Bosniya va Gertsegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosniya va Gertsegovina (Bosniya: Bosna i Gertsegovina, Bosna i Xersegovina, odatda qisqartiriladi BiH) joylashgan Evropa mamlakati Bolqon yarim oroli. Ilgari uning bir qismi bo'lgan Yugoslaviya Ammo 1992 yilda mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritdi. Asosan tog'li bo'lib, janubdagi Adriatik dengizi qirg'og'ining kichik qismiga kirish imkoniga ega.

Mintaqalar

Millat ikkiga bo'lingan bo'lsa-da; The Bosniya va Gertsegovina Federatsiyasi Bosniya / Xorvatiya aholisi va Srpska Respublikasi (ya'ni Serbiya Respublikasi / Serblar Respublikasi yoki RS) ko'pchilik serbiyalik aholi bilan, bu erda millatning an'anaviy mintaqalarga asoslangan "sayohatchilarga qulay" bo'linishi.

Shaharlar

• 43.86666666666718.4166666666671 Sarayevo - milliy kapital; me'morchilik uslublarining xilma-xilligidan ko'rinib turganidek, o'ziga xos sharqiy burilishlarga ega kosmopolit Evropa shahri
• 44.76666666666717.1833333333332 Banja Luka - ikkinchi yirik shahar, poytaxti bo'lib xizmat qiladi Srpska Respublikasi, ba'zi tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar va boy tungi hayot bilan
• 44.81666666666715.8666666666673 Bihac - Xorvatiya chegarasi yaqinidagi shahar, ajoyib tabiat qo'riqxonasi bilan o'ralgan.
• 44.34025277777817.2572333333334 Jajce - chiroyli sharshara va uning atrofida ko'plab tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joylar joylashgan kichik shahar
• 43.34944444444417.81255 Mostar - O'rta asr ko'prigi bilan ramziy ma'noda Neretva daryosidagi qadimgi shaharcha
• 42.92611111111117.6166666666676 Neum - qirg'oq bo'yidagi yagona shahar, tik qirlar bilan qoplangan qumli sayohlarni
• 44.53805555555618.6761111111117 Tuzla - sanoati katta bo'lgan uchinchi yirik shahar, garchi u yoqimli eski shahar va shafqatsiz urush yodgorliklariga ega
• 44.60666666666717.868 Teslic - mamlakatdagi eng katta sayyohlik imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan kurort-kurort
• 44.20166666666717.9038888888899 Zenika - Usmonlilarning eski mahallasi bo'lgan shahar

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• 45.0083333316.891666671 Kozara - shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida zich o'rmonlar va tog'li o'tloqlar, sayr qilish va ov qilish joyi bo'lgan milliy park.
• 43.19015917.677862 Međugorje - O'rta er dengizi iqlimi yumshoq bo'lgan tog'lar orasidagi ichki shahar, lekin, ehtimol, olti nafar mahalliy aholiga Bibi Maryamning qiyofasi haqidagi da'volari tufayli yaxshi tanilgan.
• 44.119.33 Srebrenitsa - shimoliy-sharqdagi kichik shahar, go'zal tabiat (uchinchi chuqur kanyon, dunyodagi Drina daryosi), eng yaxshi Bosniya urushi paytida genotsid joyi sifatida tanilgan.
• 43.78333333333318.254 Igman chang'i kurorti
• 43.72666666666718.5769444444445 Jahorina chang'i kurorti
• 43.70418.2576 Bjelašnica chang'i kurorti

Tushuning

Ikki sub'ekt, ikkita turizm agentligi Federatsiya siyosiy jihatdan butun Bosniyani birlashtirishga va tuzilmalarni tugatishga intilayotganda Federatsiyaning turizm agentligi[o'lik havola] barcha BH haqida ma'lumot beradi, shu jumladan RS. Boshqa tomondan, Srpska Respublikasining turizm tashkiloti, 1995 yilgi Deyton kelishuvida kelishilgan sub'ektlararo chegaralarni himoya qilishga siyosiy intilayotgan tashkilot, faqat Srpska Republikasi haqida ma'lumot beradi va BH federatsiyasi haqida ma'lumot bermaydi.

Bosniya millati g'oyasi asosan millat musulmonlariga, shuningdek, bosniyalar deb nomlanadiganlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi. Bosniyadagi katoliklar va pravoslav nasroniylar Xorvatiya va Serbiyadan yo'l-yo'riq so'rab, ota-ona sifatida qarashgan va ikkalasi ham Xorvatiya yoki Serbiya bilan siyosiy ittifoqqa intilishgan, chunki Yugoslaviya ittifoqi 1990-yillarning boshlarida parchalana boshlagan. Bu, albatta, Bosniya va Gertsegovina davlati uchun falokatni keltirib chiqardi, natijada uch guruh o'rtasida qonli fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. Nihoyat, Bosniya-Xorvatiya ittifoqi Serbiya kuchlari bilan yerda jang qildi, NATO esa bosniyalik serblarga havodan hujum qilib, serblarga harbiy mag'lubiyat keltirdi.

Tinchlik shartnomasi tuzilib, AQSh Klinton ma'muriyatining batafsil tekshiruvi bitimni imzolashga yordam berdi. Natijada Bosniya va Gertsegovina Serbiya avtonom birligi bilan bir qatorda Bosniya-Xorvatiya birliklarini o'z ichiga olgan federatsiya bo'ladi.

O'shandan beri ishlar tezda yaxshilandi, ammo Bosniya va Gersegovinaning ikki mintaqasida to'liq siyosiy va ijtimoiy birlashma yo'lida hali ham uzoq yo'l bor. Bosniya va Gersegovina ikki yoki hatto uch xil qismga ega bo'lgan bir mamlakat sifatida ishlaydi. Biroq, markaziy hukumat Sarayevoda joylashgan bo'lib, bitta umumiy pul birligi mavjud, bu konvertatsiya qilinadigan belgi bo'lib, ba'zan mahalliy sifatida belgilanadi KM nomidagi valyuta va Germaniyada 2002 yilda evro bilan almashtirilgan Deutschemark-ga bir-biriga bog'langan.

Tarix

1945 yil 9-may

Ikkinchi jahon urushining oxiri (Milliy bayram)

BH Federatsiyasida milliy bayram

25 Noyabr: Bosniya va Gersegovinaning 1991 yil oktyabr oyida suverenitetini e'lon qilganidan so'ng, 1992 yil 3 martda etnik serblar tomonidan boykot qilingan referendumdan so'ng sobiq Yugoslaviya mustaqilligi e'lon qilindi. Ushbu milliy bayram RSda nishonlanmaydi.

Srpska Respublikasida milliy bayram

9 yanvar: Respublika kuni. 1992 yil 9 yanvarda Bosniya serblari assambleyasi Serbiya Bosniya va Gertsegovina Respublikasini e'lon qilish to'g'risida deklaratsiya qabul qildi. 1992 yil avgustda bu nomdan Bosniya va Gertsegovinaga havola olib tashlandi va u "Republika Srpska" ga aylandi.

Mustaqillik

1992 yil 1 mart (Yugoslaviyadan; mustaqillik uchun referendum 1992 yil 1 martda yakunlandi; mustaqillik 1992 yil 3 martda e'lon qilindi)

Bosniyalik serblar - qo'shni Serbiya va Chernogoriya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, respublikani etnik yo'nalish bo'yicha taqsimlashga va serblar nazorati ostidagi hududlarga qo'shilib, "buyuk Serbiyani" shakllantirishga qaratilgan qurolli qarshilik ko'rsatildi. 1994 yil mart oyida Bosniya va Xorvatiya Bosniya va Gersegovinaning Bosniya-Xorvatiya qo'shma federatsiyasini tuzish to'g'risida bitim imzolab, urushayotgan guruhlar sonini uchdan ikkitaga qisqartirdi. 1995 yil 21 noyabrda Ogayo shtatining Dayton shahrida urushayotgan tomonlar tinchlik to'g'risidagi bitimni imzoladilar, bu uch qonli yillik etno-diniy fuqarolararo nizolarni to'xtatishga olib keldi (yakuniy bitim 1995 yil 14 dekabrda Parijda imzolandi).

Konstitutsiya

1995 yil 21 noyabrda AQShning Ogayo shtati, Deyton shahri yaqinidagi Rayt-Patterson aviabazasida erishilgan va 1995 yil 14 dekabrda Parijda imzolangan Dayton bitimi, amalda bo'lgan yangi konstitutsiyani o'z ichiga olgan; sub'ektlarning har biri ham o'ziga xos konstitutsiya.

Deyton shartnomasi Bosniya va Gertsegovinaning xalqaro chegaralarini saqlab qoldi va ko'p millatli va demokratik qo'shma hukumat tuzdi. Ushbu milliy hukumatga tashqi, iqtisodiy va moliya siyosatini olib borish ayblangan. Taxminan hajmi teng bo'lgan ikkita tashkilotdan iborat Bosniya / Xorvatiya Bosniya va Gertsegovina Federatsiyasi va Bosniya serblari boshchiligidagi Srpska Republikasi (RS) tashkil topgan ikkinchi darajali hukumat ham tan olindi. Federatsiya va RS hukumatlariga ichki funktsiyalarni nazorat qilish yuklatilgan.

1995–96 yillarda NATO boshchiligidagi xalqaro tinchlikparvarlik kuchlari (IFOR) 60 ming askardan iborat bo'lib, shartnomaning harbiy jihatlarini amalga oshirish va nazorat qilish uchun Bosniyada xizmat qildi. IFORning o'rnini NATOning boshchiligidagi Barqarorlashtirish Kuchlari (SFOR) egalladi, ularning vazifasi yangi harbiy harakatlarni to'xtatish edi. SFOR 2004 yil oxirida yopilgan edi. Ba'zi xorijiy qo'shinlar kamida 2013 yilgacha qolishdi.

Madaniyat

Bosniya, xorvat va serblar mamlakatda eng katta etnik guruhlarni tashkil qiladi. Yugoslaviya parchalanganidan beri, Bosniya o'rnini egalladi Musulmon Qisman etnik atama sifatida Islom diniga rioya qiluvchi musulmon diniy atamasi bilan chalkashmaslik uchun. Etnik kelib chiqishi va din asosan bir-birini qoplaydi; mamlakatning uchta asosiy diniy guruhi bo'lgan musulmonlar (asosan bosniyaliklar), Rim katolik nasroniylari (asosan xorvatlar) va pravoslav xristianlar (asosan serblar). Shuningdek, ba'zi lo'lilar, protestantlar va yahudiylar ham bor. Shunga qaramay, mamlakat juda dunyoviy va din marosimlar va qoidalar to'plamidan ko'ra ko'proq an'anaviy va madaniy o'ziga xoslik sifatida qaraladi.

Iqlim

Yoz va issiq qishlar issiq; balandlik baland bo'lgan joylar qisqa, salqin yoz va uzoq, qattiq qishga ega; qirg'oq bo'ylab yumshoq, yomg'irli qish

Relyef

Nisbatan ozgina oraliq unumdor vodiylarga ega bo'lgan tog 'ketma-ketligi Vaqti-vaqti bilan zilzilalar bo'lib turadi va eng baland joy Maglić bo'lib, u 2386 metrni tashkil qiladi.

Chiqinglar

Kirish talablari

Bosniya va Gertsegovinaga tashrif buyurish maqsadi sayyohlik bo'lganida, quyidagi davlatlarning pasport egalariga viza kerak emas. 90 kun (agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa): Albaniya, Antigua va Barbuda, Andorra, Argentina, Avstraliya, Avstriya, Ozarbayjon, Bagama orollari, Bahrayn, Barbados, Belgiya, Braziliya, Bruney, Bolgariya, Kanada, Chili, Kolumbiya, Kosta-Rika, Xorvatiya, Kipr, Chex Respublikasi, Daniya, Dominika, Salvador, Estoniya, Finlyandiya, Frantsiya, Gruziya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Grenada, Gvatemala, Muqaddas qarang, Gonkong, Vengriya, Islandiya, Irlandiya, Isroil, Italiya, Yaponiya, Kiribati, Quvayt, Latviya, Lixtenshteyn, Litva, Lyuksemburg, Makao, Malayziya, Maltada, Marshal orollari, Mavrikiy, Meksika, Mikroneziya, Moldova, Monako, Chernogoriya, Gollandiya, Yangi Zelandiya, Nikaragua, Shimoliy Makedoniya, Norvegiya, Ummon, Palau, Panama, Paragvay, Peru, Polsha, Portugaliya, Qatar, Ruminiya, Rossiya (30 kun), Sent-Kits va Nevis, Sankt-Lucia, Sent-Vinsent va Grenadinlar, Samoa, San-Marino, Serbiya, Seyshel orollari, Singapur, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Solomon orollari, Janubiy Koreya, Ispaniya, Shvetsiya, Shveytsariya, Tayvan, Timor-Leste, Trinidad va Tobago, kurka, Tuvalu, Ukraina (30 kun), Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari, Birlashgan Qirollik, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Urugvay, Vanuatu va Venesuela.

Quyidagi davlatlarning fuqarolari kirishlari va yashashlari mumkin 90 kun Milliy guvohnoma bilan: Avstriya, Belgiya, Bolgariya, Xorvatiya, Kipr, Chex Respublikasi, Daniya, Estoniya, Finlyandiya, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Vengriya, Islandiya, Irlandiya, Italiya, Latviya, Lixtenshteyn, Litva, Lyuksemburg, Maltada, Monako, Chernogoriya, Gollandiya, Shimoliy Makedoniya, Norvegiya, Polsha, Portugaliya, Ruminiya, San-Marino, Serbiya, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Ispaniya, Shvetsiya, Shveytsariya va Birlashgan Qirollik.

Yuqorida sanab o'tilgan viza imtiyozlaridan biri bo'lmagan har kim viza olish uchun Bosniya va Gertsegovinaning elchixonasi yoki konsulligida oldindan murojaat qilishi kerak. Shu bilan birga, Evropa Ittifoqi, Shengen hududiga a'zo davlatlar va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari rezidentlari va ko'p sonli kirish vizalari Bosniya va Gersegovinaga vizaisiz maksimal yashash muddati uchun kirishlari mumkin. 30 kun. Bu Kosovar pasporti egalariga tegishli emas ..

Viza imtiyozlari va viza olish tartibi to'g'risida ko'proq ma'lumotni quyidagi manzilda olishingiz mumkin tashqi ishlar vazirligining veb-sayti.

Samolyotda

Sarayevo aeroporti (SJJ ^IATA) Butmirning chekkasida joylashgan va shahar markaziga nisbatan yaqin. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri jamoat transporti mavjud emas va aeroportga / aeroportdan taksi narxi qisqa masofaga ajablanarli darajada qimmat - sizning eng yaxshi garovingiz - bu tramvay terminaliga taksida borish. Ilidja va sayohatingizning so'nggi qismi uchun tramvayga o'ting, narxi KM1.80)

Xorvatiya havo yo'llari orqali Sarayevoni bog'laydi Zagreb kuniga kamida ikki marta, va u erdan ulanish mumkin Bryussel, Frankfurt, London, Myunxen, Parij, Tsyurix va boshqa bir qancha Evropa shaharlari.

Serbiya havo orqali har kuni Sarayevoni bog'laydi Belgrad (tunda kechqurun va ertalab xizmat bilan) va u erdan boshqa Air Serbia ichki va xalqaro reyslari bilan bog'lanish mumkin.

Sarayevoga muntazam (kundalik) xizmat ko'rsatadigan boshqa ba'zi aviakompaniyalar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

• Adria Airways ga Lyublyana
• Lufthansa ga Myunxen
• Avstriyalik ga Vena
• Turkish Airlines ga Istanbul

Norvegiya Sarayevoga haftasiga ikki reysni amalga oshiradi Stokgolm-Arlanda. Boshqa xizmatlar uchun Sarayevo aeroportining veb-sayti.

Mostar (OMO ^IATA), Tuzla (TZL ^IATA) va Banja Luka (BNX ^IATA) tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatiladigan xalqaro aeroportlar mavjud Istanbul, Frankfurt, Tsyurix, Lyublyana, Bazel, Malmö, Gyoteborg va Belgrad.

Ko'p sayohatchilar Xorvatiyaga uchib ketishni afzal ko'rishadi, avtobusda BHga borishni davom ettirishadi Zagreb, Split, Zadar yoki Dubrovnik, oxirgi ikkitasiga mavsumiy arzon sayyohlik charter reyslari xizmat ko'rsatmoqda.

Poyezdda

Mamlakat bo'ylab poezd xizmatlari asta-sekin yaxshilanmoqda, ammo tezligi va chastotalari hali ham past. 1990-yilgi mojaro paytida temir yo'l infratuzilmasining katta qismi buzilgan va urushlargacha xizmat ko'rsatishning yuqori darajasida emas, balki ustuvor yo'nalishlarda ochilgan. Poezd xizmatlari ikki tashkilot tomonidan boshqariladi (mamlakatning siyosiy bo'linishi asosida), natijada lokomotivlar tez-tez o'zgarib turadi.

Xorvatiyadan

Zagreb-Bosniya poyezdi 2016 yil dekabridan boshlab qo'shimcha ogohlantirishgacha bekor qilinganga o'xshaydi.

Kundalik bitta poyezd harakatlanib kelmoqda Sarayevo ga Zagreb (10 soat), poytaxti Xorvatiyava undan keyin Evropaning qolgan qismiga.

"Kunduzgi" poezd Zagrebdan soat 08:59 da jo'naydi va Sarayevoga soat 18: 23da etib keladi. Qaytish safari Sarayevodan soat 10:21 atrofida jo'naydi va soat 19:42 da Zagrebga keladi. Chipta narxi bir tomonga 30 yevroni tashkil etadi (qaytish chiptasi 50 yevro atrofida). Chiptalarni Xorvatiyadagi temir yo'l stantsiyasidagi xalqaro ofisdan yoki Bosniyada mahalliy valyutada sotib olish mumkin. Bu yo'nalishda bufet-vagon yo'q - 9 soatlik ajoyib sayohat uchun mollarni oldindan olib boring, ammo kichik aravachalari bo'lgan erkaklar vaqti-vaqti bilan haddan tashqari qimmat alkogolsiz ichimliklar sotadigan poezdda yurishadi.

Poezdga chiqishdan oldin chiptangizni sotib olishni maqsad qiling. Agar siz bortga chiqishdan oldin sotib olmasangiz, u holda konduktordan sotib oling, lekin u sizga faqat sayohati uchun chipta sotishi mumkin - xodimlar va lokomotivlar odatda poezd Xorvatiya hududidan chiqib ketganda va yana Srpska Respublikasidan poyezd Federatsiyaga boradi.

Maxsus chiptalar

Bosniyaga sayohat qilish mumkin Interrail-pas. Bosniyada, boshqalari Bolqon mamlakatlar va kurka bilan ham Bolqon Flexipass.

Mashinada

Bosniya - haydash uchun ajoyib mamlakat; manzara ko'pincha ajoyib.

Biroq, tog'li erlar tufayli ko'plab yo'l harakati qatnashchilarining shafqatsiz haydashlari (shu jumladan, tor avtomagistrallarda xavfli bosib o'tish) va umuman mamlakat bo'ylab yomon yo'l sharoitlari tezlikni tez bo'lishini kutmayapmiz, ayniqsa qarg'a kabi nisbatan qisqa masofani hisobga olgan holda chivinlar '.

2009 yil holatiga ko'ra, Mostar orqali Sarayevo va Sarayevodan Xorvatiya chegarasigacha Slavonski Brod / Slavonski Šamac sohiligacha bo'lgan sohildan asosiy yo'llar tiklandi va juda sifatli bo'lib, ushbu yo'lni bosib o'tgan yangi avtomagistral qurilmoqda, Sarayevoning shimolidagi birinchi qismi osongina mavjud bo'lsa-da, ba'zi qurilishlar ushbu loyihalashtirilgan avtomagistralning har ikki tomonida harakatlanishni sekinlashtirishi mumkin. Sarayevo tomondan siz yo'lovchi avtomobili uchun 2 km yo'l to'lashingiz kerak. 2011 yilga kelib qarama-qarshi pullik kabinalar o'rnatilmagan va ishlamayapti.

Ushbu magistral Xorvatiyaning shimoliy qismini qirg'oq bilan, shuningdek, Zagrebdan Splitgacha bo'lgan yangi avtomagistral bilan bog'laydi va oxir-oqibat Dubrovnikgacha etib boradi.

Yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarini ba'zi joylarda topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin - ko'pincha to'ldirish uchun eng yaxshi joy ular ichida emas, balki shaharlarning chekkalarida joylashgan.

Chegaradan o'tish odatda bir nechta muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi.

Ingliz tilida gaplashadigan mexanikani topish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin va litsenziyalash masalasi bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun u erda haqiqatan ham haydash huquqiga ega bo'lishingizni ta'minlang. Politsiya muntazam ravishda yo'lda to'siqlarni o'rnatib turadi va sizning hujjatlaringizni tekshirish va suhbatlashish uchun sizni olib ketishganiga hayron bo'lmang!

Avtoulovni ijaraga olish, ayniqsa, Sarayevo tashqarisidagi uzoq yo'nalishlarga tashrif buyurgan bo'lsangiz ham, tanlovdir.

Avtobusda

Bosniya va uning atrofida avtobuslar juda ko'p. Bosniyadagi avtovokzallar va harakat jadvallari ro'yxati bilan bu erda tanishishingiz mumkin [1]

Aksariyat xalqaro avtobuslar asosiy Sarayevo avtovokzaliga etib kelishadi (autobuska stanica) Sarayevo markaziga yaqin temir yo'l stantsiyasining yonida joylashgan. Belgraddan bir necha avtobus, Srpska Respublikasi va Chernogoriya dan foydalaning Lukavitsa Istochno (Sharqiy) Sarayevoda avtobus bekati (shaharning serblar mahallasi).

Tez-tez murabbiylarning xizmatlari Sarayevo ga:

• Xorvatiya: Zagreb (4 kunlik), Split (4 kunlik), Rijeka va Pula (kunlik) va Dubrovnik (har kuni soat 6:30 da)
• Serbiya: o'rtasida Belgrad va (sharqiy) Sarayevoda 5 kunlik xizmat, shuningdek Sarayevo asosiy stantsiyasiga kunlik xizmat mavjud
• Sloveniya: Lyublyana (kunlik)
• Chernogoriya: Kotor har kuni (sayohat 7 soatni tashkil etadi va ajoyib manzaraga ega)

uzoq masofali avtobuslarga qo'shimcha ravishda uzoqroqqa Shimoliy Makedoniya, Avstriya va Germaniya.

Kimdan Mostar, Banja Luka, Tuzla va Zenika tez-tez xalqaro xizmatlar. Gersegovina ham ko'plab avtobus xizmatlariga ega Dalmatian Xorvatiyaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi shaharlari.

Xalqaro avtobus qatnovlari deyarli har doim zamonaviy, hashamatli 5 yulduzli vagonlarda ishlaydi - bu istisnolar odatdagidek chegaradan biroz ko'proq harakatlanadigan mahalliy avtobuslardir (maksimal 3 soatlik sayohat).

Kompaniyalar

Bosniya urushi tufayli 1990-yillarda Bosniya diasporasiga xizmat ko'rsatadigan avtobus kompaniyalari mavjud bo'lib, ular arzon va toza Evropa qit'asining boshqa tomoniga o'tish usuli.

• Centrotrans, Sarayevoda joylashgan (avtobuslar mamlakat bo'ylab doimiy avtovokzallar orqali ishlaydi), ☏ 387 33 46 40 45, faks: 387 33 46 40 40, ✉[email protected]. Centrotrans kompaniyasi ishlaydi Evrolinlar ga Avstriya, Belgiya, Xorvatiya, Daniya, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Chernogoriya, Serbiya va Sloveniya. 
• Globtour (Dan ishlaydi Međugorje, butun mamlakat orqali), ☏ 387 36 653 253, faks: 387 36 653 251, ✉[email protected]. Muntazam avtobuslar Germaniya, Avstriya, Shvetsiya va Xorvatiya. 
• Yarim sayohatlar, ☏ 387 61 596 443, faks: 32 36 638699, ✉[email protected]. Eurolines va Centrotrans bilan hamkorlik, haftasiga bir nechta avtobuslar Belgiya va Nederlandiya Qaytish chiptasi 137 evrodan. 
• Oltin sayohatlar, ☏ 387 32 444 960, faks: 387 32 444 961, ✉[email protected]. Avtobuslar Belgiya, Nederlandiya, Lyuksemburg va Shveytsariya. Qaytish chiptasi 100 evrodan. 
• Eng yaxshi sayyoh, ☏ 387 66 30 8300, faks: 387 51 32 11 00, ✉[email protected]. Shimoliy Evropa mamlakatlaridan (masalan, Daniya, Shvetsiya, Norvegiya) avtobuslar. Chiptalarni avtobusda to'lash mumkin, ammo oldindan band qilish va to'lash tavsiya etiladi. Zaltsburg orqali Sarayevo (haftada ikki marta) v. 1.000 DKK (KM280, 140 €) qaytish. 

Qayiqda

Feribotlar mavjud Neum Xorvatiya va boshqa mamlakatlarga ulanadigan Adriatikdagi boshqa shaharlarga. Adriatik bo'ylab xalqaro paromlar yo'q Italiya, lekin ular ishlaydi Dubrovnik va Split.

Xuddi shunday transport ichki daryolar va ko'llar bo'ylab ham mavjud, ularning ba'zilari xususiy ravishda boshqariladi.

Atrofga boring

Federatsiya va Srpska Respublikasi o'rtasidagi sub'ektlararo chegara nazorat qilinmaydi va mohiyatan unchalik farq qilmaydi BIZ. davlat chegaralari uning sayohatga ta'sirini hisobga olgan holda.

Jamoat transportida yurishning eng yaxshi usuli bu avtobus va poezd (Federatsiya, RS). Avtobus liniyalarining zich tarmog'i mavjud, ularning barchasi nisbatan kichik xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan boshqariladi. Bilingki, agar siz ko'proq kompaniyalar xizmat ko'rsatadigan yo'nalish uchun qaytish chiptasini sotib olsangiz, siz faqat bilet sotib olgan kompaniya bilan qaytishingiz mumkin.

Poezdlar kam va sekin. Urush paytida ko'plab poezd liniyalari zarar ko'rgan va hali qayta tiklanmagan. Shuningdek, tez-tez xizmat ko'rsatadigan vagonlar va poezdlar etishmayapti - hatto Mostar-Sarayevo, Tuzla-Banja Luka va Sarayevo-Banja Luka kabi gavjum yo'nalishlarda. Biroq, attraksionlar ajoyib, ayniqsa Mostar-Sarayevo cho'zilgan.

Avtostop Bosniyada qiziqarli, chunki siz kushsurfing sifatida mehmondo'stlik almashinuvi tarmoqlari orqali uchratmaydigan mahalliy odamlardan attraksionlar olasiz. Ammo minalardan ehtiyot bo'ling va ishonchingiz komil bo'lmasa, asfaltlangan yo'lda turing va mahalliy aholidan so'rang ("MEE-ne?").

Bosniyada velosiped juda chiroyli. Boshqa trafik, ularning yo'lidagi velosipedlar bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lishiga odatlangan emas.

Google Xaritalar, onlayn xaritalash manbai, Bosniyada juda oddiy. Biroq, ko'ngillilar Bosniyani xaritada ko'rsatmoqdalar Ko'cha xaritasini ochingva hech bo'lmaganda Bosniyadagi asosiy shaharlarning xaritalari AQShda joylashgan kompaniyaning xaritalariga qaraganda ancha batafsil ma'lumotga ega.

Agar batafsil armiya xaritalarini qidirsangiz, armiya saytida ro'yxatni topishingiz mumkin: [2]

Gapir

Shuningdek qarang: Bosniya tilidagi so'zlashuv kitobi

Bosniya va Gersegovinada rasmiy tillar Bosniya, Serb va Xorvat, Uchalasi ham Serbo-Xorvat sifatida tanilgan, chunki ular deyarli bir xil tilda. Serbo-xorvat ham lotin, ham kirill yozuvida yozilgan bo'lib, bu ikkala yozuvdan rasman foydalanadigan yagona slavyan tiliga aylandi. Srpska Respublikasida kirill yozuvidagi yozuvlarni ko'rasiz, shuning uchun u erda serbcha-inglizcha lug'at foydali bo'ladi.

Serbo-xorvat tilidagi variantlar faqat eng akademik joylarda va an'anaviy uylarda farq qiladi. Hudud bo'ylab tilning turli xil versiyalari mavjud va mintaqalar o'rtasida og'zaki til o'zgaradi. Shu bilan birga, so'z birikmalaridagi farqlar nafaqat kosmetik xususiyatga ega va Bosniya musulmonlari, katolik xorvatlari va pravoslav serblari o'rtasidagi muloqotga to'sqinlik qilmaydi.

Bosniyaliklarning aksariyati urushdan oldin sobiq Yugoslaviyadagi sayyohlik va oilaviy aloqalar tufayli ingliz tilida, shuningdek nemis tilida gaplashadilar. Ba'zi keksa odamlar ham rus tilida gaplasha olishadi, chunki bu kommunizm davrida maktablarda o'qitilgan. Boshqa Evropa tillari (masalan, frantsuz, italyan, yunon) faqat bir nechta ma'lumotli shaxslar tomonidan gaplashadi.

Qarang

Agar Bosniya va Gertsegovina sizni aniq kommunistik me'morchilik yoki etnik dinlararo nizo tufayli ikki marta vayron qilingan urush vayron qilingan shahar markazlarining 1990-yillardagi tasvirlari haqida o'ylashga majbur qilsa, sizni kutilmagan hodisalar kutmoqda. Albatta, bu mamlakat o'zining shov-shuvli tarixining belgilariga ega, ammo bugungi kunda mehmonlar qayta tiklangan va yaxshi tiklangan tarixiy shaharlar, iliq va mehmondo'st muhit, shaharning gavjum hayoti va umuman - ko'proq O'rta asr yodgorliklari sotsialistik uy-joy bloklariga qaraganda. Aslida, kommunistik davrning ba'zi qoldiqlari, masalan, D-0 ARK bunkeri (aks holda Titoning bunkeri) Konjich, o'zlarining diqqatga sazovor joylariga aylandi.

Mamlakatning asosiy mehmoni o'zining ajoyib tarixiy shahar markazlarida, qadimiy meros ob'ektlarida va ajoyib tabiatida yotadi. Sarayevo eng keng ko'lamli sotsialistik uy-joy loyihalariga ega, shuningdek, dinlar va madaniyatlar asrlar davomida birga yashab kelgan Sharq va G'arbning rang-barang tarixiy aralashmasidir. Bu har doimgidek tiklangan jonli shahar; mamlakatning zamonaviy poytaxti, o'z merosi bilan faxrlanadi va har xil sayohatchilar uchun mashhur manzil. Eng diqqatga sazovor joylar jonli Boshcharšija yoki Eski Bazar, Sarayevo sobori, Gazi Husrev-begning masjidi va, albatta, 1984 yilgi Olimpiadaning meros bo'lib o'tgan sport inshootlari. Xuddi shunday qiziqarli Tunel spasa, yoki urushda Sarayevo aholisiga kerakli narsalarni olib kelgan va endi muzeyga aylangan umid tunnelidir. Qadimgi go'zal shahar Mostar mashhur YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan yana bir shahar marvaridi Stari Most asosiy belgi sifatida ko'prik. Ehtiyotkorlik bilan qayta qurilgan, u Bolqon yarim orolidagi islom me'morchiligining eng yaxshi namunalaridan biri sifatida tan olingan. Vishegrad Unesco ro'yxatiga kiritilgan o'ziga xos ko'prikka ega, ya'ni juda ta'sirli Mehmed Paša Sokolovich ko'prigi. Shaharning ulug'vorligi uchun yashil bog'lar va xiyobonlarni sinab ko'ring Banja Luka. Va nihoyat, jahon merosining aksariyat tarkibiy qismlari Stećci O'rta asr toshlar qabristonlari (o'rta asrlarda bezatilgan qabr toshlari) Bosniya va Gertsegovinada joylashgan.

Atrofda, hatto asosiy shaharlarga yaqin joyda ajoyib tabiiy diqqatga sazovor joylarni topish mumkin. Ot aravachasiga boring Vrelo Bosne (Bosna daryosining bulog'i) Sarayevo oilalariga tinch yo'l olish va pikniklarda qatnashish uchun. The Kravice sharsharalari, Mostardan 40 km uzoqlikda, yana bir ajoyib tabiiy sayohatni amalga oshiring. Trebijat daryosining suvi shahar aholisi va rafters uchun mashhur joy bo'lib, tüf devorlarining go'zal tabiiy sharoitida 30 metrga tushadi. Boshqa dramatik palapartishliklarni mamlakatning g'arbiy qismida, serqatnov joylarda topish mumkin Una milliy bog'i. Va keyin, albatta, mashhurlar bor Jajce sharshara, bu erda Pliva daryosining toza suvlari shaharning o'rtasida 17 metrga tushadi. Tabiatni sevuvchilar ham qo'shishni xohlashlari mumkin Xutovo Blato tabiiy bog'i qushlarni tomosha qilish uchun yoki Sutjeska milliy bog'i, sharshara bilan birga qolgan ikkitadan bittasi bilan ibtidoiy o'rmonlar Evropada.

Qishloq hayoti uchun eng yaxshi tanlovlarni tarixiy qal'ada topish mumkin Pochitelj, Blagaj (bu erda Siz Buna daryosining buloqini ham topasiz) yoki ekologlar uchun Zelenkovac ekologik qishlog'i yaqin Mrkonjich Grad. Faqat tashqarida Radimlja qadimgi Bosniya Qirolligida topilgan Shtecakning eng yirik to'plami, Usmonliga qadar bo'lgan qabr toshlarining ajoyib turi.

Qil

Rafting

Neretva daryosida, Una daryosi va Tara bilan Drina daryosi, Krivaja daryosi, Vrbas daryosi va Sana daryosida qisqaroq oqimlar bilan rafting.

2009 yilda rafting bo'yicha Jahon chempionati bo'lib o'tdi Banja Luka Vrbas daryosida va Foça Drinada, ikkalasi ham RSda.

Kayak va kanoeda eshkak eshish

Neretva daryosi va uning irmoqi Trebijat, Unac daryosi, shuningdek, Krivaja daryosi va uning irmog'i Bioštica daryosi Krivaja daryosida oq suvi ko'p bo'lgan ajoyib kayak qilish joylari. Pliva daryosi va uning ko'llari Veliko va Malo kanoeda sayohat qilishning ajoyib joylari, shuningdek Una daryosining o'rta va quyi daryosi Trebijat daryosidir.

Kanyoning

Neretva daryosining irmog'i bo'lgan Rakitnitsa daryosining mashhur Rakitnica kanyoni ajoyib narsalarni taklif etadi. kanyon sarguzasht, lekin hatto o'ta kanyoner yo'lni Bjela daryosidan Neretva daryosining boshqa irmog'i topish mumkin. Unac daryosi va uning kanyoni ajoyib kanyon marshrutini taklif etadi.

Shuningdek, yaqin Banja Luka Svrakava va Cvrcka daryolarining kanyonlarini o'rganishingiz mumkin.

Tog'da velosipedda harakatlanish

Sport mamlakatda mashhur bo'lib, mamlakatning tog'li hududlari dunyoning turli burchaklaridan velosipedchilar uchun tobora ommalashib bormoqda.

Qishki sport turlari

Bosniya va Gertsegovina 1984 yilda Qishki Olimpiya o'yinlarining mezboni bo'lgan va u hali ham qishki sport salohiyati bilan faxrlanadi. Ayniqsa, Sarayevo atrofida qiyin joylar mavjud. 1990-yillardagi urush paytida ko'plab olimpiya maydonlari jiddiy zarar ko'rdi, ammo bugungi chang'ichi katta tajribaga ega bo'ladi.

Sarayevo yaqinida 8 km dan ortiq chang'i yo'llari, Jahorina (20 km) va Igman tog'lari bo'lgan Bjelasnica bor. Ga yaqin Travnik 14 km bo'lgan Vlasik tog '. Boshqa kurortlar Blidinje, Vlasenika sharqda va Kupres G'arbiy Bosniyada.

Bjelašnica va Jahorina, shuningdek, yoz davomida sayr qilish uchun juda yaxshi.

Piyoda yurish

BiHning buzilmagan tabiatida piyoda yurish juda yaxshi. Yaxshi qo'llanma Unutilgan go'zallik: Bosniya va Gersegovinaning 2000 metrlik cho'qqilariga sayohatchiga ko'rsatma - va boshqa tanlangan sarguzashtlar Matias Gomes tomonidan.

Baliq ovlash

Bosniyada eng ko'p uchadigan baliq ovlanadigan joylar shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Bosanska Krajina, "Una" milliy bog'i ichida va Sana daryosi atrofida [3].Fly-baliq ovlash mutaassiblari Una daryosi, Klokot, Krusnica, Unac, Sana, Bliha, Sanica, Ribnik, Vrbas, Pliva, Janj daryolaridagi turli xil alabalık-issiq joylar bo'ylab sayohat qilishlari mumkin. , Sturba, Trebijat, Buna, Bunika, Neretva, Tara, Sutjeska, Drina, Fojnitsa, Bostika, Zepa va boshqa ko'plab kichik daryo va soylar; eng mashhur markazlar Konjich, Glavatičevo, Tsentishte "Sutjeska" milliy bog'i ichida, Foça, Gorajde, Bosanska Krupa, Bihac, Martin Brod, Drvar, Ribnik, Klyuj, Sanika[4], Sanski eng, Shipovo, Jajce, Livno, Blagaj. Ushbu shaharlarning bir nechtasida baliq ovining ehtiyojlariga qaratilgan maxsus dam olish maskanlari mavjud.

Sotib oling

Pul

Konvertibilna markasi uchun valyuta kurslari 2020 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra: 1 AQSh dollaridan 1,8 km € 1 ≈ 1,95 (belgilangan) KM Buyuk Britaniya £ 1 ≈ 2,3 KM Valyuta kurslari o'zgarib turadi. Ushbu va boshqa valyutalarning amaldagi kurslari quyidagi manzildan olingan XE.com

Rasmiy valyuta konvertibilna marka (yoki marka) (konvertatsiya qilinadigan belgi), "belgisi bilan belgilanadiKM"(ISO kodi: BAM). Evroga 1 evro uchun 1.95583 aniq kursi bilan o'rnatildi. Evro naqd pul ham keng tarqalgan, garchi asosan 20 evro yoki undan kam bo'lgan qiymatda.

Federatsiya va Srpska Respublikasi uchun alohida dizaynlashtirilgan banknotalarning ikkita to'plami mavjud. Biroq, ikkala to'plam ham mamlakatning istalgan joyida amal qiladi.

Mamlakatni tark etishdan oldin, ishlatilmaydigan har qanday valyutani odatdagi narsaga (evro, dollar) aylantirganingizga ishonch hosil qiling, chunki aksariyat boshqa mamlakatlar ushbu mamlakatning "konvertatsiya qilinadigan belgilarini" almashtirmaydilar.

Kredit kartalar keng qabul qilinmaydi - bankomatlar ko'p shaharlarda (Visa va Maestro) mavjud. KM100 hisob-kitoblari bilan to'lamaslikka harakat qiling, chunki kichik do'konlarda o'zgarishlar etarli bo'lmasligi mumkin.

Xarid qilish

Ko'pgina shahar va shaharlarda bozorlar va tariflar mavjud bo'lib, u erda har qanday hunarmand, sotuvchi va dilerlar har qanday turdagi aktsiyalarni taklif qilishadi. Turli xil ovqatlar yangi, ham pishirilgan, shuningdek kiyim-kechak, zargarlik buyumlari va esdalik sovg'alari bilan ta'minlanadi. Bozorlarda siz sotuvchi bilan muzokara olib borishingiz mumkin, garchi bu biroz tajribani talab qilishi mumkin. Aksariyat joylarda bo'lgani kabi, sotuvchilar tomonidan o'tkazilgan tezkor "o'rtacha test" asosida chet elliklar uchun narxlar oshishi mumkin. Ko'pincha, ko'proq narsaga qodir bo'lganga o'xshaganlardan ko'proq pul to'lashni so'rashadi.

Ko'pgina shahar va qishloqlarda yirik savdo markazlarini topasiz.

Sarayevo nisbatan arzon narxda arzon sifatli kiyim va poyafzal sotib olish uchun juda yaxshi. Sarayevoning asosiy savdo ko'chalari qora bozordagi mahsulotlar, jumladan, so'nggi DVD-lar, video o'yinlar va musiqiy disklar uchun juda yaxshi. Sarayevoga tashrif buyurgan ko'pchilik sayyohlar, shubhasiz, uylariga qaytish uchun bir nechta DVD-disklarni qoldirib ketishadi.

Visoko va Bosniyaning markaziy viloyati terilari bilan juda mashhur.

Banja Lukada ettita yirik savdo majmualari, shuningdek ko'plab kichik korxonalar mavjud va siz juda ko'p turli xil tovarlarni topishingiz mumkin.

Mostar Xorvatiya tomonida odatiy Evropa uslubidagi kiyim-kechak butiklari va zargarlik buyumlari do'konlari bilan ajoyib savdo majmuasi mavjud.

Soliqsiz xaridlar

Agar siz vaqtinchalik (turistik) yashash maqomiga ega bo'lsangiz va siz KM100 dan yuqori qiymatga ega tovarlarni sotib olsangiz, siz PDV (QQS) solig'ini qaytarish huquqiga egasiz. PDV sotib olish narxining 17 foizidan iborat. Pulni qaytarib berish neft, alkogol yoki tamaki mahsulotlaridan tashqari uch oy ichida sotib olingan barcha tovarlarga tegishli. Do'konda xodimlardan soliqni qaytarib berish shaklini so'rang (PDV-SL-2). To'ldirilsin va muhr bosilsin (sizga shaxsiy guvohnoma / pasport kerak). BiHni tark etgach, Bosniya bojxonasi siz sotib olgan tovarlarni ko'rsatsangiz, shaklni tasdiqlashi (muhrlash) mumkin. Markadagi PDV pulini uch oy ichida siz mol sotib olgan do'konda olishingiz mumkin (bu holda soliq sizga darhol qaytariladi) yoki tasdiqlangan kvitansiyani do'konga qaytarib yuborish bilan birga pulni qaytarish kerak bo'lgan hisob raqami.

Bilingki, boshqa davlatga kirishda siz Bosniyadan eksport qilinadigan tovarlar uchun QQS to'lashingiz mumkin. Ammo har doim bepul miqdor, asosan bir necha yuz evro bor; Evropa Ittifoqi: 430 evro. Shuningdek, chegaradagi tartib biroz vaqt talab qilishi mumkin, shuning uchun agar haydovchi kutishga rozi bo'lmasa, poezd yoki avtobusda sayohat qilishda buni sinab ko'rish oqilona emas.

Yemoq

Shuningdek qarang: Bolqon oshxonalari

Eng mavjud bo'lgan oziq-ovqat Sarayevo bu Cevapi (odatda 2-4 km), hamma joyda joylashgan Bolqon kabobi. Ikki xil farq mavjud - "Banja Luka" Cevap, to'rtburchaklar shakli kattaroq kabob va Sarayevo Cevap, kichikroq va yumaloq. Agar sizda ilgari bo'lmagan bo'lsa, har bir mehmon kamida bir marta Cevapi buyurtmasini sinab ko'rishi kerak. Ning bir nechta o'zgarishi mavjud pita (2 km atrofida). Arzon, mazali va tayyor atıştırmalık - "Burek", filo xamiridan tayyorlangan va go'sht bilan to'ldirilgan pishiriq (oddiygina) Burek), pishloq (Sirnika), ismaloq (Zeljanica), kartoshka (Krompirusa) yoki olma (Jabukovaka). Ba'zi misollar boshqalarga qaraganda yaxshiroq, ammo bu yog'li ish bo'lishi mumkin. Agar borsangiz Mostarammo, mahalliy mutaxassislik bo'lgan alabalık ("pastrami" kabi eshitiladigan "pastrmka") plastinkasini olishga harakat qiling (ayniqsa, mahalliy fermerlik alabalıklarına xizmat ko'rsatadigan ajoyib restoran, Blagaj monastiri tomonidan joylashgan, Mostardan avtobusga qisqa masofada joylashgan). ).

Mahalliy oziq-ovqat go'sht va baliqqa og'ir, vegetarianlarga esa engil. Even traditional so-called vegetarian dishes like beans or Grah are cooked with bacon or smoked meats. Stews often contain meat but can be created without it. Rice and pasta dishes are readily available and a traditional sourdough soup filling called Trahana is hand made in most regions and a staple during the fasting month of Ramadan. Fast food, with the exceptions of cevapi and pita (or burek) consists of, like in other parts of Europe, pizza, hamburgers and hot dogs. Panini sandwiches are served in most coffee shops popular with the youth, and Bosnian coffee, reminiscent of Turkish coffee, is a must-try for any coffee aficionado. Oddly, apart from these fast food options, Bosnian restaurants serve few Bosnian specialities - what people eat in their homes is very different from what they will eat if they go to a restaurant.

All along Bosnian roads and recreational places, you will notice advertisements for janjetina or "lamb on a spit." This is a very tasty treat, usually reserved for special occasions. A whole lamb is cooked on a spit, by rotating over a coal fire for a long time. When you order, you pay by the kilogram, which costs around KM25 (not bad since this is enough for several people). On special occasions families make such roasts at home.

No matter what food you order, you are bound to be served bread, commonly consumed throughout some parts of Europe with all savoury foods. Both soup and salad are commonly served with entrees, chicken & beef soup with noodles or egg dumplings being the most common. Salads are typically composed of mixed tomatoes, lettuce, onions and bell peppers, often with feta cheese. A Caesar salad is unheard of in Bosnia, and generally most vinaigrettes are of the Italian variety, balsamic vinegar and olive or corn oil. You may also come across many condiments. Ajvar is a canned (or home made if you are lucky) spread, something like a bruschetta spread, made of roasted peppers & eggplant, which are ground and seasoned with pepper and salt and slow cooked. Many pickled foods are also served as condiments, such as pickled peppers, onions, cucumbers ["pickles"], and tomatoes. Kajmak is a dairy spread, with consistency and taste like cream cheese. It is made of milk fat, which is removed, salted and canned. It has a smoky, salty cheese taste, with a texture slightly drier than cream cheese. Kajmak from Travnik is a local speciality and is exported as far as Australia.

Bosnian food generally does not combine sweet and savoury foods, and you will never encounter such a thing as a Caesar salad with mandarin oranges. On the other hand, many a fine chef will experiment with sweet and savoury tastes like the 'Medeno Meso' (Honeyed Meat) made in pre-war Banja Luka by a well known chef. The delineation between fruit and vegetables is strong, with fruit used only for dessert-type dishes. You will never encounter any dish where sugar is added unless it's a dessert. The food is generally heavy on fresh produce, which needs little or no added spice. As such, there are few spicy or hot dishes, and dishes advertised as "spicy", such as stews like paprikas or gulash are usually spiced with paprika and not chillies, and do not carry overt pungency. In some regions, and depending on whether it is restaurant or home food, textures and colours can be important also.

Smoked meats are a staple of Bosnian cuisine, more so than the stereotypical foods of pita and cevapi. Amongst the non-Muslim populations, pork rules, and prosciutto, smoked neck, smoked ribs, bacon and hundreds of varieties of smoked sausage make this a real BBQ country. The Muslims, of course, have equally-tasty lamb or beef alternatives. The meat is prepared by first curing in salt for several days, which removes water and dehydrates the meat, while the high-concentrations of salt preserve the meat from spoiling. After being rubbed with spices (a Bosnian dry rub is usually very simple, and includes some combination of high-quality fresh peppercorns, hot paprika, salt, onions and garlic, and a few spoons of Vegeta, a powdered chicken soup mix similar to an Oxo flavor cube), the meat is then hung over a heavy smoke made by a wood fire. Fruit trees are well known by BBQ aficionados around the world to produce the most flavorful smoke, and apple, cherry and walnut trees are the most commonly used in Bosnia. Whereas commercially produced deli meats (of the sort you may buy at your local deli) are most often dry-cured or hung in dehydrating fridges and only then pressure-smoked for a few hours to allow some flavor to permeate the meat, Bosnian smoked meat is painstakingly smoked up to three months. The meat hangs in a "smoke house," a tiny wooden shed usually only big enough to light a fire and hang the meat. Bosnians will only smoke meat in the fall or winter, because the low temperatures, together with the salt curation, allow the meat to hang for months without spoiling. During this time, it is smoked up to 4 times a week, for 8–10 hours at a time, which infuses the meat with the flavor of the smoke and removes any remaining water. The finished product has an incredibly strong aroma and flavor of smoke, with the texture of chewy beef jerky. Depending on the cut of meat, the most noticeable difference between smoked meat produced this way and the commercially produced meat available in North America, is the colour inside the meat. Whereas commercial deli meat is usually soft, red, a little wet and fairly raw, Bosnian smoked meat is black throughout with only a slight tinge of pink. Larger cuts of meat, like the Dalmatian prosciutto, do tend to be a bit more pink and softer inside, but the difference is still dramatic, since the Balkan-made prosciutto has much less water, is chewier and overall better smoked. Such meat is most often consumed at breakfast time, in sandwiches, or as meza, a snack commonly brought out to greet guests. For the visitor, smoked meats are a cheap and incredibly flavorful lunch meat, and can be bought at Bosnian marketplaces from people who usually prepare it themselves. Have a pork neck sandwich with some Bosnian smoked cheese and a salad of fresh tomatoes in a bun of fresh and crisp homemade bread, and you'll never want to leave.

When you visit a Bosnian at home, the hospitality offered can be rather overwhelming. Coffee is almost always served with some home-made sweet, such as breads, cookies or cakes, together with Meza. Meza is a large platter of arranged smoked meats, which usually includes some type of smoked ham (in traditional non-Muslim homes) and sausage thinly cut and beautifully presented with cheese, the well-known Balkan condiment ajvar, hard-boiled eggs and freshly cut tomatoes, cucumbers or other salad vegetables. Bread is always served. Most cookbooks on South Slavonic cooking are packed with hundreds of varieties of breads, this being one of the most bread-crazy regions in the whole world. Yet, just about the only type of bread in most Bosnians' homes is the store-bought French variety, which the Bosnians, of course, would never dream of calling "French." To them, it is simply "Hljeb" or "Kruh".

However, more of an effort is made at special occasions to produce traditional Slavonic breads, and each family usually bakes its own variation of a traditional recipe. At Christmas and Easter, Orthodox Serb and Croatian Catholic families typically make a butter-bread called Pogaca, which is often braided and brushed with an egg-wash, giving it a glistening finish perfect for impressive holiday tables. During the month of Ramadan, the Bosniak (Muslim) populations bake countless varieties of breads, and the unique and Turkish-inspired varieties are generally more numerous, diverse and dependent on regions and villages than among Christian populations, where special-event recipes are more homogeneous and fewer selections exist. Lepinja or Somun (the bread served with Cevapi) is a type of flat bread, probably introduced in some form to Bosnia by the Turks, but has since developed independently and is only vaguely reminiscent of Turkish or Middle Eastern flat pita breads. Unlike the Greek or Lebanese pita, the Bosnian Lepinja is chewy and stretchy on the inside and pleasantly textured on the outside, making it a perfect spongy companion to oily meats and barbecue flavors. The Turks may have begun this recipe, but the Bosnians have taken it to a whole new high.

In every-day cooking, Bosnians eat lots of stew-type meals, like Kupus, a boiled cabbage dish; Grah, beans prepared in a similar fashion, and a fairly-runny variation of Hungarian goulash. All are made with garlic, onions, celery and carrots, followed by a vegetable, smoked meat and several cups of water. This is then cooked until the vegetables are falling apart. A local spice called "Vegeta" is incorporated into almost every dish, and the same spice is used throughout the region, as far as Poland. It is the North American equivalent of a chicken Oxo cube, or, in other words, condensed chicken broth mix. These type of stew meals will cost you next to nothing, and are very hearty filling meals.

As for desserts, you will drool over ice cream sold in most former Yugoslav countries. There are several varieties, but regional milk and cream must be a contributing factor to their wonderful taste. You can buy ice cream either by the scoop or from an iced-milk swirl machine, packaged in stores or from a sidewalk vendor with a freezer right on the street. Recommended is the "Egypt" Ice Creamery in Sarajevo, famous in the region for their caramel ice cream. Also try "Ledo," a type of packaged ice cream made in Croatia but sold throughout the region. You should also try some local desserts, such as Krempita, a type of a custard/pudding dessert that tastes something like a creamy cheesecake, and Sampita, a similar dessert made with egg whites. Traditional Bosnian desserts are also something to try. Hurmasice or Hurme, is a small finger-shaped wet sweet with walnuts; Tulumbe are something like a tubular doughnut, crispy on the outside and soft and sweet on the inside. Another known dessert in Bosnia is Tufahija, which is a peeled apple with some sweet chocolate-covered walnut that sometimes is served with whipped cream on top. And of course, don't forget to try Bosnia's take on the world-famous Baklava, which tends to be somewhat more syrupy than its Turkish counterpart and usually does not contain any rum, like its Greek counterpart. Much of the traditional cooking has Turkish undertones, a colourful consequence of six hundred years of Ottoman rule over most of Bosnia & Herzegovina, and desserts are no different.

Whatever you eat in Bosnia, you will notice the richness of the flavors you thought you knew. The cuisine of the country has not yet been ruined by commercially-grown produce, so most foods are (uncertified) organically or semi-organically grown, using fewer chemicals and are picked when ripe. The vegetable markets sell only seasonal and locally-grown vegetables, and you are bound to have some of the best tasting fruit you've ever tried in the Neretva Valley region of Herzegovina (close to the Croatian border, between Mostar and Metkovic). The region is famous for peaches, mandarin oranges, peppers & tomatoes, cherries (both the sweet and the sour variety), watermelons and most Kiwi fruits. Cheese is also incredibly flavorful and rich all across Bosnia & Herzegovina, and generally all foods are as fresh as it gets. Enjoy!

Types of places

Aščinica — a storefront restaurant serving cooked (as opposed to grilled or baked).

Buregdžinica — a place where the main dishes are filled pastries (burek, sirnica, etc.).

Cevapdzinica — also a storefront restaurant that serves grilled Cevapi, a delicacy that is a must-try in Bosnia & Herzegovina.

Pekara — a bakery where you can buy bread, and baked confectionaries.

Ichish

The legal drinking age in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 18 years. Popular domestic beers are Nektar (from Banja Luka), Sarajevsko, Preminger (from Bihać, made according to a Czech recipe) and Tuzlansko, while the most common imports are Ozujsko and Karlovačko from Croatia, Jelen from Serbia, and Laško and Union from Slovenia. Like in almost every European country, beer is very common and popular. Even in more heavily Islamic areas alcohol is available in abundance to those who choose to drink and almost every bar is fully stocked.

Like most Slavs, Bosnians make 'Rakija' which comes in many a variety and is made both commercially and at home. Red wine is 'Crno vino' (Black wine) and white wine is 'bijelo vino'. Wines from Herzegovina are renowned for their quality. Alcohol is not taxed as heavily as in most Western nations and is often very affordable. Quality alcohol is sought after and valued.

Another popular drinking beverage is Turkish coffee, in Bosnia called Bosnian or domaca (homemade) coffee, which can be bought in every bar, coffee shop or fast food place.

Bosnians are among the heaviest coffee drinkers in the world.

Uyqu

In Bosnia and Herzegovina you can choose from the great number of hotels, hostels, motels and pensions. At the seaside town of Neum you can book hotels from 2 to 4 stars. In the other cities many hotels are 3 stars, 4 stars and some of them are 5 stars.

In Banja Luka the best hotels are: Cezar, Palas, Bosna, Atina, Cubic and Talija. Reservation is possible via internet or by contacting Zepter Passport Travel Agency, Banjaluka, for any accommodation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or any service; contact: http://www.zepterpassport.com, phone number 387 51 213 394, 387 51 213 395, Fax 387 51 229 852.

In Sarajevo the best hotels are: Hollywood, Holiday Inn, Bosnia, Saraj, Park, Grand and Astra. Reservation is possible via the internet or by contacting Centrotrans-Eurolines travel board in Sarajevo, phone number: 387 33 205 481, languages spoken: English, German, French and Dutch.

Campsites are not very common. An overview of campsites in Bosnia is available at the national tourism agency [5]^{[o'lik havola]}. Wild camping is often no problem, but be careful for mines.

Work

With one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe (in some areas up to 40%, official rate 17%), it will be unlikely you will find legitimate employment in the country unless you are working for a multinational organisation.

Stay safe

Be very careful when travelling off the beaten path in Bosnia and Herzegovina: it is still clearing many of the estimated 5 million land mines left around the countryside during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995. Whenever you're In rural areas, try to stay on paved areas if possible. Never touch any explosive device. Some of the houses and private properties that were abandoned by their owners were often rigged with mines during the war, and so they still pose a dangerous threat to anyone that trespasses. If an area or property looks abandoned, stay away from it.

Bosnia experiences very little violent crime. However, in the old centre of Sarajevo and in other largely-populated cities such as Mostar and Banja Luka, be aware of pickpocketing.

Sog'lom bo'ling

All Bosnian employees undergo regular health checks to ensure that they can physically do their jobs and that they will not transmit any disease or injure anyone. People in the food industry are particularly checked and random health and safety checks for the premises are held often. Food handlers and providers are held to the highest standards. Bosnian kitchens and food storehouses are expected to be sanitary and spotless and food safety is very important.

Tap water is drinkable.

If you're planning on getting a tattoo, ensure that the instruments are sterilised. While this may be common practice among those that offer those types of services, one should still be careful.

Since the food is rich, some extra exercise may help.

And as above, never walk off dedicated paths in case of land mines.

Engish

Smoking is allowed nearly everywhere in the country, and over half the population use tobacco. Therefore, be prepared to endure very smoky restaurants, bars and shopping centres, as well as other establishments. Even bus drivers often smoke while driving.

Respect

Respect the religious differences of the people in the region and their effort to move past the 1990s war, as it still affects those that survived to this day. Be careful in areas where there is still tension and to ensure that you do not offend a particular group. Avoid talking about the war, or anyt other controversial topic in the Balkans, such as the legitimacy of Kosovo, or Republika Srpska; it's very disrespectful and you won't get any good information from doing so.

Similarly, respect the environment. A lot of the country, as well as its neighbours, have been spared from pollution and it is very important to be careful of your influences.

The creeks and rivers tend to be fierce, the mountains and valleys often unguarded and the footing unsure. Always have a tour guide with you or consult a local for advice on the natural dangers and land mines.

Ulanmoq

Each entity has its own postal service, so stamps bought in the Federation cannot be used in the RS and vice versa.

There are only three mobile phone networks in Bosnia and Herzegovina: HT ERONET (Mostar), GSMBiH (Sarajevo) and m:tel (Republika Srpska, Banja Luka). You can buy a prepaid SIM card from any network at any kiosk for KM10 or less.