qiladi (Tibetdan tashqari).
Mashinada
Shuningdek qarang:Xitoyda haydash
XXR odatda Xalqaro Haydash Hujjatlarini tan olmaydi va chet el fuqarolariga Xitoy litsenziyasiz Xitoyda haydashga ruxsat bermaydi. Gonkong va Makao litsenziyalari ham xorijiy hisoblanadi va ulardan biriga ega bo'lish materikda haydashga imkon bermaydi. Chet el transport vositalarini olib kirish qiyin. Vaqtinchalik litsenziyani olishning ba'zi usullari mavjud: "Xitoyda haydash" maqolasiga qarang.
Xitoyning yirik shaharlarida avtomobilni ijaraga olish deyarli umuman eshitilmaydi, umuman olganda, bu deyarli har qanday joyga etib boradigan mukammal jamoat transporti tarmoqlariga ega. Biroq, Xitoyning hali ham eng yaxshi mashinada o'rganiladigan ba'zi qishloq joylari mavjud. Ijaraga olingan mashinalar ko'pincha haydovchi bilan birga keladi va bu, ehtimol, Xitoyda mashinada sayohat qilishning eng yaxshi usuli.
Mototsiklda
Shuningdek qarang:Xitoyda haydash # Mototsikllar
Mototsikl taksilari, ayniqsa kichik shaharlarda va qishloq joylarda keng tarqalgan. Ular odatda arzon va samarali, ammo qo'rqinchli. Narxlar kelishib olinadi.
Har bir shaharda mototsiklda yurish qoidalari turlicha. Ba'zi hollarda, 50 funtli mopedlarni haydovchilik guvohnomasisiz haydash mumkin, garchi ko'plab shaharlarda ko'plab avtohalokatlar tufayli ularni taqiqlab qo'yishgan yoki qayta tasniflashgan. "To'g'ri" mototsiklda yurish ancha qiyin, qisman sizga Xitoy litsenziyasi kerak bo'ladi, qisman ular ko'plab shaharlarda taqiqlangan, qisman avtomobillar va elektr scooterlarga e'tibor qaratish bilan ishlab chiqarish va import sekinlashgan. Oddiy xitoylik mototsikl 125 sm, soatiga 100 km tezlikda harakatlana oladi va an'anaviy kreyser uslubidir. Ular odatda sekin, oddiy yurish va sport salohiyatiga ega emaslar. Dvigatel hajmiga hukumat tomonidan cheklovlar sport velosipedlari kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo ularni topish mumkin. Yana bir ommabop tanlov - bu Honda CN250-ga asoslanib qurilgan 125 futli avtomatik "maxi" skuter - bu mopeddan biroz tezroq va uzoq masofalarga qulayroq, ammo avtomat uzatmalar qutisining afzalligi bor, bu to'xtash-to'xtash shahar trafigi bo'yicha muzokaralarni osonlashtiradi.
Aksariyat shaharlarda mototsikl bozori ba'zi bir tavsiflarga ega bo'ladi va sizga tez-tez soxta yoki noqonuniy davlat raqamlari bo'lgan arzon mototsikl sotiladi, garchi mototsiklda yurgan chet ellik kamdan-kam uchraydigan holat bo'lib, u politsiya e'tiborini tortadi. Dubulg'alar "to'g'ri" velosipedlarda muhim, ammo skuterlarda ixtiyoriy. Sizda davlat raqami bo'lishi kerak: mototsiklda sariq yoki ko'k yoki skuterda yashil va velosipedni o'zingiz ro'yxatdan o'tkazish uchun bir necha ming yuanga tushishingiz mumkin. Soxta plitalar osongina arzonroq narxga ega, ammo ular xavfli.
Pedikab (riksha) orqali
Ism nima? Pedicab va rickshaw atamalari ko'pincha Xitoydagi chet elliklar tomonidan bir-birining o'rnida ishlatiladi, ammo ikki xil transport turiga ishora qiladi - ulardan biri endi mavjud emas. Mashhur riksha - bu ikki g'ildirakli qarama-qarshilik bo'lib, old tomonida ikkita tirgak bor edi, uni operator yurish paytida yoki yo'lovchilarni o'z manzillariga olib borishda ushlab turardi. Ular 19-asrning oxirida ko'paygan, ammo 1950-yillarda asta-sekin yo'q qilingan. G'arb elitalarining xitoylik ishchilar qo'zg'atgan rikshalarda polo o'ynashi videolari rikshalarning ekspluatatsion xususiyatini namoyish etdi. Rikshavning uzoq qarindoshi hali ham ko'rish mumkinki, kichikroq yoki kam rivojlangan shaharlardagi mardikorlar har kuni ertalab qurilish materiallari, ko'mir yoki boshqa narsalar va boshqa narsalarni etkazib berishni kutib, rikshavaga o'xshash aravalari bilan yig'iladilar. Riksha pedikab bilan almashtirildi: velosiped singari uch g'ildirakli transport vositasi. |
Ba'zi o'rta shaharlarda pedikablar qisqa masofalarga sayohat qilish uchun juda qulay vositadir. Sanlúnchē (三轮车), pedalda ishlaydigan va motorli rikshalar uchun ishlatiladigan xitoycha atama, Xitoyning hamma joylarida keng tarqalgan va katta shaharlarning unchalik rivojlanmagan (ya'ni kamroq sayyohlik) hududlari. Narxni oldindan kelishib olish shart.
Haddan tashqari haq to'lash haqidagi xabarlar, ehtimol, Ipak xiyoboni, Vangfujing va Pekindagi Lao She choyxonasi kabi sayyohlik yo'nalishlarida ishlaydigan rassomlarga tegishli. Ehtimol, "turistik tuzoqlarga yaqin joyda biron bir narsa sotadigan odamlardan ehtiyot bo'ling" degan qoidalar bo'lishi kerak.
Agar siz oddiy xitoylik oilalarni "sanlun" dan foydalanayotganini ko'rsangiz, masalan, Pekin hayvonot bog'i va eng yaqin metro bekatida sayohat qilsangiz - bu xavfsizdir. Sayyohlarni jalb qilish uchun eski moda kostyumini kiygan har qanday sanlunga homiylik qilmang. U sizga boradigan stavkadan o'n baravar ko'proq haq olishga harakat qiladi.
Pedikablardan ishlab chiqarilgan yoki o'zgartirilgan elektrlashtirilgan uch g'ildirakli sanlunlar Shanxayda ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi.
Qarang
Xitoyning diqqatga sazovor joylari cheksiz va siz hech qachon ko'radigan narsalardan mahrum bo'lmaysiz. Ayniqsa, qirg'oq yaqinidagi hududlar, bitta shahar bilan qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, keyingi shaharga odatda poezdda qisqa masofada boriladi.
Siz tarixni yaxshi ko'radigan, tabiatni yaxshi ko'radigan yoki shunchaki chiroyli plyajda dam olishni xohlaydigan odam bo'lasizmi, Xitoyda bularning barchasi ulug'vor taqiqlangan shaharga tegishli. Pekin, ning hayratomuz manzarasiga Tszujaygo. Agar siz ko'p yillar davomida Xitoyda yashasangiz ham, mamlakatning boshqa qismida har doim yangi narsalarni kashf etish mumkinligini bilib olasiz. Balki ajablanarli darajada katta bo'lmaganligi va uzoq tarixi tufayli Xitoy YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ob'ektlari soni bo'yicha Italiya va Ispaniyadan keyin uchinchi o'rinda turadi.
Xitoy ikki bioregiya chegarasida joylashgan. Evroosiyo yovvoyi tabiati shimol va g'arbda ko'rish mumkin va Janubiy Osiyo yovvoyi tabiati janubi va janubi-sharqida topish mumkin.
Karst manzarasi
An'anaviy xitoylik rassomlar tomonidan ma'qul keladigan ajoyib tosh shakllari bilan gumdrop tog'lari va tik qiyalikdagi o'rmonli tepaliklar ijodiy xayol emas. Darhaqiqat, Xitoyning janubiy va janubi-g'arbiy qismlarining katta qismi eroziyaga uchragan tosh shakllanishlari bilan qoplangan karst. Karst - bu maydon nomi bilan atalgan ohaktosh shakllanishining bir turi Sloveniya. Ohaktosh qatlamlari yemirilishi natijasida zichroq tosh yoki har xil toshning cho'ntaklari eroziya hosil qiluvchi cho'qqilarga qarshilik ko'rsatadi. G'orlar tog'lar ostidan bo'shatilib, qulab tushishi mumkin bo'lgan chuqurliklar va er osti daryolariga olib boruvchi kanallar. Uning eng noodatiy karsti cho'qqilar, kamar va o'tish yo'llarining labirintlarini hosil qilish uchun chiriydi. Eng mashhur namunani Tosh o'rmonida topish mumkin (石林) Shilin) yaqin Kunming yilda Yunnan. Xitoyning eng mashhur sayyohlik hududlarining ba'zilari ajoyib karst landshaftlariga ega - Guilin va Yangshuo yilda Guansi, Zhangjiajie yilda Xunanva aksariyat markaziy va g'arbiy Guychjou viloyat.
Muqaddas tog'lar
Shuningdek qarang:Xitoyning muqaddas joylari
Xitoy tog'lari Xitoy va G'arb o'rtasidagi amaliy madaniy tafovutlar to'g'risida kitobni tom ma'noda yozgan Linell Devis Xitoy tog'lari haqida shunday degan: "G'arbliklar xitoylik tog'larni chalkashtirib yuborishadi, chunki ular yovvoyi tabiatning tabiati haqida tajriba bermaydilar. Ular tog'larni pastdan tepaga asfaltlashdan ko'ra, tabiiy bo'lishini kutmoqdalar. Ular tog'larga chiqayotgan keksa odamlarni va juda yosh bolalarni ko'rishni kutishmaydi. Men shuni ham ko'rdimki, Xitoyning har bir mahalliy hududi juda kichik bo'lsa ham va odamlar o'zlari bunyod etishi kerak bo'lsa ham, "tog '" ga ega. Bir necha marta topgandan keyin tepadan ko'rinadigan narsa yo'q edi yoki bu ko'rinish bulutlar va tuman ichida yo'qolgan (Emei va XuanshanMasalan,), odamlar tog'larga ko'tarilayotganda aslida nima bilan shug'ullanayotganlarini tushunishga harakat qila boshladim. Mening xulosam shuki, Xitoyda odamlar tog'larga chiqishadi, chunki buni bajarish tajribasi yoqimli. O'ylaymanki, ular buni tog'ning ichiga kirish va ko'tarilish orqali boshdan kechirish uchun qilishadi. Ular tog'ga chiqish paytida tabiat bilan bog'liqligini emas, balki tabiat bilan bog'liqligini anglaydilar. "- Linell Devis, Madaniyat bilan shug'ullanish |
Tog'lar xitoy geomantizmining muhim qismidir va Xitoy buddizmi va daosizmida diniy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan ko'plab tog'lar mavjud. Ushbu tog'lar ko'pincha Xitoy davridagi dramalarda mashhur fon sifatida xizmat qiladi va an'anaviy ravishda turli xil Xitoy jang san'ati sektalari bilan bog'lanib kelgan. Bugungi kunda ushbu tog'larda ko'plab taosistlar va buddistlar ibodatxonalari saqlanib kelmoqda va ko'plab mahalliy sayyohlarni o'ziga jalb etadigan manzarali fon sifatida xizmat qilishda davom etmoqda.
Beshta buyuk tog'lar
The Beshta buyuk tog'lar (五岳) xitoy geomantizmidagi beshta asosiy yo'nalish bilan bog'liq bo'lib, Xitoy mifologiyasida dunyoni yaratuvchisi Pangu (盘古) tanasidan kelib chiqqan deb ishoniladi.
- Xen tog'i (恒山), Shimoliy tog '(北岳) Shanxi viloyat. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri "abadiy tog '".
- Xen tog'i (衡山), janubiy tog '(南岳) Xunan viloyat. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri "muvozanatlashtiruvchi tog '".
- Tai tog'i (泰山), Sharqiy tog '(东岳), ichida Shandun viloyat. To'liq ma'noda "tinch tog '".
- Xua tog'i (华山), G'arbiy tog '(西岳) Shensi viloyat. To'liq ma'noda "ajoyib tog '".
- Song Song tog'i (嵩山), Markaziy tog '(中岳) Xenan viloyat. Shuningdek, mashhurlar uyi Shaolin monastiri (少林寺), tarixiy jihatdan jangchi rohiblari bilan mashhur. To'liq ma'noda "baland tog '".
Buddizmning to'rtta muqaddas tog'i
The Buddizmning to'rtta muqaddas tog'i (四大 佛教 名山 名山) an'anaviy ravishda Xitoy buddizmida hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan to'rt xil Bodhisattva bilan bog'liq. Bugungi kunga qadar ushbu tog'lar taniqli buddist ibodatxonalari joylashgan tabiiy joylar bo'lib qolmoqda.
- Vutay tog'i (五台山), an'anaviy ravishda Bodhisattva Manjusri (associated 文殊) bilan bog'liq, yilda Shanxi viloyat.
- Emei tog'i (峨眉山), an'anaviy ravishda Bodhisattva Samantabhadra (普贤 菩萨) bilan bog'liq Sichuan viloyat.
- Putuo tog'i (普陀山), an'anaviy ravishda Xitoy buddizmidagi eng mashhur Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (观音 菩萨) bilan bog'liq. Chjetszyan viloyat. Bu tog 'emas, aksincha Xitoy qirg'og'idagi orol.
- Jiuxua tog'i (九 华山), an'anaviy ravishda Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (地 藏 菩萨) bilan bog'langan, Anxuiy viloyat.
Daosizmning to'rtta muqaddas tog'i
Xitoy xalq dinida juda ko'p muqaddas tog'lar mavjud bo'lsa-da, Daosizmning to'rtta muqaddas tog'i (四大 道教 名山), Besh Buyuk Tog'lar bilan birga ular orasida eng muqaddas hisoblanadi. Bular daosizmning taniqli ibodatxonalarini aks ettiruvchi tabiiy joylar bo'lib qolmoqda.
- Vudang tog'i (武当山), aksariyat xitoyliklar daosistlar uchun barcha muqaddas tog'larning eng muqaddas qismi deb hisoblashadi Xubey viloyat. An'anaga ko'ra Xitoy jang san'atining yirik markazi va Shaolin monastirining asosiy raqibi (do'stona bo'lsa ham) hisoblanadi.
- Longxu tog'i (龙虎山) in Tszansi viloyat.
- Qiyun tog'i (齐云山) in Anxuiy viloyat.
- Qingcheng tog'i (青城 山) in Sichuan viloyat.
Gullar
Yaponiyaning gilos gullari ko'proq tanilgan bo'lsa-da, Xitoyniki olxo'ri gullari (梅花 méi huā) va shaftoli gullari (桃花 táo huā) gilos gullariga juda go'zallik bilan raqib deb hisoblanadilar. Eriklar qishning eng sovuq davrida, ko'pincha kuchli qor yog'ishi paytida gullashga moyil bo'lib, ularni chidamlilik ramziga aylantiradi va bir vaqtlar Xalq xitoyini boshqargan Xitoy Respublikasining milliy gulidir. Shaftoli esa bahorda gullashga moyil. Ushbu daraxtlarni ko'plab parklarda, xususan Xitoyning shimoliy va sharqiy qismlarida, shuningdek janubdagi balandliklarda ko'rish mumkin. Ikkala gul ham an'anaviy xitoy madaniyatida juda hurmatga sazovor va ko'pincha an'anaviy xitoy san'ati va hunarmandchiligida namoyish etiladi.
The pion (牡丹 花 mǔ dān huā), shuningdek, juda hurmatga sazovor bo'lib, sharaf va boylikni anglatadi. Erik va shaftoli gullaridan farqli o'laroq, pionlar daraxtlarda emas, balki butalarda o'sadi. Ular odatda bahorning oxiridan yozning boshigacha gullaydi.
Ijro san'ati
- Asosiy maqola: Xitoy ijrochilik san'ati
Katta va xilma-xil mamlakat sifatida Xitoy an'anaviy va zamonaviy ijrochilik san'atining keng turlariga mezbonlik qiladi. Ba'zi janrlar mamlakat miqyosida ommalashgan bo'lsa-da, ayrimlari faqat ma'lum mintaqalarda mashhur bo'lgan turlari mavjud va turli xil etnik ozchiliklar ham o'ziga xos an'analariga ega. Mamlakat miqyosida mashhur bo'lgan va xalqaro miqyosda muntazam ijro etiladigan ikkita janr Pekin operasi (京剧 jīngjù) va Yue operasi (越剧 yuèjù).
Boshqa saytlar
Xitoy inqilobining saytlarini biznikida ko'rish mumkin Xitoy inqilobiy yo'nalishlari maqola.
Xitoyda muhim Buddist saytlarni bizning saytimizda topish mumkin Buddizm maqola.
Yo'nalishlar
Ba'zi marshrutlar butunlay Xitoy bo'ylab sayohatlarni o'z ichiga oladi:
- Yangtze daryosi bo'yida
- Sariq daryo bo'yida
- Katta kanal bo'ylab
- Erxay ko'li atrofida elektr scooter orqali
- Gonkongdan Kunminggacha quruqlikgacha
- Uzoq mart
- Quruqlikdan Tibetgacha
- Tsinxay - Tibet temir yo'li
- Yunnan sayyohlik yo'li
Boshqalari qisman Xitoyda:
- Ipak yo'li - Xitoydan Evropaga qadimiy karvon yo'li
- Qorakoram avtomagistrali - G'arbiy Xitoy, Himoloy orqali Pokistonga
- Marko Poloning izidan
Qil
Massaj
Yuqori sifatli, o'rtacha narxdagi massajlar butun Xitoy bo'ylab mavjud. Mutaxassislarning ishi soatiga 20-80 ¥ ni tashkil qiladi.
- Deyarli har qanday sartarosh sochlarini yuvish va bosh massajini ¥ 10 evaziga amalga oshiradi. Bunga ko'pincha quloq mumini tozalash va bo'yin va qo'llarning ba'zi massajlari kiradi. Sartaroshlik va / yoki tarash bilan narxlar katta shaharlarda va yuqori toifadagi yoki sayyohlik yo'naltirilgan muassasalarda yuqori bo'lgan narxlarda 25-100 ¥ gacha.
- Oyoq massaji mavjud (足疗 zuliao) ko'pincha belgidagi yalang'och iz izi tasviri bilan ko'rsatiladi. Narxlar ¥ 15 dan taxminan ¥ 60 gacha.
- Tana massaji soatiga ¥ 15 dan va ikki turda narxlarda taklif etiladi: ànmó (按摩) bu umumiy massaj; tuīná (推拿) akupunkturda ishlatiladigan meridianlarga konsentratsiyalangan.
Ushbu uch turdagi massaj ko'pincha aralashtiriladi; ko'p joylar uchalasini ham taklif qiladi.
- Massaj - bu ko'rlar uchun an'anaviy savdo-sotiq, va eng yaxshi qiymat ko'pincha ko'r-ko'rona ishlaydigan xodimlar joylashgan (盲人 按摩) mángrén ànmó).
- Eng tajribali massajlar odatda soatiga ¥ 50 atrofida bo'lgan massaj shifoxonalarida yoki umumiy Xitoy tibbiyot shifoxonalarida o'tkaziladi.
Ba'zi massaj joylari aslida fohishaxonalardir. Xitoyda fohishabozlik noqonuniy hisoblanadi, ammo juda keng tarqalgan va ko'pincha massaj niqobi ostida. Issiq buloq yoki sauna muassasalarining aksariyati taklif qiladi barchasi biznesmen dam olishni xohlashi mumkin bo'lgan xizmatlar. Ko'plab mehmonxonalar sizning xonangizda massajni taklif qiladi va u xona bo'lganidan keyin qo'shimcha xizmatlardan deyarli har doim foydalanish mumkin. Pushti yorug'lik yoki ko'plab kichik qizlar kichikroq korxonalarda qisqa yubkalarda massaj taklif etilishidan ko'proq narsani anglatishi mumkin (va ko'pincha ular ham yaxshi massaj qila olmaydilar). Xuddi shu qoida massaj xonalari / fohishaxonalar qatoriga kiradigan ko'plab soch salonlarida ham qo'llaniladi.
Pushti bo'lmagan joylarda odatda yaxshi massajlar qilinadi va odatda jinsiy aloqani taklif qilmaydi. Agar muassasa ko'rlar tomonidan massajni reklama qilsa, bu deyarli qonuniydir.
Massaj olayotganda ishlatiladigan asosiy iboralar uchun qarang Xitoycha so'zlashuv kitobi # Massaj olish.
An'anaviy san'at
Xitoyda uzoq muddatli yashashni rejalashtirayotganda, ba'zi an'anaviy san'atlarni o'rganishni o'ylab ko'ring. Traveling to China is after all a unique chance to learn the basics, or refine already acquired skills, directly from master practitioners in the arts' home country. Many cities have academies that accept beginners, and not knowing Chinese is usually not a problem as you can learn by example and imitation. Calligraphy (书法 shūfǎ), a term that covers both writing characters and painting scrolls (that is, classical landscapes and the like) remains a popular national hobby. Many calligraphers practice by writing with water on sidewalks in city parks. Other traditional arts which offer classes include learning to play traditional Chinese instruments (inquire in shops that sell these as many offer classes), cooking Chinese cuisine, or even singing Beijing Opera (京剧 jīngjù). Fees are usually modest, and the necessary materials will not exactly break the bank. The only requirement is being in the same place for a long enough time, and showing sufficient respect; it is better not to join these classes as a tourist attraction.
Martial arts
As with traditional cultural arts, those with the time and inclination may be interested in studying China's famed martial arts. Some, such as tai chi (太极拳 tàijíquán), can be studied at a basic level by simply visiting any city park in the early morning and following along. You will likely find many eager teachers. However, learning martial arts to a level that allows you to use them competently in an actual fight requires years of study and training under a master, which often has to start from childhood.
In English, Chinese martial arts are often called "kung fu" and we follow that usage below. However in Chinese, the general term for martial arts is wǔshù (武術), while gōngfu (功夫, "kung fu") is the term for the skill or power that practitioners acquire.
Chinese martial arts are traditionally classified into northern and southern styles, with northern styles generally known for emphasizing powerful strikes with with fully extended limbs, and southern styles generally known for fast strikes close to the body. Northern Chinese martial are further classified into two groups named for two mountain areas with monasteries which are centers of kung fu — Shaolin Temple on Mount Song va Wudang Mountains. Shaolin are the hard or external styles emphasizing speed and power, while Wudang are the soft or internal styles emphasizing breath control and smooth movement. Of course it is nowhere near that simple; Shaolin experts also move smoothly and a Wudang master has a lot of speed and power.
Other well-known centers of kung fu include Southern Shaolin in Quanzhou, Fujian, Wu Wei Temple near Dali and Wing Chun (Bruce Lee's style) in Foshan, Guangdong.
Shanghai has a martial arts museum at a Physical Education university.
Square dancing
In public parks, squares or plazas, or indeed anywhere in a city that isn't fenced off and is large enough (like a parking lot), you will increasingly find, in the early morning and late evening, groups of (mostly) older women doing what looks like low-impact aerobics to music with a dance beat coming from a nearby portable speaker. This activity is called guǎngchǎngwǔ (广场舞), roughly translated into English as "square dancing", because of where it takes place (not to be confused with the traditional American folk dance of the same name). It originated in the mid-1990s among women (known as dàmā (大妈), or "dancing grannies" in English) who had just been forced into retirement as a way to stay fit, socialize and recall their own youth during the Cultural Revolution (indeed, many of the songs used are propaganda from that era, or current Chinese pop hits). By 2015 noise and space issues had provoked violent confrontations in some cities and led the government to introduce, then hastily withdraw, standard dance routines. It's interesting to watch at the very least as a modern folk phenomenon, and indeed some groups don costumes and props for their routines.
Some tourists, particularly Russians visiting Manchurian cities, have joined in. However, this is often frowned upon, as many square dancers compete competitively and are only practicing publicly due to a lack of practice space otherwise. If you are tempted to do so, only join groups that appear to be casually-oriented (no apparent dance uniform or complicated routines) and go to the rear row where beginners follow the leader and learn the moves. You should avoid, or at least practice extreme caution when joining near several groups in a space barely enough for all of them — turf battles have been known to start and given the novelty of a foreigner participating in square dancing, you may be seen as a final provocation of member poaching.
Ballroom dancing is also moderately common; western-style square dancing or line dancing are less common but not unknown.
Traditional pastimes
China has several traditional games often played in tea gardens, public parks, or even on the street. Players often attract crowds of on-lookers.
- Chinese chess (象棋 xiàngqí) is the world's most-played chess variant. It is similar to but distinct from Korean chess (Korean: 장기 janggi), but quite different from Japanese chess (Japanese: 将棋 shōgi) va international chess, though they all have enough in common that a good player of one will find another easier to learn.
- Go (围棋 wéiqí, lit. "the surrounding game") is a strategy board game. Players place their stones to surround the most territory on the board. While the rules are simple, the strategy and tactics are very complex. There are professional Go players, some of whom are major celebrities, tournaments with large prizes, and some TV shows about the game.
- Mahjong (麻将 májiàng) is popular and almost always played for money. Mahjong uses tiles with a variety of Chinese symbols and characters. Players draw and discard tiles trying to complete a hand with particular sets of tiles. The nearest Western equivalent (not very near!) would be card games like rummy or canasta.
- While game play is broadly similar, the rules of mahjong in China differ significantly between regions, and from the Taiwanese and Japanese versions, meaning that you will have to learn new rules everywhere you go. The Chinese government has an officially-sanctioned standardized form of mahjong that is used in national competitions in an attempt to be fair to people who grew up playing with different rules, which is also used in international competitions like the World Series Mahjong. However, this standardized form is very rarely played outside of officially-sanctioned competitions.
Many Chinese are skilled at cards (扑克牌 pūkèpái); Deng Xiaoping was renowned for his love for bridge (桥牌 qiáopái).
Sotib oling
Money
Exchange rates for Chinese Yuan As of January 2020:
Exchange rates fluctuate. Current rates for these and other currencies are available from XE.com |
The official currency of the People's Republic of China is the Chinese yuan, known as the renminbi (人民币 rénmínbì, "People's Money"), denoted by the symbol ¥, international currency code CNY. All prices in China are given in yuan; the Chinese character is 元 (yuán), or in financial contexts (e.g. cheques and banknotes) 圆. A price may be shown as, for example, 20 元, 20 rmb, RMB 20, 20 yuan or ¥20; we use the latter form here. In informal spoken Chinese and sometimes in spoken English, 块 (kuài) may be used instead, much as "buck" can be used in the U.S. or "quid" in the UK. Some Chinese software will display a bigger "full width" character (￥) to differentiate it from the Japanese yen, which uses the same symbol.
The Chinese yuan is emas legal tender in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong va Macau, which issue their own currencies. However many businesses will also accept Chinese currency, albeit at an unfavorable exchange rate.
Cheat Sheet
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There are 10 jiǎo (角) in a yuan. A coin worth ¥0.1 will thus say 壹角 ("1 jiǎo"), on it, and a price like ¥3.7 would thus be read as "3 kuài 7". The jiǎo is rapidly heading for extinction, although you will get the odd 1 or 5 jiao coin or note as change. In spoken Mandarin, jiǎo is usually called the máo (毛). A tenth of a máo a fēn (分); you may see this digit on prices, but it will be rounded off if you pay in cash.
In spoken language, the trailing unit may be dropped. For example wǔ bǎi sān, literally "five hundred three", means 530 or "five hundred three tens". The number 503 would be read as wǔ bǎi líng sān, literally "five hundred zero three". Similarly yì qiān bā, literally "one thousand eight", means 1800. When using larger numbers, Chinese has a word for ten thousand, wàn (万), and thus for example 50,000 becomes wǔ wàn, not wǔ shí qiān.
- Coins: ¥0.1 (1 jiao; dull silver or shiny silver), ¥0.5 (5 jiao; gold), ¥1 (silver)
- Bills: ¥0.1 (1 jiao), ¥0.5 (5 jiao), ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50, ¥100
A lot of Chinese currency will be in the form of bills — even small change. Bills are more common in some areas, coins in others, but both are accepted anywhere. Even the jiao, at just one tenth of a yuan, exists as both a bill (the smallest) and two different coins. Conversely, one yuan exists as a coin and as two different bills. You should be prepared to recognize and handle either version.
Due to the popularity of mobile payments, an increasing number of shops in urban areas do not accept cash or credit cards, and even those that accept cash will often not have any change available.
Foreign currency
Foreign currencies, including the Hong Kong dollar or U.S. dollar, are rarely seen as a substitute for yuan except in several five-star hotels, and in some shops on the Hong Kong-Shenzhen border, and stock exchanges. Other currencies are unlikely to be used in most transactions. If you only have dollars in your pocket, it usually means that you don't have money to pay the bill without a trip to a bank. Many shops won't accept it, having no idea on exchange rate or how to check if the bills are counterfeit.
Counterfeiting
With the popularity of mobile payment apps, counterfeit banknotes are less of a problem than before, but you should still be alert for them. Banknotes of ¥20, ¥50, and ¥100 are the main risks. When you're given one of these bills as change, scrutinize it to check. The main focus is on the texture of different parts, metal line, change of colours under different lights. Everyone has their own method, so just ask.
When you pay with a ¥50 or ¥100 banknote in a shop or taxi, it's socially accepted that you note down the last few digits of the banknote you are handing over. This is in case they claim your banknote is fake, then these remembered digits will ensure they give you the same note back.
Some unscrupulous money exchangers on the Chinese border areas give counterfeits to travelers. Go to a bank if you're not experienced in checking notes.
It is common for cashiers to scrutinize banknotes and some of the more expensive supermarkets even have machines that can spot counterfeits. This is standard practice in China and offence should not be taken.
Counterfeits from ATMs are not common, but some people are still concerned. If you are worried, withdraw your money from the bank counter and say "I worry about jiǎbì (counterfeit)". Bank staff are understanding about this.
Currency exchange
Although still restricted, the yuan is readily convertible in many countries, especially in Asia. The Hong Kong dollar, US dollar, Canadian dollar, euro, pound sterling, Australian dollar, Japanese yen and South Korean won, and Singapore dollars can be easily changed in China. Currency should only be changed at major banks (Bank of China in particular), or with the licensed money changers usually found at airports or high-end hotels, although they offer unfavorable rates.
You should avoid black market for currency exchange as counterfeiting is a major issue, especially with money changers in markets and hanging around large banks.
Foreign exchange is under tight control in China. Private money changers are still uncommon in China. In a bank, it usually takes 5 to 60 minutes to process the exchange, sometimes a little faster in a hotel. Bank branches in major cities usually know the procedure and are relatively quick, while even main branches in provincial cities can take much longer.
You must fill out a form, and your passport will be photocopied and scanned. Keep the exchange receipt if you plan to leave the country with larger sum of money. Not all banks with the "Exchange" logo will exchange money for non-customers or for all currencies in cash. For example, Standard Chartered will only exchange cash for its customers and will only do US dollars and Hong Kong dollars in cash (but opening an account is quick and doable even on a tourist visa, and they offer a better cash exchange rate than most local banks).
Exchanging US currency for yuan can be simple, but expect the bills to be heavily scrutinized before the exchange is processed. Opportunities to buy yuan before entering China, for example when coming overland from Hong Kong or Vietnam, should be taken, as the rates are better. The same is true going the other way - selling just across the border will often net a more favorable rate. You may only import or export a maximum in local currency of ¥20,000 in cash, and sums greater than US$5,000 cash in foreign currency require paperwork.
Most international banks will allow you to get a cash advance via a debit or credit card at a Chinese ATM. However, the rates for such actions are often unfavorable and may include steep service charges. It's useful to carry an international currency such as pounds sterling, US dollars, or Japanese yen to fall back on should you not have access to a cash machine.
If you are planning to stay a long time in China, e.g. for work or study, you may want to open a Chinese bank account. Qarang Working in China#Banking for more information.
ATM cards
Many ATMs will only accept Chinese bank cards. ATMs from three of the big four banks are likely to accept foreign (Visa, MasterCard, AmEx, Diners) cards: Bank of China (BOC), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), and China Construction Bank (CCB). Although ATMs from other banks are plentiful, state they accept Visa/MasterCard/Cirrus and have an English option, they are not likely to work with an international credit/debit card unless the ATM operator is a foreign big-name bank (HSBC, Citibank, Bank of East Asia).
Before traveling, find out if your home bank charges a currency conversion fee (often between 0-3%) on such transactions. It is worth opening a zero conversion fee account beforehand if possible.
If you have trouble because the ATM requires a 6-digit PIN and your PIN only has four digits, try adding two zeros before it. If you find yourself in a town with a Bank of China branch but no international network-capable ATM, it is usually possible to get a cash advance on a credit card inside the bank for a 3% fee. Just ask.
UnionPay, the local ATM card network, has made agreements with various ATM card networks around the globe. If your card is covered, any ATM in China will accept withdrawals and balance inquiries from your card. While UnionPay ATM and/or debit cards are now issued by banks in a number of countries, ATM cards linked to NYCE and Pulse in America (also applies to cash advances from Discover cards), Interac in Canada, and LINK in the UK are covered.
If your bank is part of the Global ATM Alliance, China Construction Bank is the local partner for fee-free withdrawals.
Credit cards
Outside of star-rated or chain hotels, major supermarkets, and high-class restaurants, foreign credit cards like Visa and MasterCard are generally not accepted and most transactions will require cash or mobile payments. Many department stores and large grocery stores have point-of-sale terminals for Chinese bank cards, but most foreign cards are not supported.
Most Chinese banks and many merchants use the UnionPay system, so a foreign card that supports UnionPay will probably be widely accepted. Several countries now have banks that issue UnionPay credit cards, and UnionPay supports Discover and JCB (Japan Credit Bureau) cards as well. Visa, MasterCard and American Express meanwhile are less common. Most convenience stores take UnionPay, as do most restaurant chains, stores selling high-value items, grocery store chains, and most ATMs. In 2017, it was reported that the new Discover cards with chip would require multiple attempts or did not work at all in most of the POS machines. Do not rely on credit cards as your sole payment method.
Consider signing up for an international card that can interact with UnionPay. If you have a bank account in Hong Kong then you may be able to open an additional renminbi account with a UnionPay card which is convenient for traveling in the mainland.
As with debit cards, Chinese retail clerks will usually present the POS credit card terminal to the cardholder for entry of a PIN for chip-and-pin cards. Visitors from sign-only countries should attempt to explain that fact to the clerk (while chip-and-sign cards will cause most terminals to automatically skip the PIN prompt), and sign the receipt as usual.
Mobile payments
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QR-code based mobile payments such as WeChat Pay (微信支付 Wēixìn zhīfù) va Alipay (支付宝 Zhīfùbǎo) are extremely popular in China. The vast majority of places that take small payments, including restaurants, street-food places, and some public transportation in large cities, accept either or both of WeChat Pay and Alipay. In some cases, mobile payment is the only accepted payment method. Look for a QR-code posted with the App logo of WeChat or Alipay to find places that accept these payment types.
Unfortunately for the traveler, both maintain strict separation between their Chinese and global networks: you can't use a global account to make payments in China. Getting full access to the Chinese network as a foreigner requires a Chinese bank account, but you can use Alipay with a foreign credit card (with some limitations that shouldn't affect casual tourists). Various other workarounds may be possible—WeChat also accepts foreign credit cards to a limited extent—but requirements are always changing.
Other NFC-based mobile payments, including Apple Pay and Android Pay, are not accepted in the vast majority of the places. The NFC/Contactless POS terminals usually only takes Contactless UnionPay cards. Even though some stores in large cities are labeled to accept Apple Pay, Apple Pay with a Visa/MasterCard/AmEx/Discover/JCB would probably not work at all in those stores as in most cases they also require a UnionPay card. Android Pay is completely absent from China due to the ban of Google in mainland China.
Costs
China is affordable for Western visitors, though it's noticeably more expensive than much of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Unless you are heading to Hong Kong or Macau, China is generally much less expensive - from a traveler's perspective - than industrialised countries. If you eat local food, use public transportation and stay in budget hotels or hostels, then ¥200-300 is a serviceable daily backpacker budget. However, if you want to live an extravagant lifestyle and eat only Western food and stay in luxury hotels, then even ¥3,000 a day would not be enough. As a general rule, basic items are relatively cheap, but the prices of luxury items are exorbitant, even by the standards of Japan and Western countries. Western-branded products in particular are extremely expensive, sometimes more than double what you would pay for the same items in the U.S.
There is a high degree of variation in prices depending on where you go. Major cities like Shanghai, Pekin va Guangzhou generally cost more than smaller cities and rural, inland parts of the country. The boom towns of Shenzhen va Zhuhai are also more expensive than the national average. Nonetheless, many Hong Kong or Macau residents (who live just across the border from Shenzhen and Zhuhai, respectively, and who are generally more affluent than mainlanders), often go to these cities to shop, play golf, and enjoy services like massage as prices are far lower.
Tipping
As a general rule, tipping is not practiced in China. While tipping would rarely be regarded as insulting, in some cases a tip might be seen as suggesting that a relationship is based on money, not friendship. When leaving a tip on your table, it is common to see a waiter chase after you to return the money you "forgot" to take.
In China, compliments over service is usually expressed in implicit ways. If you are a smoker, you are expected to pass a cigarette to the service staff or manager. If you don't do so, you will be seen as selfish and egocentric. It is common to buy a bartender or pub owner a drink.
In a hotel, it is customary not to tip for room service, airport service, taxis or anything else, although hotels that routinely serve foreign tourists may allow tipping for tour guides and associated drivers. Masseurs in some areas such as Shenzhen have been known to ask for a tip. However, if they become pushy at getting tips, most Chinese see this as extortion and an immoral practice, so just be firm if you don't wish to give any.
Taxi drivers do appreciate a few yuan rounded up if they have made an extra effort for your journey; however, it is by no means required.
Shopping
- See also: Shopping in China
Antiquities Banned From Export China's government has banned the export of antiques from before 1911, the date of the revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Violation of this law could lead to heavy fines and even imprisonment. |
Shopping has become a national pastime as China's middle class expands. A variety of goods are available to suit any budget.
In most brand name shops, upscale malls and supermarkets, the prices already have Value-Added Tax (VAT) and any sales tax included. Thus, anything with a marked price tends to be sold at that price or, perhaps, slightly below especially if you pay cash and do not require a receipt for your purchase. For unmarked goods, there is wide room for bargaining.
Chinese make sales using the character: 折 (zhé) which represents how many tenths of the original price you pay. For example, 8折 refers to 20% off and 6.5折 is 35% off.
China excels in handmade items, partly because of long traditions of exquisite artisanship and partly because labor is still comparatively inexpensive. The overwhelming majority of the "antique" items you will be shown are fakes, no matter how convincing they look and no matter what the vendor says.
- Porcelain: with a long history of porcelain manufacture, China still makes great porcelain today.
- Furniture: in the 1990s and 2000s China became a major source of antique furniture.
- Art and Fine Art: Traditional painting, modern art, and hand-painted reproductions of great works.
- Jade There are two types of jade in China today: one type is pale and almost colorless and is made from a variety of stones mined in China. The other type is green in color and is imported from Myanmar (Burma) - if genuine!
- Gilamlar: China is home to a remarkable variety of carpet-making traditions, including Mongolian, Ningxia, Tibetan and modern types.
- Pearls & pearl jewellery: cultured Akoya and freshwater pearls are mass-produced and sold at markets across China.
- Other arts and crafts: Cloisonné (colored enamels on a metal base), lacquer work, opera masks, kites, shadow puppets, Socialist-realist propaganda posters, wood carvings, scholar's rocks (decorative rocks, some natural, some less so), paper-cuts, and so on.
- Clothing: China is one of the world's leading manufacturers of clothing, shoes and accessories. There are affordable tailors anywhere in China. There is also traditional Chinese clothing if you are interested, and a growing revival movement.
- Brand-name goods: genuine branded foreign goods won't be cheaper than in Western countries. There are a number of sources of potential knock-offs or fake brand-name goods.
- Software, music and movies: Most CDs (music or software) and DVDs in China are unauthorized copies.
- Endangered species: avoid purchasing — coral, ivory and parts from endangered animal species. Anyone buying such products risks substantial fines and/or jail time either when trying to leave China with them or when trying to import them into another country.
Bargaining
- See also: Shopping in China#Bargaining, Bargaining
Bargaining is a national pastime in China. You can bargain over almost anything, and sometimes it's even possible to ask for discount in a restaurant at the last minute before paying the bill. Many restaurants or bars will willingly offer a free dish or two (such as a fruit plate in a KTV) if you have made a particularly large order. Shopping malls are less willing to bargain, but why not ask "Will I get a gift?"
Prices are almost always posted, but they are all substantially marked up, normally 2-3 times. It's often better to buy souvenirs somewhere just a few blocks away from the tourist spots.
It is hard to tell what price to offer when starting negotiations. Depending on the city, product or market in question, 5% to 50% of the posted price or vendor's first offer is common. If someone offers you too-great-to-be-true discount, it could be a sign that the goods are of less-than-great quality. The rule of thumb is to walk around and compare. In tourist spots, it's common to ask for a 30-50% discount, but in a place catering to local people, asking for a 50% discount sounds foolish.
In tourist places, don't take what merchants say seriously. When you ask for a 50% discount, they may be appalled and show scorn; it's a favorite drama.
Basics
Unless you have a supermarket within walking distance of your hotel (see next section below), the most convenient option for basic supplies and groceries will almost always be a convenience store. Major chains in China include Kedi, Alldays, FamilyMart and 7-Eleven. China has belatedly caught up with East Asia's love affair with convenience stores, to the point where the largest cities like Beijing and Shanghai have become oversaturated with them.
Many convenience stores sell individual tissue packets, which are a necessity for touring China as many public restrooms do not have toilet paper. Although supermarkets also sell tissue packets and toilet paper, they tend to sell it in 6 or 10-packs which are too much for tourists.
Some discount and mid-market department stores in China also have groceries sections.
Western goods
Areas with large expatriate communities like Pekin, Shanghai, Guangzhou va Shenzhen have specialty grocery stores catering to those communities. These are often no larger than a 7-Eleven. They usually stock imported snacks, alcohol, and specialty groceries such as meats and cheeses and are often very expensive. See individual articles for details.
Several Western-owned supermarket chains are widespread in China — American Wal-mart (沃尔玛 Wò'ěrmǎ), German Metro (麦德龙 Màidélóng), and French Carrefour (家乐福 Jiālèfú). All have some Western groceries — often at high prices. However, the availability of foreign products diminishes at their branches according to the size of the city. Metro is probably the best of these; in particular it usually has a fine selection of alcohol. Asian-owned chains include Japanese Jusco (佳世客 Jiāshìkè), Taiwanese RT-Mart (大润发 Dàrùnfā), South Korean LOTTE Mart (乐天玛特 Letianmate) and Filipino SM; these also carry imported goods. Some larger Chinese chains such as Beijing Hualian (北京华联 Běijīng Huálián) also carry a limited selection of foreign products.
Tobacco products
- See also: Shopping in China#Tobacco
- Main article: Tobacco
Smoking is quite common and cigarettes (香烟 xiāngyān) are generally cheap. Cigarettes can be purchased from small neighbourhood stores, convenience stores, counters in supermarkets and in department stores. Rolling tobacco and papers are rare in urban China. Lighters (打火机 dǎhuǒjī) are usually cheap (about ¥1) but flimsily made. Zippos are available but expensive.
Smoking is something of a social activity in China. In a bar or at dinner few Chinese will light up without offering cigarettes around the table, or at least to the men since few Chinese women smoke; visitors should do the same. Having an expensive brand is a status symbol.
Yemoq
- Main article: Xitoy oshxonasi
Food in China varies widely between regions, so the term "Chinese food" is a blanket term, about as descriptive as "Western food." Still, there are some broad characteristics. Gastronomy has a long history in China, and dishes subtly balance many flavors, aromas, and colors. Each region developed cuisine and techniques based on the ingredients at hand, so you'll find spicy meat-filled dishes in cooler inland regions, slowly simmered seafood stews in coastal regions, and quickly stir-fried fresh vegetables in busy southern ports like Guangzhou. Even many native Chinese find food from outside their home region to be "foreign".
In southern China, rice (米饭 mǐfàn) is a staple food served with many meals, so much so that its root word 饭 (fàn) means "meal" as well as "cooked grain". It may be served plain (eaten by itself as a side, or used as a bed to soak up sauce from the main dish), stir-fried with a variety of ingredients to make fried rice, a quick tasty street meal and a common way to use up leftovers at home, or made into congee, rice porridge that's a common breakfast. Noodles (面 miàn) are another important staple, made from either rice or wheat, and served in a variety of methods. Soybeans are used to make soy sauce, a quintessential seasoning in Chinese cooking. They're also used to make tofu (豆腐 dòufu), which comes in many forms besides tasteless white blocks: some can be as flavorful and crispy as meat, others quite pungent like a blue cheese.
Chinese gourmands place emphasis on freshness so your meal will most likely be cooked as soon as you order it. Searing hot woks over coal or gas fires make even street food usually safe to eat. Indeed freshly prepared street food is often safer than food sitting on the buffet lines of 5-star hotels. Still, use common sense: if it's a searing hot summer day and the kebab vendor has their raw meat sitting unrefrigerated on the counter, you might want to head elsewhere.
Various types of Chinese food provide quick, cheap, tasty, light meals. Street food and snacks sold from portable vendors can be found throughout China's cities, good for breakfast or a snack. And Western-style fast food is arguably as popular as the domestic variety.
Yelp is virtually unknown in China, while the Michelin Guide only covers Shanghai and Guangzhou, and is not taken seriously by most Chinese people. Instead, most Chinese people rely on local website Dazhong Dianping (Chinese only).
Etiquette
- See also: Chinese cuisine#Respect
China is the birthplace of chopsticks (筷子 kuàizi), which are used for most Chinese food. Chinese cuisine evolved to be eaten using chopsticks, with almost all food prepared in bite-sized chunks or easily picked apart. Eating with chopsticks is a surprisingly easy skill to pick up, although mastering them takes a while. Some chopstick guidelines to be aware of:
- Never place or leave chopsticks upright in a bowl of food (reminiscent of funeral rites), pass something from your chopsticks to another person's chopsticks (another funeral rite), or drum your bowl with chopsticks (reminiscent of beggars).
- Always use chopsticks as a pair, like a set of tongs; never use just one chopstick at a time (nor one in each hand), hold them in your fist like you would a knife or dagger, or try to "cut" food with them like you would with a knife. Spearing food with your chopsticks is generally rude and should be done only as a last resort.
- Using chopsticks to move plates or bowls is rude.
- Pointing at things with your chopsticks is rude. (Pointing at people in general is rude; with chopsticks, doubly so.) Even when setting chopsticks down on the table, angle them so they're not pointing at anyone.
- In general, try not to touch food with your fingers. Even fried chicken is picked up with chopsticks and gingerly nibbled, touching it as little as possible. Small bones should be spat onto your plate or bowl, rather than removed using your hands or chopsticks. For foods that are eaten with your hands, disposable plastic gloves may be provided.
It's normal to pick up any bowl of food for easier eating, and you can put a bowl of rice directly to your mouth to push the last few bites in using your chopsticks. Spoons are used for soups and porridge, and to help with eating noodles in a soup.
In traditional Chinese dining, dishes are shared family style, and at larger tables there is usually a lazy Susan to pass dishes around.
- Communal chopsticks (公筷 gōngkuài) are not always provided; if not, just use your own chopsticks to transfer food to your bowl. It's not rude to request communal chopsticks from the restaurant, but it may make you look like a stickler for formality.
- Each communal dish should only be served from by one person at a time. Don't reach across someone to reach a farther dish while they're serving; wait until they're done.
- Once you put something on your plate, don't put it back. Confucius says never leave someone else with what you don't want.
Don't expect to get a fortune cookie with your meal; that's strictly a Western custom. (Fortune cookies were actually invented in California sometime in the early 20th century.) Most Chinese have never even heard of them.
Regional cuisines
- See also: Chinese cuisine#Regional cuisines
Several varieties of Chinese food have enough international popularity that you may already recognize some of them:
- Cantonese cuisine (from Guangdong), is by far the most widely known type of Chinese food abroad. Neither bland nor spicy, Cantonese cuisine will use almost anything as an ingredient, often preserving the freshness by quickly stir-frying in a very hot wok or steaming. Fried rice, chow mein, char siu pork, and sweet and sour pork are just a handful of its most famous dishes.
- Huaiyang cuisine (from the eastern area towards Shanghai) is considered a good mix of northern and southern Chinese cooking styles. Dishes tend to focus on a main ingredient, which is often seafood in this coastal region; flavors are often sweet, and almost never spicy. Its most famous dishes include xiaolongbao soup dumplings, red braised pork belly, drunken chicken, and sweet and sour mandarin fish.
- Sichuan or Szechuan cuisine (from the western inland) is popular with many foreigners for its málà flavors, using Sichuan peppercorns for a tingling numbness (má) and chili peppers for spiciness (là). Using lots of meat, preserved foods, and chili oil, it's famous for the original form of Kung Pao chicken, mapo tofu, twice-cooked pork, and dandan noodles.
- Teochew cuisine (from the Chaoshan region of Guangdong) is well known in Hong Kong and much of Southeast Asia. Particularly known for its braised meats and steamed dishes.
Other major traditional cuisines include fragrant and vinegary Shandong, tender Fujian, spicy Hunan, herbal Anhui, and delicate Zhejiang. Ethnic minority cuisines in China include Korean, Uyghur, Tibetan, Mongolian, and various cuisines from Yunnan, while Northeastern Chinese cuisine is influenced by both Mongolian and Russian cuisines and includes dishes like potato dumplings and a type of borscht. There is even unique local-style Western food to be found in Shanghai.
Dietary restrictions
- See also: Chinese cuisine#Dietary restrictions
People with dietary restrictions will have a hard time in China. Halal food is hard to find outside areas with a significant Muslim population, but look for Lanzhou noodle (兰州拉面, Lánzhōu lāmiàn) restaurants, which may have a sign advertising "halal" in Arabic (حلال). Kosher food is nearly unknown, and you will have to do some advance planning; there are Chabad houses in major Chinese cities that you can contact to help with this. Vegetarian restaurants can often be found near major Buddhist temples (look for the character "素" or the symbol "卍", a Buddhist symbol in this context), but elsewhere you'll probably need to ask specifically and it may not always be available. Dairy and eggs are little-used in Chinese vegetarian cuisine, so much of it is suitable for vegans, but do pay attention, especially when it comes to desserts. Awareness of food allergies (食物过敏 shíwù guòmǐn) is limited, and gluten-free foods are virtually non-existent.
Ichish
The Chinese love a tipple, but unless you are used to imbibing heavily, be careful when drinking with Chinese. The Chinese liquor báijiǔ is quite potent (up to 65% alcohol); it's often drunk in small shot glasses for a good reason. When U.S. President Richard Nixon — who was an experienced drinker, if a bit of a lightweight — first visited China, his staff sent dire warnings that he emas drink in response to toasts. (He diplomatically managed to toast every table at the banquet, taking juda small sips.)
There are hardly any liquor laws in China. The legal drinking age is 18, but it's basically not enforced, and you'll never need to show ID. Alcohol can be purchased anywhere and drunk anywhere.
Toasting
Toasts are made by saying "gānbēi" (干杯, lit. "dry glass"). Drinks are served in small glasses (even beer is usually drunk from oversized shot glasses), and traditionally you should drain the whole glass for a toast.
Chinese toasts are generally one-on-one, not something involving the whole table. At most meals, a visitor can expect everyone at the table to offer them a toast. Visitors should also offer toasts and not just receive them. This means that if you are out for dinner with a dozen people, you will be expected and pressured to drink around two dozen toasts. Fortunately, it's okay to stick to beer, and Chinese beer is usually low alcohol.
It may be considered rude if you don't offer a toast to someone whenever you take a drink, at least at the start of a meal. The same applies to smoking; offer the pack around whenever you want to light up.
If you want to take it easy but still be sociable, say "'suíbiàn" (随便) or "pèngbeī" (碰杯) before you make the toast, then drink only part of the glass. It may also be possible to have three toasts (traditionally signifying friendship) with the entire company, rather than a separate toast for each person.
Alcohol
- See also: Chinese cuisine#Alcoholic
The all-purpose word jiǔ (酒, "alcohol") covers quite a range of alcoholic drinks. Generally speaking, heavy drinking is more prevalent in northern China than in southern China.
Beer (啤酒 píjiǔ) is common in China and is served in nearly every restaurant and sold in many grocery stores. Eng mashhur brend - Tsingtao (青島) Qīngdǎo) dan Tsindao, bu bir vaqtning o'zida nemis kontsessiyasi edi.
Mahalliy ishlab chiqarilgan uzum vino (葡萄酒 pútáojiǔ) tez-tez uchraydi va uning aksariyati o'rtacha narxga ega, lekin odatda G'arb sharoblari bilan faqat shu qadar o'xshashdir. Xitoyliklar o'zlarining vinolarini qizil va juda yoqimli deb bilishadi va ular odatda muz ustida yoki Sprite bilan aralashtiriladi. Aytish kerakki, g'arbiy analoglariga o'xshash yuqori sifatli mahalliy vinolar ham mavjud, agar siz nimani qidirishni bilsangiz.
Shuningdek, bir nechta tovar va turlari mavjud guruchli sharob. Ularning aksariyati suvli guruch pudingiga o'xshaydi, ular odatda shirin va ta'mi uchun bir daqiqali spirtni o'z ichiga oladi.
Bayjiu (白酒 Bayziy) distillangan likyor, odatda mintaqaga qarab jo'xori va ba'zan boshqa donalardan tayyorlanadigan, hajmi bo'yicha 40% dan 60% gacha spirt. Maotay yoki Moutay (茅台 Maota), Guychjou provintsiyasida ishlab chiqarilgan, Xitoyning eng taniqli baijiu brendi va Xitoyning milliy likyoridir. Maotay va uning qimmat amakivachchalari (masalan Kaoliang dan Qarindoshlar Tayvanda) kuchli xushbo'yligi bilan mashhur va aslida g'arbiy shaffof likyorlarga qaraganda shirinroqdir, chunki jo'xori ta'mi saqlanib qoladi - qaysidir ma'noda.
Xitoy brendi (白兰地 báilándì) sharob bilan bir xil narxga ega bo'lgan ajoyib qiymatdir. Bir nechta brendlar mavjud; barchasi ichishga yaroqli va ko'plab mehmonlar ularni baijiudan ko'ra mazali deb bilishadi.
Xitoyliklar, shuningdek, turli xil taxmin qilinayotganlarning ashaddiy muxlislari dorivor ichimliklarodatda ekzotik o'tlar va / yoki hayvon qismlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Ulardan ba'zilari odatdagi diapazonda narxlarga ega va jenshen kabi ingredientlarni o'z ichiga oladi, boshqa ekzotiklar orasida ilonlar, arilar va yangi tug'ilgan sichqonlar bo'lishi mumkin. Agar ular shirinlikka intilsa, bular etarli darajada yoqimli bo'lishi mumkin. E'tibor bering, ba'zi dorivor ichimliklar faqat tashqi foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan.
Barlar, diskotekalar va karaoke
G'arb uslubidagi pablar mamlakat bo'ylab tobora ommalashib bormoqda. Ayniqsa, Shenchjen, Shanxay va Xanchjou kabi boy shahar markazlarida an'anaviy irland yoki ingliz pablarining zo'rlik bilan takrorlangan nusxalarini topish mumkin. G'arbdagi hamkasblari singari, ko'pchilik mushtlashadigan chet el pivolarini tanlaydi, shuningdek, pab ovqatlarini (har xil sifatli) ta'minlaydi va ko'pincha jonli qopqoq guruhlarini namoyish etadi. Ushbu pablarning aksariyati chet ellik jamoatlarga murojaat qilishadi va ular tez-tez tashrif buyurishadi, shuning uchun siz bu joylarda ko'plab xitoyliklarni topishingizni kutmasligingiz kerak. Import qilingan pivo mahalliy pivo bilan taqqoslaganda juda qimmat bo'lishi mumkin.
Do'stlaringiz bilan bir nechta ichimliklar ichish uchun faqat mahalliy restorani tanlang va 600 ml lik shisha uchun 5 ¥ atrofida pivo iching. Bu xitoylik lager bo'ladi, taxminan 3% alkogolli ichimliklar, cheklangan tovar belgisi bilan va iliq ovqat bilan ta'minlanishi mumkin. O'rta va yuqori darajadagi restoranlarning ko'pchiligida yig'ilish uchun kichik shaxsiy suitlar bo'ladi (odatda 5 kishidan ko'p bo'lsa, bepul taklif qilinadi) va xodimlar, odatda, siz yopilish vaqtigacha turishga qaror qilsangiz ham sizni bezovta qilishga urinmaydi. Ko'pgina odamlar tez-tez ochiq havoda restoranlarda yoki yo'l bo'yidagi do'konlarda va barbekyularda (烧烤) shaokǎo) yaxshi va arzon oqshom uchun.
In diskotekalar va chiroyli panjaralar o'yin-kulgi bilan siz odatda bir vaqtning o'zida ¥ 100 pivo sotib olasiz; bu sizni 4 ta import markali pivodan (Heineken, Bud, Corona, Sol va boshqalar) 10 ta mahalliy pivoga etkazib beradi. Bir nechta joylarda kokteyllar taklif etiladi; kamroq yaxshi narsalarga ega.
Boshqa ichimliklar shisha emas, faqat shisha tomonidan sotiladi. Qizil sharob 80-200 ¥ oralig'ida (muz va Sprite bilan ta'minlangan) va o'rtacha import qilingan viskilar (Chivas, Johnny Walker, Jim Beam, Jack Jack, kamdan-kam hollarda bitta malt) va konyaklar, 300-800 ¥. Ikkalasi ham ko'pincha shirin shisha yoki yashil choy bilan aralashtiriladi. Aroq, tekila va rom kamroq tarqalgan, ammo ba'zida mavjud. Bogus "tovar nomi" mahsulotlari juda keng tarqalgan va sizning keyingi kuningizni buzishi mumkin.
Ushbu joylarda ko'pincha bor bar qizlar, ko'p ichadigan va sizni ko'proq iste'mol qilish uchun ichimlik o'yinlarini o'ynashni xohlaydigan yosh ayollar. Siz sotib olgan narsalaringiz uchun ular komissiya olishadi. Umuman olganda, bu qizlar siz bilan barni tark etmaydi; ular fohishalar emas, balki professional noz-ne'matlardir.
Karaoke (卡拉 OK kālā'ōukèi) Xitoyda juda katta va uni ikki toifaga ajratish mumkin. Keyinchalik keng tarqalgan - bu noaniq karaoke box yoki KTV, qaerda siz xonani ijaraga olsangiz, do'stlaringizni olib keling va uy sizga mike beradi va ichkilikni sotadi. Talabalar tomonidan juda yaxshi ko'rilganlar, arzon va qiziqarli odamlar, ammo unutilmas kechada kamida bir necha kishi kerak. O'zingizning ichkilikbozlik vositangizni olib kelish narxni ushlab turishi mumkin, ammo uni makr bilan bajarish kerak - ko'p joylarda eshiklar derazalari bor, shunda xodimlar faqat sizga sotilgan spirtli ichimliklarni ichishingizga ishonch hosil qilishlari mumkin.
Yaqqol boshqacha maxsus KTV dam olish maskani, mijozlarga ko'ngil ochadigan yoki sochlarini tushiradigan ishbilarmonlarga ko'proq yo'naltirilgan, bu erda uy hamma narsani va hamma narsani narx bilan ta'minlaydi. Rim va Misr mavzularidagi eng mashhur mavzulardagi tez-tez ishlaydigan korxonalarda sizga qisqa muddatli etekli karaoke qizlari qo'shilishadi, ular o'z kompaniyalari rohatlari uchun soatlab haq oladilar va xizmatlari cheklanib qolmasligi mumkin. shunchaki yomon qo'shiq aytish va ichimliklaringizni quyish. Agar siz shimingizni kiysangiz ham, yuzlab dollarga osonlikcha tushishi mumkin bo'lgan bu qonun loyihasini kimdir qo'llab-quvvatlayotganiga amin bo'lmasangiz, bunga aralashmaslik tavsiya etiladi.
Boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi, hech qachon hech qachon quyosh botganidan keyin biroz vaqt o'tgach sizni ko'chada kutib olgan ko'rinadigan ayoldan restoranga yoki barga taklifnomani qabul qiling. Yaxshisi, boshqa joyni taklif qiling. Agar u rad etsa, uni joyiga tashlang. Ehtimol, u sizni juda ko'p eshik eshiklari bilan tinch va osoyishta joyga olib boradi va siz o'zingizni kamtarona ovqat va pivo bilan sotib olasiz, bu sizga 1000 ¥ yoki undan ham arzonroq turadi. Eshikchilar pulingizni to'lamaguningizcha ketishingizga ruxsat bermaydilar.
Choy
Xitoy choy madaniyatining vatani hisoblanadi va aniq narsalarni aytib berish xavfi ostida juda ko'p narsa bor choy (茶 chá) Xitoyda. Yashil choy (绿茶 lǜchá) ba'zi restoranlarda (mintaqaga qarab) bepul yoki ozgina haq evaziga xizmat qiladi. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun qarang Xitoy oshxonasi # Choy.
Eng keng tarqalgan xizmat turlari:
- porox choyi (珠茶.) zhū chá): uni pishirish uchun ishlatilgan barg barglari paydo bo'lishi bilan nomlangan yashil choy
- yasemin choyi (茉莉花 茶 mòlìhuā chá): yasemin gullari bilan hidlangan yashil choy
- oolong (烏龍 wūlóng): yarim fermentlangan tog 'choyi.
Mutaxassis choy choyxonalari rangpar, mayin oq choydan tortib turli xil pivolarni tayyorlashadi (白茶 báichá) kuchli fermentlangan va keksa puer choyiga (普洱茶) pǔ'ěrchá). Ko'pgina choy do'konlari sizni o'tirishga va turli xil choy navlarini sinab ko'rishga ko'proq xursand bo'lishadi. "Ten Fu Choy" - bu milliy zanjir.
Xitoy choylari shakarsiz yoki sutsiz ichiladi. Biroq, ba'zi hududlarda Gonkong uslubidagi "sutli choy" ni topasiz (奶茶 nǎichá) yoki Tibet "sariyog 'choyi". Tayvan pufakchali choyi (珍珠 奶茶.) zhēnzhū nǎichá) ham mashhur; "pufakchalar" tapioka to'plari va sut yoki mevalar ko'pincha aralashtiriladi.
Kofe
Kofe (咖啡 kāfēi) shahar shaharlarida mashhur, ammo kichikroq shaharlarda topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Bir nechta kofe do'konlarining ko'plab shaharlarda filiallari mavjud, jumladan Starbucks (星巴克), UBC Coffee (上岛咖啡), Ming Tien Coffee Language va SPR. Ko'plab kichik mustaqil kofe do'konlari yoki mahalliy tarmoqlar mavjud.
Sovuq ichimliklar
Odatda G'arbda sovutilgan yoki muz bilan beriladigan ko'plab ichimliklar Xitoyda xona haroratida taqdim etiladi. Restoranda pivo yoki soda so'rang va u xona haroratiga etib borishi mumkin, garchi pivoni hech bo'lmaganda yozda sovuqroq berishsa. Suvga odatda issiq xizmat ko'rsatiladi. Bu aslida yaxshi, chunki faqat qaynatilgan (yoki shisha) suv ichishga yaroqlidir.
Kichik oziq-ovqat do'konlari va restoranlarda sovuq ichimliklar sotiladi, shunchaki sovutgichni qidiring (garchi u salqin bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lsa ham). Siz restoranga sovuq ichimlik olib kirishga urinib ko'rishingiz mumkin. Aksariyat kichik restoranlar bunga qarshi emaslar - agar ular sezishsa ham - Xitoyda "qo'ziqorin" uchun to'lov yo'q. Aksariyat odamlar choy ichishadi, bu baribir bepul, shuning uchun restoran sizning ichimliklar iste'molidan foyda ko'rishni kutmasa kerak.
Muz so'rashdan saqlanish yaxshiroqdir. Ko'pgina joylarda, ehtimol, aksariyat joylarda bunday narsalar yo'q. Ulardagi muz, filtrsiz suv quvuridan yasalgan bo'lishi mumkin va shubhasiz, o'q terlayotgan sayohatchilar uchun xavfli diareya.
Uyqu
Turistlar uchun turar joylarning mavjudligi umuman yaxshi va umumiy yotoqxonalardan 5 yulduzli hashamatli mehmonxonalarga qadar. Uyqudagi poezdlar va shpal avtobuslari Agar siz uzoq masofaga sayohat qilishni bir kechada rejalashtirsangiz, yaxshi variant bo'lishi mumkin (qarang Atrofga boring Qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun ushbu sahifaning bo'limi).
Ilgari chet ellik mehmonlarni qabul qilishga atigi bir nechta mehmonxonalar ruxsat berilardi va politsiya mehmonlarni kuzatib turar edi, ammo har bir shaharda cheklovlar har xil. Hatto cheklangan shahar va shaharlarda ham, ayniqsa, oilaviy boshqarma operatsiyalari sizni tizimda ro'yxatdan o'tishingiz uchun sizdan etarli ma'lumot olishlari yoki bu kabi hisobotlarsiz qochib qutulishimiz mumkinligi haqida sizni tekshirishlari mumkin. Har qanday mehmonxonada baribir pasportingizning nusxasi kerak bo'ladi, ba'zilari sizning vizangiz muddati tugaganligini tekshiradi va ular rasmiylar bilan ma'lumot almashishlari kerak. Kamdan-kam hollarda sizning mehmonxonangizdan kimdir muassasaning hisobot talablarini qondirish uchun sizni mahalliy militsiya bo'limiga kuzatib qo'yadi.
Xitoy shahriga kelganda mehmonxonani qidirib topish qiyin, agar qaerga qarashni va nima qidirayotganingizni bilmasangiz. Umuman olganda, na yulduz reytinglari va na narxlar mehmonxonaning sifatini aniq ko'rsatib bermaydi, shuning uchun bron qilishdan oldin tadqiq qiling. Agar siz xona uchun 180 ¥ yoki undan ko'proq to'lashga tayyor bo'lsangiz, ehtimol siz uni topishda juda oz muammolarga duch kelasiz. Masalan, quyida "o'rta darajadagi" qatorda joylashgan zanjirli mehmonxona nomi bilan Google Xaritalarni qidirib topishingiz mumkin, manzilning xitoy tilida qanday bo'lishini aniqlang va keyin uni taksi haydovchisiga bergan yozuvingizga yozib qo'ying. . Odatda poezd yoki avtobus bekati yaqinida arzon mehmonxonalar mavjud. Agar siz faqat shaharda paydo bo'lib, uxlash uchun joy qidirishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, yaxshisi soat 18: 00gacha etib boring, aks holda eng mashhur joylar tunab ketishga buyurtma qilinadi. Agar siz uy topishga qiynalayotgan bo'lsangiz, mahalliy politsiya (警察) yoki jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi (公安局) sizga qulash uchun joy topishda yordam berishi mumkin - hech bo'lmaganda bir kecha.
Narxlar ko'pincha kelishib olinadi, va devorda ko'rsatilgan narxdan keskin pasayish ko'pincha "eng past narx nima?" deb so'rab, hatto yoqimli mehmonxonalarda ham bo'lishi mumkin. (最低 多少 zuìdī duōshǎo). Bir necha kundan ko'proq turganda, odatda, kunlik stavka bo'yicha kelishib olish mumkin. Biroq, ushbu muzokaralar taktikasi xitoyliklarning gavjum ta'til kunlarida samoviy raketalar va xonalarni olish qiyin bo'lgan paytlarda ishlamaydi. Ko'pgina mehmonxonalar, ham zanjirlar, ham shaxsiy muassasalarda, tez-tez tashrif buyuradigan mehmonlarga chegirmalar taqdim etadigan a'zolik kartalari mavjud.
O'rta va yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalarda mehmonlar "massaj" xizmatlarini taklif qiladigan telefon qo'ng'iroqlarini qabul qilish odatiy holga aylandilar (aslida qo'shimcha jismoniy xizmatlarni taklif qilishadi), ammo bu juda kamdan-kam holga aylandi, chunki erkaklar mehmonlar eshik ostiga to'ldirilgan vizitkalarga duch kelishlari mumkin edi. .
Internet orqali xonani bron qilish kredit karta bilan maqsadingizga etib borganingizda xonangiz borligiga ishonch hosil qilishning qulay va tezkor usuli bo'lishi mumkin va buning uchun ko'plab veb-saytlar mavjud. Kredit kartalar Xitoyda, ayniqsa kichikroq va arzonroq mehmonxonalarda keng qo'llanilmaydi. Bunday mehmonxonalar, odatda, naqd pul bilan to'lashni so'rashadi va ko'plab mehmonxonalar bir necha yuz yuanga oldindan naqd pul garovi so'rashadi. Ba'zi yangi onlayn xizmatlar[o'lik havola] kredit kartasiz bron qilish va mehmonxonada naqd pul to'lashga ruxsat berish. Xitoy ta'tillari paytida, biron bir joyda xona olish qiyin bo'lganida, bu maqbul variant bo'lishi mumkin, ammo mavsumdan tashqari, deyarli hamma joyda xonalar mo'l-ko'l va borar ekan, xonani topish kabi oson bo'lishi mumkin Internet orqali bitta kitob.
Butun Xitoy bo'ylab chiqish odatda peshin soatiga to'g'ri keladi va ko'pincha soat 18: 00da chiqish uchun yarim kunlik to'lovni to'lash imkoniyati mavjud.
Xitoyda doimiy ravishda yashaydiganlar uchun barcha shartnomalar xitoy tilida ekanligi to'g'risida ogohlantirish bilan ijaraga olish mumkin. Ko'chmas mulk narxlari Pekin va Shanxay kabi shaharlarda juda katta, hatto G'arbning ko'plab yirik shaharlaridan ham ustundir.
Arzon narxlardagi uy-joy
Ko'pgina ultra arzon variantlar xavfsizlik va tozalik sababli rivojlangan mamlakatlarning ko'p sayohatchilariga yoqmaydi. Eng arzon mehmonxonalarda issiq suv kuniga 24 soat bor yoki yo'qligini so'rash muhimdir (有 没有 二十 四个 小时 的 热水 yǒuméiyǒu ershisì ge xiǎoshí de réshuǐ), va dush, lavabo va hojatxonaning aslida ishlayotganligini tekshiring. Shuningdek, tig'iz ko'chaning yonidagi xonani tekshirishdan saqlanish tavsiya etiladi, chunki transport sizni kech uyg'otishi va erta uyg'onishi mumkin.
- Xostellar (青年 旅社) eng qulay arzon variantlar. Ular odatda chet elliklarga murojaat qilishadi, ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan xodimlarga ega va shahar atrofida arzon, qulay transport bilan ta'minlaydilar. Ulardan ba'zilari qimmatroq joylardan ko'ra toza va yaxshi jihozlangan. Xostellar ham qulay, xalqaro muhitga ega va boshqa sayohatchilar bilan uchrashish va g'arbiy yarim sharob taomlarini olish uchun yaxshi joy. Har qanday o'lchamdagi aksariyat shaharlarda kamida bitta yotoqxona mavjud va sayohat joylarida ko'plab yotoqxonalar mavjud, garchi ular xekayperlar bilan mashhurligi sababli tezda to'ldirishlari mumkin. Xostellarni oldindan on-layn bron qilish mumkin, ammo siz o'zingizning tasdiqlashingizning nusxasini olib qo'yishingiz kerak, chunki barcha yotoqxonalar o'z xonalarini oldindan bron qilish (va xarajatlarning bir qismini to'lash) mumkinligingizni bilmaydi. Pekindagi ko'plab yotoqxonalar mavjud hutonglar - an'anaviy ko'chalar va arxitektura labirinti o'rtasida an'anaviy hovli uylari. Pekindagi Xutonglarning ko'pchiligi buzib tashlangan bo'lsa-da, qolganlarini qutqarish harakati, ryukkakterlar uchun yoshlar yotoqxonalari va o'rta masofadagi sayohatchilar uchun butik mehmonxonalarda shov-shuvga sabab bo'ldi.
- Yotoq xonalari (宿舍) universitet turar joylarida, qishloq sayyohlik ob'ektlari yaqinida va ba'zi mehmonxonalarning bir qismida joylashgan. Aksariyat sayohatchilar yotoqxonada juda yaxshi imkoniyatga ega. Xonadoshlar yoki mast holda xonadoshlar bo'lish odatiy holdir, va umumiy hammomlar odatlanib qolishi mumkin, ayniqsa siz odatdagi hojatxonaga yoki sovuq dush qabul qilishga odatlanmagan bo'lsangiz. Biroq, ba'zi hududlarda, ayniqsa, Xitoyning ba'zi muqaddas tog'lari tepasida, yotoqxona xonalari hashamatli kurortlar dengizidagi yagona byudjet variantidir.
- Zhùsù (住宿), shunchaki "turar joy" deb tarjima qilingan, har qanday yotoqxonani nazarda tutishi mumkin, ammo zhusu uchun xitoycha harflar bilan devorga yozilgan joylar eng arzon. Zhusu bu mehmonxona emas, balki oddiygina uylarda, restoranlarda va temir yo'l va avtostantsiyalarning ijaraga olinadigan xonalari. Zhusu xonalari universal ravishda spartan bo'lib, hammomlar deyarli har doim birgalikda ishlaydi. Narxi juda past bo'lishi mumkin, faqat bir necha o'nlab renminbi turadi. Rasmiy ravishda zhusu chet el fuqarosiga xona ajratmasligi kerak, lekin ko'p marotaba mijoz mijoz olishga intiladi va har kimga ijaraga berishga tayyor bo'ladi. Zhusu-ni reklama qiladigan inglizcha yozuvlar hech qachon mavjud emas, shuning uchun xitoy tilini o'qiy olmasangiz, ovingiz uchun belgilarni bosib chiqarishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Zhu's-da xavfsizlik eskirgan, shuning uchun yoningizda qimmatbaho narsalar bo'lsa, ushbu parametr tavsiya etilmaydi.
- Kurortlar: kurort narxi har xil, lekin ¥ 25 dan past bo'lishi mumkin. Kurortga kirish odatda 24 soatni tashkil qiladi, ammo tunda (01:00 dan keyin) kechqurun kurortga kirish va peshindan oldin ketish sizga 50% chegirmaga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Spa-larda to'shak yoki yotadigan divanlar va sumkalar va shaxsiy narsalar uchun kichkina shkaf (bu siz sayohat qilsangiz ideal), lekin hech kimning shaxsiy hayoti yo'q, chunki odatda hamma bir xonada uxlaydi (shuning uchun yotoqxonadan ko'ra ko'proq xavfsizlik bor atrofni kuzatadigan xizmatchilar bor va sizning narsalaringiz (hatto kiyimlaringiz ham!) shkafda saqlanadi). Dushlar, saunalar, bepul taomlar, massaj va tanani tozalash kabi pullik xizmatlar ham mavjud. Qabul qiluvchilar ro'yxatda ko'rsatilgan stavkadan ko'proq pul to'lashingiz kerak bo'lgan sabablarni topishga urinishganda aldanmang. Ular sizni ro'yxatdagi stavkalar faqat a'zolar, mahalliy aholi, ayollar, erkaklar uchun mo'ljallanganligiga yoki kurortning faqat bir qismini o'z ichiga olganligiga ishontirishga urinishlari mumkin (ya'ni dush, lekin yotoq / divan yo'q). Har qanday da'volarni tekshirish uchun, kurortdan ancha uzoqda joylashgan mahalliy aholi bilan suhbat quring va narxlari haqida so'rang. Siz kurortning da'volarini tekshirayotganingizni ularga bildirmang. Faqat narx yaxshi bo'lsa, u erga borishni o'ylayotgan kabi harakat qiling. Agar ular kurort sizga ortiqcha pul to'lamoqchi ekanligini bilsalar, ular odatda kurortning da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar.
Byudjetli mehmonxonalar
Deyarli faqat xitoylik mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan keyingi darajadagi mehmonxonalar, odatda chet elliklar uchun taqiqlangan, ammo siz ularni sizni qabul qilishga ishontirishingiz mumkin, ayniqsa, xitoy tilida yumshoqroq gaplasha olsangiz. Chet el fuqarosi sifatida siz o'zingizni mahalliy hokimiyat organlarida ro'yxatdan o'tkazishingiz shart va shaharlarda byudjetli mehmonxonalar chet ellik mehmonlarni mahalliy tizimda qanday ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni bilishmaydi (va shu bilan chet ellik mehmonlarni qabul qilishni istamaydilar). Shunga qaramay, siz mehmonxonalar xodimlari bilan PSB tizimida bo'lishni to'g'ri ro'yxatdan o'tkazishda ishlashni taklif qilishingiz mumkin (chunki jamoat xavfsizligi byurolari bir xil ro'yxatga olish tizimidan foydalanadilar) ko'plab onlayn qo'llanmalardan biri, lekin buni mehmonxona xodimi yuzini yo'qotmaydigan qilib qilish kerak. Qishloq joylarda siz bosh barmoqingiz singari (ayniqsa, multimedia uskunangiz bo'lsa) chiqib ketasiz va hatto mehmon sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lsangiz ham, jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi xodimlari kechqurun kelib, birinchi bo'lib qolish niyatingizni so'rashadi. Qishloq joyida va boshqa mehmonxonaga ketishingizni so'rab murojaat qiling.
Xitoyning arzon byudjetli mehmonxonalari (zhusu-dan bir qadam yuqorida) deyiladi zhaodàisuǒ (招待所). Zhusidan farqli o'laroq, ular litsenziyalangan turar joylar, lekin xuddi shunday spartan va foydalidir, ko'pincha umumiy hammom mavjud. Biroz ko'proq hashamatli byudjetli mehmonxonalar va xitoylik biznes mehmonxonalar ingliz tilidagi yozuvlarga ega bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin va odatda so'zlari bor lǚguǎn (旅馆, "sayohat mehmonxonasi" ma'nosini anglatadi), bīnguǎn yoki jiǔdiàn (O'z navbatida 宾馆 va 酒店, "mehmonxona" ma'nosini anglatadi) ularning nomiga. Xona variantlari odatda bitta va ikkita kishilik hammom bilan jihozlangan xonalarni va umumiy hammom bilan yotoqxonalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ba'zi bir byudjetli mehmonxonalarda qo'shimcha vositalar va Internet mavjud. Kichkina shaharlarda bir kecha qolish 25 ¥ ga arzon bo'lishi mumkin; katta shaharlarda xonalar odatda 80-120 ¥ turadi. Bunday mehmonxonalarning muammolaridan biri shundaki, ular shovqinli bo'lishi mumkin, chunki homiylar va xodimlar tong sahargacha zallar bo'ylab bir-birlariga baqirishlari mumkin. Yana bir mumkin bo'lgan noqulaylik - bu hammom bilan hammomda bo'lish, chunki siz dush yoki cho'miluvchi hojatxonadan foydalanish uchun kutishingiz kerak bo'ladi, bundan tashqari u hech qanday jozibali holatda emas. Kichikroq byudjetli mehmonxonalarda bu joyni boshqaradigan oila tunda, kechqurun boshqa mijozlar kelmagani kabi yopilishi mumkin. Agar siz kechikib kelishni rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lsangiz, buni oldindan tushuntirib bering, aks holda kirish stoliga qo'ng'iroq qilishingiz, eshikni urishingiz yoki darvozadan oshib kirishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
O'rta darajadagi mehmonxonalar
Ular odatda katta, toza va qulay bo'lib, xonalari 150 ¥ dan 300 ¥ dan yuqori. Ko'pincha bir xil mehmonxonalarda qimmatroq va hashamatli xonalar bo'ladi. Ikkala juftlik odatda juda chiroyli va g'arbiy me'yorlarga mos keladi, toza hammom sochiq va bepul tualetga ega. Bufet nonushta qo'shilishi mumkin yoki nonushta chiptasini taxminan 10 ¥ ga sotib olish mumkin.
Xitoy atrofida o'sib chiqqan G'arbning bir qator o'rta sifatli mehmonxonalari, ular tarkibiga quyidagi zanjirlar kiradi, ularning barchasi 150-300 ¥ oralig'idagi xonalarga ega va oldindan buyurtma qilish uchun:
- 7 kunlik mehmonxonalar. (7 ")
- JinJiang mehmonxonalari. (锦江 之 星)
- Uydagi mehmonxonalar (如 家 快捷 酒店).
- Yashil daraxtlar uchun mehmonxonalar (格林 豪 泰 酒店). (Inglizcha)
- Wyndham tomonidan yaratilgan Super 8 motellari. (Inglizcha)
Splurge
Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton va Shangri-La kabi xalqaro mehmonxonalar zanjirlari va kurortlari va ularning xitoylik raqobatchilari o'z ichiga oladi. 24 soat davomida xizmat ko'rsatadigan, sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi, kurortlar va g'arbiy nonushta bufetlari bilan jihozlangan hashamatli turar joy uchun bular tunda yuzlab yoki minglab yuanni oladi. Masalan, Shanxayda bir kecha uchun 10,000 ¥ dan ortiq suitlar mavjud. Ushbu muassasalarning aksariyati xarajatlar hisobi bilan sayohat qiluvchi biznes turlarini taklif qiladi va shunga muvofiq oziq-ovqat va maishiy xizmatlar uchun haq oladi (ya'ni, do'konda ¥ 2 bo'lgan bir shisha suv uchun ¥ 20). Odatda o'rta darajadagi turar joylarda bepul bo'lgan Internet (simli yoki simsiz) ko'pincha yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalarda pullik xizmatidir.
Ramada yoki Days Inn kabi 400-700 ¥ oralig'idagi ba'zi mehmonxonalar ish sust bo'lganida narxlarini tushirishga tayyor. Xitoyning uch va to'rt yulduzli mehmonxonalari ko'pincha blokirovka narxini yoki 5 kundan ortiq turar joy uchun yaxshiroq narxlarni taqdim etadi. Agar siz Xitoyga ekskursiya bilan kelgan bo'lsangiz, sayyohlik kompaniyasi sizga haqiqiy hashamatli mehmonxonadan ro'yxatdan o'tgan narxning bir qismiga ega bo'lishi mumkin.
O'rganing
- Shuningdek qarang: Xitoyda o'qish
An'anaviy xitoy madaniyati ta'limga katta e'tibor beradi, shuning uchun Xitoyda sifatli ta'lim olishni istaganlar uchun imkoniyatlar etishmaydi.
Xitoy universitetlari ko'plab turli xil kurslarni taklif qilishadi va ularning ba'zilari muntazam ravishda dunyoning eng yaxshi universitetlari qatoridan joy olishadi. Universitetlar o'rta maktab ta'limining minimal darajasiga erishgan talabalarni xitoy tili kurslariga qabul qiladilar. Ushbu kurslar odatda 1 yoki 2 yil davom etadi. Talabalarga kurslarini tugatgandan so'ng sertifikatlar beriladi. Xitoy tilini bilmaydigan va Xitoyda o'qishni davom ettirishni istagan talabalar odatda tilni o'rganish kursini o'tashlari shart.
Xitoyda xitoy tilini o'rganish uchun ko'plab imkoniyatlar, jumladan, universitet kurslari va maxsus dasturlar mavjud. Grantlar sizning mamlakatingizdan yoki Xitoy hukumatidan olinishi mumkin. Ekspatatlar jamoatchiligiga ega bo'lgan har qanday shaharda siz o'zingizning yoningizda bo'lishingiz mumkin bo'lgan xususiy sinflarni ham topishingiz mumkin Xitoyda ishlash. Mandarin tili singari mashhur bo'lmasa-da, mahalliy lahjalar va etnik ozchiliklarning tillarini o'rganish uchun ba'zi imkoniyatlar mavjud.
Ish
- Shuningdek qarang: Xitoyda ishlash
Xitoy shu qadar o'sdiki, dunyoning eng yirik iqtisodiyotiga aylanish yo'lida. Chet elliklar uchun mehnat bozori kirish qiyin bo'lsa-da, ammo Xitoyni boshdan kechirishni istaganlar uchun muhim imkoniyatlar mavjud. Xitoyda sayyohlik yoki ishbilarmonlik vizasi bilan ishlash noqonuniy hisoblanadi va ilgari ko'plab chet elliklar bu ishdan qutulib qolishgan bo'lsa-da, Xitoy hukumati bu amaliyotga qarshi kurashmoqda; sizning ish beruvchingiz siz uchun tegishli tartib-qoidalardan o'tayotganiga faol ravishda ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
Ishga joylashish imkoniyatlari kiradi Ingliz tilida o'qitish, muhandislik, texnologik ish joylari, xalqaro savdo, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va ko'p millat uchun ishlash. Ko'pgina ish joylari uchun Xitoy immigratsiya qonunchiligi chet elliklarga mehnat vizasini olishdan oldin kamida bakalavr darajasiga ega bo'lishini talab qiladi va agar sizda yo'q bo'lsa, sizning arizangiz rad etiladi. Qarang Xitoyda ishlash tafsilotlar uchun.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Xitoy odatda mehmonlar uchun xavfsiz bo'lsa-da, hukumatning ba'zi avtoritar tomonlari va mavzusi bor inson huquqlari Xitoyda juda bahsli. Xitoy konstitutsiyasida yozilganiga qaramay, amalda so'z erkinligi, shaxsiy hayot, axborot va matbuot erkinligi, din erkinligi va adolatli sud huquqi kabi ba'zi erkinliklar keskin cheklangan. Siz ataylab provokatsion bo'lmasangiz, ularning aksariyati sizning tashrifingiz davomida sizga ta'sir qilishi mumkin emas, ayniqsa ijro etish har qanday tarzda o'zboshimchalik bilan amalga oshiriladi - ammo agar shunday bo'lsa, jazo og'ir bo'lishi mumkin. Xitoy sudsiz hibsga olish, qiynoqqa solish va (kamdan-kam hollarda, asosan qotillik va giyohvand moddalar savdosi uchun) o'lim jazosidan foydalanishi ma'lum. Ko'pincha "garovga olingan diplomatiya" deb tanqid qilinadiganlar, hibsga olishlar va majburiy ijrolar ba'zan geosiyosiy voqealarga munosabat sifatida kuchayadi, ya'ni, masalan, Kanada va Amerika ishbilarmonlari 2019 yilda qo'shimcha tekshiruvga duch kelishdi. Xitoyning ikki tomonlama fuqarolari va Xitoy fuqarolari bo'lgan xitoy merosi odamlari boshqa mamlakatlar, ularni hukumat tekshiruvlari bilan hamkorlik qilishga majbur qilish yoki Xitoyga qaytish uchun qarindoshlariga bosim o'tkazish uchun, ba'zan bir necha yillar davomida Xitoyda saqlanadigan "chiqish taqiqlari" qo'llanilgan.
O'zingizni tutsangiz va giyohvandlik yoki siyosiy faoliyatga aralashmasangiz, sizda hech qanday muammo bo'lmasligi kerak. Hatto Internet xavfsizlik devorini chetlab o'tish yoki potentsial buzg'unchi materiallarga kirish odatda o'rtacha tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun e'tibordan chetda qoladi. Ammo, hukumatga qarshi ish tutsangiz, favqulodda vaziyat rejasini tuzish zarar qilmaydi.
Huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari
Xitoydagi xususiy xavfsizlik xodimlari politsiyaga o'xshab kiyinishadi, shuningdek, ko'pincha transport vositalarida chiroqlar va sirenalardan foydalanadilar.
Siz eng ko'p duch keladigan huquqni muhofaza qilish idorasi bu jamoat xavfsizligi politsiyasi (公安 机关 人民警察), ko'pincha jamoat xavfsizligi (公安, G''ng'an) yoki fuqarolik politsiyasi (民警).
- Aksariyat ofitserlar to'q ko'k rangga bo'yalgan qalpoqchalar va och-ko'k rangli ko'ylaklar kiyishadi. Xodimlar politsiyani tasdiqlovchi hujjatini olib yurishlari kerak, bu siz ularni so'raganingizda ko'rsatilishi kerak. Ular odatda qurolsiz.
- Maxsus politsiya xodimlari qora jangovar forma kiyib, qurollangan.
- Yo'l harakati politsiyasi xodimlari oq zirvali kepkalarni kiyishadi, ba'zi shaharlarda ular lyuminestsent ko'ylak kiyishlari mumkin.
- Yordamchi politsiya xodimlari huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarining cheklangan vakolatiga ega va hibsga olish huquqiga ega emaslar. Ularning formasi har shaharda farq qiladi; ammo "yordamchi politsiya" (辅警) so'zlari yoki shunga o'xshash narsalar mavjud.
- Detektivlar, shu jumladan ichki xavfsizlik agentlari (clothes 安全 保卫, 国 保) oddiy kiyimda.
- Odatda politsiya transport vositalarida "公安" so'zi bor. Maxsus politsiya transport vositalari qora rangga bo'yalgan va "特警" so'zi bilan yozilgan.
Barcha jamoat xavfsizligi politsiyasi xodimlari butun mamlakat bo'ylab vakolatlarga ega. Ofitserlarning aksariyati do'stona va ishonchli, ammo buzilganlar ham bo'lishi muqarrar.
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The Xalq qurolli politsiyasi (PAP) - bu jamoat xavfsizligi politsiyasiga yordam berish, tartibsizliklarni nazorat qilish, asosiy infratuzilmani qo'riqlash va hokazolarni o'z ichiga olgan Xitoyning jandarmiya kuchlari. Ularning askarlari qizil kamuflyaj jangovar formasi yoki zaytun-yashil rangli harbiy forma kiyib, qizil nishonga ega, zobitlar esa deyarli Xalq Ozodlik Armiyasi Qurolli kuchlari bilan bir xil kiyim.
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Chengguan (城管), rasmiy ravishda shahar shahar ma'muriy va huquqni muhofaza qilish byurosi (城市 管理 行政 as known) deb nomlanuvchi va ko'pincha Birlashgan ijro (综合 执法) yoki Ma'muriy ijro (行政 执法) deb nomlanuvchi, boshqacha kiyinishi mumkin. Chengguan zobitlari ko'pincha yomon o'qitilgan, shafqatsiz va ba'zida buzuq.
Jinoyat
Jinoyat stavkalar ulkan millat bo'ylab farq qiladi, lekin umuman olganda bu ko'pchilik G'arb davlatlari kabi xavfsizdir. Ko'pgina G'arb sayyohlari o'z vatanlariga qaraganda Xitoyda o'zlarini xavfsizroq his qilishadi va tunda ayollar ko'chalarda yolg'iz yurish umuman muammo emas. Garchi zo'ravonlik jinoyati Madaniy inqilobdan keyin avj olgan bo'lsa va Gongkong kabi filmlarda keng tasvirlangan bo'lsa ham Qonunning uzoq qo'li, hozirda politsiyani takomillashtirish tufayli kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo firibgarliklar va mayda jinoyatlar tez-tez uchrab turadi, shuning uchun ehtiyotkor bo'lish va qimmatbaho buyumlaringizni to'g'ri ta'minlash. Boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi, ozgina umumiy fikr uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tadi.
Umuman olganda, katta shaharlarda jinoyatchilik darajasi qishloqqa qaraganda yuqori. Shunga qaramay, ular o'xshashlardan xavfli emas Sidney, London yoki Nyu York G'arb dunyosida, shuning uchun siz serhosil joylardan qochsangiz va aql-idrokdan foydalansangiz, yaxshi bo'lasiz. Videokuzatuv shaharda ham, ba'zi qishloqlarda ham keng qo'llaniladi. Garchi uning keng qo'llanilishi G'arb tomonidan tanqidlarga sabab bo'lsa-da, videokameralar odatda politsiya tomonidan mamnuniyat bilan kutib olinadi, chunki oldingi safdagi ofitserlar ko'pincha Xitoyning ko'p sonli aholisi bilan ishlashda etarli emas.
Ilgari kabi keng tarqalmagan bo'lsa-da Evropa, talonchilik odamlar ko'p bo'lgan joylarda muhim masala. Kuchli soatlarda jamoat transportida bo'lganingizda ayniqsa hushyor bo'ling, chunki bu zarbadan keyin cho'ntaklarning qochib ketishi uchun mukammal qopqoqni taqdim etadi.
Velosipedni o'g'irlash muammo bo'lishi mumkin. Katta shaharlarda bir oy ichida uchta velosipeddan mahrum bo'lgan mahalliy aholi haqida hikoyalar mavjud, ammo ba'zi boshqa joylarda mahalliy odamlar velosipedlarini beparvolik bilan to'xtatib turishadi. Mahalliy odamlar nima qilayotganiga ergashing. Sizning qimmat qulfingiz hech qanday yordam bermaydi deb o'ylang. Professional o'g'rilar deyarli har qanday qulfni buzishi mumkin. Xitoyda velosiped to'xtash joyi supermarketlar yoki savdo markazlari tashqarisida keng tarqalgan bo'lib, odatda kuniga ¥ 1-2 (odatda 20: 00-22: 00 gacha) narxlanadi. Agar sizda elektr velosiped yoki scooter bo'lsa, ehtiyot bo'ling, chunki batareyalar to'plami yoki zaryadlovchi qurilmasi maqsadga yo'naltirilgan bo'lishi mumkin.
Chet elliklar muammoga duch keladigan asosiy jinoyatlar giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish bilan bog'liq (shu jumladan, siz Xitoyga etib kelgunga qadar giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish - ular ba'zan nasha uchun soch sinovini o'tkazadilar) yoki noqonuniy ishlash, natijada odatda qisqa muddatli jazo, jarima va deportatsiya. Agar siz og'irroq jinoyatda ayblanayotgan bo'lsangiz, unda dastlabki 72 soatlik tergovingiz juda muhimdir. Aynan shu vaqt ichida politsiya, prokuratura va sizning advokatlaringiz sizning aybingiz bor-yo'qligini tekshiradi, muzokara olib boradi va qaror qabul qiladi. Hibsga olingandan so'ng darhol politsiya qattiq so'roqlarni (yoki qiynoqlarni) qo'llaydi, chunki aybiga iqror bo'lish sud hukmi chiqarilishining eng tezkor usuli hisoblanadi. Xitoy qonunchiligi sizning so'roq paytida sizning advokatingizning bo'lishini taqiqlaydi. Agar sizning ishingiz sudga o'tadigan bo'lsa, unda sizning sudlanganligingiz shunchaki rasmiyatchilikdir (2013 yildagi jinoiy sud jarayonlarining 99,9 foizi sud hukmi bilan yakunlangan) va sudyaning yagona vazifasi sizning hukmingizni hal qilishdir. So'roq paytida biron bir hujjatni imzolash o'ta yomon fikr bo'ladi, ayniqsa, nima imzolayotganingizni tushunmasangiz. Siz konsullik xizmatlariga va tarjimonga kirishingizga ruxsat berishingizni iltifot bilan talab qilishingiz kerak.
Yo'l harakati
- Shuningdek qarang: Xitoyda haydash
Xitoyda avtohalokatlarda bir kishi uchun o'lim darajasi ko'plab G'arb mamlakatlariga qaraganda past. Ammo, umuman olganda, Xitoyda haydash har qanday joydan asabiylashishdan tortib to beparvolikka qadar o'zgarishi mumkin. Yo'l harakati tartibsiz ko'rinishi mumkin. Avtomashinalar qizil chiroqqa o'ngga burilishiga ruxsat beriladi va piyoda yurish signalidan qat'i nazar to'xtamaydi. Avtomobil haydovchilari, velosipedchilar va elektr scooter haydovchilari, ularning hammasi birdaniga yo'l / ustuvorlik huquqiga ega deb hisoblaydilar. Piyodalar o'tish joylari haydovchilar uchun qo'llanma bo'lib, u erda piyodalar ko'proq o'tishlari mumkin.
Shaharlarda esa haydovchilar sezilarli darajada zarar etkazadigan darajada tez yurishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Mahalliy aholi kabi qiling: yo'lni ishonch bilan kesib o'ting, atrofingizdan xabardor bo'ling, shuni bilingki, avtoulovlar, velosipedlar va skuterlar to'xtash o'rniga davom ettirishga moyil.
Chet el fuqarosi sifatida transport vositasini haydamaslik tavsiya etiladi, chunki baxtsiz hodisa tufayli siz Xitoy tovon puli bilan ishlashga yaroqsiz bo'lasiz.
Terrorizm
Xitoydagi kamdan-kam holatlarga qaramay, terroristik hujumlar sodir bo'lgan va odamlarga qarshi shov-shuvli hujumlar bo'lgan Guanchjou stantsiya, Kunming stantsiya va Pekin. There is airport-style security at all major train stations, metro stations, and long-distance bus terminals. You will have your bag x-rayed and take water bottles out of your bag to be scanned separately, but there is no need to empty your pockets.
Begging
Chinese people traditionally disapprove of begging, so begging is not a major issue in most places. It is, however, never far off the scene and particularly common just outside the main tourist attractions and in major transportation hubs.
Be aware of child beggars who could be victims of child trafficking. While it is becoming less common, you should avoid giving them any money.
In China, local people usually only give money to those who have obviously lost the ability to earn money. Professional beggars have clear deformities, and some syndicates have been known to deliberately maim children as it is seen as more effective in soliciting pity. If you feel like giving them some, bear in mind that the minimum hourly wage ranges from ¥11 to ¥24 (2020).
Buddhist monks
The presence of foreign tourists unaware of local Buddhist customs has also given rise to many scams, with many fake monks and temples preying on unsuspecting visitors. Buddhism in China generally follows the Mahayana school, whose monks are required to be vegetarian, and usually grow their own food in the temples, or buy their food using temple donations. As such, they generally do not beg for food.
Monks also do not sell religious items (these are sold by laymen), and neither do they offer "Buddha's blessing" in exchange for money, or threaten you with misfortune should you not donate. Most temples will have a donation box in the main hall for devotees to make donations should they wish to do so, and monks will never go out in public to ask for donations. According to traditional Buddhist philosophy, it is entirely up to an individual to decide whether and how much he/she wishes to donate, and genuine Buddhist temples will never use high-pressure tactics to solicit donations, or ask for any amount of money in exchange for services.
Tabiat
Being a large country, China is affected by a range of different natural disasters. Pacific typhoons hit the coast in the summer and autumn months, bringing physical destruction and torrential rain. Floods also occur, in particular around the large rivers. Northern parts of the country have winter storms. Much of the country is prone to earthquakes va tornadoes.
China has a variety of venomous snakes. Be careful when hiking and seek immediate treatment for any snakebite. The bright green bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri) is especially notorious.
Scams
- Shuningdek qarang: Common scams, Pickpockets
Chinese people are in general hospitable to foreigners, and want to leave a good impression on tourists visiting their country. However, as with anywhere else, there are also scam artists who operate at tourist hot spots, so it pays to be prudent and remember that if something seems too good to be true, it usually is.
High prices do not necessarily indicate a scam. In a teahouse or bar, ¥50-200 per cup or pot of tea (including hot water refills) and ¥15-60 per bottle of beer is not uncommon. Tea samplings may also charge high prices for each sample.
Touristy parts of Beijing and Shanghai have become notorious for various scams. If you are keen to avoid being scammed, the following are good rules of thumb:
- It is less likely for scammers to operate outside of the usual tourist spots
- If you are approached in a touristy area by a person who appears too enthusiastic about going to a particular place (teahouse or otherwise), you are likely to pay a premium and maybe get a better time elsewhere
- If you are uncomfortable, walk away.
- Most ordinary Chinese people are unable to speak English, so be on your guard if someone approaches you spontaneously and starts speaking to you in English.
The police are sensitive to foreigners being targeted in this way and giving the country a poor reputation. In China, you have a legal right to ask for a "fa piao" (发票) which is an official sales invoice issued by the taxation department. It is against the law for an owner to refuse to give it to you. For scams, they generally will refuse since it is legal evidence of their extortionate price.
Accident scams occur, too, and even 'good samaritans' who help people genuinely in distress have been sued for compensation by the people they were trying to help. These scams are not tried on foreigners too often, but be careful when using a vehicle and always record your journey with a dashboard or bicycle camera.
If you find yourself being or having been scammed then call 110 and report it immediately.
Illicit drugs
Acts related to illicit drugs are dealt with harshly in China. Although drug use alone and the mere possession of small quantities of drugs (for example, less than 200 grams of opium and less than 10 grams of heroin or methamphetamine) are not prosecuted and are only subject to lengthy detention and/or a fine, smuggling, trafficking, transporting, and manufacturing illicit drugs are crimes punishable by death, and there are plenty cases of foreign drug traffickers being executed in China. In addition, the possession of large quantities of drugs (exceeding the aforementioned amount) is a crime punishable by up to more than 7 years of fixed-term imprisonment, and sheltering others to take drugs is a crime punishable by up to 3 years of fixed-term imprisonment. With few exceptions, concurrent fines are attached to each drug-related crime conviction. Chinese people usually associate drugs with national humiliation (due to an unlimited influx of opium after Opium Wars); publicly doubting the death penalty for drug offences or advocacy for drug liberalization will most likely get you publicly criticized.
For recorded drug addicts, you may be subjected to sudden raids by the police, in order to verify that you did not consume any illicit drugs.
Be particularly wary in the provinces of Yunnan va Guansi, as these provinces border Southeast Asia, which is a major drug-producing region. Police now target bars and nightclubs that foreigners frequent with drug-testing kits, with detention and deportation the likely consequence of a positive drug test. In a hair test, you may test positive even for drugs that you consumed three months before arriving in China. If you are driving from Chinese-Burmese border (eg. Xishuangbanna), you may also encounter layered narcotics checkpoints, in which you and your vehicle will be thoroughly searched, in an attempt to intercept drug mules.
Banned items
Due to the fast pace of change in China, you may find some items (especially media) continue to be banned by customs although they are readily available for purchase in the country itself. Searching your belongings for illicit items such as the ones below could potentially happen when entering China through an airport, although in practice it is rare these days.
- Materials considered by the authorities as Anti-Chinese will be confiscated. This has a fairly wide interpretation, but can include the Dalai Lama, the Tibetan lion-mountain flag and literature about the Falun Gong religious group, independence movements in Xinjiang, Tibet, Hong Kong and Taiwan or the Tiananmen Square protests. As a rule of thumb, do not bring anything critical of the Communist Party of China; if some literature refers to the government of the PRC as the Communist Party of China, then it's either from Taiwan (as the local official term when referring to the Chinese government), and/or its stance is likely to be critical of the party.
- The Epoch Times (大紀元時報) and Ming Hui Times (明慧周刊/明慧周報) are some examples of Falun Gong related literature. The Falun Gong sect is known to print proselytising words on Chinese yuan bills, so consider checking your bills to avoid unnecessary hassle.
- A heavy penalty is imposed on all pornography and penalties are counted based on the number of pieces brought into the country.
Religion
Visitors to China rarely get into trouble for practicing their religion. As a communist country, China is officially atheist, and religion is banned for people working in government jobs. Although religion was targeted for extermination during the Cultural Revolution, in modern times, visitors and private citizens are generally free to practice a religion if they wish. Biroq, proselytising is prohibited and taken very seriously by the government, and could potentially lead to arrest and imprisonment, especially if there is any fear that it could undermine the government's authority.
Catholics in China are split between the state-sanctioned Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CPA, CPCA, or CCPA, 中国天主教爱国会 Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì), which is run separately from the Vatican, and an underground church which is illegal; visitors should not associate with the latter for legal reasons.
Falun Gong bu illegal and heavily censored in China. Visibly supporting it will make you subject to arrest.
Despite all that, modern Chinese society is in general rather secular, and religiously-motivated hate crimes are exceedingly rare.
Racism
Although unprovoked violent racist attacks are virtually unheard of, foreigners, particularly darker-skin ones, often suffer discrimination in employment and are the subject of stereotyping from Chinese people. Even white foreigners, who allegedly enjoy significantly better treatment than locals, have been occasionally confronted by Chinese people during politically sensitive periods. Xenophobia has intensified amid the COVID-19 pandemic, with many restaurants now refusing service to foreign customers. Discrimination is particularly severe against black people, some of whom have been evicted by their landlords and denied rooms in hotels.
If your skin tone doesn't match people's assumptions for someone from your country, and especially if you're ethnically Chinese, you may be treated like the country on your passport isn't where you're really from. Visas on arrival are sometimes denied on this basis.
Gay and lesbian travelers
China is generally a safe destination for gay and lesbian travelers. There are no laws against homosexuality in China, though films, websites, and television shows involving themes of homosexuality tend to be censored or banned. Gay scenes and communities are found in the major cities in China, but are generally non-existent everywhere else. Most Chinese are reluctant to discuss their sexuality in public, as it is generally considered to be a personal matter, and acceptance of homosexuality by Chinese people tends to be mixed. Same-sex marriages and unions are not recognised anywhere in the country. While openly displaying your sexual orientation in public is still likely to draw stares and whispers, gay and lesbian visitors should generally not run into any major problems, and unprovoked violence against homosexual couples is almost unheard of.
Staff in hotels and guesthouses may assume that a mistake has been made if a same-sex couple has reserved a room with one large bed and try to move you to another room. However, they will generally back down if you insist that it is not a problem.
Stay healthy
Personal hygiene
Outside major cities, public washrooms range from mildly unpleasant to utterly repulsive. In cities, it varies from place to place. High-quality bathrooms can be found inside major tourist attractions, at international hotels, office buildings, and upper-class department stores. Washrooms in foreign restaurant chains, or any of the coffee chains listed in the drink section are usually more or less clean. While those in common restaurants and hotels are barely acceptable, those in hotel rooms are generally clean. Some public facilities are free, others cost from a few mao up to ¥2. Separate facilities are always provided for men (男 nán) and women (女 nǚ), but sometimes there are no doors on the front of the stalls.
The sit-down toilet familiar to Westerners is rare in China in public areas. Hotels will generally have them in rooms, but in places where Westerners are scarce, expect to find squat toilets more often than not. Many private homes in urban areas now have sit-down toilets, and one major benefit from having a local host is that they have clean bathrooms. As a rule of thumb, a western establishment such as McDonald's or Starbucks will have a western toilet, but may not have toilet paper.
Carry your own tissue paper (卫生纸 wèishēngzhǐ, or 面纸 miànzhǐ) as it is rarely provided. You can sometimes buy it from the money-taker at a public toilet; you can also buy it in bars, restaurants and Internet cafés for ¥2. Put used paper in the bucket next to the toilet; do not flush it away as it may block the often poor plumbing systems. There may not be soap in the public washrooms either.
The Chinese tend to distrust the cleanliness of bathtubs. In hotels with fixed bathtubs, disposable plastic bathtub liners may be provided.
Wash your hands often with soap if you can find any, carry some disposable disinfectant tissues (found in almost any department or cosmetics store), or use alcohol gel.
Food and drink
Food
Although there are few widely enforced health regulations in restaurants, each major city does have an inspection regime that requires each establishment to prominently display the result (good, average or poor). It is hard to say how effective this is, but it is a start. Restaurants generally prepare hot food when you order. Even in the smallest of restaurants, hot dishes are usually freshly prepared, instead of reheated, and rarely cause health problems.
A rule of thumb regarding street food is to make certain it is cooked thoroughly while you are watching; also, visit stalls frequented by locals, and look for plastic-wrapped disposable chopsticks.
Minor stomach discomfort may still be experienced from street food and restaurant food alike, but is said to pass as one becomes accustomed to the local food. Ginger can be effective against nausea.
Ichish
Chinese people do not drink water straight from the tap, even in the cities. All hotels provide a thermos flask of boiled water in your room (refillable by your floor attendant), a kettle you can use to do it yourself or a sealed plastic bottle of commercial mineral water. Tap water is safe to drink after boiling.
Some apartments and businesses have rather large water filters installed (which require changing twice a year) to improve the quality of water for cooking and washing. It still doesn't make the water drinkable from the tap, however it does improve the water quality a great deal.
Purified drinking water in bottles is available everywhere, and is generally quite cheap. ¥2 is normal for a small bottle. Check that the seal on the cap is not broken. Beer, wine and soft drinks are also cheap and safe.
Also note that much river water in China has been contaminated by chemicals that filters can not help much with, although this should only be dangerous if consumed over an extended period of time.
Pollution
Smog Most smog or haze outbreaks are made up of fine particles that are 2.5 microns or smaller (PM2.5). N95 masks provide good protection against smog as they are at least 95% efficient against fine particles that are about 0.1 – 0.3 microns. They are 99.5% efficient against larger particles of 0.75 microns or more. As with most things in China, be sure to identify a reputable brand such as 3M |
Due to a rapid rate of industrialization in China, pollution and heavy smog is unfortunately part of the way of life in most major towns and cities. That said, stricter environmental protection laws are slowly beginning to bear fruit, with the result that Beijing is no longer the most polluted city in the world, but there is still a long way to go. Even the countryside, depending on the province in question, is not immune.
Long-term effects of smog particulate are unlikely to have a significant effect on your health if you are in China for a short stay (e.g. a number of weeks) and have no significant respiratory problems. If you are concerned, discuss this with a medical professional before your trip.
Places at higher altitudes or plains like parts of Yunnan and Sichuan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and outlying islands such as Hainan usually have good air quality. Visitors should be prepared to see smog, which can be quite heavy, in nearly all large cities, including those on the coast.
Bu website can provide detailed hourly pollution readings for most large cities.
You will also hear a lot of noise. Construction and renovation are full-time activities. Chinese and long-time residents' ears are trained to filter and tolerate it.
Health care
Healthcare for foreigners Most major Chinese cities have clinics and hospitals that are more appropriate for foreigners, with English-speaking and Western-qualified staff. Although expensive, it is worth identifying them whenever you plan to stay in an area for a significant time. For non-urgent medical treatment, you may want to consider traveling to Hong Kong, Taiwan or South Korea for a higher standard of treatment which may not be particularly more expensive. |
The quality of Chinese hospitals for the Chinese people is generally not up to the standards of the West. Local doctors have been known to prescribe more expensive treatments than necessary; IV drips are routine prescriptions in China, even for minor ailments like the common cold, and doctors have a tendency to liberally prescribe antibiotics. Most locals go to the hospital even for the most minor ailments, and the concept of a private clinic effectively does not exist. You should consider keeping a significant amount of cash readily available for emergencies, since not being able to pay upfront may delay treatment.
Ambulance services are expensive, require upfront payment, are not accorded much priority on the roads and are therefore not particularly fast. Taking a taxi to the hospital in an emergency will often be much quicker.
Common therapeutic drugs — things like penicillin or insulin — are generally available from a pharmacist with a prescription and considerably cheaper than in western countries. You can usually ask to see the instructions that came with the box. Western medicine is called xīyào (西药). Less common drugs are often imported, hence expensive.
In larger cities there are strong controls over medicine, and even 'standard' cold medicine such as acetaminophen/paracetamol or dextromethorphan may require a prescription or a foreign passport. Opiates always require a prescription, although Viagra never does.
In smaller cities and rural areas many medicines, including most antibiotics, are often available without a prescription.
Common symptoms
Qarang Chinese phrasebook for more. |
Most Chinese doctors and nurses, even in larger cities, will speak little or no English. However, medical staff are in plentiful supply and hospital wait times are generally short - usually less than 10 minutes at general clinics (门诊室 ménzhěnshì), and virtually no wait time at emergency rooms (急诊室 jízhěnshì).
There are private Western-style clinics and hospitals in most major Chinese cities which provide a higher standard of care at a much higher price. The doctors and nurses will speak English (with interpretation services often available for other foreign languages), and are often hired from, or have obtained their medical qualifications in Western countries. These provide an easy and comfortable way to obtain familiar Western treatment from doctors qualified in the West, although you will be paying a steep premium for these services starting at ¥1,000 just for the consultation. Check beforehand to see whether your insurance will cover all or part of this.
For any significant surgery, it is worth considering traveling to Hong Kong, Taiwan or South Korea as the standard of treatment and care is more aligned to Western standards.
Ensure that needles used for injections or any other procedure that requires breaking the skin are new and unused - insist on seeing the packet being broken open. In some parts of China it is acceptable to re-use needles, albeit after sterilization.
For acupuncture, although the disposable needles are quite common in mainland China, you can provide your own needles if you prefer. The disposable type, called Wujun zhenjiu zhen (无菌針灸針, Sterilized acupuncture needles), usually cost ¥10-20 per 100 needles and are available in many pharmacies. There should be minimal to no bleeding when the needle is inserted and removed if the acupuncturist is sufficiently skilled.
While Traditional Chinese Medicine is ubiquitous in China, regulation tends to be lax and it is not unheard of for Chinese physicians to prescribe herbs which are actually detrimental to one's health. Do some research and ensure you have some trusted local friends to help you out if you wish to see a Chinese physician. You can head to Hong Kong or Taiwan instead, as the practice is better regulated there.
If making more than a short trip to China, it may be a good idea to get vaccinated against Hepatitis A and Typhoid as they can be spread via contaminated food, and Japanese encephalitis which is transmitted in rural areas.
Parts of southern China have mosquitoes which transmit malaria, dengue fever, etc.
As of 2019 the official estimate is that nearly 1 million people in China are living with HIV/AIDS. One in four infected individuals do not know their status. Sex workers, clients of sex workers and injecting drug users are the most infected groups.
New diseases are sometimes a threat in China, particularly in its more densely populated parts. There have been cases of bird flu: avoid undercooked poultry or eggs.
Respect
| “ | 入乡随俗 Rù xiāng suí sú When you enter a village, follow the customs. | ” |
—Chinese proverb (English speakers might say "When in Rome...") | ||
Using people's names Names can be a complicated matter in China. Except for certain ethnic minorities, names always follow the East Asian naming order of family name followed by given name; this is usually done in English as well. Someone called 陈小明 (Chén Xiǎomíng) therefore has the surname "Chen" and the given name "Xiaoming". Many Chinese acquire English names, which may have no relation to their Chinese name (and are sometimes quite unusual words or non-words). When using their English name, they will likely switch their name to Western name order (given name followed by family name). It's usually okay to address adult friends and children by given names, although using their full name is also common. Otherwise, use family names with a title or full names. Occupational titles are even used outside the workplace, so a teacher may be called "Teacher Zhang" (张老师 Zhāng Lǎoshī) even outside the classroom, and a manager or business owner may be called "Boss Huang" (黄老板 Huáng Lǎobǎn). Generic titles of varying commonness include Xiānshēng (先生, "Mr." or "Sir"), Tàitai (太太, "Madam" or "Mrs."), and Nǚshì (女士, "Ms."). The informal prefixes Lǎo- (老, "Old" or "Elder") and Xiǎo- (小, "Young" or "Little") are also commonly used, but you should avoid calling someone these unless you know the person well. The title "comrade" (同志) is rarely used outside of official situations, as the term nowadays also means LGBT people. While the title Xiǎojiě (小姐) is commonly used in Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore as an equivalent for the English "Miss", it is a euphemism for "prostitute" in mainland China and hence should be avoided. Names for familial relationships (e.g. big sister, uncle) are frequently used for acquaintances and even strangers based on their age relative to you. It will usually be clear from context, but generally when someone refers to another person as "Brother Zhang" or "Aunt Zhang", even in English, they probably don't mean a family member. Ethnic minorities often have their own naming conventions and modes of address, which can sometimes be very different from those of the Han majority. The foolproof method is therefore to ask how somebody would like to be addressed. |
Foreigners are still a rare breed in most parts of China, which means that how you interact with people there may well shape their impression of your country or even of foreigners in general. Follow the law, be polite, and try to leave a good impression as it affects the general reputation of foreigners in China.
- Unlike Japan and South Korea where bowing is extremely common, in China the practice did not survive into the modern era, and is only used in certain formal occasions such as marriage ceremonies, funerals, religious rituals, and for students greeting teachers in school. Give a soft handshake when greeting someone, which can optionally be accompanied by a slight bow.
- Personal space more or less does not exist in China. Elevators and buses can get very crowded. It's common and acceptable for someone to come in close contact with you or to bump into you and say nothing. Don't get mad, as they'll be surprised and most likely won't even understand why you're offended.
- Important items such as business cards or important papers are given and received with both hands.
- Business cards in particular are treated very respectfully and formally. How you treat someone's business card is seen as representing how you will treat the person. When accepting a business card, use both hands to pick it up by the corners, give a slight bow of your head, and take the time to read the card and confirm how to pronounce the person's name. It's disrespectful to write on a card, fold it, or place it in your back pocket (where you'll sit on it!); a nice case to keep cards pristine is preferable to a pocket.
- Smoking is common almost anywhere. "No smoking" signs are routinely ignored, and it's common for someone to smoke in an elevator or even in the hospital. Some cities now forbid smoking in most restaurants, but enforcement varies. Beijing has one of the nation's strictest smoking laws: you are not allowed to smoke anywhere with a roof; again, enforcement is patchy. Western restaurants seem to be the only ones who consistently enforce the ban. Masks would be a good idea for long distance bus trips.
- When you smoke, it's always considered polite to offer a cigarette to those you meet. This rule applies almost exclusively to men, but under certain circumstances, such as a club, it's okay to offer cigarettes to women.
- In homes and some other buildings, slippers or sandals are worn indoors. If your hosts are wearing slippers at home, and especially if there is carpet on the floor, remove your shoes and ask for a pair of slippers before you enter, even if your host says you don't have to.
- Saving face is an important concept in Chinese culture, and this concept extends beyond the individual to one's family (including extended family), and even the country. Pointing out mistakes directly may cause embarrassment. If you have to, call the person to one side and tell them in private.
- Humility is highly valued in traditional Chinese culture, and bragging about your achievements is in general not well received. It is also customary to politely turn down any compliments you receive from others.
- Chinese people sometimes criticize their own country, but you are highly advised not to do it yourself, as the same things being said by a foreigner tend not to be received so well.
- Swastikas have been used in Buddhist temples since the 5th century to represent Dharma, universal harmony, and the balance of opposites. Like in India, it does not represent Nazism. Jews have been living in China for centuries, and have always had peaceful relations with their non-Jewish neighbours.
- Outside of a business context, casual clothes are acceptable at most places, including temples and expensive restaurants. Sleeveless or low-cut tops are uncommon and may stand out. At the beach or the pool, conservative swimsuits are much more common than bikinis.
Gifts
When visiting someone's home, a small gift is always welcome. Wine, fruit, or some trinket from your native country are common. When receiving a gift, it is generally rude to open it in front of the person who gave it to you unless (s)he specifically tells you to do so. Wait until the person has left and open it in private.
Some items are not given as gifts because of cultural associations. Some things to watch out for: black and white are important colors in funerals, scissors or knives may insinuate you want to cut off your relationship with someone, and many people see mirrors as bad luck. Other taboos are based on homophones: the word "four" (四 sì) sounds like "death" (死 sǐ), "pear" and "umbrella" sound like "separation", and "giving a clock" sounds like "attending a funeral". These gift taboos and others vary by region and generation, so it's a good idea to consult a local for advice, or at least search the Internet for lists of taboo gifts before you purchase one.
Eating and drinking
Eating is very important in Chinese culture, and dining out is a widespread way to honor guests and deepen relationships. Seating at a formal dinner follows a specific order, with the host or most senior person at the center. Don't pick up your chopsticks until the most senior person at the table has done so. Table manner varies from different places among different people in different scenarios. Sometimes you can see Chinese spit on a restaurant floor, pick their tooth in front of you, and yell whilst dining, but it's not always welcome. Follow what other people do.
Hosts tend to order more food than you can eat because it's considered shameful if they can't stuff their guests. Although it varies regionally, finishing your plate generally means you're still hungry and may prompt your hosts to order more food, but leaving too much can imply you didn't like a dish; leaving an appropriate amount of food on your plate is a bit of a balancing act.
When offered a drink, you're expected to take it or your friends will keep pushing you. Excuses such as "I'm on medication" are better than "I don't feel like drinking". Toasts are common, and it's generally considered rude to turn down a toast (although you can take small sips with each toast).
China has a strong drinking culture, especially in business, and turning down alcohol can sometimes cause offense. However, foreigners may be given some slack on this. If the hard baijiu is too much for you, consider opting for a beer instead.
Paying
While splitting the bill is beginning to be accepted by young people, treating is still the norm, especially when the parties are in obviously different social classes. Men are expected to treat women, elders to juniors, rich to poor, hosts to guests, working class to non-income class (students). Friends of the same class will usually prefer to take turns treating rather than split the bill.
It is common to see Chinese competing intensely to pay the bill. You are expected to fight back and say "It's my turn, you treat me next time." That being said, Chinese tend to be very tolerant towards foreigners. If you feel like going Dutch, try it. They tend to believe that "all foreigners prefer to go Dutch".
Politics
For your safety, it's best if you avoid getting involved in any political activity, and avoid discussing politics with Chinese people. Most Chinese are passive about their country's politics and are generally reluctant to talk about it, and in most cases, will change the topic of discussion.
- Most Chinese are ashamed that their country was forced into unequal treaties with Japan and the Western powers over the past two centuries, and are proud of the recent progress made by their government in restoring China's international influence. Many Chinese are also aware of alternative Western views, but you should tread lightly if you choose to discuss these.
- Supporting the independence movements of Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan or Hong Kong is illegal, so you should avoid discussing them. Most Chinese people support their government's position on these issues, and trying to advocate for these movements is going to do nothing more than getting you into the bad books of your hosts.
- Do not suggest that Hong Kong and Taiwan are not part of China. Be sure to use the term "mainland" (大陆 dàlù) or "mainland China" (中国大陆 zhōngguó dàlù) instead of just "China" (中国 zhōngguó) if you are looking to exclude Hong Kong and Taiwan. It is also a common practice in China to refer to Taiwan as "Taiwan Province" (台湾省), and Hong Kong and Macau as "Hong Kong, China" (中国香港) and "Macau, China" (中国澳门).
- The Hong Kong protests are a sensitive issue that is best not discussed with locals.
- Avoid discussing any of the territorial disputes China is involved in, as many Chinese have strong feelings about these issues. If you are drawn into any such discussions, it is best to stay neutral.
- Yaponiya and its role in World War II and other wars with China is a sensitive and emotive issue that is best avoided. Historical and cultural disputes with both Koreas are equally sensitive as well.
- Thanks to China's recent development, the Chinese government enjoys strong support among its people despite its authoritarian nature. Common Western views that "they have all been brainwashed" or "they are just too afraid to speak up" oversimplify things.
- Many Chinese have a strong sense of ethnic nationalism. Tread particularly carefully if you are of Chinese ethnicity, even if you were born and raised overseas, as you may still be expected to align your political views with that of the Chinese government, and doing otherwise could result in you being labeled a "race traitor".
Differing cultural norms
Chinese people are sometimes puzzled when foreign visitors complain that Chinese people are rude. Many of them feel that really it's foreigners who tend to be rude. What's actually going on is that China has a different set of customs and values from common Western cultures — some Chinese behavior can be jarring to foreigners, and vice versa. People in China are friendly without being polite (unlike countries like the UK, where people can be polite without being friendly). Generally speaking, younger well-educated Chinese, particularly those from the major cities, are more likely to behave in a way that conforms more closely to Western cultural norms.
- Chinese often ignore rules they don't feel like following, including laws. Among many other things, this includes dangerous and negligent driving (see Xitoyda haydash) such as driving on the wrong side of the street, excessive speeding, not using headlights at night, not using turn signals, and jaywalking.
- Spitting is common everywhere, including in shops, supermarkets, restaurants, on buses and even in hospitals. Traditional Chinese medicine believes it is unhealthy to swallow phlegm. Although the government has made great efforts to reduce this habit in light of the SARS epidemic as well as the Olympics, it still persists to varying degrees.
- Many Chinese do not cover their mouths when they sneeze. Picking one's nose in public is common and socially acceptable.
- As many parts of China are ethnically rather homogeneous, people who are visibly foreign will often elicit calls of "hello" or "wàiguórén" (外国人 "foreigner"); you may also hear lǎowài (老外), a colloquial equivalent. These calls are ubiquitous outside of the big cities (and are not uncommon even there); these calls will come from just about anyone, of any age, and are even more likely from children and can occur many times in any given day.
- Similarly, it's rather common that someone may come up and stare at you as if they're watching the TV. The staring usually originates out of sheer curiosity, almost never out of hostility.
- Many Chinese have loud conversations in public, and it may be one of the first things you notice upon arrival. China is rooted in a community-based culture, and noise means life; loud speech usually doesn't mean the speaker is angry or engaged in an argument (although obviously it can). You may want to bring earplugs for long bus or train rides.
- A fairly recent phenomenon particular to China is air rage: groups of passengers being verbally and physically aggressive towards airline staff whenever there is a delay (which is often). This is generally done in order to leverage better compensation from the airline.
- The concept of waiting in line has not fully been adopted in China. You'll have to learn to be more assertive to get what you want, and even push and shove as others do. If you're trying to catch a taxi, expect other people to move further down the road to catch one before you.
- Be careful when standing behind people on an escalator, since many people have a look-see as soon as they get off — even when the escalator behind them is fully packed. Department stores have staff to try to prevent this behavior.
- People love to use elevators whenever possible, especially in large family groups. Be extra patient if you want to go around a shopping mall with a baby buggy or luggage.
Engish
Electricity is 220 volts/50 Hz. Two-pin European and North American, as well as three-pin Australian style plugs are generally supported. However, be careful to read the voltage information on your devices to ensure they accept 220 V (twice the 110 V used in many countries) before plugging them in — you may cause burnout and permanent damage to some devices such as hairdryers and razors. Universal extension cords that can handle a variety of plug shapes (including British) are often used.
Laundry services may be expensive or hard to find. In upper-end hotels, it will cost ¥10-30 to wash each article of clothing. Cheap hotels in some areas do not have laundry services, though in other areas such as along the Yunnan sayyohlik yo'li the service is common and often free. In most areas, with the exception of the downtown areas in big cities, you can find small shops that do laundry. The sign to look for on the front door is 洗衣 (xǐyī), or spot the clothes hanging from the ceiling. The cost is roughly ¥2-5/item. In even the smallest of cities dry cleaning (干洗 gānxǐ）outlets are common and may be able to wash clothes. But in some areas you're going to be stuck washing clothes by hand, which is time-consuming and tiresome, so perhaps opt for fast-drying fabrics such as polyester or silk. If you do find a hotel that does laundry, usually they will put all your clothes into the wash together or even with other items from the hotel, so lighter colours are best washed by hand.
Smoking is banned in public buildings and public transport except for restaurants and bars (including KTVs) - many of which are outright smoke dens, although many multinational restaurant chains do ban smoking. These bans are enforced across the country. Generally, smoking laws are most strict in Shanghai and Beijing, whilst they are more lightly enforced elsewhere. Many places (particularly train stations, hospitals, office buildings and airports) will have smoking rooms, and some long-distance trains may have smoking areas at the end of each car. Facilities for non-smokers are often poor; most restaurants, bars and hotels will not have non-smoking areas apart from top-end establishments although many modern buildings have a smoke extraction systems which suck cigarette smoke out of the room through a ceiling vent - meaning that the smoke doesn't hang in the air. The Chinese phrase for 'May I smoke?' is 'kěyǐ chōuyān ma?' and 'No Smoking!' is 'bù kěyǐ chōuyān!'.
Public holidays in China are worth being aware of. Garchi siz tog'larda mashhur sayrlarni o'z ichiga olgan eng mashhur sayyohlik joylarida hech qachon yolg'iz qolmasangiz ham, dam olish kunlari va dam olish kunlarida mahalliy sayyohlik tufayli bu joylar o'tib bo'lmaydigan bo'lishi mumkin. Siz tinchgina yurish uchun rejalashtirganingiz ko'p soatlik navbatga aylanishi mumkin! Biling milliy bayram kunlari va shunga muvofiq rejalashtirish.
OAV
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Shunga qaramay, matbuot qattiq nazorat ostida bo'lib, qanday yangiliklar e'lon qilinishi va qanday fikrlar efirga uzatilishi mumkinligi cheklangan. Ba'zi mavzular qat'iyan taqiqlangan (masalan, Xitoyning Tayvan ustidan suverenitet talabini tanqid qilish) va qabul qilinadigan mavzular uchun chegaralarning noaniqligi o'z-o'zini tsenzuraga olib keladi. Davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan ommaviy axborot vositalari uchun eng katta tahdid - bu o'sish matnli xabarlar va Internet yangiliklari, ammo bu hukumatning xavfsizlik devori va ichki tsenzurasi bilan cheklangan.
Xitoyda ba'zi ingliz tilidagi mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalari mavjud. CCTV News kanali - aksariyat shaharlarda 24/7 ishlaydigan global ingliz kanali, frantsuz va ispan tillarida ham mavjud. CCTV 4 telekanali har kuni ingliz tilida qisqa yangiliklar tarqatadi.
China Daily (bir oz quruq bo'lsa, odatda bo'ysundiriladi) va Global Times (taniqli millatchi tabloid) - bu mehmonxonalar, supermarketlar va gazeta do'konlarida mavjud bo'lgan ikkita ingliz tilidagi gazeta. Kabi bir nechta inglizcha jurnallar mavjud China Today va 21-asr.
Chet el jurnallari va gazetalari odatda eng yaxshi mehmonxonalardan tashqari kitob do'konlarida yoki gazeta do'konlarida mavjud emas.
Ulanmoq
Internet
Internet-kafe va biznes xizmatlari
Xitoyda Internet foydalanuvchilari dunyodagi boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda ko'proq va Internet-kafelar (网吧) wǎngbā) juda ko'p. Ularning aksariyati onlayn o'yinlar uchun mo'ljallangan va ofis uslubida ishlash uchun qulay joy emas. Xitoy dasturlari bilan bo'lsa ham, kompyuterdan foydalanish arzon (soatiga 1-6 ¥). Internet-kafe foydalanuvchilarga rasmiy identifikatsiyani ko'rsatishni talab qilishi kerak, ammo ularning bajarilishi mintaqalarga qarab farq qiladi. Internet sahifalarini ko'rib chiqish, jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi (politsiya) tomonidan yaxshi nazorat qilinishi mumkin.
Bosib chiqarish, skanerlash, nusxa ko'chirish va boshqa ishbilarmonlik xizmatlari uchun ko'pgina shaharlarning istalgan sonli kichik do'konlaridan biriga yoki universitet hududlari yaqinidagi bosmaxonalarga boring. "Fotokopi" ma'nosini anglatuvchi 复印 (f meaningyìn) belgilarini qidiring. Bosib chiqarish narxi bir sahifa uchun taxminan 2 ¥ va nusxalari esa har bir sahifa uchun 0,5 ¥. Ushbu do'konlarda Internetga kirish imkoni bo'lishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun materiallaringizni flesh haydovchiga olib keling.
Wi-Fi ulanish
Xitoyning mobil telefon raqamida yoki WeChat tizimida ro'yxatdan o'tishni talab qilishi mumkin bo'lgan bepul wifi juda ko'p. WiFi sifati va tezligi provayderga mutanosib emas; ya'ni sizning qimmat mehmonxonangizning bepul Wi-Fi hech qaerga yaqinlashishi mumkin emas va u erga borish uchun ¥ 2 to'lagan avtobusda topilgan Wi-Fi-dan ishonchli emas.
Ko'plab mehmonxonalar va ba'zi kafe va restoranlarda wifi odatda bepul va tezligi va sifati o'zgarib turadi. Ba'zi kafelar, ayniqsa, Yangshuo kabi sayyohlik zonalarida, hatto mijozlar foydalanishi uchun mashinani taqdim etishadi.
Odatda ishbilarmon mehmonxonalarda har bir xonada noutbuk uchun simli Internet xizmati mavjud: 7 Days Inn va Home Inn - bu o'rtacha darajadagi qulaylik va tozalik uchun g'arbiy standartlarga javob beradigan ikkita Internet tarmog'i bo'lib, doimiy ravishda Internetni taklif qiladi va tungi narxi 150-200 ¥. Biror kishining xonasida Wi-Fi ham bo'lishi mumkin, ehtimol qo'shimcha haq evaziga. Vaqti-vaqti bilan, yana bir oz ko'proq vaqt davomida mehmonxonalarda eski kompyuterlari bo'lgan xonalar bo'ladi. Yaxshi mehmonxonalarda ko'pincha xonalarda sun'iy yo'ldosh televidenie mavjud.
Xavfsizlik
Jamoat kompyuterlari va Internet xavfsiz emasligi sababli, siz kiritgan har qanday narsa shaxsiy emas deb o'ylang. Internet-kafedan bank parollari kabi maxfiy ma'lumotlarni yubormang. Buning o'rniga o'zingizning shaxsiy kompyuteringizda foydalanish uchun mobil ma'lumot kartasini sotib olganingiz ma'qul (ularning narxi odatda 400 ¥ ni tashkil qiladi va ma'lumotlar rejalari sizning ishlatishingizga qarab oyiga 10 - ¥ 200 ishlaydi).
Agar siz o'zingizning kompyuteringiz bilan Internetga ulansangiz, Xitoydagi ba'zi veb-saytlar (ayniqsa, kollej shaharchalari) Microsoft Internet Explorer-dan foydalanishni va tizimingizga maxsus dasturlarni o'rnatishni va / yoki o'z veb-saytlariga kirish uchun sertifikatlarni qabul qilishni talab qiladi.
Fotokopilerdan suiiste'mol qilish hollari ko'payib bormoqda, bu holda sizning taqdim etgan nusxalaringiz sizning nusxalaringizni qabul qiluvchisi tomonidan spamerlar va firibgarlarga noqonuniy ravishda oshkor etiladi. Fotosuratlarda har doim sizning nusxangizning maqsadini aniq belgilab qo'ying, chunki har qanday huquqiy masalada sizning foydangizga dalil bo'ladi.
Internet tsenzurasi
Internet tsenzurasi materik Xitoyda keng tarqalgan. Pornografik va siyosiy saytlar muntazam ravishda bloklanadi, boshqa ko'plab saytlar, shu jumladan xalqaro miqyosda mashhur bo'lgan saytlar. Hukumat ularning tsenzurasini "Oltin qalqon" (金盾) deb ataydi; boshqalar buni Xitoyning buyuk xavfsizlik devori, GFW yoki oddiygina devor, Internet tsenzurasini chetlab o'tishda ko'pincha "devorni kattalashtirish" (翻墙) deb nomlanadi.
Qaysi Internet saytlari mavjud? Taqiqlangan veb-saytlar va xizmatlarning ro'yxati sir bo'lib, har kuni ogohlantirmasdan o'zgaradi va g'alati darajada mobil yoki WiFi ulanishdan foydalanishga bog'liq. Bloklangan saytlarga odatda quyidagilar kiradi:
Tegishli tezkor va tezkor javob beradigan xitoy veb-saytlari mavjud (ko'pincha faqat xitoy tilida), masalan Baidu qidirish, xaritalar va boshqa xizmatlar uchun, QQ va WeChat xabar almashish uchun, Vaybo Twitter uslubidagi mikrobloglar uchun, Renren Facebook uslubidagi ijtimoiy tarmoq uchun va Bilibili va Tencent videosi YouTube uslubidagi video almashish uchun. O'rniga boshqa xorijiy xizmatdan foydalanishni xohlashingiz mumkin Bing qidirish uchun va Yahoo! elektron pochta xabarlari uchun. Chet el Yangiliklar BBC, CNN, Reuters va kabi saytlar Iqtisodchi mavjud bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin. Ular, ayniqsa, Xitoy hukumati yoqtirmaydigan hikoyalarni nashr etgandan keyin bloklanishi mumkin; masalan, The New York Times 2012 yildan beri bloklangan, chunki u Xitoyning etakchi rahbarlarining moliyaviy zaxiralari haqida xabar bergan. 2019 yil dekabrdan boshlab barcha Vikimedia loyihalari, shu jumladan Vikivoyaj va Vikipediya bloklangan, faqat Vikipediya, Vikipediya va Commons-ni bloklaydigan China Mobile tarmog'idan tashqari. Haqiqiy veb-sayt bloklaridan tashqari, xavfsizlik devori har qanday yo'nalishda har bir shifrlanmagan xabarda yoki shifrlangan xitoycha xabarda (QQ, WeChat va boshqalar) sezgir kalit so'zlarni qidiradi va u yoqtirmaydigan har qanday narsani to'sib qo'yishi mumkin. Tizim so'zlarni filtrlashga juda bog'liq va so'nggi ijtimoiy voqealar yoki dolzarb voqealarga javoban tez-tez o'zgarib turadi. |
Tsenzurani tez-tez sezgir davrlarda kuchaytiradilar, masalan, mart oyida Xitoy parlamentining yillik yig'ilishi, har to'rtinchi oktyabrda XKP kongressi va oktyabrda Milliy kun va iyun oyida Tyananmen qirg'ini kabi yubileylar.
Internetga sansürsüz kirishni taklif qiladigan mehmonxonalar kam. Ushbu mehmonxonalar odatda chet elliklar uchun xizmat qiladi, ammo bu ob'ektni reklama qilmasligi aniq. Mehmonxonangiz buni qo'llab-quvvatlayaptimi yoki yo'qligini bilish uchun ma'lum cheklangan saytlarni ko'rib chiqishga harakat qiling.
Bloklangan veb-saytlarga kirishning eng mashhur usuli bu VPN (virtual xususiy tarmoq) foydalanuvchilarga taqdim etadi nisbatan boshqa mamlakatda kompyuter orqali Internetga barqaror va ishonchli kirish. Eng yaxshilariga oyiga 10 AQSh dollari miqdorida to'lov beriladi; bepul, reklama bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan VPN-lar ham mavjud. Tsenzurani chetlab o'tishning boshqa usullari qatoriga dasturiy ta'minot kiradi Freegate, Tor (noqulay maxsus konfiguratsiya bilan) va Psiphon. Ularning har qanday biri Xitoyga kirishdan oldin yuklab olinishi kerak, chunki ularning rasmiy veb-saytlariga kirish umuman taqiqlangan. Xitoydagi VPN-lar avvalgidek ishonchli emasligi haqida ogohlantiring - zaxira nusxasi bo'lishi uchun bir nechta yuklab olishingiz va ko'p umidsizliklarga va narsalar yuklanishini kutishga tayyor bo'lishingiz mumkin. Agar sizga baxtli bo'lish uchun Twitter yoki Facebook-ga doimiy kirish kerak bo'lsa, demak, Xitoy siz uchun boradigan joy emas.
Ba'zida Xitoy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari VPN-lar yordamida cheklangan saytlarga kiradigan foydalanuvchilarni aniqlab olishlari mumkin (agar kerak bo'lsa, hibsga olinadi). Bundan tashqari, qo'poruvchilik sifatida ko'rilgan har qanday materialni yuklash va yuborish jinoiy javobgarlikka tortiladi. Biroq, ijro etish vaqti-vaqti bilan amalga oshiriladi va odatda faqat jurnalistlar va yuqori martabali jamoat arboblarini qamrab oladi.
Pochta
Xitoy pochtasi odatda ishonchli va ba'zan tezkor. Sizga moslashishingiz kerak bo'lgan bir nechta narsalar mavjud:
- Kiruvchi pochta manzili xitoy tilida bo'lsa, tezroq va ishonchli bo'ladi. Agar yo'q bo'lsa, Pochta bo'limida tarjima qiladigan odamlar bor, ammo bu vaqt talab etadi va 100% aniq emas.
- Agar siz oluvchingiz yashaydigan aniq pochta indeksini bilmasangiz, dastlabki ikkita raqamni to'ldirishingiz mumkin (bu prefektura shahar / munitsipalitet / viloyatga to'g'ri keladi), qolganlarini 0 raqamlari bilan to'ldirishingiz mumkin. Shu bilan bir qatorda, manzilingizning pochta indeksini quyidagi manzilda qidirishingiz mumkin ushbu veb-sayt.
- Qabul qiluvchining telefon raqamini paketlar yoki tezlashtirilgan pochta xabarlari bilan ta'minlash foydali bo'ladi. Bojxona va etkazib berish haydovchilari odatda bunga muhtoj.
- Chiqib ketayotgan paketlarni muhrlamang ularni Pochta bo'limiga olib borishdan oldin; tarkibini tekshirmasdan ularni jo'natishmaydi. Umuman olganda, qadoqlash materiallarini pochta aloqasi bo'limidan sotib olganingiz ma'qul va deyarli barcha pochta bo'limlari sizning materiallaringizni o'rtacha narxda etkazib berishadi.
- Ko'pgina pochta aloqasi shoxobchalari va kuryerlik xizmatlari CD yoki DVD disklarni jo'natishdan bosh tortadi, ularni CD hamyonlarga va boshqa ko'p narsalar bilan joylashtirish va nihoyat joyni kiyim-kechak bilan to'ldirish, narsalaringizni uyga jo'natish ko'rinishini berish orqali chetlab o'tish mumkin. Dengiz orqali jo'natish ham oson, chunki ular kamroq g'amxo'rlik qilishadi.
- Sizning identifikatoringiz hozir talab qilinadi posilkalarni yuborishda. Uydagi jo'natmalarni yuborishda qabul qiluvchining ismini yozing to'g'ri; bu ularning identifikatori bilan taqqoslanadi, chunki endi barcha posilkalar oxiridan oxirigacha kuzatiladi.
Faks
Xalqaro faks (传真 Chuanchen) xizmatlari aksariyat yirik mehmonxonalarda o'nlab renminbi yoki undan ko'proq haq evaziga foydalanish mumkin. Xitoy ichidagi arzon fakslar, hamma uchun mavjud bo'lgan nusxa ko'chirish shoxobchalarida tayyorlanishi mumkin.
Telefon
Telefon xizmati - bu aralash paket. Xitoydan tashqarida qo'ng'iroq qilish ko'pincha qiyin va odatda qo'ng'iroq kartasiz imkonsiz bo'lib, uni faqat mahalliy joylarda sotib olish mumkin. Yaxshi yangilik shundaki, ushbu kartalar juda arzon va ulanish hayratlanarli darajada aniq, uzluksiz va kechiktirmasdan. Izlamoq IP telefon kartalariodatda ¥ 100 qiymatiga ega, lekin ba'zida ¥ 25 ga teng bo'lishi mumkin. Kartalarda xitoycha ko'rsatmalar chop etilgan, ammo kartada ko'rsatilgan raqamni tergandan so'ng ingliz tilida ko'rsatmalar mavjud. Narxning umumiy ko'rsatkichi sifatida Xitoydan Evropaga qo'ng'iroq ¥ 100 karta bilan 22 daqiqa davom etadi. AQSh va Kanadaga qo'ng'iroqlar yana 20% arzonroq deb e'lon qilinadi.
Agar siz an bilan tugatsangiz IC telefon kartasi Buning o'rniga, ular faqat telefon telefonlarida foydalanishga mo'ljallangan. Ular nominaldan ozgina chegirma bilan sotilishi mumkin, lekin ko'chadan sotib olinganda kamdan-kam hollarda 20% dan pastroq narxda sotilishi mumkin. China Telecom taksof telefonida ichki qo'ng'iroqlar daqiqasiga 0,1 ¥, Gongkong, Makao, Tayvan, AQSh va Kanadaga qo'ng'iroqlar 1 daqiqaga ¥, qolgan barcha mamlakatlarga esa iqtisodiy bo'lmagan ¥ 8 / daqiqani tashkil qiladi. .
Agar sizning yo'nalishingiz xalqaro to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qo'ng'iroqni (IDD) amalga oshirishga imkon bersa, Xitoyda xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun prefiks mavjud 00. Chet elda qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun tering 00- (mamlakat kodi) - (raqam). Materikdan Gonkong va Makaoga qo'ng'iroq qilish xalqaro qo'ng'iroqni talab qiladi. IDDlar qimmat bo'lishi mumkin. Qo'ng'iroq qilishdan oldin tarifni so'rang.
Mobil telefonlar
Mobil (uyali) telefonlar keng tarqalgan va Xitoyda yaxshi xizmatni taklif etamiz. Ular aksariyat xitoyliklar va Xitoydagi barcha chet elliklar uchun kundalik hayotda muhim rol o'ynaydi. 2020 yilga kelib, Xitoy 5G uyali telefon texnologiyasi bo'yicha dunyoda etakchi hisoblanadi.
Agar sizda GSM 900/1800 yoki 3G (UMTS / W-CDMA 2100) mobil telefoni mavjud bo'lsa, siz tarmoq shartnomalari asosida Xitoy tarmoqlarida yurishingiz mumkin, ammo qo'ng'iroqlar juda qimmatga tushadi (daqiqada 12-35 ¥) . Istisnolar kam; asosiy to'plamlar odatda Gonkongda joylashgan provayderlar bo'lib, ular odatda daqiqasiga 6 kk $ dan oshmaydi (va odatda China Mobile yoki China Unicom tomonidan Gongkongda sotiladigan maxsus "Hong Kong / China" SIM kartasi bilan mahalliy narxlarga yaqin) va ikkinchisi. T-Mobile AQSh, bepul matn va ma'lumotlar xizmati bilan daqiqasiga 0,20 AQSh dollari miqdorida haq oladi. Ishonch hosil qilish uchun ketishingizdan oldin uy operatoringiz bilan maslahatlashing. Aksariyat operatorlar endi China Unicom bilan UMTS rouming shartnomalariga ega, ammo 4G-rouming kam rivojlangan, shuning uchun siz 4G ma'lumotlariga kirish uchun mahalliy yoki Gonkong SIM-kartasini sotib olishni xohlashingiz mumkin.
Xitoyning CDMA tarmoqlari R-UIM (SIM-karta ekvivalenti) talab qiladi, shuning uchun faqat SIM-karta uyalariga ega bo'lgan yangi Amerika CDMA telefonlari ishlaydi, masalan, iPhone 5 va undan yangilari. Agar sizga CDMA ovozi kerak bo'lmasa, u holda China Telecom 4G ma'lumotlar SIM-kartasi har qanday qurilmada 1-band yoki 3-LTE tarmoqli bilan ishlaydi. Hali-hanuz faqat 3G-da ishlaydigan SIM-kartalar suzib yuribdi va ular faqat EVDO-ga mos qurilmalarda ishlaydi.
Uchun qisqa tashrifkabi kompaniyalardan xitoylik mobil telefonni ijaraga olishni o'ylab ko'ring Pandafon. Narxlar kuniga ¥ 7 atrofida. Kompaniya AQShda joylashgan, ammo Xitoydagi xodimlarga ega. Bepul raqamlar ☏ 1-866-574-2050 AQShda yoki ☏ 86 400-820-0293 Xitoyda. Telefonni kelguningizcha Xitoydagi mehmonxonangizga etkazib berishingiz mumkin va safaringiz oxirida u erga tushib ketishingiz yoki AQShga jo'natishingiz mumkin. Telefonni ijaraga olganingizda, ular sizning mamlakatingizga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun kirish kodini taklif qilishadi, bu mahalliy sotuvchidan SIM-kartani sotib olish va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri terishdan ko'ra arzonroq.
Agar siz bir necha kundan ko'proq qolish, oldindan to'lanadigan xitoylik SIM-kartani sotib olish odatda arzonroq bo'ladi; bu sizga ma'lum miqdordagi pulni oldindan yuklagan Xitoy telefon raqamini beradi. Xitoyliklar omadsizlik "4" raqamiga ega telefon raqamlaridan qochishga moyildirlar va sotuvchilar ko'pincha ushbu "sotilmaydigan" SIM-kartalarni chegirmalar bilan chet elliklarga yuklab qo'yishdan mamnun bo'lishadi. Agar sizga ham telefon kerak bo'lsa, narxlar ishlatilgan ¥ 300 yoki smartfon uchun yangi ¥ 1000 atrofida boshlanadi (2020 yildan boshlab). Xitoy telefonlari, ba'zi G'arb mamlakatlarida sotiladigan telefonlardan farqli o'laroq, hech qachon "qulflanmagan" va siz ularga qo'yilgan har qanday SIM-kartada ishlaydi, ammo ba'zi telefonlarda Google xizmatlari yoki Play Store mavjud emas.
SIM-kartalarni sotadigan aksariyat do'konlarda SIM-kartani sotib olish uchun odatiy ravishda siljiydigan xitoylik ID karta (fuqaroning shaxsiy guvohnomasi yoki chet el fuqarosining doimiy yashash kartasi) talab qilinadi. Shaxsiy hujjat sifatida pasportdan foydalangan holda SIM-kartani sotib olmoqchi bo'lsangiz, uyali aloqa kompaniyasining bosh ofisiga, ehtimol shahar markazining biron joyiga borishingizni so'rashingiz mumkin. Xodimlar sizning fotosuratingizni pasportingizning nusxasi bilan birga o'z yozuvlari uchun olishadi.
Xitoyning uchta yirik operatori China Mobile (Faqat xitoycha), China Unicom va China Telecom . Ko'pchilik Ular tomonidan sotiladigan SIM-kartalar butun mamlakat bo'ylab ishlaydi, Unicom Gongkong / Makao / Tayvandan foydalanishga imkon beradi. Matn va ovoz uchun ichki rouming qo'shimcha xarajatlarni talab qilmaydi. Shu bilan birga, ma'lumotlar to'plamlari mahalliy yoki milliy sifatida sotilishi mumkin, shuning uchun sozlash paytida ma'lumotlar rejangiz qayerda amal qilishini aniq bilib oling.
Xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar bo'lishi kerak alohida yoqilgan China Mobile-ning "12593" yoki China Unicom-ning "17911" xizmatiga murojaat qilish orqali. Ikkala provayder ham depozitni talab qilmaydi, ammo ikkalasi ham arizalarni talab qiladi. Odatda ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi bo'ladi, shuning uchun unga nima istayotganingizni bildiring. "Maxsus" terish kodini so'rang va oyiga ¥ 1 qo'shimcha uchun bu sizga taqdim etiladi. Kodni, mamlakat kodini, so'ngra mahalliy raqamni kiriting va qisqa vaqt ichida arzon suhbatlashasiz. China Mobile yozuvlari bilan uyali telefonlar do'konlariga aldanmang: albatta korporativ do'konga boring. Xodimlar ko'k rangli forma kiyishadi va qarshi xizmatlar bo'ladi. China Mobile bu Shimoliy Amerika va Osiyoga qo'ng'iroqlar bilan eng arzoni, minutiga 0,4 ¥. Shuningdek, xalqaro qo'ng'iroqlar uchun oldindan to'langan kartalardan foydalanishingiz mumkin; oddiy shahar telefoni singari kartadagi raqamni tering va to'lovlar oldindan to'lanadigan qo'ng'iroq kartasiga tushadi.
Zaryad qilish uchun mobil aloqa provayderingizning mahalla ofisiga tashrif buyuring, xodimlarga raqamingizni bering va naqd pul bilan to'lang hisobingizni to'ldiring. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ko'plab do'konlarda sizning hisob raqamingizdagi pulni to'ldirish uchun telefon kompaniyasiga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun ishlatilishi kerak bo'lgan raqam va parol bo'lgan zaryad kartasi sotiladi. Siz kompyuterga qo'ng'iroq qilasiz va standart til xitoy tilidir, agar siz xitoy tilini tushunsangiz ingliz tiliga o'zgartirilishi mumkin. To'lov kartalari 30, 50 va 100 ¥ qiymatida sotiladi. (Agar sizda WeChat Pay bo'lsa, bu sizning hisobingizni to'ldirishning eng qulay usuli.)
Uchun mobil ma'lumotlar narkomanlar, China Unicom oyiga ¥ 29 dan boshlanib, mamlakat bo'ylab 100 daqiqa va 3 gigabaytlik ma'lumotlar uchun boshlanadigan 4G rejalarini taklif qilmoqda va qo'shimcha daqiqalar 0,15 ¥, matnlar ¥ 0,10 va ma'lumotlar ¥ 0,10 / MB. Istalgan joydan kiruvchi uzatmalar (video / ovozli qo'ng'iroq, matn) butunlay bepul. China Mobile-da 4G rejalari 139 ¥ dan boshlanib, mamlakat miqyosida 460 daqiqa va 12 Gb ma'lumotlarga ega (2020 yilga kelib). Ko'pgina mahalliy odamlar juda ko'p miqdordagi ma'lumotlar trafikidan bahramand bo'lish uchun juda arzon narxni to'lashga imkon beradigan bir qator yashirin rejalarni afzal ko'rishadi. China Mobile ma'lumotlar uzatish xizmatlari uchun boshqa chastota diapazonlari to'plamidan foydalanadi; agar sizning telefoningiz TD-LTE-ni 38, 39, 40 va 41-bandlarda qo'llab-quvvatlamasa, buning o'rniga China Unicom yoki China Telecom tavsiya etiladi.
Umuman olganda, xalqaro miqyosda keng tarqalgan dasturlar Xitoyda taqiqlangan va xitoyliklar odatda o'zlarining xorijiy ekvivalentlarining yaqin nusxalari bo'lgan xitoy dasturlaridan foydalanadilar. Eng muhimi WeChat (微 信 W )ixìn), bu xitoyliklar xalqaro mashhur WhatsApp o'rniga foydalanadilar. WeChat - bu xabar almashish uchun mo'ljallangan ilova, ijtimoiy tarmoq va mobil to'lov xizmati bo'lib, agar siz Xitoyda do'stlashishni boshlash yoki mamlakatda uzoq muddat qolishni istasangiz, uni yuklab olish juda zarur. Interfeys ingliz, xitoy va boshqa turli xil tillarga o'rnatilishi mumkin.
Hudud kodlari
Materik Xitoy uchun mamlakat raqamini terish kodi 86. Terish kodi 852 Gonkong uchun, 853 Makao uchun va 886 Tayvan uchun.
- Sakkiz xonali raqamli yirik shaharlarda ikki xonali hudud kodi mavjud. Masalan, Pekin (0) 10 va ortiqcha sakkiz xonali son. Boshqa joylarda etti yoki sakkiz xonali mahalliy raqamlar va 0, 1 yoki 2 bilan boshlanmaydigan uch xonali maydon kodi ishlatiladi. Masalan: (0) Zhuhai uchun 756 va 7 raqam. Shimol kichik raqamlardan foydalanadi, janub ko'proq raqamlarga ega.
- Oddiy uyali telefonlarga hudud kodi kerak emas. Raqamlar 130 dan 132 gacha (yoki 156/186) ortiqcha 8 ta raqamdan (China Unicom, GSM / UMTS), 133/153/189 ortiqcha 8 ta raqamdan (China Telecom, CDMA) yoki 134 dan 139 gacha (yoki 150/152 /) 158/159/188) ortiqcha 8 ta raqam (China Mobile, GSM / TD-SCDMA). Qo'shimcha prefikslar kiritildi; yaxshi qoidalar shundan iboratki, 1 dan boshlanadigan 11 xonali ichki telefon raqami mobil raqamdir. Mobil telefon raqamlari geografik; agar siz provinsiyadan tashqarida bo'lgan provinsiyadan tashqarida chiqarilgan mobil telefon raqamini terishga harakat qilsangiz, sizdan uzoq masofalar uchun oldingizda nol bilan raqamni qayta terishingiz so'raladi.
- Ikki qo'shimcha geografik bo'lmagan prefiks mavjud. 400 bilan boshlangan raqamni istalgan telefondan terish mumkin va shu bilan bog'liq efir to'lovlari bilan mahalliy qo'ng'iroq sifatida qarash mumkin, 800 bilan boshlangan raqam umuman bepul, ammo mumkin emas mobil telefonlardan terish.
Favqulodda vaziyat raqamlari
Xitoyning barcha hududlarida quyidagi shoshilinch telefon raqamlari ishlaydi; ularga mobil telefon orqali qo'ng'iroq qilish bepul.
- Patrul politsiyasi: 110
- Yong'in bo'limi: 119
- (Hukumatga tegishli) Tez yordam / EMS: 120
- (ayrim hududlar xususiy) Tez yordam: 999
- Yo'l harakati politsiyasi: 122
- Ma'lumotnomalar: 114
- Iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish: 12315
112 va 911 raqamlari sizni shoshilinch xizmat xodimlari bilan bog'lamaydi.
SMS yuborish orqali politsiyaga murojaat qilish ham mumkin 12110XXX, bu erda XXX - siz joylashgan prefektura darajasidagi shaharning mintaqaviy kodi. Qarang ushbu ro'yxat qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun.