Xitoyda ishlash - Working in China

Xitoy ba'zi o'lchovlar bo'yicha dunyoning eng yirik iqtisodiyoti hisoblanadi va hali ham o'sib bormoqda. Ko'plab xorijliklar ish tajribasi, til qobiliyati, martaba imkoniyatlari va ajoyib va ​​murakkab madaniyatni bilish uchun Xitoyga yashashga qiziqishmoqda. 2018 yilga kelib, Xitoyda bir millionga yaqin chet ellik ishlagan.

Ushbu maqola o'z ichiga oladi materik Xitoyda ishlash. Agar siz ishlashga qiziqsangiz Gonkong, Makao, yoki Tayvan, alohida huquqiy tizimlar va boshqa farqlar tufayli mulohazalar har xil.

Qarang chet elda ishlash chet elda ishlash imkoniyatlari va mulohazalarini yanada kengroq muhokama qilish uchun.

Vizalar va yashash uchun ruxsatnomalar

Eslatma: Xitoy Xalq Respublikasida viza qoidalari va qoidalari tez-tez o'zgarib turadi, hattoki har xil shaharlarda turli xil qoidalar va talablar bo'ladi va agar ish beruvchining yaxshi aloqalari yoki ta'siri bo'lsa, qoidalar ba'zan egilib ketishi mumkin. Quyidagi ma'lumotlar faqat taxminiy umumiy qo'llanma sifatida qabul qilinishi kerak. Har qanday obro'li immigratsiya agentligi sizning Xitoy vizangiz uchun barcha so'nggi qoidalardan xabardor bo'ladi.

(Ma'lumot so'nggi yangilangan mart 2020 yil)

Xitoy materikida ishlaydigan chet el fuqarolarining ko'pchiligiga a yashash uchun ruxsatnoma. Bu amalda bir yillik ko'p martalik kirish vizasi; ruxsatnoma egasi Xitoydan chiqib ketishi va hech qanday qiyinchiliksiz qaytishi mumkin.

Xitoyga ishga borishning eng xavfsiz usuli bu mamlakatga a Z vizasi. Shartlar bilan biroz chalkashliklar bo'lishi mumkin; bir necha yil oldin Z vizasi bir yillik ishchi viza edi, ammo hozir yashash uchun ruxsatnoma uzoq muddatli viza bo'lib, Z yashash huquqini olish uchun etarli bo'lgan 30 kunlik kirish vizasi. Z vizasini faqat materik Xitoydan tashqarida olish mumkin va unga murojaat qilganingizda pasportingiz bilan birga bo'lishi uchun ish beruvchilardan xat talab etiladi. Odatda ish beruvchi imzolangan shartnoma, sog'lig'i to'g'risidagi guvohnomani (rasmiy ko'rinishdagi shtamplar qancha ko'p bo'lsa, shuncha yaxshi), pasport ma'lumotlari nusxasini va diplom nusxasini talab qiladi. Sizda bo'lishi kerak kamida bakalavr darajasi Z vizasini olish uchun va agar sizda yo'q bo'lsa, sizning arizangiz avtomatik ravishda rad etiladi. Agar siz 60 yoshdan oshgan bo'lsangiz va ular viloyat idorasidan sizni qabul qilishlarini so'rashsa, ular sizning o'zingizning tibbiy sug'urtangizni ham talab qilishi mumkin.

Ilgari Xitoyda bo'lganlar uchun odatiy hol edi Gonkong yoki Makao Z vizasini olish uchun murojaat qilish uchun. 2008 yilgi Pekin Olimpiadasi davrida, qoidalar ancha kuchaytirilgan; ular o'shandan beri biroz bo'shashdi, ammo butunlay emas. Bu, shuningdek, Vetnam, Koreya, Yaponiya yoki Singapur singari boshqa mamlakatlarda Xitoy vizalarini olish uchun ham amal qiladi. Ba'zi kishilarga Z vizasini olish uchun o'z mamlakatlariga qaytishlari kerakligi aytilgan. Boshqalari Z vizasini olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Gonkong, agar taklifnomada aniq ko'rsatilgan bo'lsa.

Hujjatlaringiz bilan bog'liq barcha narsalar qonuniy ravishda bajarilganligiga ishonch hosil qiling. Bir paytlar qonun ijrosi sust bo'lgan va Xitoyda noqonuniy ishlashdan qutulish oson bo'lgan yoki hech bo'lmaganda bu mashhur donolik edi. Bu vaqt tugadi. Xitoy hukumati viza cheklovlarini kuchaytirmoqda va noqonuniy ish va xatti-harakatlarga qarshi kurashmoqda. Afsuski, ish beruvchilarning hammasi ham yangi vaziyatni o'rganib chiqishmagan, shuning uchun hammasi taxtadan yuqoriroq ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilish siz zimmangizda. O'zingizning izlanishlaringizni bajaring va agar ish beruvchi sizni insofsiz yoki qoidalarga zid ko'rinadigan ishni qilishga undasa, taslim bo'lmang.

Muqobil vizalar

Yashash uchun ruxsatnoma Xitoyda yashash yoki ishlashning yagona usuli emas. Ba'zi hollarda qo'llaniladigan boshqa vizalar:

• The doimiy yashash kartasi. Bu sizga Xitoyga erkin kirish va chiqish va cheklovsiz ishlash imkonini beradi. Nazariy jihatdan bu sizga Xitoy fuqarosi bilan bir xil huquqlarning ko'pini beradi, shuning uchun tabiiy ravishda olish qiyin. Siz quyidagi shartlardan birini bajarishingiz kerak: Xitoy fuqarosi bilan turmush qurgan besh yil (yoki xitoylik oila a'zosining qaramog'ida bo'lganingiz), Xitoyda katta lavozimda to'rt yillik ishingiz, uch yil davomida katta miqdordagi mablag 'yoki boshqa muhim " Xitoyga hissalar ". Bir yoki bir nechta talablarga javob beradigan bo'lsangiz ham, sizning tasdiqlash ehtimoli juda oz.
• Ko'p kirish iste'dodlar uchun viza yuqori malakali shaxslar uchun mavjud va besh yoki o'n yil davomida amal qiladi. Arizachining turmush o'rtog'i va farzandlari nisbatan vizalarni olishlari mumkin. Bu sizga bir vaqtning o'zida 180 kungacha qolish imkonini beradi.
• Fuqarolar Gonkong va Makao amal qiladiganlar Uyga qaytish uchun ruxsatnoma (回乡证) materik Xitoyda o'zlarining ruxsatnomalari amal qilish muddati davomida cheksiz yashashi va ishlashi mumkin. Gonkong va Makaoning doimiy aholisi hali ham materik Xitoyda chet elliklar deb hisoblanadilar va materikda yashash va ishlash uchun yashash uchun ruxsat olishlari shart.
• Fuqarolar Tayvan amal qiladiganlar Tayvan vatandoshlari dovoni (台胞 证) Xitoy materikida o'zlarining o'tish muddati davomida cheksiz yashashi va ishlashi mumkin.
• F vizasi - bu biznes vizasi bu ba'zi bir ishlarga imkon beradi, masalan, xitoylik mijozga trening yoki maslahat xizmatlarini ko'rsatish. Viza olish uchun Xitoy kompaniyasining rasmiy taklifnomasi va boshqa bir qator hujjatlar talab qilinadi. F vizasi sizga Xitoyda ish haqi to'lashga imkon bermaydi va odatda bir yoki uch oy davomida bir vaqtning o'zida yaxshi bo'ladi (shundan so'ng siz soatni qayta boshlash uchun Xitoydan chiqib ketishingiz va qayta kirishingiz kerak).

Ba'zi kompaniyalar sizdan ishlashingizni so'rashi mumkin turistik viza yoki biznes vizasi (yoki ba'zi hollarda a talabalik vizasi yoki oilaviy tashrif uchun viza), chunki bu ular uchun xarajatlarni va qiyinchiliklarni tejaydi va malakasi past bo'lgan abituriyentlar ish vizalarini olishlari mumkin emas. Umumiy bo'lsa-da, bu shunday noqonuniyva 2019 yildan boshlab hukumat Xitoyda noqonuniy ravishda ishlaydigan va ishlaydigan chet elliklarga qarshi choralarni ko'rmoqda. Agar siz ushlanib qolsangiz, jazo choralari qamoq muddati, jarimalar, deportatsiya va eng yomoni, kelajakda Xitoy va boshqa mamlakatlarga viza olishingizga to'sqinlik qiladigan jinoyatchi va noqonuniy ishchi degan doimiy yorliqni o'z ichiga oladi.

Ishga ruxsatnoma egasining oila a'zolari uchun a qaram viza mavjud va asl tug'ilganligi va / yoki nikoh to'g'risidagi guvohnomalari bilan Xitoydan tashqarida ham qo'llanilishi mumkin. Bu qaram odamning ishlashiga imkon bermaydi.

Xitoy fuqarosi bilan turmush qurish ham, u erda biznesga ega bo'lish ham o'z-o'zidan Xitoyda to'liq yashash uchun etarli emas, ammo oxir-oqibat doimiy yashash vizasiga olib kelishi mumkin. Qolaversa, nikoh sizni oilaviy tashriflar vizalariga loyiq topadi va kompaniya sizga ishbilarmonlik vizalarini yoki ko'proq xarajatlar va hujjatlar bilan yashash uchun ruxsatnoma olishlari mumkin.

Yashash uchun ruxsat berish tartibi

Ko'p hollarda xitoylik ish beruvchilar shtatining a'zosi - ingliz tilida, tashqi ishlar bo'yicha mutaxassisi (FAO), xitoy tilida wai ban (begona xo'jayin) - chet ellik ishchilarga yashashga ruxsat berish jarayonida rahbarlik qiladi va hatto ularning ko'p qismini ular uchun hal qiladi. Odatda ish beruvchi xarajatlarning bir qismini yoki barchasini qoplaydi, ammo tafsilotlar turlicha; bu kelishdan oldin muzokara olib boradigan narsa bo'lishi mumkin, ammo uning miqdori unchalik katta emas. Sizning turmush o'rtog'ingiz va siz bilan birga yuradigan har qanday farzand yashash uchun ruxsat olish uchun bundan ham ko'proq mablag 'talab qilishi mumkin.

Yashash uchun ruxsat olish uchun ikkita tashkilot bilan ishlash kerak Xorijiy ekspertlar bilan ishlash bo'yicha davlat boshqaruvi (SAFEA), bu Pekinda joylashgan, ammo butun mamlakat bo'ylab vakolatxonalari va mahalliy jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi (PSB, politsiyachilar).

SAFEA chet el ekspertlari guvohnomasini (FEC) yoki chet el o'qituvchilarining guvohnomalarini (FTC) beradi va aksariyat chet ellik ishchilarga bittasi yoki boshqasi kerak bo'ladi, ammo malakali kasblar uchun viloyat mehnat boshqarmasi tomonidan berilgan boshqa sertifikat ba'zida uning o'rniga ishlatilishi mumkin. Nazariy jihatdan, FTC boshlang'ich yoki o'rta maktab o'qituvchilari uchun, FEC esa oliy ma'lumot yoki sanoat mutaxassislari uchun; amalda deyarli hamma FECni qabul qilgandek tuyuladi. Nazariy jihatdan, FEC ham, FTC ham kamida bakalavr darajasini talab qiladi; bu odatda, lekin har doim ham bajarilmaydi. Bu bo'ladimi, hech bo'lmaganda qayerda ekanligingiz, ish beruvchingiz qanchalik yaxshi aloqada bo'lganligi va ular qancha muammolarga duch kelishga tayyor ekanliklariga bog'liq. Agar sizga diplom etishmasa, boshqa sertifikatlaringiz yoki diplomlaringiz bo'lsa yordam beradi.

FEC yoki unga tenglashtirilgan ma'lumotga ega bo'lganingizdan so'ng, yashash uchun ruxsat olish odatiy holdir. Buning uchun mahalliy PSB-da tashqi ko'rinish, yashash manzilingizni ular bilan ro'yxatdan o'tkazish, ozgina pul va sog'liq to'g'risidagi ma'lumotnoma kerak. Agar siz o'zingizning mamlakatingizda sog'lig'ingiz to'g'risidagi guvohnomani to'ldirsangiz, rentgen, laboratoriya hisobotlari va boshqa mashina hujjatlari nusxalarini olishingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Shuningdek, forma kasalxonaning rasmiy muhri bilan tasdiqlangan bo'lishi kerak. Bularning barchasini qilsangiz ham, sizdan boshqa bir jismoniy mashqlar Xitoyda talab qilinadi. Jismoniy odatda juda tez: EKG, ko'krak qafasi rentgenografiyasi, yurak va oshqozon mintaqasining sonogrammasi, qon tekshiruvi va siydikni tekshirish. Shu bilan birga, tugatish vaqti va turli sinovlar viloyatga qarab o'zgarishi mumkin.

Umuman olganda sizning ruxsatnomangiz faqat berilgan shahar uchun va faqat sizga yordam berishda yordam bergan kompaniya uchun amal qiladi. Bu sizga boshqa shaharlarda ishlashga yoki yon tomondan yarim kunlik ish topishga imkon bermaydi.

Yashash uchun ruxsatnoma bo'lishi kerak yangilangan yiliga bir marta, va buni amalga oshirishda siz bir necha kun davomida PSB ofisida pasportingizni qoldirishingiz kerak. Agar siz pasportingiz PSB-da bo'lganingizda Xitoy ichida sayohat qilishni istasangiz, bu biroz muammo tug'diradi, chunki Xitoyda sayohat qilish uchun pasportingizdan poezd chiptalarini sotib olish, reyslarga chiqish va mehmonxonalarni tekshirish kabi narsalar talab qilinadi. Xavotir olmang, pasportingizni PSBga olib kelganingizda, ular sizning ismingiz, fotosuratingiz, ma'lumotlaringiz va PSB muhri yozilgan kvitansiyani berishlari kerak. Siz ushbu kvitansiyani odatda pasportingiz kerak bo'lgan Xitoyning istalgan joyida, shu jumladan ichki reyslarga chiqish uchun identifikatsiya qilish uchun ishlatishingiz mumkin.

Ba'zi shaharlarda, ammo boshqa shaharlarda siz kerak har safar materik Xitoyga qaytganingizda politsiya ro'yxatdan o'tishingizni takrorlang. Hatto bu talab qilingan joyda ham qoidalar turlicha - bir shaharda siz yashash joyingizga eng yaqin bo'lgan militsiya bo'limida qayta ro'yxatdan o'tishingiz kerak, boshqalarda esa har qanday politsiya bo'limi yozadi. Agar ish beruvchingiz ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, mahalliy PSB bilan bog'laning.

60 yoshdan oshgan odamlar ko'pincha yoshi sababli viza olishda qiynalishadi va ba'zi ish e'lonlarida yosh chegarasi ko'rsatilgan. Bu SAFEA siyosati, o'z siyosatini tuzadigan viloyat bo'limlariga SAFEA maslahati yoki tibbiy sug'urta masalasi, degan qarama-qarshi xabarlar mavjud. Ayrim istisnolar mavjud, shu qatorda yetmish yoshdagi bir necha kishi hali ham qonuniy ravishda ishlaydi, ammo 60 yoki 65 yoshga to'lganligi sababli odamlarni tark etishni so'rash hollari ham mavjud.

Mulohazalar

Ish haqi va soliq

Umumiy oq yoqa ishlarining maoshlari G'arb darajalariga nisbatan hali ham past, ammo ko'tarilishmoqda. Ingliz tili o'qituvchilari odatda oyiga 8000–25000 ¥ (2019) oralig'ida pul ishlashadi, maoshlar malaka (shu jumladan tajriba, darajalar, sertifikatlar va ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatdan kelgan / ona tili bilan gaplashgan), ish joyi, ishlagan soatiga qarab o'zgarib turadi. maktab turi va muzokaralar. Chet elliklar odatda xitoylik hamkasblaridan ko'proq pul ishlashadi, ammo bu farq kamayib bormoqda.

Tafsilotlarga e'tibor bering, chunki sizning tovoningizning muhim qismi ko'pincha bonuslar, bepul uy-joy, uy-joy puli yoki reysni qoplash shaklida bo'ladi. Shartnomani bajarish uchun bonus odatiy holdir, lekin agar siz uyga qaytib, oilangizga tashrif buyurish uchun to'lanmagan vaqtni olgan bo'lsangiz, ushlab qolinishi mumkin.

O'rtacha va o'rtacha ish haqi darajasi uchun Xitoy daromad solig'i juda past. Xitoylik ish haqi odatda oyiga RMBda belgilanadi va 5000-20000 ¥ oralig'ida oylik ish haqi bir necha yuz yuanni tashkil qiladi, bu g'arbiy mamlakatdagi ushlab qolishlar bilan solishtirganda ahamiyatsiz. Ushbu qatorda ish beruvchilar soliqlarni hisoblash va ularni ish haqingizdan ushlab qolish uchun javobgardirlar; Xitoy soliq deklaratsiyasini topshirishingiz shart emas.

Ish haqi oyiga 30000 ¥ dan oshganda, soliqlar sezilarli darajada oshadi. Ba'zi kompaniyalar bu masalani hal qilish uchun ba'zi ijodiy buxgalteriya hisobidan foydalanadilar (masalan, kompensatsiyani kompensatsiya sifatida tuzish).

Ish haqi darajasida daromad solig'i ancha yuqori; agar siz qonuniy ravishda rezident bo'lsangiz va oyiga 100000 ¥ dan yuqori maosh olsangiz (2016 yil o'rtalarida kurs bo'yicha yiliga 180000 AQSh dollari) stavka 45% ni tashkil qiladi. Turli xil hiyla-nayranglar, masalan, kichikroq ish haqi olish, lekin ko'proq foyda olish yoki doimiy ravishda bir necha oyni Xitoyda o'tkazish, shuning uchun siz rezident sifatida tasniflanmaslik, ba'zan buni kamaytirishi mumkin. Xitoyga joylashtirilgan transmilliy kompaniyalar yoki qo'shma korxonalar xodimlari ba'zida ish haqlarini olishda davom etadilar va soliqqa tortiladilar, vataniga qaytib kelib, Xitoyda yashash uchun ozgina nafaqa oladilar.

Ba'zi hollarda qo'shimcha davlat ijtimoiy sug'urta badallari qo'shiladi; bu shaharlar o'rtasida farq qiladi.

Agar siz 2019 yildan yoki undan keyin ketma-ket olti yil yoki undan ko'proq Xitoy rezidenti bo'lsangiz, siz Xitoydan tashqarida ham ishlagan daromadingiz uchun soliqqa tortilishi mumkin. (Ushbu qoida bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta mamlakatlarda to'lash orqali odamlarning soliqlardan qochishlarini to'xtatish uchun mo'ljallangan).

Qattiq nazorat va cheklovlar mavjud valyutani Xitoydan olib chiqib ketish. Katta miqdordagi pulni o'z mamlakatingizga o'tkazish juda qiyin bo'lishi mumkin va qisqa vaqt ichida buning iloji bo'lmasligi mumkin. Turli xil ekspatatlar mamlakatdan pul olish uchun turli xil afzal usullarga ega; ularning barchasi noqulay yoki qimmat, va qoidalar tez-tez o'zgarib turishi va nomuvofiq qo'llanilishi sababli siz sinab ko'rmaguningizcha nima ishlashini hech qachon aniq bilmaysiz. Hatto katta miqdordagi Xitoy yuanini naqd xorijiy valyutaga almashtirish chet elliklar uchun qiyin bo'lishi mumkin (garchi bu Xitoy fuqarolari uchun osonroq bo'lsa). Bularning barchasi Gonkong yoki Makaoda (yoki uydagi bank hisob raqamiga) to'lash foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan yana bir sababdir. Darhaqiqat, ba'zi ekspatlar, avval Xitoydan materikni Gonkong orqali ko'chirish orqali pul yuborishadi. FAO yoki Xitoy banki sizga qoidalarni tushunishda yordam beradi.

Ba'zi kompaniyalar sizni rag'batlantirishi mumkin soliqlardan qochish sizning maoshingizning bir qismini shartnomadan tashqarida qoldirib, sizga Gonkongda, naqd pulda yoki chet eldagi bank hisob raqamiga to'lash orqali. Bunday tartib Xitoyda keng tarqalgan, chunki xodim ham, kompaniya ham soliq va ijtimoiy sug'urta uchun pul tejaydi. Biroq, bu shunday noqonuniy va sizni xavf ostiga qo'yadi. Agar kompaniya pul to'lamaslikka qaror qilsa, u stol ostida bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa, sizda hech qanday murojaat bo'lmaydi. Bu bilan cheklanib qolmay, Xitoy hukumati soliqlarni to'lashdan bo'yin tovlamoqda, ayniqsa chet el fuqarolari aralashganida. Sizning barcha maoshlaringiz va imtiyozlaringiz sizning shartnomangizda ko'rsatilganligiga va barcha tegishli soliqlar to'langanligiga ishonch hosil qiling.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Iltimos, ga qarang asosiy maqola materik Xitoyda sog'liqni saqlash haqida batafsil muhokama qilish uchun.

Siz qimmatbaho shaxsiy tibbiy yordamni olish yoki davlat shifoxonasi tizimiga tayanish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Chet ellik sifatida, sizga odatda xususiy xalqaro shifoxonalarga tayanishingiz tavsiya etiladi, chunki mahalliy Xitoy davlat shifoxonalarida davolanish va parvarish qilish darajasi odatda rivojlangan mamlakatlarga mos kelmaydi. Agar siz chegara yaqinida yashasangiz, davolanish uchun murojaat qiling Gonkong yoki Tayvan, chunki davolash va parvarish qilish standarti G'arb standartlari bilan teng.

Ko'pgina kompaniyalar kasal kunlari uchun kasalxonada yozuvni talab qilishadi, bu kasalxonada eskirgan gripp bilan kasalxonada kutish kunini sarflashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Shaxsiy qopqoq sizni tezda, ammo yuqori narxda ko'rishga imkon beradi. Ish beruvchingiz bilan shaxsiy qopqoqni sinab ko'ring va muhokama qiling.

Darajasini o'rganing havoning ifloslanishi qaysi shaharlarda bo'lishni xohlasangiz. Qisqa ta'tilda zararli darajadagi tutunga duchor bo'lish bir narsa, ammo ular bilan kun bo'yi yashash boshqa narsa. Pekindagi havoning ifloslanishi eng taniqli, ammo Xitoyning ko'p joylarida xalqaro miqyosda nosog'lom deb hisoblangan tutun darajasi bor - havoni sezilarli darajada ifloslangan shaharga o'rta yoki uzoq muddatli ish qabul qilishdan oldin o'qing va shifokor bilan suhbatlashing. Yaxshi yangilik shundaki, Xitoy hukumati atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha qat'iy qonunlarni qabul qila boshladi va Pekin va Shanxay singari yirik shaharlarda havo sifati sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi, ammo bunga hali ko'p yo'l bor. Asosiy ma'lumotni bu erda topishingiz mumkin Smog va Xitoy # Smog, lekin bu asosan ekspatatlar emas, balki qisqa muddatli sayohatchilarga qaratilgan.

Tilni hisobga olish

Hech bo'lmaganda bir nechtasini o'rganish mandarin Xitoyda ishlashni istaganlar uchun qat'iyan tavsiya etiladi. Garchi ko'plab ish imkoniyatlari faqat ingliz tilini talab qilishi mumkin va ba'zi xitoyliklar ingliz tilida gaplashadigan bo'lsalar-da, siz Mandarin foydali bo'lgan holatlarga duch kelasiz. Xitoyda professional darajada aloqalar juda muhimdir va boshqa mutaxassislarni bilish maqsadga muvofiqdir; ularning hammasi ham ingliz tilida gaplasha olmaydi.

Mandarin tili 1950-yillardan beri ta'lim va milliy ommaviy axborot vositalarining tili bo'lib kelmoqda lingua franca Xitoyning istalgan nuqtasida turli xil til guruhlari o'rtasidagi aloqa uchun. Siz har qanday o'qimishli xitoylikdan to'liq ravon bo'lishini kutishingiz mumkin, boshqalarning ko'pi esa hech bo'lmaganda Mandarin tiliga ega bo'lishadi.

Ba'zi joylarda mahalliy lahja ham foydalidir: Kanton ko'plari uchun Guandun, Minnan yilda Janubiy Fujian, Vu lahjalari Sharqiy Xitoy, va hokazo. Etnik ozchiliklar ko'pincha o'zlarining etnik tillariga ega bo'lib, ular ba'zan xitoy tiliga aloqasi yo'q Uyg'ur, Mo'g'ul yoki Koreys. Ko'pgina hollarda Mandarin tili muloqot qilish uchun etarli, ammo mahalliy tilni / shevani o'rganish ijtimoiy doiralarga kirib borish uchun foydali yoki hatto muhim bo'lishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, juda oz sonli chet elliklar kuch sarflagani uchun mahalliy til / lahjada muloqot qilishga urinish mahalliy aholini deyarli hayratga soladi va hatto do'kon va restoranlarda sizga imtiyozli muomala qilishi mumkin.

Boy qirg'oq mintaqalarida malakasi past bo'lgan ishchilar - fabrika ishchilari, xizmatkorlari, ofitsiantlari, taksi haydovchilari va boshqalar - boshqa viloyatlardan kelganlar mahalliy tilda emas, balki Mandarin tilida gaplashadigan migrantlar bo'lishadi. Ba'zi menejerlar va mansabdor shaxslar ham bo'lishi mumkin.

Madaniyat

Xitoy ishbilarmonlik madaniyati aloqalarni o'rnatishga (those guānxi), ayniqsa hokimiyat tepasida bo'lganlar bilan katta ahamiyat beradi. Sovg'a berish de rigueur Xitoyda va xitoyliklar o'zlarining aloqalarini yaxshilash uchun o'z do'stlari, qarindoshlari, hamkasblari va hattoki xo'jayinlarini dabdabali sovg'alar bilan yuvishlari odatiy holdir, ayniqsa chet el safarlaridan qaytayotganda. Ehtimol siz xitoylik do'stlaringiz va hamkasblaringizdan bunday sovg'alarni qabul qilishda bo'lishingizga qaramay, sizdan, ayniqsa, chet elga sayohat qilganingizda, sizga yordam berishlari kutiladi. Pul berish har doim ehtiyotkorlik bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak va odatda qizil konvertga solinishi kerak (红包) hngbāo).

Xitoy hukumati korruptsiyaga qarshi kurashish uchun davlat amaldorlariga sovg'alar berish amaliyotini qattiq qo'llamoqda. Hukumat amaldoriga biron bir sovg'ani taqdim etishda ehtiyot bo'ling va ochiqchasiga buni umuman qilmaslikni o'ylab ko'ring, chunki bu kelajakda siz uchun qonuniy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin.

O'qituvchi sifatida ishlayotganda, ota-onalar buning evaziga farzandlariga imtiyozli munosabatda bo'lishlarini umid qilib, sizni hashamatli sovg'alar bilan siylashlari odatiy holdir. Boy oilalardan bo'lgan bolalar ota-onalari nomidan maktab o'qituvchilariga qimmat Gucci yoki Louis Vuitton sumkalarini sovg'a qilishlari ma'lum bo'lgan. Amaliyot noqonuniy bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, siz buni axloqsiz deb bilishingiz mumkin va odob-axloq bilan qabul qilinmasdan, odatda hech qanday huquqbuzarliksiz qabul qilasiz. Hukumat bu amaliyotni Pekin va Shanxay kabi yirik shaharlarda siqib chiqarmoqda, ammo Xitoyning boshqa qismlarida ham rivojlanib bormoqda.

Xitoydagi noxush haqiqat shundaki, ish beruvchilar uchun qoidalarni bukish yoki qonunni buzish odatiy holdir. Bu sizga, ishchiga, ayniqsa, o'zingiz ishlayotgan kompaniya kabi mahalliy qonunlar va tartib-qoidalar bilan tanish emasligingiz sababli xavf tug'diradi. Ko'pgina kompaniyalar, agar imkoni bo'lsa, quvonch bilan sizdan foydalanadi, shuning uchun kerak o'zingizga e'tibor bering: qonunlar va talablar to'g'risida o'qing, hamma narsa kitob orqali amalga oshirilayotganligini tekshiring va barcha kelishilgan to'lov va imtiyozlarni olayotganingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Shartnomani imzolashdan oldin uni diqqat bilan o'rganib chiqing va agar siz ko'proq ish haqi darajasida ishlayotgan bo'lsangiz, Xitoydagi chet ellik ishchilarga yordam berishga ixtisoslashgan advokatni shartnomani imzolashingizdan oldin o'qib chiqing. Agar biror narsa baliqdek tuyulsa, tushuntirishni so'rang yoki keting.

Qaysidir ma'noda Xitoyda G'arbdagi kabi shaxsiy va kasbiy hayot o'rtasidagi farq aniq emas. Masalan, shunday de rigueur xitoyliklar o'zlarining xo'jayinlari va hamkasblarini to'y kabi muhim hayotiy voqealarga taklif qilishlari uchun.

Vaqt tugadi

Xitoyning yangi yili va milliy kuni "Oltin hafta"bayramlar bu bir hafta davom etadigan bayram kunlari, bu erda ko'plab ishchi sinfdoshlar o'z qishloqlariga qaytib, oilasi bilan vaqt o'tkazish uchun va boshqalar sayyohlarni tomosha qilish uchun sayohat qilishadi; ushbu davrda transportning barcha turlari va har qanday mashhur manzillari tiqilib qolishini kuting. Chet elliklar va boy xitoyliklar ushbu bayramlardan ko'pincha chet elga sayohat qilish uchun foydalanadilar.

Ba'zi milliy bayramlar atrofida ish haftasi yoki o'quv haftasi qayta tashkil etilishi mumkin, talabalar yoki xodimlar hafta davomida dam olish kunini to'ldirish uchun shanba yoki yakshanba kunlari ishlashga ketadilar. Bunga texnik jihatdan uch kunlik milliy bayramlar bo'lgan va ketma-ket etti kunlik ta'tilni o'tkazish uchun atrofdagi dam olish kunlari tashkil etilgan ikkita Oltin hafta kiradi.

Xitoy Yangi yilida biznes va maktablarning bir hafta davom etadigan rasmiy ta'tildan ko'proq vaqtni yopishi odatiy holdir - 10 kun, ikki yoki uch hafta, hatto bir oy yoki undan ko'proq vaqtni eshitmagan. Bunday holda, sizga hukumat tomonidan belgilangan uch kunlik ta'til uchun pul to'lashingiz kerak, ammo shartnomangizga qarab, qolgan dam olish kunlari uchun to'lanishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin.

Sizning shartnomangiz har yili to'lanadigan ta'tilni o'z ichiga olishi yoki kiritmasligi mumkin. Agar siz ingliz tilidan dars berayotgan bo'lsangiz, ehtimol sizdan milliy bayramlarda ishlash kutilishi mumkin, chunki ingliz tilining xususiy darslariga talab ayniqsa, talabalar bo'sh vaqtlarida yuqori bo'ladi. Ushbu kunlar uchun sizga keyinroq foydalanish uchun qo'shimcha ta'til kunlari bilan tovon puli to'lashingiz mumkin. Ba'zi shaharlar (shu jumladan Shanxay va Shenchjen) ish beruvchilardan, agar ular ta'tilda ishlashlari kerak bo'lsa, ishchilarga odatdagi ish haqining 300 foizini to'lashni talab qiladilar, ammo bu qat'iy bajarilmaydi. Albatta, sizning ish beruvchingizning talablari va siyosati sizning shartnomangizda aniq ko'rsatilishi kerak.

O'qituvchilarning qo'shimcha bezovtaligi shundaki, maktablar o'quv yilining boshida barcha ta'til kunlarini belgilamaydilar. Xususan, Xitoy Yangi yilidagi tanaffus kunlari juda kechgacha o'rnatilmasligi mumkin, bu narxlar ko'tarilishidan oldin sayohat uchun chiptalarni sotib olishni qiyinlashtiradi.

Dam olish kunlariga kelsak, 1995 yildan beri Xitoyda rasmiy besh kunlik ish haftasi (dushanba-juma) va ikki kunlik dam olish kunlari bo'lib o'tdi. Amalda, ba'zi ishchilar hali ham haftada olti kun (dushanba-shanba) ishlashlari kutilmoqda, boshqalari esa tarmoqqa qarab har yili bir necha kun dam olish bilan ishlaydi. Kuniga soatlarning soni ham har xil; favqulodda holat sifatida, Xitoyning texnologik sanoati mashaqqatli "996" jadvali bilan mashhur (9-dan 9-gacha, haftaning 6 kuni). Ingliz tili o'qituvchilari ko'pincha odatdagidan ko'proq jadvalga ega bo'lib, ular haftadan haftaga o'zgarishi mumkin, ishdan keyin, darsdan keyin yoki dam olish kunlari mashg'ulotlarga kelmoqchi bo'lgan talabalarni joylashtirish uchun. Bundan tashqari, odatda besh kunlik haftada ishlaydigan o'qituvchilardan ham hafta davomida ta'tilni to'ldirish uchun bir necha shanba yoki yakshanba kunlari ishlashni so'rash mumkin.

Belgilangan joylar

Aksariyat shahar va mintaqalar siz uchun mavjud. Katta istisno Tibet, bu hatto tashrif buyurish uchun ruxsat olishni talab qiladi va chet elliklar uchun juda kam iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarga ega. Shaharni tanlashda sizning sohangizdagi imkoniyatlar, mahalliy til, ob-havo, ish joyiga borish va yashash narxlari asoslanadi. Chet elliklarning aksariyati dengiz sohilidagi viloyatlarda joylashgan bo'lsa-da, ular ko'proq xalqaro savdo-sotiq qilish va rivojlanishga moyil bo'lsalar-da, ming yillikning boshidan buyon Xitoy hukumati resurslarni ichki viloyatlarni rivojlantirishga sarflamoqda, shuning uchun ko'proq imkoniyatlar mavjud o'sha hududlarda chet elliklar.

• Shanxay - Ta'lim, moliya, muhandislik va boshqa ko'plab sohalarda ishlaydigan eng ko'p chet elliklar yashaydigan materik Xitoyning eng "xalqaro" shahri. Shanxay eng yuqori yashash narxiga ega deb hisoblanadi. 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Shanxayda 208 ming chet ellik fuqaro istiqomat qilgan, bu Xitoy umumiy sonining uchdan bir qismiga teng; ulardan ba'zilari talabalar edi, ammo ko'plari ishlaydilar.
• Shanxay yaqinidagi boshqa yirik shaharlar - Suzhou, Xanchjou va Nankin - shuningdek, jadal rivojlanmoqda va chet ellik ishchilarning katta kontingenti bor.
• Guanchjou & Shenchjen - Janubning yangi energetika shaharlari dunyodagi elektronikaning katta qismini ishlab chiqaradi. Boshqa shaharlar Pearl River Deltasi (Dongguan, Foshan, Zhonshan, Zhuhai) xalqaro savdoda ham katta ahamiyatga ega va shu bilan ishlash imkoniyatlariga ega. Ular sayohatlar uchun qulay Gonkong va Makao. Guanchjouda shuningdek, Xitoyning eng yirik afrikalik hamjamiyati joylashgan.
• Pekin chunki poytaxt eng yaxshi o'qitish imkoniyatlariga ega va ko'plab xorijiy kompaniyalar bu erda o'zlarini tanlashni tanlaydilar. Yaqin shahar Tyantszin Pekinning port shahri bo'lib xizmat qiladi, shuningdek, transport sohasida ishlaydiganlar uchun imkoniyatlar yaratadi
• Tsindao shimolda joylashgan Tsingtao pivosining uyi sifatida tanilgan va Xitoyning eng yashashga yaroqli shahri deb topilgan yirik port shahri.
• Dalian uzoq shimolda IT-kompaniyalar uchun qulay soliq rejimi mavjud.
• Xiamen janubiy sohilida ozgina og'ir sanoat, past ifloslanish va yoqimli iqlim mavjud. Tayvanliklar orasida o'sha lahjada gaplashishi tufayli mashhurdir. Shuningdek, paromdan qisqa masofada yurish Tayvan- boshqariladigan orol Qarindoshlar
• Kunming deyarli tropik kenglikda, ammo 2000 m balandlikda; "abadiy bahor shahri". Tog'lari va madaniyatini o'rganish uchun yaxshi asos Yunnan Viloyat
• Chengdu va Chontsin Xitoyning ichki qismidagi eng tez rivojlanayotgan shaharlar qatoriga kiradi va chet elliklarning tobora ko'payib borayotgan uyi. Chengdu - poytaxti Sichuan Viloyat va Chonging yaqin madaniy aloqalarga ega; ikkala shahar ham achchiq ovqat va issiq, nam yoz bilan mashhur.
• Sanya janubida Xaynan orol tropik iqlimi, hashamatli kurortlari, plyajlari va golf maydonchalari bilan tanilgan, shuningdek, "Miss World" go'zallik tanlovini doimiy ravishda o'tkazib turadigan asosiy ichki sayyohlik joyidir. Tadbirlarni rejalashtirish, marketing va turizm sohasida ishlaydigan odamlar uchun ko'plab imkoniyatlar.

Lavozimni ko'rib chiqishda shaharning qaysi qismida joylashganligini aniqlang. Prefektura darajasidagi shaharlar va munitsipalitetlar juda keng va odatda shahar atrofi va qishloqlarning ulkan hududlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Shanxay yoki Pekin singari jozibali manzilga ishni qabul qilish oson, faqat siz aslida shaharning taniqli joylaridan uzoqda joylashgan qorong'u chekkada ishlashingizni va yashashingizni bilishingiz mumkin. Albatta, agar siz xitoycha bilan shug'ullanishni va xitoy madaniyatini yanada chinakamiga bilib olishni istasangiz, unchalik taniqli bo'lmagan shahar atrofi siz xohlagan narsangiz bo'lishi mumkin, ammo har ikkala usulda ham siz o'zingizdan oldin qaerda yashaganingizni o'rganishga arziydi ishni qabul qiling. Qarang Xitoy viloyatlari va viloyatlari ro'yxati chet elliklar uchun tushunarsiz bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan Xitoyning ma'muriy tuzilishiga yo'naltirish.

Ish haqi ko'proq shahar va rivojlangan hududlarda yuqori: masalan, o'qituvchilar katta "birinchi darajali" shaharlarda (Pekin, Guanchjou, Shanxay va Shenchjen) boshqa joylarga qaraganda ko'proq pul ishlashadi va shahar atrofidagi tumanlarga qaraganda ko'proq ish haqi olishadi. Albatta, bu joylarda yashash narxi ham ancha yuqori. Shuni yodda tutingki, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan birinchi darajali shaharlardagi ko'chmas mulk narxi G'arbning ko'plab yirik shaharlaridagi kabi qimmat. Agar sizning maqsadingiz iloji boricha ko'proq pul tejash bo'lsa va siz qayerda qilayotganingizga ahamiyat bermasangiz, sizning eng yaxshi pul tikishingiz, bu xarajatlar past va sarflash vasvasalari cheklangan joy bo'lishi mumkin. .

Vatanni sog'inishingiz kerak bo'lsa, G'arb mahsulotlari odatda juda qimmat bo'lsa ham, asosan birinchi darajali shaharlarda joylashgan maxsus supermarketlarda mavjud. Ko'pincha quyi darajadagi shaharlarda bu umuman mavjud emas. Xitoydagi g'arbiy oziq-ovqat mahsuloti chet elliklarning uyiga qaytib borishi bilan deyarli aniqlanmaydi va siz o'zingizning muammoingizni hal qilish uchun Gonkongga borishingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Çölyak kasalligi yoki kuchli allergiya bo'lsa, ayniqsa ehtiyot bo'ling; birinchi darajali shaharlardan tashqarida mos dietalar mavjudligi keskin kamayadi.

Agar siz maqsadingiz bilan Xitoyga ketsangiz Mandarin tilini o'rganish yoki amalda qo'llash, boradigan joyingizni diqqat bilan ko'rib chiqing. Hamkasblaringiz va ko'chadagi odamlar o'zaro Mandarin tilida gaplashayotgan bo'lsa, siz tezroq o'rganasiz. Bu asosan shimoliy shaharni anglatadi (masalan Pekin, Harbin, yoki Sian) yoki mamlakatning turli qismlaridan kelgan ko'plab aholisi bo'lgan shahar (masalan Shanxay yoki Shenchjen). Shuni e'tiborga olingki, Shenchjen kabi migrant shaharlarda turli xil nostandart aksentlar bo'ladi, bu sizning tinglashingizni yanada yuqori darajada yaxshilaydi, ammo o'zingizning talaffuzingizni yaxshilashni qiyinlashtirishi mumkin.

Internet tsenzurasi

Internet tsenzurasi Xitoyda keng qo'llaniladi va Xitoyda Facebook, Twitter, Instagram va YouTube kabi xalqaro ommaviy veb-saytlarning aksariyati, Whatsapp, Google kabi xabar almashish dasturlari va Gmail kabi ko'plab xizmatlari va boshqa ko'plab xorijiy yangiliklar taqiqlangan. saytlar. Bularning barchasiga xitoycha alternativalar mavjud, ammo ular alohida tizimlarda ishlaydi, shuning uchun siz Xitoydan tashqaridagi do'stlaringiz bilan aloqada bo'lish uchun siz xavfsizlik devorini aylanib o'tish uchun VPN yoki boshqa dasturlardan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Qarang China # Connect batafsil ma'lumot uchun va VPN-lar har doim ham ishonchli emasligini biling. Ular Gonkong, Tayvan yoki Makaoda bloklanmagan, shuning uchun siz VPN ishlamay qolgan joyda ushbu xizmatlarga kirish uchun chegara yaqinida yashashni tanlashingiz mumkin.

Bank faoliyati

Shenchjendagi China Guangfa Bank filiali

Xitoy bank hisobvarag'ini olish uzoq muddatli istiqomat qiluvchilar uchun qulaydir. Buning uchun amaldagi viza va yashash joyini tasdiqlovchi pasport kerak. Agar sizda ishchi vizangiz bo'lmasa, ehtiyot bo'ling - 2018 yil o'rtalarida ishbilarmonlik yoki sayyohlik vizalarida bo'lgan ba'zi chet elliklar o'z hisob raqamlaridan pul olishda muammolarga duch kelishgan. Ba'zi banklar boshqa hujjatlarni talab qilishi mumkin, masalan, ish joyini tasdiqlovchi hujjat yoki xorijiy soliq to'lovchining maqomi, ba'zilari esa 100 ¥ atrofida dastlabki depozitni talab qilishi mumkin. Bank xodimlari odatda ingliz tilida gapira olmaydilar, ammo yirik shaharlardagi yirik banklarning ayrim filiallarida ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan xodimlar bo'lishi mumkin.

Sizda barcha operatsiyalar va qoldiqlar qayd etilgan bank daftarchasi bo'lishi mumkin, garchi aksariyat yirik banklar faqat kartalardagi hisobvaraqlarni taqdim etishadi. Bankka qarab, hisoblagichda pul olish uchun PIN-kod va / yoki identifikator talab qilinishi mumkin.

Xitoy Xitoy yuanini xalqaro miqyosda chet elga olib chiqishda ma'lum cheklovlarni joriy qilmoqda. Qoidalar tez-tez o'zgarib turadi, garchi aksariyat hollarda siz kunlik o'tkazishingiz mumkin bo'lgan miqdorga cheklov qo'ysa. Xitoy yuanini xorijiy valyutaga almashtirish qattiq nazoratga olinadi va xitoylik bo'lmagan fuqarolar uchun banklarda imkoni bo'lmasligi mumkin (buning o'rniga valyuta ayirboshlash joyiga boring). Xitoydan ketayotganda va qaytib kelishni rejalashtirmaganingizda, qolgan barcha pullarni o'z hisobingizdan naqd pul bilan oling. Xitoylik bo'lmagan fuqaro sifatida, ehtimol siz Xitoy materikidan tashqarida xarid qilish uchun bank kartangiz, WeChat va boshqalardan foydalana olmaysiz.

Banklar odatda siz hisob ochganingizdan farqli ravishda boshqa shaharga pul qo'yish va olish uchun haq oladi (taxminan 1%).

In Shanghai, most of the smaller local banks have relations with each other allowing for no-fee interbank deposits for any amount and withdrawals over ¥3,000. Also, any Bank of Shanghai deposit-capable ATM can do deposits for any bank with a Shanghai-issued account.

The largest retail banks in China are the Bank of China (中国银行), China Construction Bank (中国建设银行), Agricultural Bank of China (中国农业银行) and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (中国工商银行).

China Construction Bank offers Bank of America customers ATM-use without any fees to withdraw yuan. Bank of America now charges 3%, however.

Standard Chartered is expat-friendly, but has few branches outside the big cities. They offer unlimited interbank ATM withdrawals within the city the card was issued in as long as the amount drawn is over ¥2,000 each time and they also offer multiple foreign-currency investment products.

DBS has a minimum deposit requirement of ¥2,000.

Woori Bank has even fewer branches than Standard Chartered, but offers the Shanghai Tourist Card, which gives discounts at assorted restaurants and half-price tickets to various attractions, as a debit card. This is usually only available from local banks. They also offer unlimited free ATM withdrawals anywhere in China. As a South Korean bank they offer links to Korean bank accounts as well.

HSBC is another good international choice for expatriates, although branches are mostly found in the commercial centres of large cities. Customers who frequently spend time in Hong Kong will find this a quite good option.

If you are employed in China, you may not get a choice: many companies and schools deposit into only one bank, and therefore you must have an account with that bank to get paid.

If in a big city and later traveling to smaller ones, try signing up for an account with smaller banks like Woori Bank or Ping An Bank; these offer free inter-bank ATM withdrawals anywhere in China.

Electronic transfers

Just about every bank in the big cities offers electronic money transfers to another country. Service charges depend on the sending and receiving bank, the staff is sometimes ill-trained, and the process can take up to a week to clear. Alternatively, you may choose to look for a Chinese branch of a foreign or Hong Kong-based bank to do transfers. This is easier in the big cities, though.

It will be ko'p easier to do transfers if you have an dual-currency account with the Bank of China - opened at the branch from which you plan to get your money. Electronic transfers to dual currency accounts incur no or minimal fees although it will usually take about one week. Transfers to Chinese accounts from overseas also take from three to ten business days. All you need to start an account is your passport, visa and a small initial deposit (can be yuan) plus the new-account fee (¥10-20). If you open a foreign currency account or a dual currency account, be sure to check if you will be able to access it in another province or overseas. Alternatively, for visitors from the US, Wells Fargo offers a service called ExpressSend that allows someone to send money from the US and have it arrive at a China Agricultural Bank account on the same day.

Western Union has deals with China Agricultural Bank and with China Post so there are many Western Union signs around. This is what overseas Chinese sending money to relatives, or expats sending money out of China, generally use; it is generally easier and cheaper than the banks. A list of locations is available through Western Union's website. There may, however, be problems. Their system may be down or the employee you deal with may ask for silly things — for an overseas transfer, the recipient's passport and visa numbers, or for a within-China transfer, cash in US dollars. Just try another branch when experiencing difficulties.

Foreign ownership restrictons

China has strict laws on foreign ownership of local businesses and property, with foreigners largely restricted to owning minority stakes in these. As such, it is generally very difficult for foreigners to invest in Chinese businesses without a Chinese business partner.

Language teaching

Shuningdek qarang: Ingliz tilini o'qitish

Eslatma: As of 2019, the Chinese government is cracking down on foreigners working illegally in China, particularly English teachers. Illegal visa arrangements are widespread in the industry, and schools often mislead or coerce teachers, so you need to proactively make sure that everything about your visa is done properly. Get advice from someone you trust (emas your prospective employer) who is familiar with the Chinese legal system.

(Information last updated Nov 2019)

Teaching a language, most commonly English, is a very popular source of employment for foreigners. Lar bor English-teaching jobs all over China.

The market for teachers of other languages is more limited. However most universities require all students majoring in a foreign language to study another language as well, so they all have to teach at least two. The most common combination is English and Japanese, but many universities will happily hire a qualified instructor for another major language whenever they find one. Also, there are specialised universities for foreign languages in major cities such as Pekin, Guanchjou, Sian, Dalian va Shanxay which teach most major world languages. Guangzhou is establishing a reputation as a hub for so-called kamdan-kam tillar.

Back in the day (read: the early 2000s), any white foreigner with a pulse who spoke a bit of English could show up with possibly dubious credentials and get a job teaching English in China. Those days are over. Qualifications vary, but nowadays the legal requirements are relatively strict (and enforcement has stepped up, so going the illegal route is not a good idea). To get a work visa for English teaching, you need to:

• be a native English speaker (passport from US, UK, Canada, Ireland, Australia, or New Zealand. Other English-speaking countries such as Jamaica and South Africa seem to be considered on a case-by-case basis.)
• have at least a bachelor's degree
• have at least two years experience and/or a TEFL/CELTA certificate (unclear whether both of these are required or just one or the other)
• have no criminal record

If you want to go and do not already have good qualifications, get a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate. It really helps.

Many schools will accept non-native English speakers, and indeed there are thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, Serbians, and so on teaching English in China. But you are very unlikely to get a legal work visa if you don't have a passport from an English-speaking country.

Various prejudices and stereotypes may also come into play; some schools prefer white people, especially blue-eyed blondes, in large part because they hope the "right" image will help their marketing. Overseas Chinese (even ones with English as their first language), Filipinos, Indians, Malaysians, American Blacks, and especially Africans all report some difficulties finding jobs, or getting lower offers. Members of all those groups are happily employed in other schools, and many are well-paid, but getting a job is easier if you fit the stereotype. Accent can also be an issue; almost any educated native speaker will be fine, though the general American and Canadian accents are generally given a slight preference over others, but if you sound like you are from rural Queensland, the hills of Virginia, or working-class Glasgow, then some employers will not want you.

Pay and conditions vary greatly depending on location, experience and qualifications. Free accommodation, provided by the institution, is common. Generally this means an apartment of your own, though some tight-fisted schools want teachers to share. Most jobs pay for all or part of an annual trip home. Teachers nearly always make enough to live well in China, though some have a problem in summer because many university or high school jobs pay for only the 10 months of the academic year. Foreign teachers generally earn much more than their Chinese colleagues, but the differences are gradually narrowing. A public college or university will often pay less than a private school, but will also require fewer teaching hours.

The demand for English teachers in kindergartens is huge; Chinese parents think learning English early will give their kids an advantage later on, and they are quite likely right. As a result, kindergartens generally pay better than other schools (even universities), and tend to be much more flexible about hiring non-native speakers.

It is often possible to teach private lessons on the side – in fact your students or their parents may ask about this incessantly - or to find part-time work at another school in addition to your main job. Make certain you understand your employer's policies on outside work as some are quite restrictive. The standard visa prohibits it entirely.

Finding a job

Websites listing English teaching jobs in China include AsiaTeaching, Education First, Sea Dragon. Shuningdek qarang Teaching English#Looking for work for more information and international websites.

Many English teachers in China choose to find work through an agent (中介 zhōngjiè), who will help you find a job, make sure things run smoothly, and might be able to help you with special issues like sending money to an overseas bank account instead of a bank account in China. The disadvantage is that the agent will take a fee, which can be in the ballpark of 15% of your salary. It is not uncommon to find a job through an agent, sign a six-month or one-year contract with them, and then, once the contract expires, sign a new contract directly with the employer to avoid paying the agent's fee.

Agents on the whole have a reputation for being unscrupulous and deceptive. They might lie to you about the job, applicable laws, and your visa, trick you into signing an unfair contract, or get you in serious trouble with illegal or bungled visa arrangements. In job postings, they don't always make clear that they're agents, so even if you're trying to apply to schools directly, you may still end up with an agent if you're not careful! Don't rely on your agent to look out for you—it's no skin off their back if you get deported, thrown in jail, or banned from China. You have to look out for yourself. (By the way, some people have a rather prejudiced idea that foreign agents working in China are more trustworthy than those from China. This is not so—dishonesty and manipulation have no nationality. You should be equally cautious regardless of where your agent is from.)

If you plan to work as a teacher in China, research juda carefully. You might get your dream job or a nightmare. Take great care in your selection of employer; broken contracts, pressure to work illegally or lie about your qualifications, and general unscrupulousness and dishonesty are common. Many employers take advantage of foreign teachers' unfamiliarity with the Chinese language, culture, and legal system. Ask to talk to current employees, and look up the company to see what people are saying about them online. As a rule, government schools give the best all-around deals and are known for following the rules when arranging visas—and if there is any dispute, you can appeal to the Foreign Experts Office of the provincial education ministry. If you can document your case and it is a valid one, they will take action. And it tends to be fast. Before filing an appeal, try to resolve the issue through direct discussion. If that fails, ask someone to function as a go-between—a Chinese if possible, but otherwise another expatriate will do. Only appeal as a last resort: as in other aspects of life everywhere, the threat of action is often more effective than action itself.

Before taking the job, make sure the company is legally registered. You can request their business license number and a scan of the business license, then verify the number online. If the company isn't legally registered, they won't be able to get you a work visa, at least not legally.

Read the job description and contract carefully. Pay attention to both the number of teaching hours and the total number of working hours. Make sure you're clear on whether you're expected to cover your own housing, utilities, transportation, flights, and so on. Ask to talk to current employees to see how the company treats them.

Visas for English teachers

There can be difficulties around Foreign Expert Certificates for teachers. Universities and other public institutions can easily get FECs for staff, but not all private schools can. Before they can even apply for certificates, they must be authorised to employ foreigners by SAFEA. Getting the authorization takes many months and a significant amount of money. They also have to comply with SAFEA standards such as providing housing, health insurance and annual airfare home for all staff. Large established schools have the permission, but many of the smaller ones don't want the expense. Without the FEC you cannot get a Residence Permit so all the teachers in such schools are working illegally.

In terms of work visas, schools range from completely reliable to crooks who leave foreigners stranded without a legitimate work visa after they arrive. Legally, foreign teachers are required to come on a Z visa and then apply for a residence permit. Bu illegal to work with a tourist or business visa, but some schools want teachers to do that, and some even want teachers to foot the bill for "visa runs" to Gonkong to renew it. Some even lie to teachers about this when recruiting. Other schools or agents pull a trick where they get you a work visa for some other type of work like management or e-commerce (reportedly easier to obtain than a work visa for English teaching). This is illegal too—your paperwork has to match the job you're actually doing.

Getting a Z visa for an English teacher is a complicated, time-consuming, and potentially expensive process involving paperwork from many different offices. Your employer should help you through the process. The rules change frequently and depend on your nationality; your employer should have more specific and up-to-date information, but take this as a general indication of the kind of rigmarole you have to go through. First, you'll need to apply for a work permit, which requires the following documents: a physical examination form filled out by a physician, a teaching certificate, a passport-sized photo, an employment contract, a stamped letter from your previous employer, a copy of your passport, a work permit application form, a copy of your university diploma, and a criminal record background check. The last two documents must be notarized with an apostille and then certified at a Chinese embassy or consulate. Depending on your nationality, you may also need to provide proof of English language ability. Once you send all these documents to your employer, they can get you a work permit. Then you can go to a Chinese embassy or consulate and apply for a Z visa, for which you'll have to submit your work permit, passport, copies of any previous Chinese visas, a visa application form, and a visa fee. When you get the Z visa, you're still not done with the paperwork—the duration of stay on your visa will be listed as "000" (undetermined), with a note that you must apply for a residence permit within 30 days of arrival. Ishonch hosil qiling bring all the documents you used for your work permit application with you to China, because you'll need them to apply for your residence permit, which may also require another physical examination by a doctor in China.

Once you've obtained your residence permit, you can breathe a sigh of relief—now you can legally live and work in China, and enter and exit the country at will. At least until your residence permit expires in a year, at which point you'll have to renew it if you want to continue working in China. Fortunately, the renewal process is relatively painless—since you've already obtained most of the documents you need, you just have to go to a few of the same offices in the city where you're working in order to apply to a stay for another year. Your employer should guide you through the process, and you don't have to return to your home country to do it.

Given all the hassle involved in getting a work visa, many teachers instead work illegally on tourist or business visas. Some employers encourage or demand this, because it's cheaper and less of a headache for them. Some employees opt for it because they're ineligible for a work visa (for instance, non-native English speakers and teachers without a bachelor's degree). This is a lot easier than getting a Z visa, but it requires a visa run to a place like Gonkong, Makao, Vetnam, yoki Mo'g'uliston, typically every three months, so you can leave and reenter mainland China and get a new stamp in your passport. Working illegally carries a risk of being found out by the authorities and being arrested and deported as a convicted felon. The other workaround, getting a work visa for a different type of job, may allow you to open a bank account, but it is still illegal and puts you at risk of fines, detention, and deportation. Some of the employers who want you to come illegally on the wrong type of visa are stringing you along; they do not have SAFEA permission to hire foreigners legally and are trying to wriggle around that. The Chinese government is stepping up enforcement of immigration laws, so as a foreigner, you are strongly advised not to work illegally in China.

Some employers ask teachers to come in with a tourist or business visa and promise that they can get a residence permit later. Some teachers have had success with this, even as recently as 2019, but others have gotten into serious trouble attempting it. The complicated paperwork required from your home country means it's easy for something to go wrong, and you're at risk of getting caught before the residence permit application goes through. Best not to risk it.

If the school doesn't require teachers to have a university degree, this is a red flag. Foreigners can't get a work permit without having at least a bachelor's degree, so these schools are either having teachers work without proper papers or obtaining work permits fraudulently. Even if you do have a degree, working at one of these schools may mean that they won't be able to get you a work permit or at least that they might bend the rules in some way when they're getting it. Foreigners with these fraudulently obtained work permits have been detained or deported, so you are highly advised not to take up such job offers.

A few issues to be careful of regarding work permits:

• A work permit only allows you to work for the employer that got it for you. Taking other jobs on the side is illegal and foreign teachers have been arrested for it.
• If you decide to change jobs, make sure your new employer arranges to transfer your work permit.
• If you decide to leave your job and stop working in China, make sure you tell your employer and do the proper paperwork. If you go AWOL, you may encounter problems with the authorities when trying to leave China later on.

Other professions

There are opportunities in the main cities for professionals with backgrounds in areas such as finance, engineering, or information technology. There are also some for teachers other than language teachers.

Generally speaking you will need to be sponsored by a company in China that has a certificate to hire foreigners. There is significant paperwork involved around your Z visa as well as taxes, and it is advisable that your company send their FAO or use an agency to take care of these on your behalf. If you have do paperwork by yourself then you will find it very difficult and time consuming, even if you can read Chinese.

In previous years, companies were happy to fly in expatriate managers in order to develop their Chinese operations, although for both cost and cultural reasons there is now definitely a stronger preference for hiring workers and management locally. The cost of relocating and paying a foreigner is very high compared to the local workforce and companies will look for unique capabilities that you can bring, rather than generic 'middle managers'.

Opportunities for expatriates are usually far greater at multi-national companies with a significant China office than in local Chinese companies.

Many expatriates who wish to work in China actually base themselves in Gonkong, owing to having a simple immigration process, easier living conditions for foreigners, low taxes and ready access to the Chinese mainland.

"White monkey jobs"

While the legality of this is questionable, some foreigners take on so-called "white monkey jobs" while in China. In such jobs, companies pay white people to do essentially nothing but show up at company events such as promotional events and business meetings and pretend to be one of the company's staff members, as the presence of a white person/foreign face will boost their company's legitimacy in the eyes of the Chinese public. Thus, companies that appear to have white people among their staff tend to enjoy better business and win government contracts more easily.

Be cautious as this kind of job is in a gray area where legitimacy is sparse, pay is low, and risks are rising. Remember that a work visa is tied to a specific company in a specific city, and it is generally illegal to take on a side job—something that foreigners have been arrested for, despite having a work visa. It is also illegal to do a different kind of work from what you and your employer stated in your visa application. The Chinese government has been stepping up enforcement of employment laws, and companies may not be up-front about (or even know) whether they're following the rules, so consider carefully whether this type of work is worth the risk.

Modeling

White foreigners are always in demand in the Chinese media. A stroll through any shopping mall will confirm how many Chinese products use white faces for their domestic promotional campaigns. In many of the big coastal cities, these jobs are dominated by groups of Russian models who do this as a full time job. Even so, there are always agents looking for new faces. Look on websites and notice boards for announcements. Payments start out in the region of ¥500 per day plus expenses but can often rise to much more. A blonde haired, blue eyed, white skinned female, older gentlemen and babies are especially in demand, and black males are also in demand for sportswear advertising. Be cautious as those kinds of jobs are in a gray area where legitimacy is sparse, pay is low and risks are rising.

Wedding officiant

Everywhere you go in China, you will see wedding photo shops. Some of these hire white guys to play the role of wedding priest at big parties and photo shoots. This usually requires a decent level of Chinese to recite the wedding vow speech in Mandarin, but payments of ¥1000 per ceremony are quite standard. For full scripts and further details, see the book Is Nothing Sacred? Making Money as a Wedding Priest in China.

University applications

Also known as "education consulting", in some ways this is a variation of English teaching. Many children of elite and well-off Chinese parents are looking to attend top universities abroad, particularly those in the United States, and their parents are willing to pay top dollar for admissions counseling, essay help, test prep, and so on. The institutions that offer these services are keen to hire graduates from highly-ranked foreign universities and pay salaries similar to the middle to upper range for English teachers. These jobs are concentrated in "first-tier" cities (Pekin, Guanchjou, Shanxayva Shenchjen). During the application season (October–January) it's hard work and you'll be busy, but for the rest of the year it's much more relaxed.

Be warned: ethical standards in this industry are not consistent. Some companies won't just want you to help students with the essays, but actually write the essays for them. The company won't necessarily tell you this outright when you're applying. Look out for red flags before taking a job.

Import/export opportunities

Nearly every Chinese location has local specialties that can be exported on a small scale to make some extra pocket money. Many towns specialise in manufacturing a single product and some of the more entrepreneurial expat teachers earn a nice little side income by leveraging this opportunity. This is especially easy in big cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen where international trade is the backbone of the local economy. Armed with a reliable guidebook to the wholesale markets, any teacher can quickly find a niche product upon which to focus, develop some local contacts and begin shipping to a partner back home. If you choose the right products and suppliers this can often develop into a full time business.

Scientific research

The government is keen to boost China's international profile in scientific research, and is investing heavily in making China's universities and research institutes competitive with those in the West. There are many opportunities for people with a PhD in scientific fields from the world's top universities to work in China, and the pay is usually competitive with, and sometimes even higher than what is on offer in the West, particularly if you have a good publication record.

Tech jobs

China has a booming tech industry, and there are opportunities for people with university degrees in computer science and engineering to work for Chinese tech companies such as Huawei, Xiaomi, Tencent and Alibaba. As the "Silicon Valley of China", most of the tech jobs are concentrated in the city of Shenchjen, though there are also opportunities in other first-tier cities, and increasingly in the smaller cities as well.

Outside mainland China

Since the requirements to work in Mainland China are quite difficult, you could also consider working in other Chinese territories such as Gonkong, Makao va Tayvan that have completely separate and more relaxed conditions of entry. These places are also easier to work in the English language, with the Hong Kong government and legal system using English in addition to Chinese. Their cultures are also more Westernised than that of mainland China, making it somewhat easier for Western foreigners to adapt to the local cultures.