Shotlandiya - Scotland

Shotlandiya (Shotland galigi: Alba) tashkil etuvchi xalqlardan biridir Birlashgan Qirollik. U chegaradosh Angliya janubda va ajratilgan Shimoliy Irlandiya Irlandiya dengizi bo'yida. Sharqda Shimoliy dengizning, g'arbda va shimolda Atlantika okeanining mustahkam suvlari bilan o'ralgan. Shotlandiya Buyuk Britaniyaning shimoliy qismini tashkil qiladi va 700 dan ortiq orollarni o'z ichiga oladi Ichki gibridlar va tashqi gibridlar) va shimol (Orkney orollari va Shetland orollari). Poytaxt Edinburg va eng katta shahar Glazgo.

Shotlandiya tog'lar va vodiylarning ajoyib sahnalari, adir adirlari, yashil dalalar va o'rmonlar va qo'pol qirg'oq chizig'i bilan mashhur bo'lgan go'zal mamlakatdir. Ko'pchilik bu ajoyib manzarani bilsa ham Tog'lar, Shotlandiya pasttekisliklarda, orollarda va Shimoliy-Sharqning tekis erlarida ham go'zaldir. Shuningdek, u tez-tez katta me'moriy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan jonli va do'stona shaharlarga va ko'plab qadimiy va tarixiy joylarga ega bo'lgan ming yillik tarixga ega boy tarix va merosga ega. Golf (o'yin Shotlandiyada yaratilgan va u dunyodagi eng yaxshi va eng mashhur kurslarga ega), viski (ko'plab zavodlarga tashrif buyurish mumkin), oilaviy tarix (dunyo bo'ylab millionlab odamlar hijrat qilganlar avlodidan kelib chiqqan). 18-19 asrlarda Shotlandiyadan), piyoda yurish, yovvoyi tabiat va qishki sport turlari. Atrofda Loch Ness tog'larning shimolida siz Monsterni ovlashingiz mumkin ... yoki hech bo'lmaganda sinab ko'ring.

Quyosh har doim ham porlamasligi mumkin bo'lsa-da, iliq kutib olish va joylar, landshaftlar va tajribalarning ajoyib xilma-xilligi Shotlandiyada har qanday sayohatchiga ko'p narsalar taqdim etilishini anglatadi. Ba'zida hayratga soladigan va ulug'vor, ba'zida qo'pol va so'ngan, mag'rur, ammo kamtarin, zamonaviy, ammo qadimiy, ekssentrik, ammo maftunkor, ozgina sayohatchilar Shotlandiyani o'zlarining uchrashuvlariga ta'sir qilmasdan tark etishadi.

Mintaqalar

Ma'muriy jihatdan Shotlandiya ko'p sonli an'anaviy okruglarga bo'lingan edi. 32 zamonaviy unitar hokimiyat mavjud. Biroq, bu sayohat haqida o'ylashda cheklangan foydalanishdan iborat va madaniyat va geografiyaga asoslangan muqobil mintaqalashtirish ancha foydalidir; janubdan shimolga:

Shaharlar

Shotlandiyada yettita rasmiy shahar bor - Glazgo taxminan 620,000 kishi yashaydigan eng kattasi, atrofdagi atrofda 1,2 mln. Poytaxt, Edinburg, 450,000 atrofida bo'lsa-da Aberdin Keyingi o'rinda 200,000 aholisi va Dandi 160,000 aholisi bilan to'rtinchi o'rinda turadi.

• 55.953056-3.1888891 Edinburg (Gal tili: Dùn Èideann) - Shotlandiyaning poytaxti, har avgust oyida Jahonning eng yirik san'at festivali va Birinchi Evropa adabiyot shahri. U ko'pincha "Festivallar shahri" nomi bilan mashhur. Shahar markazining aksariyat qismi o'zining qadimgi shahri va yangi shahrining ajoyib va ​​ziddiyatli me'morchiligiga ega bo'lib, YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.
• 55.858-4.2592 Glazgo (Gal tili: Glaschu) - Shotlandiyaning eng katta va eng jonli shahri, Londondan tashqarida Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng yaxshi xaridlar va eng qiziqarli tungi hayot. Bir paytlar u dunyodagi eng yirik kemasozlik sanoatining markazi bo'lgan.
• 57.1526-2.113 Aberdin (Gal tili: Obar Dheten) - Shotlandiyaning uchinchi yirik shahri. Ta'sirchan granit binolari bilan mashhur bo'lgan bu shahar "Granit Siti", Evropaning neft poytaxti va yirik port va ikkita taniqli universitet joylashgan.
• 56.462-2.97074 Dandi (Gal tili: Dùn Dè) - talabalar soni ko'p bo'lgan va siz eshitadigan eng aniq (ehtimol tushunarsiz) aksentlardan biri bo'lgan jonli shahar. U "jut, murabbo va jurnalistika" shahri, ilmiy faoliyati tarixi uchun "Kashfiyot shahri" va Skott va Shakltonning Antarktida kemasining uyi, RRS sifatida tanilgan. Kashfiyot.
• 57.4718-4.22545 Inverness (Gal tili: Inbhir Nis) - tog'larning tez o'sib borayotgan poytaxti, Ness daryosida va Loch Ness yaqinida joylashgan bo'lib, u erda ko'plab sayyohlar hayvonni topishga harakat qilishadi (va muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishadi). Bu Britaniyaning eng shimoliy shahri.
• 56.1172-3.93976 Stirling (Gal tili: Sruighlea) - tarixiy va dramatik qal'a hukmronlik qilgan qirol qal'asi shahri, kim qal'ani boshqargan bo'lsa, Shotlandiyani boshqargan (va ko'pchilik sinab ko'rgan!). Bugungi kunda u zamonaviy zamonaviy dunyoqarashga ega.
• 56.397-3.4377 Pert (Gal tili: Peairt) - qadimiy qirol burgi (ya'ni qirol xartiyasi tomonidan berilgan avtonom shahar / shahar maqomi). Bu Perthshirning okrugi. O'zining ismini bergan avstraliyalik hamkasbidan kichikroq, ba'zida u Valter Skotning romanidan keyin "Adolatli shahar" deb nomlanadi. Bir paytlar Shotlandiya qirollari va malikalari sudining yirik markazi bo'lgan shahar maqomi qirolicha tomonidan 2012 yilda tiklangan.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

Shotlandiyada keng cho'l zonalari mavjud bo'lib, ulardan ikkitasi shunday deb e'lon qilingan Milliy bog'lar:

• 57.083333-3.6666671 Cairngorms milliy bog'i - markazida joylashgan Cairngorms tog 'tizmasini o'z ichiga olgan Shotlandiyadagi eng katta milliy park Aviemore
• 56.229-4.5872 Loch Lomond va Trossachs milliy bog'i - Shotlandiyaning birinchi milliy bog'i

Ko'pgina jahon miqyosidagi manzarali joylar Milliy bog'lar sifatida himoyalanmagan (hanuzgacha), ammo ba'zilari kabi boshqa belgilar mavjud Milliy manzaralar yoki o'rmon bog'lari:

• 56.669-5.0263 Glencoe - Lochaber mintaqasidagi ta'sirchan vodiy
• 56.79685-5.0035084 Ben Nevis - Shotlandiyaning eng baland tog'i
• 57.549-5.525 Torridon va 57.666-5.2196 Wester Ross - ikki mintaqa alpinizm uchun mashhur joylardir
• 57.307-6.237 Skey - alpinistlar orasida eng mashhuri bo'lgan qora Cuillin bilan, lekin bu erda sayr qiluvchilar uchun juda ko'p imkoniyat mavjud

Uning ko'plab tarixiy orollari bor:

• 55.766667-6.158 Islay - Hebridlar malikasi sifatida tanilgan, sakkizta viski ishlab chiqaradigan zavod bor va siz bugun ham Don Klani Shotlandiyaning g'arbiy dengiz qirg'og'ini boshqargan davrda, Don Klanining parlament saytini ko'rishingiz mumkin.
• 55.57351-5.253339 Arran oroli - shuningdek, hayoliy manzil

Tushuning

Shotlandiyadan kelgan odam a Shotlandiya, yoki tasvirlangan Shotlandiya. "Skotch" so'zi faqat tegishli narsalar - masalan, viski, skotch tuxumlari, mol go'shti va skotch burchagi (Shotlandiyaga olib boradigan yo'l tutashuvi). Shotlandiyaga Angliya yoki Shotlandga ingliz deb murojaat qilmang - bu shunday ehtimol jiddiy qonunbuzarlik keltirib chiqarish uchun! Bundan tashqari, Angliya yoki Buyuk Britaniyani Angliya deb atamang. Angliya, xuddi Shotlandiyada bo'lgani kabi, Buyuk Britaniya va Buyuk Britaniyaning faqat bir qismini tashkil qiladi.

Shotlandiya har doim to'rtta mamlakatdan ma'muriy jihatdan eng mustaqil bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniya va Buyuk Britaniyani yaratgan 1707 va 1603 yillarda Ittifoqda o'zining huquqiy, diniy va ta'lim muassasalarini saqlab qoldi.

Bir necha yillar davomida, xususan 1999 yilda Shotlandiya parlamenti qayta chaqirilganidan buyon (quyida "Hukumat" bo'limiga qarang), Shotlandiya bo'ylab "ingliz" emas, balki "Shotlandiya" kabi o'zlikni anglash hissi keng tarqalmoqda.

Bu 2011 yil Shotlandiya parlamenti saylovlarida mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Shotlandiya milliy partiyasining (SNP) hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishi bilan yakunlandi. 2014 yil 18 sentyabrda, 18 oylik bahs-munozaralardan so'ng, mustaqillik bo'yicha referendum bo'lib o'tdi, ammo u ko'pchilikni yig'a olmadi (45% foydasiga, 55% qarshi chiqdi). Shotlandiyaliklarning aksariyati Buyuk Britaniyaning bir qismi bo'lib qolish tarafdori edi, ammo Shotlandiya parlamenti vakolatlari oshdi - bu variant "devo plus" yoki "devo max" deb nomlanadi. Istisno bu edi Glazgo konurbatsiya va Dandi aholining aksariyati Shotlandiyaning mustaqil mamlakat bo'lishiga ovoz bergan. Agar kimdir Brexit bo'yicha referendum natijalarini qo'llanma sifatida qabul qilsa, Shotlandiya ham Buyuk Britaniyaning Evropa Ittifoqini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qismidir, chunki u har bir bo'linma "qoladi" deb ovoz bergan va uning "qolgan" ko'pchilik ovozi chiqarib tashlangan yagona davlat hisoblanadi. Angliya va Uelsdagi tor "ta'til" ko'pchilik tomonidan (Shimoliy Irlandiyada "qolgan" ko'pchilik bor edi, bu katta miqdordagi konfessional bo'linishga ergashdi). Birlashgan Qirollikning Evropa Ittifoqidan chiqishi munosabati bilan yana bir bor mustaqillik referendumi haqida gap boshlandi.

Geografiya

Shotlandiya Buyuk Britaniyaning orolining shimoliy qismini tashkil etgan Angliyaning yarmiga teng kichik bir mamlakatdir. Relyefining katta qismi tepaliklarda, xususan ichki qismida va mamlakatning shimoli-g'arbiy qismini tashkil etuvchi tog'li hududlarda tog'li. Janubdagi, sharqiy va shimoli-sharqdagi hududlar odatda tekisroq bo'lib, unumdor qishloq xo'jaligi erlari hisoblanadi, bu tog'li hududlarda juda kam. Sohil bo'yi juda uzun va qo'pol bo'lishi mumkin, ko'plab jarliklar, kirish joylari, plyajlar va toshlar mavjud. Ichki va tashqi gibridlar va shimoliy orollar (Orkney orollari va Shetland orollaridan iborat) guruhlarga birlashtirilgan juda ko'p sonli orollar mavjud. Klayd daryosi estaryosida va atrofida qo'shimcha orollar mavjud, masalan, Arran oroli va boshqa ko'plab narsalar. Tay, Forth, Klayd, Di, Don, Spey va Nesslar taniqli bo'lgan ko'plab daryolar mavjud. Daryo daryosining keng qirg'oqlari "otashinlar" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lib, ular Forth of Forth, Teyt va Flyth of Klyd ayniqsa katta. Shuningdek, "lochs" deb nomlangan ichki ko'llar juda ko'p.

Ettita shahar bor, ularning eng kattalari Edinburg va Glazgo, boshqalari esa nisbatan kichik (odatda 200000 kishidan kam). Shuningdek, aholining ko'p qismi istiqomat qiladigan ko'plab kichik shaharchalar mavjud. Aholining aksariyati Glazgo, Edinburg va ularning atrofidagi ko'plab shaharlarning atroflarida yashaydi. Birgalikda bu mintaqa "Markaziy kamar" nomi bilan mashhur. Aholining boshqa asosiy markazlari mamlakatning sharqida va shimoli-sharqida, xususan sharqiy sohilida, Fayf, Angus, Aberdinshir va Dandi va Aberdin shaharlarida joylashgan. Mamlakatning janubida va shimoli-sharqiy qirg'og'ida ham muhim aholi mavjud. Biroq, tog'li hududlar (Inverness shahridan tashqarida) aholisi kamroq. Kattaroq orollarning aksariyatida odamlar yashaydi, garchi odamlarning soni yo'q yuzlab kichik orollar mavjud.

Vaqt zonasi

Shotlandiyada Buyuk Britaniyaning qolgan qismi bilan bir xil vaqt mintaqasi mavjud. Bu oktyabr oyining so'nggi yakshanbasidan mart oyining so'nggi yakshanbasigacha Grinvich vaqti va yilning o'rtalarida etti oy davomida Britaniyaning yozgi vaqti (BST = GMT 1). Demak, soat to'g'ri, ammo bu "yoz" so'zi Shotlandiyada sirpanchiq tushuncha ekanligini anglatadi. Bu degani:

• BST davri: aviakompaniya va paromlar jadvallari odatda buni anglatadi. (Ushbu sahifalarda ko'pincha "aprel-oktyabr" deb yozilgan, qish uchun "mart-mart" yozilgan, ammo bu aniq mos kelmaydi.) Ammo avtobus va temir yo'l qatnov jadvallari. o'zgarmang soatlar bilan - ularning alohida almashtirish sanalari mavjud. (Demak, soat 08:30 da poezd hanuzgacha soat 08: 30da jo'nab ketadi, ammo uni ushlab turish uchun soatni sozlash kerak.)
• Yozgi maktab ta'tillari, iyul va avgust oylarida, sayyohlik shovqin boshlanganda (Shotlandiyadagi maktablarning yozgi ta'tillari Angliyadagidan 2-3 hafta oldin). Odatda mehmonxonalar va mehmonlarni jalb qilish uchun yozgi narxlar buni anglatadi.
• Iliq va yoqimli ob-havo bo'lganda. Hech qanday gap yo'q. . . iqlim o'zgarishi Shotlandiyaning pasttekisliklari va markaziy shaharlarigacha etib keldi, ammo shimol va uzoq g'arbda unchalik sezilmaydi.

Bu erda sahifalar noaniqlikdan qochishga intiladi, lekin ba'zida korxonalarning o'zi noaniq. Xuddi shu noaniqlik butun Buyuk Britaniyaga ta'sir qilsa-da, bu Shotlandiyada eng tez-tez uchraydi, bu erda soat, taqvim va iqlim o'zaro qarama-qarshi bo'lib turadi.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Keltlar

Shotlandiya boy madaniy tarixga ega, ularning aksariyati butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarixiy binolarda saqlanadi. Tarixdan oldingi manzilgohlar miloddan avvalgi 9600 yillarga, shuningdek, mashhur toshlarga oid Lyuis va Orkney. RimliklargaMiloddan avvalgi 55 yilda Yuliy Tsezar tomonidan boshqarilgan bo'lib, dastlabki hujumlarni amalga oshirgan, ammo 43-asrda Shotlandiyaning janubiy yarmiga o'tib, Britaniyaga bostirib kirgan, ammo mahalliy Kaledoniya qabilalarining qattiq qarshilik harakati tufayli mamlakatni egallamagan. Bugun, Hadrian devori Shotlandiya-ingliz chegarasining janubida, ba'zilar, dunyodagi eng mashhur Rim qoldiqlaridan biri, deb taxmin qilishadi, munozarali ravishda Naxosdagi 8 metrlik kamar bilan.

Miloddan avvalgi 411 yil atrofida Rim imperiyasining texnikasi olib qo'yilgandan so'ng, qorong'u asrlar deb nomlangan. Biroq, Rim istilosi Buyuk Britaniyaning orolidan faqat janubga ta'sir qilganligi sababli, Shotlandiya Mons Graupiusdagi buyuk jangda bo'lgani kabi ta'sir o'tkazmadi. Rim gegemoniyasi qo'llari endi yumshaganligi sababli, har xil bosqinchilar endi orolni ochiq mavsum deb hisoblashdi. Shunday qilib, burchaklar Shimoliy Bervik atrofida sharqiy sohilga etib kelishdi. Aytish kerakki, bu erda mahalliy aholi janubiy hamkasblaridan ko'ra yaxshiroq yashagan, masalan, Uayt orolini ishdan bo'shatgan, chunki mahalliy erkak britaniyalik tirik qolmagan.

Yangi millatning dastlabki tarixi inglizlar bilan ko'plab to'qnashuvlar bilan ajralib turdi va bundan tashqari Vikinglar Shotlandiyaning shimolini bosib olganlar. Bugun Shetland orollari kuchli Viking madaniy o'ziga xosligini saqlab qolish. Shotlandiyaning hikoyasiga yana bir kuchli ta'sir din edi. 1560 yil Shotlandiya islohotiga qadar bo'lgan voqealar, shu jumladan bir yil avval Sankt-Endryusdagi soborni yo'q qilish, mamlakat hayotiga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi va Shotlandiyaning Presviterian cherkovi Rim-katolik cherkovining boshqaruviga o'tishiga olib keldi. belgilangan davlat dini. Bu protestantizmning Angliyada rivojlangan anglikanizmga qaraganda ancha qat'iy shakli edi va unga Jon Koks tomonidan qaytarib berilgan Jan Kalvin ta'limoti ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Din XVII asrda Angliya, Irlandiya va Shotlandiyadagi fuqarolik urushlarining bir qismi bo'lgan yepiskoplar urushi kabi ko'plab keyinchalik siyosiy va harbiy to'qnashuvlarga olib keladi.

Shotlandiya tarixida yuzlab yillar davomida inglizlar bilan urushlar Shotlandiya qiroli Jeyms VI qirolicha Yelizaveta I vafotidan keyin (uning onasi Meri malikani qatl qilgan) ingliz taxtini meros qilib olgan tojlar ittifoqiga qadar yuzlab yillar davomida hukmronlik qiladi. Shotlandiyaliklar). Bu qurolli to'qnashuvlarga barham bergan bo'lsa-da, Shotlandiya va Angliya parlamentlari o'rtasida hali ham monarx muvaffaqiyatga erishishi kerak bo'lgan mojarolar va Panamada mustamlaka tuzish uchun "Darien sxemasi" kabi turli xil tijorat nizolari bo'lgan. Darien sxemasining falokati qisman qobiliyatsizligidan va qisman o'z mustamlakalari bilan raqobatdan qo'rqqan Angliyaning aralashuvidan kelib chiqqan. O'sha paytda Shotlandiyada muomalada bo'lgan pullarning deyarli to'rtdan bir qismi ushbu sxemaga kiritildi va uning etishmasligi iqtisodiy falokatni keltirib chiqardi. Bu Shotlandiyaning qarzlarini olib tashlash va mamlakatni ancha mustahkam iqtisodiy poydevorga qo'yishni o'z ichiga olgan Ittifoq qonuniga olib keladigan omillardan biri edi.

Muzokaralardan so'ng, 1707 yil 1-mayda Shotlandiya va Angliya parlamentlari birlashib, Buyuk Britaniya qirolligini yaratdilar (u "Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiyaning Birlashgan Qirolligi" ga aylanmaguncha, bosib olingan Qirollik bilan majburiy "ittifoq" bo'lmas edi). 1800 yilda Irlandiya). Shotlandiya va Angliya o'z dinlarini, ta'limlarini va huquqiy tizimlarini saqlab qolishdi (shuning uchun ular bugungi kunda Buyuk Britaniya davlatlari o'rtasida farq qiladi). Biroq, ittifoq ziddiyatli bo'lib, xalq shoiri Robert Berns mashhur Shotlandiya "ingliz tilidagi oltinga sotib oldi va sotildi". Qarama-qarshiliklarga qaramay, Ittifoq 18-19-asrlarda tijorat va fikrlashning yangi uslublari rivojlanib borishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi barqarorlik va iqlimni ta'minladi va Britaniya imperiyasida Shotlandiya (va ayniqsa uning aholisi) uchun katta rol o'ynadi. va biz bugun bilgan dunyoning yaratilishini tarixchi Simon Shama yozgan "Dushmanlik bilan birlashish bilan boshlangan narsa dunyodagi eng qudratli doimiy konserni bilan to'liq sheriklik bilan yakunlanadi ... bu Evropa tarixidagi eng hayratlanarli o'zgarishlardan biri edi."

Bu tijoratning o'sishi bilan boshlandi. "Darien sxemasi" ning muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan so'ng, Shotlandiya savdogarlari uning xatolaridan saboq oldilar va tezda malakali ishbilarmonlarga aylanishdi. Ular Shotlandiya dunyodagi birinchi tijorat davlatiga aylanganligini ta'kidlay boshladilar. XVIII asrdan boshlab "Shotlandiya ma'rifatparvarlari" sanoatning ulkan kengayishini va Glazgo shahrining yirik savdo porti sifatida ko'tarilishini va oxir-oqibat "Ikkinchi shahar" ni ko'rdilar. Britaniya imperiyasi. Biroq, qorong'i pastki qorin, Glazgodagi dabdabali uylari bilan shakar va tamaki savdogarlari farovonligining ko'p qismi Yangi Dunyodagi qullikka asoslangan edi.

Shu bilan birga, Shotlandiya ma'rifati intellektual va ilmiy yutuqlarning tarqalishiga olib keldi. Xalq ta'limi sohasidagi katta yutuqlar dunyo shu paytgacha ma'lum bo'lgan eng savodli jamiyatni keltirib chiqardi. Bundan tashqari, asosiy shaxslar bugungi kunda ham ta'sirchan bo'lgan ishlarni ishlab chiqarishdi, masalan, iqtisodchi Adam Smit (kapitalizmning otasi sifatida tanilgan), faylasuf Devid Xum, shoir va qo'shiq muallifi Robert Berns, geolog Jeyms Xutton va ixtirochi va sanoatchi Jeyms Vatt. sanoat inqilobi; Shuningdek qarang Sanoat Angliya. Shotlandiyalik ma'rifatparvarlik ko'pincha Shotlandiyaning "oltin asri" sifatida qaraladi (Angliyadan farqli o'laroq, bu erda XVI asrda qirolicha Yelizaveta I hukmronligi odatda shunday ko'rinishda). Biroq, ushbu iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyat aholining aksariyat qismi bilan baham ko'rilmadi va boylik va imkoniyatlarning tengsizligi qashshoqlik va ochko'z mulkdorlar bilan birlashib, ko'plab odamlarni Amerika, Kanada va boshqa joylarga ko'chishga majbur qildi. Bu, ayniqsa, tog'li hududlarda yaqqol sezilib turardi, chunki "egalik qiluvchi erlar ijarachi dehqonlarni erdan haydab chiqargan va ularning o'rnini yanada foydaliroq qo'ylar bilan almashtirish uchun uylarini yoqib yuborgan.

Universitetlar rivojlanib, 19-20-asrlarda dunyoning ko'plab buyuk ixtirolari, jumladan televizor, telefon va penitsillinlar Shotlandiya tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. Shotlandiya 20-asrning o'rtalariga qadar kuchli sanoat va tijorat iqtisodiyotini saqlab qoldi. Biroq, de-sanoatlashtirishdan so'ng, ko'plab sohalar tanazzulga yuz tutdi, garchi 60-yillarda Shimoliy dengiz neftining kashf etilishi buni Shimoliy-Sharqdagi Aberdin kabi hududlar uchun o'zgartirib yubordi. 20-asrning o'rtalaridan oxirigacha Shotlandiyada Londondan avtonomiya talablari ko'payib ketdi va nihoyat 1999 yilda Edinburgda yana birinchi vazir va Shotlandiya kabineti boshchiligida Shotlandiya parlamenti tashkil etildi. Shotlandiya parlamenti tomonidan olib borilgan islohotlar mamlakatning farovonlik darajasini qayta kashf etishiga yordam berdi, shaharlari qayta tiklandi (masalan, Glazgo) va sanoat qayta uyg'unlashtirilib, moliyaviy xizmatlar (xususan Edinburgda), chakana savdo, turizm, fan va texnologiyalar, neft va gaz (xususan, Aberdinda) va qayta tiklanadigan energiya.

Shotlandiyaning tarixi va geografiyasi qal'alar va soborlardan tortib, ajoyib qishloq joylariga qadar bo'lgan tashrif buyuruvchilarning diqqatga sazovor joylarida va Shotlandiyaning eski va yangi madaniy yutuqlarini namoyish etadigan zamonaviy attraksionlarda aks etadi.

Hukumat

Shotlandiya Buyuk Britaniyaning bir qismi sifatida boshqariladigan hukumatni boshqaradi. Shotlandiyaning ichki masalalari Shotlandiya parlamenti. Shotlandiya parlamenti har qanday qonunni qabul qilish huquqiga ega, faqat Vestminsterda Buyuk Britaniya parlamentiga "saqlanib qolgan" sohalar bundan mustasno. Shotlandiya parlamenti 1707 yilgi Angliya bilan ittifoq qonunidan oldin Shotlandiyani mustaqil davlat bo'lganida boshqargan. Siyosat doirasida va o'sha paytdagi Bosh vazir Toni Bler (tasodifan Shotlandiya) tomonidan taklif qilingan referendumdan so'ng Shotlandiya parlamenti 1999 yilda Vestminsterdagi Buyuk Britaniya parlamentidan berilgan vakolatlar bilan qayta yig'ilgan ("o'tkazib yuborilgan"). Shu bilan birga, xuddi shunday o'zgarishlar Uels va Shimoliy Irlandiyada sodir bo'ldi. Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti hali ham Shotlandiyaga tegishli qonunlarni qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, Shotlandiya parlamenti hokimiyatni amalga oshiradigan joylarda buni qilmaydi.

Shuning uchun Shotlandiya aholisi ikki parlamentga vakil saylaydi va ikkita hukumatga - Edinburgda va Londonda - har biri hayotning alohida qirralarini nazorat qiladi. Masalan, Buyuk Britaniya hukumatidan pasport yoki haydovchilik guvohnomasini olish uchun murojaat qilganingizda, ta'lim tizimiga oid shikoyatlar Edinburgga yuboriladi.

Shotlandiya parlamenti zamonaviy, me'morchilik jihatidan ahamiyatli (juda qimmat bo'lgan PR uchun gapirish) binoga asoslangan Holyrood Edinburgda va "Holyrood" atamasini Shotlandiya parlamenti degan ma'noni anglatishini, "Capitol Hill" ning AQSh Kongressi ma'nosiga o'xshashligini eshitasiz. Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati hanuzgacha faqat Shotlandiyaga ta'sir qilmaydigan boshqa masalalarni, masalan, mudofaa, bojxona, immigratsiya va boshqalarni nazorat qiladi va Shotlandiya Londonda Buyuk Britaniya parlamentida xizmat qilish uchun o'z a'zolarini saylashni davom ettirmoqda. Shotlandiya siyosati Buyuk Britaniyaning qolgan qismiga nisbatan va ayniqsa AQSh bilan taqqoslaganda qat'iy chap qanotdir. Aksariyat partiyalar ma'lum darajada sotsialistik va ijtimoiy jihatdan liberaldir, masalan, bir jinsli nikohni joriy etish to'g'risidagi takliflar parlamentdagi barcha partiyalar tomonidan keng qo'llab-quvvatlandi. 1999 yilda qayta chaqirilganidan beri parlamentda chap va sotsialistik partiyalar hukmronlik qilmoqda. Yagona markaz-o'ng partiya - Shotlandiya konservativ va ittifoqchi partiyasi parlamentdagi eng kichik partiyalardan biri bo'lib, u nisbatan ijtimoiy jihatdan liberaldir. An'anaviy ravishda leyboristlar uchun tayanch punkti bo'lsa-da, 2007 yildan beri mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Shotlandiya milliy partiyasi (SNP) Leyboristlarni ortda qoldirib, Shotlandiya siyosatida hukmron partiyaga aylandi.

Shotlandiya hukumatining boshlig'i Birinchi vazir, kim jamoat hayotida taniqli va amalda ichki masalalarda Shotlandiyaning etakchisi, shuningdek Shotlandiyaning chet ellarda iqtisodiy va madaniy manfaatlarini himoya qiladi (tashqi siyosat Londonga tegishli bo'lsa ham). Xalq o'z hududini va mintaqasini namoyish etish uchun a'zolarni saylaydi, lekin birinchi vazirni bevosita saylamaydi - uni parlament tanlaydi. Saylovdan so'ng, parlamentning birinchi harakati birinchi vazirni tanlashdir - odatda (lekin shart emas) eng katta partiyaning etakchisini. Keyin qirolicha uni parlament maslahati asosida tayinlaydi. Keyin birinchi vazir parlament ma'qullashi sharti bilan boshqa vazirlarni tayinlaydi.

Madaniyat

Shotlandiya Buyuk Britaniyadagi boshqa millatlardan ajralib turadigan boy madaniyatga ega, garchi u o'xshashliklarga ega bo'lsa (xuddi yaqin joylashgan mamlakatlar uchun odatiy bo'lsa). Shotlandiya xalqi o'z madaniyati bilan qattiq g'ururlanadi, o'tmishda ingliz madaniyatiga asoslangan yagona "ingliz" madaniyatini yaratish uchun uni bostirishga urinishlar bo'lgan. Bugungi kunda, ko'proq ma'rifatli davrlarda Shotlandiyaning madaniy yutuqlari ko'plab sohalarda yaqqol ko'zga tashlanmoqda va gullab-yashnamoqda.

Shotlandiyada festivallar (masalan, Edinburg festivallari), adabiyot va san'atdagi yutuqlarning ajoyib an'analari mavjud. Shotlandiya ma'rifiy davri Ittifoq qonunidan keyin dunyodagi eng buyuk adabiy shaxslar, mutafakkirlar va yozuvchilarni yaratdi. Hozirgi zamon dunyosining kaliti sifatida ko'rilgan ko'plab g'oyalar Shotlandiyalik olimlar, olimlar va mualliflar, Adam Smit singari ishlardan kelib chiqadi. Shotlandiyalik yozuvchilar uzoq vaqtdan beri muvaffaqiyatga erishmoqdalar, Irvin Uels bu merosga 1990-yillarda qo'shildi. Shotlandiyaning buyuk ilm-fan an'analari dunyodagi eng buyuk olimlar va ixtirochilarni, shu jumladan Jeyms Vatt (sanoat inqilobining kashshofi), Jon Loji Beyd (televizor ixtirochisi) va Aleksandr Flemingni (penitsillin kashfiyotchisi) yaratdi. 20-asrda Aberdin olimlari MRI skanerini ishlab chiqdilar va Edinburgdagi olimlar birinchi klonlangan hayvon Dolly Sheepni yaratdilar va yangilik 21-da davom etmoqda.

Shotlandiya musiqasi sahnasi ham rivojlanib bormoqda. Ochiq havoda mashhur musiqa festivallari ko'plab olomonni jalb qiladi va xalqaro miqyosda taniqli jonli musiqa tadbirlarini jalb qiladi. Shotlandiyalik guruhlar va musiqachilar, shuningdek, Shotlandiyaning eng katta shahri Glazgo va uning atrofidan kelib chiqqan guruhlar taniqli. Ushbu shahar hayoliy musiqiy sahnaga ega; tashrif buyuradigan joylar orasida King Tutning Voh Vut Xuti (Oazis ko'rindi va birinchi rekord kelishuvga imzo chekdi).

Shotlandiya xalq musiqasi ham gullab-yashnamoqda, an'anaviy va zamonaviy xalq musiqasi ingliz, shotland geel (va ba'zida shotland) tillarida kuylanadi. Xalq musiqasida tez-tez skripka / skripka, akustik gitara, arfa, akkordeon, pianino, turli xil bagpipes va boshqa an'anaviy asboblar, shuningdek, ovoz mavjud. Shotlandiyalik raqs turlari bilan ham uchrashishingiz mumkin, ular ham mashhurdir. Bu oddiylikdan tortib, shiftdagi kabi ("kay-lei" deb nomlanadi, an'anaviy musiqa ostida ijro etiladigan va bal zalida va mamlakat raqsidan kelib chiqadigan raqslar aralashmasi), kelib chiqishi ijtimoiy raqsning bir turi bo'lgan yanada murakkab Shotlandiyalik raqsga qadar. Uyg'onish raqs uslublari, agar siz Highland Games-ga boradigan bo'lsangiz, Highland Dancing (harbiy merosga ega) yakka. Ushbu uslublar boshqa zamonaviy mamlakatlarda mavjud bo'lgan boshqa mashhur musiqa va raqs turlari bilan bir qatorda mavjud. Shuningdek qarang Britaniya orollarida musiqa.

Shotlandiyaliklar ularni "dur" (ya'ni hissiyotsiz, o'zini tutib turadigan va turg'un) deb tasvirlaydigan stereotipdan aziyat chekishadi va bu o'tmishda to'g'ri bo'lsa-da, endi bunday emas. Shotlandiyaliklarning ko'pchiligini do'stona, iliq va hazil tuyg'usi bilan topasiz, garchi ularning isishi uchun siz bilan bir nechta uchrashuv kerak bo'lsa. Yoshroq Shotlandiyaliklar ko'pincha hedonistikdir, chunki "tungi chiqish" ko'plab odamlar uchun ijtimoiy o'zaro ta'sirning asosiy bo'lagi bo'lib, shaharlardagi pablar, barlar, tungi klublar va jonli musiqa va komediya joylari. Boshqa tomondan, spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilish kampaniyalariga qaramay, ko'p ichish Shotlandiya madaniyatining bir qismidir; ehtimol siz yosh odamlarning nirvanaga o'xshash ideal holat sifatida mast bo'lishlari haqida gapirishlarini eshitishingiz mumkin. Biroq, buning boshqa tomoni shundaki, jamoat ichkilikbozligi, tartibsizlik va alkogolizm muammo hisoblanadi. Garchi ular avtobus bekatida yoki boshqa jamoat joylarida begona odam bilan suhbat qurishga haddan ziyod tayyor bo'lmasalar ham, birinchi marta uchrashganlarida sizga o'zlarining hayotiy hikoyalari haqida ishonmasalar-da, siz Shotlandlarning aksariyatini yoqimli, jo'shqin va qoniqarli do'st deb bilasiz.

Sport

Futbol, ya'ni futbol assotsiatsiyasi yoki futbol: Shotlandiya ligasi tizimi to'rt pog'onadan iborat bo'lib, eng yuqori pog'onadagi Premer-ligada 12 ta jamoa bor. 2019 yildan boshlab Glazgodagi Seltik va Reynjers, Edinburgdagi Midlothian va Hibernian, Aberdin, Kilmarnok, Pertdagi Sent-Jonson, Livingston, Matervell, Xemilton Akademik, Paislidagi Sent-Mirren va Dandi.

Regbi futboli Shotlandiyada Ittifoq, ya'ni 15 kishilik degan ma'noni anglatadi: regbi ligasi (13 tomon) kamdan-kam hollarda o'ynaydi. Edinburgdagi "Merreyfild" stadionida o'tkazilgan xalqaro o'yinlar, eng asosiysi bu 6 millatlar o'yinlar har yili yanvar-mart oylarida Shotlandiya, Uels, Irlandiya, Frantsiya, Italiya va Angliya o'rtasida o'tkazildi. Oldindan sotilib ketiladigan ushbu o'yinlar uchun Edinburg juda ko'p. Shuningdek, qishda muntazam ravishda regbi bo'yicha klub o'yinlari o'tkaziladi. Shotlandiyada faqat ikkita professional jamoa bor, ular asosan Irlandiya va Uels klublarining Seltik super ligasi bo'lgan Pro-14da o'ynaydilar - Glazgo Warriors va Edinburg Rugby. Shotlandiya regbi aks holda havaskor. "Premier League" ning eng yuqori pog'onasida beshta Edinburg jamoasi (Boroughmuir, Currie, Heriot's, Watsonians va Edinburg Academicals) va Ayr, Glazgo Hawks, Hawick, Melrose and Stirling County bor. Chiptalar hech qanday muammo tug'dirmaydi, shunchaki stadionda silking.

Uni dunyoga keltirgan xalqqa yarasha golf golf maydonchalari juda ko'p bo'lganligi bilan ham mashhur. Ommaviy golf maydonchalari keng tarqalgan, arzon va odatda yuqori sifatli. Golfning ma'naviy uyi bu Sent-Endryus qirollik va qadimiy golf klubi shahrida Sent-Endryus, va Sent-Endryusdagi eski kurs, Qirollik va Qadimgi klublar uyining yonida joylashgan va u bilan mashhur bo'lgan jamoat golf maydonchasi. Shotlandiyalik tennischi Endi Marrey yirik chempionatlarda muvaffaqiyat qozonganidan beri tennis mashhurligi oshdi.

Shotlandiyaliklar ko'pincha sportga ishtiyoq bilan qarashadi va Buyuk Britaniyada mavjud bo'lgan boshqa barcha sport turlari o'ynaladi, mamlakatning aksariyat hududlarida barcha sport turlari uchun yaxshi sharoitlar mavjud. Deyarli har bir shaharchada sport va jismoniy mashqlar uchun qulayliklar, ochiq sport turlari uchun o'yin maydonchalari va / yoki suzish havzasini ta'minlaydigan "dam olish markazi" mavjud. Futbol va regbidan boshqa sport turlarida Shotlandiyalik sportchilar va sportchi ayollar Buyuk Britaniyaning vakili bo'lgan sportning ko'plab turlari bo'yicha xalqaro musobaqalarga katta hissa qo'shmoqdalar.

Gapir

Ingliz, shotlandiya va shotlandiya gallari - Shotlandiyaning tillari. Ingliz tili, ba'zida turli darajadagi shotlandiyaliklar bilan gaplashadigan, hamma gapiradigan kundalik tildir. Dialektlar har mintaqada, hattoki shaharlarda ham juda katta farq qiladi! Biroq, barcha Shotlandiyaliklar o'ziga xos Shotlandiya aksenti bilan bo'lsa ham standart ingliz tilida gaplasha oladilar. Aksanlar butun mamlakat bo'ylab ham farq qiladi.

Shotlandiya (taxallusli Oor ain leid, so'zma-so'z "Bizning o'z tilimiz"), garchi Shotlandiyaning rasmiy tili bo'lmasa ham, shimoliy-sharqiy burchagidan tashqari butun mamlakat bo'ylab 1,5 millionga yaqin odam gaplashadi. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida bo'lgani kabi, bu til ham anglo-sakson tilidan rivojlandi. Scots is more or less intelligible to native speakers of English, especially in written form. There are debates over whether Scots is in fact a language or a dialect. In some ways it resembles Middle English, and rather than actually being spoken purely, it is often found influencing informal English spoken by people in Scotland. A variety called Ulster Scots is spoken on the north coast of Shimoliy Irlandiya.

A few choice Scots words: Bairn = child, Buroo = dole money (Jobseeker's Allowance), Bridie = meat pastry, Chib = stab, Fleg = fright, Giz = give me,Ken = know, Lift = steal, Puss = face, Scajy = fury, Tatties = potatoes, Teuchter = Highlander, Tube = fool.

Shotland galigi (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lig"), meanwhile, is spoken by only around 60,000 people, mainly in the Tog'lar (a' Ghàidhealtachd, pronounced "a Gale-tach") and the Western Isles (Na h-Eileanan Siar, pron. "Na hyale-inan shar"). However, within these areas, Gaelic fluency / proficiency can be very high, for instance the island of Barra, where 80% speak the language. You will more than likely hear locals speaking in Gaelic in the Western Isles and on the ferries to and from them. Signs on board some CalMac ferries to the Western Isles are in Gaelic first and English second. In addition, announcements on some ferries may be at least partially in Gaelic. The BBC also broadcasts a free-to-air Gaelic channel known as BBC Alba, and a Gaelic radio station called Radio nan Gàidheal. Everyone, however, speaks English as well, though Gaelic speakers are often enthusiastic about the language and welcome curiosity about it from foreigners.

People in Scotland, like those in the rest of the UK, generally have rather poor foreign language skills, although those in tourism-related industries generally have better language skills. French, German and Spanish are the most commonly known foreign languages.

Here are some words found in Scotland derived from Brittonic, Gaelic, Pictish or Old Norse:

• Aber (or Inver) = river mouth (Aberdin yoki Inverness)
• Ben = mountain (Ben Nevis)
• Burn = stream (Bannockburn)
• Dun (or Dum) - fort (Dandi yoki Dumbarton)
• Cèilidh = informal celebration, party (pr. KAY-lay)
• Firth = estuary (Firth of Forth)
• Glen = valley (Glencoe)
• Kin = head (Kinloxleven)
• Kyle = narrow strait of water, sound (Kayl of Lochalsh)
• Loch = lake (Loch Ness), also fjord (Loch Linnhe) - thus not all lochs are lakes
• Lochan = small lake, pond
• Strath = vale (Strathspey)

Here are some Gaelic phrases often found in the Highlands and the Western Isles. For more, see the Shotlandiya gal tilidagi so'zlashuv kitobi:

• Fàilte gu ...... = Welcome to ......
• Deas = South
• Tuath = North
• Aiseag = Ferry
• Traigh = Beach
• Port Athar = Airport

Chiqinglar

Immigration and Visas

There are no border controls when travelling within the United Kingdom. This includes Scotland's land border with England, the sea crossings between Scotland and Northern Ireland, and flights between any points in the UK. However you do need to show photo ID such as a passport to board a domestic flight. Immigration and visa requirements in Scotland are the same as for the rest of the UK, see the main Birlashgan Qirollik article for details.

Samolyotda

Two airports handle the bulk of international flights into Scotland and also have good domestic connections:

• 55.95-3.37251 Edinburg aeroporti (EDI ^IATA), 10 miles west of the city, has direct flights from most European countries plus Turkey and the Gulf States, and a few to North America. There are good connections via the London airports, most via Heathrow. There are domestic flights to other UK cities but the train is usually quicker.
• 55.871944-4.4330562 Glazgo aeroporti (GLA ^IATA), 8 miles west of the city, likewise has a good range of direct flights to Europe and the Gulf, a few to North America, connections via London and other domestic flights.

Three other airports have international flights, but only a limited selection and pricier, and most routes will involve changing in London or Amsterdam:

• 57.2025-2.1980563 Aberdeen Airport (ABZ ^IATA) is 8 miles north west of the city.
• 55.509444-4.5944444 Glasgow Prestwick Airport (PIK ^IATA) is close to Ayr 30 miles south west of Glasgow.
• 57.5425-4.04755 Inverness aeroporti (INV ^IATA) is 7 miles north east of the city.

Several smaller airports have only domestic flights - but these are a good to way to reach the Scottish islands, if you want to avoid a long drive to the mainland ferry port then a lumpy sea crossing. See "Get Around" below for details, but the main ones with daily flights are:

• 56.4525-3.0258336 Dundee Airport (DND ^IATA), just 2 miles west of city centre, only has flights from London Stansted Airport.
• Campeltown (for Kintyre), Islay (for Jura), Tiree, Barra, Benbecula (for North & South Uist), Stornoway (for Harris & Lewis), Wick (for John O'Groats), Kirkwall (for Orkneys) and Sumburgh (for Shetland): these are linked daily to Glasgow. Most also have a flight to Edinburgh, and a few link to Inverness.

The regular UK direct domestic flights to Scotland are:

• British Airways is the main operator to London, with frequent flights from Heathrow LHR, Gatwick LGW and London City LCY.
• EasyJet fly from London Gatwick, London Luton, London Stansted, Bristol, and Belfast.

Poyezdda

See Wikivoyage's guide to Rail travel in the UK for more information on booking and travelling by train in Scotland.

Scotland is well connected to the rest of the United Kingdom by rail, with direct trains to Glasgow and Edinburgh departing from London, which is itself connected to continental Europe via the channel tunnel.

For international travellers, Scottish Rail passes are available, as are BritRail passes.

Day trains

Daytime there are four train operators linking Scotland with England:

• LNER trains run from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh via Peterborough, York and Newcastle. Some trains continue to Glasgow, Dundee, Aberdeen or Inverness.
• Avanti G'arbiy sohil run from London Euston to Glasgow via Wigan, Preston, Oxenholme and Penrith in the Lake District, and Carlisle. They also run from Birmingham New Street to Glasgow or Edinburgh by a similar route.
• Kesib o'tuvchi joy; yo'lsizlik trains run a long diagonal route, from Penzance via Exeter, Bristol, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, York and Newcastle to Edinburgh, continuing to Dundee and Aberdeen.
• The Transpennine Express runs direct from Manchester Airport to Manchester Piccadilly then via Preston and the Lake District to Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Most of these trains run at least hourly as far north as Edinburgh and Glasgow. Those from London to Edinburgh and Glasgow depart from 06:00 to 19:30, taking five hours.

Night trains

The Kaledoniyalik shpal, operated by Serco, links London Euston with Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William (for Skye). There are two trains every night except Saturdays.

• The Lowland Sleeper departs Euston towards midnight, and divides en route for Glasgow or Edinburgh.
• The Highland Sleeper departs Euston around 21:00, and divides en route for Aberdeen, Inverness or Fort William.

Southbound trains reach Euston around 07:00-08:00; they may arrive much earlier, but you can stay abed till then.

All trains use the west coast line through Preston and Carlisle into Scotland. They stop at intermediate stations but in the very early hours of the morning, with no cafes open or local transport running. For instance to Stirling, on the Highland Sleeper you'd be woken at 04:30 and off the train by 05:00. You'd do better to take the Lowland Sleeper to Glasgow or Edinburgh then a standard daytime train the rest of the way. The sleeper trains don't serve the east side of England eg York or Newcastle. New sleeping cars were introduced in 2019, and all sections of the trains have sitting coaches if you don't want a bunk.

Mashinada

The main road from England to Edinburgh and the east side of Scotland is the A1. This runs north via Scotch Corner, Newcastle, Morpeth, and Berwick-upon-Tweed then turns west past Dunbar to Edinburgh. It's mostly lowland and very seldom blocked by bad weather, but can be congested around the cities. It's motorway standard as far as Morpeth, then mostly single carriageway through to Dunbar, then again motorway standard into Edinburgh. From there, good roads continue towards Glasgow, Aberdeen and the Highlands.

Scenic alternatives towards Edinburgh are A68 from Darlington via Corrbridge and Jedburgh, A696 from Newcastle past the airport to join A68 near the border, and A697 from Morpeth via Wooller and Coldstream. They're undivided highway, often twisty or switchback, a good scenic drive in fine weather but not speedy.

The main road from England to Glasgow and the west of Scotland is the M74 / A74(M). From the London area, follow M1 to M6 towards Carlisle. To reach it from the northeast of England (eg York), leave A1 at Scotch Corner and follow A66 west to Penrith where you join M6. This runs north via Carlisle to enter Scotland at Gretna - turn off onto A75 for routes to Dumfries & Galloway. M6 now becomes A74(M) and climbs the fells over Beattock then (as M74) descends past Motherwell to Glasgow. M6 and A74(M) are good motorways seldom blocked by bad weather or (once you're past Preston) by congestion - the problem is the A66, mostly undivided and beset by caravans and trucks in summer, and by hazardous weather in winter.

A66 to M6 / A74(M) is also an alternative route to Edinburgh, branching off at Abingdon for A702.

Avtobusda

Bus and coach services are the cheapest transport to Scotland, with advance fares as low as £10 from London Victoria to Edinburgh St Andrew Square or Glasgow Buchanan Street. National Express va Megabus are the main operators. These services run daily and overnight, taking 10-12 hours and calling at intermediate towns. A few run on to Dundee and Aberdeen but you'll usually have to change.

Qayiqda

There are no ferries between Scotland and Europe. The closest connection is DFDS Seaways overnight ferry between Nyukasl and IJmuiden near Amsterdam.

Car ferries to Northern Ireland sail daily from Cairnryan near Stranraer. Stena liniyasi ferries sail to Belfast, and P&O Irish Sea ferries sail to Larne, taking around two hours.

Atrofga boring

Scotland operates a modern and effective transportation system, including high-quality road, railway and bus links, managed and regulated by the Scottish Government's department of transportation, Transport Scotland. Public transportation is generally a mix of state-operated and commercial services. If you are travelling across the water to and between the islands, air and sea travel is also an option.

Urban transport and travel between major and minor towns and cities is effectively provided by public transportation (primarily bus and train). However, if you plan to tour the country, a car allows you to access more remote areas with poor or no public transportation. This applies particularly if you plan to visit the Highlands, Islands, mountains or rural areas. Hire cars are easily available from international companies in towns and cities.

If you will be travelling by public transportation, the government provides a comprehensive website called Traveline Scotland. It includes a very useful online journey planner that allows you to plan a journey from any one point in the country to any other, using all forms of public transport. You can also download timetables for all public transportation services and check next bus times from any bus stop in Scotland. If you have a smartphone, it also provides an app for iPhone/iPad and Android. This app is extremely useful on the go, for example to check the time of the next bus.

Samolyotda

Scotland is a small country, and rail travel in the lowlands is rapid, so there are no flights between Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen. The Highlands and Islands are another matter, with often rough seas, bleak hills, and the long cold fingers of sea lochs forcing the roads to wind around and double back. Flying is therefore an excellent way to reach the islands and the far-flung mainland towns of Kempbeltaun va Wick. Fares are moderate and most places have at least two flights a day. Fares are subsidised by the Scottish government to keep the islands in business, as much for residents and visiting professionals as for tourists. On many islands, the plane is the school bus.

Loganair operate most of Scotland's internal flights. They're a full-service airline, so your fare includes one checked bag up to 20 kg, and a reviving cup of coffee and shortbread biscuit as you lurch over dark, soggy moors. The aircraft are medium-sized twin turbos eg Saab 340 and can bounce around when it's windy, but flight times seldom exceed an hour, except to Shetland. Loganair fly from Glasgow to Campbeltown, Inverness, Islay (for Jura), Barra, Benbecula (for North & South Uist), Tiree, Stornoway (for Harris & Lewis), Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands, and Sumburgh in the Shetland Islands. They fly from Edinburgh to Kirkwall, Sumburgh, Stornoway and Wick. They also fly from Aberdeen and Inverness to Kirkwall and Sumburgh.

Loganair also operate the inter-island flights in Orkney, in even smaller aircraft (eg BNF Islanders) with a 15 kg checked baggage limit. One of these is the world's shortest scheduled flight, the two-minute hop between Westray and Papa Westray in the Orkney orollari. Another record that Barra has received is the world's only scheduled flight to use a beach as a runway. Naturally, flight schedules there are tide-dependent.

Inter-island flights around Shetland are operated by Airtask. They fly from Tingwall Airport (basically a bungalow in a field 7 miles north of Lerwick), to Foula, Papa Stour and Fair Isle. They too use BNF Islanders and have limited capacity - they prioritise essential travellers and you can't book online, you need to phone 44 1595 840246. These flights don't connect to other air routes.

Kimdan Oban, Hebridean Airways fly to the islands of Coll, Tiree, Colonsay and Islay. These flights have very limited capacity and don't connect to other air routes.

Poyezdda

Vikivoyajda qo'llanma mavjud Buyuk Britaniyada temir yo'l bilan sayohat, including within Scotland.

Train is one of the faster ways to get around many parts of the country. Journey times are often the same as by road - while there may be many stops, high speed between stops compensates for this. On some routes, the train is considerably faster (e.g. Edinburgh to Dunbar/North Berwick). However, on some routes the train is considerably slower than by road because of the convoluted route the train takes. For example, the maximum permitted speed on some sections of the Far North Line from Inverness to Wick is 90 mph, however because the line runs around the Dornoch Firth and calls at Scotscalder, more than an hour is added to the journey.

ScotRail operates the majority of the Scottish rail network, which covers most of the country. The operator of Scotrail changed from First Group to Abellio on 1 April 2015. You can also travel by inter-city services which will have started or have their final destination in Angliya. These are provided by LNER, Avanti West Coast, TransPennine Express and CrossCountry and are generally more comfortable with more facilities, e.g. wi-fi. LNER services also have a buffet car. The routes operated by LNER and CrossCountry are particularly useful for travel between Edinburgh and stations up the east coast of Scotland to Aberdeen. The main rail terminals are:

• Aberdeen Station with trains to all Scottish cities. Lines radiate in the direction of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness and call at intermediate stations. Services are also provided to London and most other parts of England.
• Edinburgh Waverley Station with trains to Aberdeen, Fife, Glasgow Queen Street, Inverness, Perth, Stirling and the Borders. There are also inter-city trains to most English destinations via the East Coast route.
• Glasgow Queen Street Station with trains to Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Cumbernauld, Dumbarton, Helensburgh, Fort Uilyam, Mallaig, Perth and Stirling. For trains to Inverness, change at Perth.
• Glasgow Central Station for trains to South West Scotland including Ayr, Kilmarnock va Stranraer; West Scotland including Grinok and Lanarkshire including Xemilton va Lanark. Inter-city trains to English destinations (primarily "Manchester", Birmingem va London (Euston)) via the West Coast route, and less frequently via Nyukasl apon Tayn ga Bristol va London (Kings Cross).
• Inverness Station for trains to Wick va Kayl of Lochalsh. Also connections for the East Coast and London

The train services which run via the G'arbiy tog'li temir yo'l to Fort William and Mallaig from Glasgow Queen Street take in some wonderful views of the Scottish landscape, and footage from the line was used in the Harry Potter movies.

The Borders are served by a new line from Edinburgh to Tweedbank, which opened in September 2015.

Generally train fares in Scotland are comparable to the rest of the UK, and are more expensive than most European countries. If you buy a ticket right before you travel, a typical off-peak fare between Glasgow and Edinburgh might be £10 return, and between Edinburgh and Aberdeen £40 return. However, as throughout the UK rail system, advance purchase tickets offer cheaper fares (travellers may wish to read Wikivoyage's guide to Buyuk Britaniyada temir yo'l bilan sayohat). It is best to avoid peak time services between Glasgow and Edinburgh or commuter lines around Glasgow, as trains are often overcrowded at rush hour.

There are several rail passes available. The Spirit of Scotland Travelpass gives unlimited travel on trains across Scotland, as well as some ferry and bus services. Costs £134 for 4 days out of 8, or £179 for 8 days out of 15. There is also a Highland Rover pass, covering trains in the north and west highlands, or a Central Scotland Rover for around Edinburgh and Glasgow.

On some of the rural lines, services only run a couple of times a day. For example, the Far North Line (Inverness to Wick) and the Kyle of Lochalsh line (Inverness to Kyle of Lochalsh) have only around 3 to 4 return journeys a day Monday to Saturday and just one on a Sunday. So take care when travelling along these lines, as if you miss your train it could be a while to wait for the next one.

Yo'lda

I'm now arrived - thanks to the gods! / Thro' pathways rough and muddy, / A certain sign that makin roads / Is no this people's study

Altho' I'm not wi' Scripture cram'd, / I'm sure the Bible says / That heedless sinners shall be damn'd, / Unless they mend their ways.

- Robert Burns

In Scotland, a car enables you to reach almost any part of the country. It is also the best way to take in the spectacular scenery of mountainous, rural and Highland areas. However, despite the fact Scotland is not a big country, car travel can take significantly longer than you may expect. The mountainous terrain means that crossing from the east to the west usually involves taking circuitous routes. With the exception of the Central Belt and the North-East, where there are motorways and dual carriageways and travel is fast and easy, road conditions in Scotland can be below Western European standards. Beware of defects such as potholes, ruts, cracks and patches in both urban and rural roads (but not motorways or dual carriageways which are maintained to a higher standard by the devolved Scottish Government).

Many rural roads are narrow, have many bends and chicanes, are unlit at night, and are vulnerable to bad weather. If you have a car that handles well, these roads can be fun to drive on. Added to this, scenery is often breathtaking. However, do not be fooled into driving too fast or overtaking recklessly. As in the rest of the UK, the speed limit on country roads is usually 60 mph (97 km/h), although the Scottish Parliament has the power to set its own speed limits in Scotland. 60 mph is too fast for many roads, where you may easily run into a sharp blind hairpin bend without warning. Drive cautiously if a rural road is unfamiliar. You will also find frequent speed cameras and traffic patrols on main roads.

As in the rest of the UK and Ireland, traffic in Scotland drives on the left. Drivers from other countries should take special care if they are not used to driving on the left or if your car is left-hand drive. If driving a left-hand drive car, you may find it difficult to see traffic in your passenger-side door mirror and overtaking may be more difficult and hazardous.

There are high accident rates in rural areas such as the Highlands and Aberdeenshire, especially as a result of speeding and reckless overtaking. Aggressive motorcycle riding is also a major problem on some of Scotland's rural roads, and the annual accident rate is abnormally higher than the UK average. Even if a driver is coming up fast behind you, do not be goaded into increasing your speed. They will overtake (at their own risk!) if you keep to a speed at which you are comfortable. Added to this, weather can be poor, particularly in the interior of the country. In winter, you are likely to find roads closed by snow, with "snow gates" being closed (literally a huge gate that traffic police use to close off the road). Most drivers in Scotland do not fit snow tyres or snow chains, and combined with reckless driving, the accident rate in winter weather is higher. In coastal areas, mist or fog can be a problem. Listen to radio traffic reports (e.g. BBC Radio Scotland) and avoid travelling by car in poor weather if you can.

In remote areas, many roads are single track. Passing places are provided at intervals. These are marked by square or diamond-shaped white signs labelled "Passing Place". On older, less-used, single track roads black and white striped poles may still be used as markers. If faster traffic comes up behind you, it is the rule that you should pull into a passing place and allow the other vehicle to pass. When two vehicles approach each other on a single-track road, experienced drivers will both adjust their speed so as to reach the passing place at the same time and pass each other slowly, avoiding the need for either vehicle to come to a stop. You should pull in to the passing place on your left or if the passing place is on the right hand side, stop opposite it so that the oncoming car can pull into it.

Many rural roads are poorly maintained and lack crash barriers, so you should drive carefully and never assume that it is clear around the next bend or over the next hill. Use full-beam headlights if visibility is less than 100 m (110 yards) ahead, but be considerate and don't dazzle other road users. You may also find cattle grids (also known as cattle guards or Texas gates), which are used if livestock is loose in the area and should be negotiated very slowly as they can have an adverse effect on your vehicle's steering. In these areas, keep your speed down and watch out for livestock such as horses, sheep, cattle and deer.

Many bypasses have been built to allow faster travel, but the visitor will miss out on some of the beautiful scenery of Scotland. In some areas, road signs will indicate that the road on the next exit will rejoin the main route by showing a semi-circular exit and entrance with the destination name in the middle. This allows the driver confidence to take more scenic diversions into small towns or to find a place to stop and have lunch.

Nihoyat, do not drive if you have consumed alcohol. Drink driving is illegal in Scotland and is not tolerated by the police. It can be difficult to estimate how much is within the legal limit so the safe limit is zero. It attracts severe punishments by court judges: Sentences include jail terms (including lengthy jail terms if you cause an accident while drunk), large fines, confiscation of your car, and , disqualification from driving. Since 5 December 2014, the legal drink-driving alcohol limit is lower in Scotland (50 mg per 100 ml of blood) than in the rest of the UK (80 mg/100 ml).

Shuningdek qarang Yo'nalish: Driving tour of Scotland.

Avtobusda

The bus is one of the cheapest ways of getting around in Scotland; however it is also the slowest and least comfortable. Bus journeys in and out of Glasgow or Edinburgh at peak times can become very unpredictable due to the congested motorway network in the Central Belt - therefore think twice before using buses as an option to make tight connections with other transport modes.

Megabus services wholly within Scotland are run on a joint basis with Citylink and buses on these routes can be in the livery of either operator. Tickets for these services can be bought on both companies websites, often at different prices for identical services, or on the coach, subject to seat availability. You can get to most large towns and cities on the Citylink bus, but it is more expensive than Megabus. Megabus is a very cheap way to travel, as ticket prices start at £1 if booked weeks in advance, and rising to over £10 for peak-rate or last-minute fares. A 50p booking charge is applied to every ticket. Megabus departs from Aberdin, Dandi, Edinburg, Glazgo, Inverness va Pert, going between these Scottish cities as well as to English destinations. With Megabus you can book only online, from 45 days up to 30 minutes before departure. Citylink runs a quarter-hourly bus service between Edinburgh and Glasgow which costs £4--you pay the driver. This service runs out of the main bus stations (Buchanan Street in Glasgow and Saint Andrew Square in Edinburgh), and the journey takes about an hour and ten minutes—some twenty minutes slower than the train but half the price of a peak-rate train ticket.

In Argyll and Bute, buses are operated by West Coast Motors on behalf of Citylink. These leave from Glasgow, and travel to Campbeltown and Oban. The journey time to Campbeltown is approximately 4 hours, and Oban is approximately 3 hours. Road closures due to accidents and weather conditions can result in the buses having to take significant diversions which can add a large amount of time to journeys. The A83 from Tarbet to Inverary is often closed during winter due to landslides.

MyBus is a transport scheme in the Strathclyde region (a huge chunk of southwest Scotland including Glasgow) that supplements the regular bus service. This is both for those who can't use regular bus services (eg with physical or sensory or learning difficulties, and their carers), and for areas where the normal bus service is impractical (eg if you live miles from a bus stop) for life's essentials, such as shopping or getting to the dentist. It generally doesn't cover holiday travel, but if you're staying in the area for a long spell (thus, might be considered a temporary resident), and especially if you are a resident of Strathclyde, you may be eligible: ring 0345 128 4025 to check what's feasible. The buses are usually single-decker "kneelers" suitable for wheelchairs, and fares equate to the standard fare - which is free with a concessionary card.

Ekskursiya avtobusi orqali

There are many tour operators in Scotland which can take you around the country stress-free and allow you to drink as much whisky as you wish. There are options from budget larger groups in coaches to smaller group tours in luxury mini-coaches. The guides may provide an insight into Scottish history and culture you may not be able to learn on your own. Highland Experience tours va Rabbie's small group tours are two long standing major operators or for a smaller family run tour company, try Heartland Travel - Tours of Scotland

Paromda

An extensive car ferry service operates between most large islands, usually daily, and frequently across the Firth of Clyde.

• Caledonian MacBrayne (usually known as CalMac) is the largest ferry operator, serving the west of Scotland. Their main routes are around the Firth of Clyde (Arran, Bute, Cumbrae, Cowal and Kintyre), Southern Hebrides (Gigha, Islay, Jura & Colonsay), Inner Hebrides (Tiree, Coll and Mull), Skye, and the Outer Hebrides (Barra, North & South Uist, and Harris & Lewis).
• Western Ferries operate the short hop across the Clyde between Gourock and Dunoon, every 20 mins.
• NorthLink Ferries sail overnight from Aberdeen to Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands and Lerwick in the Shetland Islands. They also ply the short crossing from Scrabster to Stromness in the Orkneys.
• Pentland Ferries va John O'Groats Ferries provide alternative short routes to Orkney from the Scottish mainland.
• Orkney feribotlari va Shetland Islands Council^{[o'lik havola]} operate the inter-island ferries in those areas.

Bosh barmog'i bilan

Hitch-hiking is surprisingly easy in Scotland, but better to do outside the big cities. In the Highlands you might need to wait for a long time until a car comes by. General caution must be taken.

Qarang

Most historic sites are maintained either by the National Trust of Scotland or by Historic Environment Scotland. Both offer memberships (with free priority access and other discounts) for a year or a lifetime - and have reciprocal arrangements with their English and Welsh equivalents. Depending on how much you get around and how long you are staying, they may well be worth buying. Membership also contributes to the sites' preservation and new acquisitions.

• Historic Environment Scotland. Sites and prices, yearly membership starts at £47 adult, £87 family (properties include Edinburgh and Stirling Castles). Historic Scotland also offers a 3-day Explorer Pass. Summer 2020: Unmanned sites reopened on 15 July, some manned sites will open in August or September.  
• National Trust of Scotland. Sites and prices, yearly membership starts at £45 adult, £100 family (properties include Craigievar and Crathes Castles, numerous wilderness areas). Summer 2020: countrside and garden properties open, only some indoor properties expected to reopen in August  
• Spectator sport:Futbol is easily the most popular spectator sport. That said, most teams rarely play to full houses, therefore if you are in Scotland between mid-August and mid-May you should be able to obtain tickets for a match. Rugby union is popular, nowhere more so than in the Borders region. The indigenous game of shinty is played mostly in the Highlands during the summer months.

Arxeologik yodgorliklar

• Callanish Chambered Cairn and Standing Stones (Lyuis), setting of tall megaliths
• Clava Ring Cairn (Inverness), ring cairn between two passage graves
• Dun Carloway Broch (Lyuis), one of the best preserved brochs with an elevation of about 30 ft above ground
• Jarlshof Early Settlements and Broch (Shetland), occupied from the early 2nd millennium BC, in the Late Bronze and early Iron Age until the erection of the broch,
• Maes Howe Chambered Cairn (Orkney), chambered cairn representing the high standard of workmanship in Neolithic Britain,
• Mousa Broch (Shetland), best known example of a broch, with walls 50ft in diameter at the base and 43 ft above the ground, with complex internal stairs and galleries
• Ring of Brodgar (Orkney), large henge monument magnificently placed between two lochs and remarkably well preserved
• Rough Castle (Falkirk), Roman remains
• Skara Brae (Orkney), Neolithic settlement of houses built largely of stones which was buried under a mixture of midden material and blown sand until discovered in the 1930s
• Traprain Law (East Lothian), hill fort occupied for 1000 years from the middle of the first millennium BC onward

Pictish and Early Christian Monuments

• Aberlemno (Angus), Pictish Symbol Stones in the churchyard
• Iona (Inner Hebrides), island where St. Columba landed from Ireland in 563 beginning the Christianisation of Scotland, burial-place of the kings of Scotland
• Meigle (Pertshir), Pictish Symbol Stones
• Ruthwell Cross (Dumfriesshire), one of the best examples of Anglian sculpture and one of the major monuments of Europe in the Dark Ages
• St.Vigean’s (Angus), Pictish Symbol Stones

Qal'alar

• Balmoral Castle (Aberdinshir). Summer residence of the Queen in the Dee Valley
• Blair Castle, Bler Atoll (Perthshire), seat of the Duke of Atholl
• Craigievar Castle (near Alford, Aberdeenshire)
• Crathes Castle (Aberdinshir), L-Plan tower house with magnificent early 18th century formal garden
• Culzean Castle (Ayrshire), fantastic castle created by Robert Adams in the 18th century overlooking the Firth of Clyde
• Dunnottar Castle (Aberdinshir), on an isolated rock projecting 2 miles off the coast
• Dunvegan Castle (Skey), seat of the Clan MacLeod
• Edinburgh Castle (Edinburg)
• Edzell Castle (Angus) with a fine tower house and a spacious walled garden with symbolic decorations of the Cardinal Virtues, Liberal Arts and Planetary Deities, unique in Britain
• Eilean Donan qal'asi (Lochalsh), a picturesque island castle on the road to Skye
• Falkland Palace (Fife), enlarged in the reign of James IV and embellished by James V during preparations for his marriages with Magdalene of France and Mary of Lorraine. It is thought that James V died here after hearing news of the birth of his daughter Mary Queen of Scots.
• Glamis Castle (Angus), castle dating mainly from the last quarter of the 17th century
• Palace of Holyroodhouse (Edinburg)
• Inveraray Castle (Argyll), seat of the dukes of Argyll, completed in 1770
• Linlithgow Palace (West Lothian), one of Scotland’s four royal palaces, birthplace of James V and Mary Queen of Scots
• Skon saroyi (Pert), one of the most historic places of Scotland, where the ‘Stone of Destiny’, the coronation stone of the Scottish kings, was kept from the times of Kenneth MacAlpine in the 9th century until the stone was stolen by King Edward of England
• Stirling Castle (Stirling), with superb view and survivals of domestic buildings of the 16th, 17th and 18th century
• Tantallon Castle (East Lothian), stronghold of the Douglas family, in a magnificent situation on the coast opposite Bass Rock

Abbeys and Abbey Ruins

• Dunfermline Abbey (Fife)
• Dryburgh Abbey (Bervikshir)
• Jedburgh Abbey (Roxburghshire)
• Kelso Abbey (Roxburghshire)
• Melrose Abbey (Roxburghshire)

Churches and Cathedrals

• Elgin Cathedral (Moray). Known as "the Lantern of the North", once the most perfect of the Scottish cathedrals, burnt by Alexander Earl of Buchan, the "Wolf of Badenoch" in 1390
• High Kirk of St Giles, High Street, (Edinburgh), first church of the Church of Scotland,
• Roslyn Chapel (Midlothian) well known for its sculpture and elaborated carving with the famous "Prentice Pillar"
• St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall (Orkney) built in the 12th century, the only undamaged pre-Reformation cathedral
• St Mungo's Cathedral, (Glasgow), only example of pre-Reformation Gothic architecture on mainland Scotland

Historic battlefields

• Bannockburn (Stirlingshire), under the leadership of ‘’Robert Bruce’’ Scotland gained freedom that kept for centuries
• Culloden (Invernessshire), scene of the last battle fought on the soil of the United Kingdom, site of the last battle in the Jacobean Rising of 1745
• Glencoe (Argyll), site of the massacre of the Macdonalds in 1692,
• Killiecrankie (Perthshire), site of a battle between supporters of James VII under ‘’Bonnie Dundee’ and the forces of William III in 1689

Yodgorliklar

• Charles II, Parliament Square (Edinburgh)
• Prince Charles Monument, Glenfinnan (Inverness-shire)
• Robert Bruce. Bannockburn (Stirlingshire)
• Scott Monument, East Princes Street Gardens (Edinburgh) — in honour of Scotland’s greatest novelist Sir Walter Scott

Muzeylar

• Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glazgo
• National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburg picture gallery with paintings of European painters, as Filippino Lippi, Huge van der Goes, Titian, Tiepolo, Rembrandt, Velazquez, El Greco, Goya, Watteau, degas, Monet, Gauguin and others.
• National Portrait Gallery, Edinburg with portraits of the Stuart kings and pictures of great events in Scottish history.

Townscape

• Culross (Fife), remarkably complete example of 16th and 17th cent Scottish architecture,
• Dumfries (Dumfriesshire), the ‘’Queen of the South’’
• Royal Mile (Edinburg)
• Stirling (Stirlingshire)

Landshaft

• Cairngorms milliy bog'i (Aberdeen, Banffshire, Inverness). A magnificent range of mountains between Speyside and Braemar
• Duncansby Head, John O’Groats (Caithness), the most northerly point of the British mainland, sheer sandstone cliffs up to 210 ft (64 m) high
• Fingal’s Cave, Staffa, Inner Hebrides (Argyll)
• Glen Affric (Inverness-shire), the old east-west route through the Highlands of Inverness-shire
• Glencoe (Argyll), famous pass from the Moor of Rannoch to Loch Leven in Inverness-shire, the most celebrated glen in Scotland
• Glen More Forest Park (Inverness-shire) in the north-west corner of the Cairngorms, covered with pine and spruce woods
• Glen Trool Forest Park (Kincardineshire), with the highest hill country in southern Scotland
• Inverewe bog'lari (Ross and Cromarty) benefits from the warm and moist Gulf Stream climate
• Loch Lomond (Dunbartonshire, Stirlingshire), the largest inland water in Britain, and one of the country's most beautiful
• Loch Mare (Ross and Cromarty), magnificent loch overlooked on all sides by beautiful mountains
• Loch Ness (Inverness-shire), Great Glen, extending from 7 mi (11 km) south-west of Inverness for 24 mi (39 km) to Fort Augustus
• Loch Torridon (Ross and Cromarty), magnificient sea-loch opposite the North East of Skye
• Queen’s View (Perthshire)
• Smoo Cave, Durness (Sutherland), whose largest cave is 200 ft (61 m) long and 120 ft (37 m) high
• Loch Lomond va Trossachs milliy bog'i (Perthshire), romantic valley between Loch Achray and Loch Katrine

Places with Literary Connections

• Abbotsford House (Roxburghshire), seat of Sir Walter Scott
• Burn’s Cottage, Alloway, (Ayrshire)
• The Trossachs (Perthshire), one of the most celebrated literary beauty spots in Scotland, described by ‘’Sir Walter Scott’’ in his famous poem ‘’The Lady of the Lake’’, but also by ‘’Dorothy Wordsdworth’’

Other Places of Interest

• The Blacksmith’s Shop, Gretna Green (Dumfriesshire), famous as the place where runaway couples from England got married under 18th century Scottish law by means of a declaration before witnesses.
• Caledonian Canal (Invernessshire), running across Scotland from the Beauly Firth near Inverness in the North East to Loch Linnhe near Fort Williams in the South West. The canal was built in order to avoid the dangerous sailing round the North of Scotland by the Pentland Firth and Cape Wrath by the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford.

Qil

• Haydash - take a Driving tour of Scotland.
• Motorcycling - Scotland has some of the best motorcycle touring roads in the world, although you'll need good weather to get the most out of them. With good surfaces, little traffic outside of the main conurbations and welcoming cafes touring is a real pleasure. It is also possible to hire a motorcycle.
• Velosiped haydash - Even though there are only a few cycle trails compared to England, Scotland makes a great cycling country as there are many roads with little traffic. Qarang Cycling in Scotland.
• Rail Travel - Scotland is home to the most scenic railway line in the world - the G'arbiy tog'li temir yo'l, and travelling the area by train is very much recommended. Fares can be high, but the scenery can be priceless.
• Tepalik yurish and hiking: Scotland has 284 Munros, mountains higher than 3000 feet / 914.4 m. Only one of them requires technical rock-climbing skills, Sgùrr Dearg on Skye. A handful are difficult, but the rest (including the highest, Ben Nevis) are nothing worse than hard slog - though hazardous in bad weather. The best known long distance trail is the G'arbiy tog'li yo'l, stretching for 95 miles / 153 km from Milngavie near Glasgow to Fort William. Lots more hikes and strolls everywhere, see the Tourist Board's Walks in Scotland Guide, and there is detailed route info on Walk Highlands of over 420 routes. Shuningdek qarang Walking in the United Kingdom.
• Visit a whisky distillery. Scotland has over 120 whisky distilleries in active production. Only a minority are open for tours, but that's still plenty; they're especially concentrated in the upper reaches of Aberdeenshire, Moray and Spey Valley, and on Islay. Those open to the public (and see the map posted on Scotland Whisky) are usually producing single malt whisky, a premium product but in a crowded marketplace, so the tours are integral to their PR strategy. Many of the new small craft gin distilleries are likewise open.
• Golf - Shotlandiya - golf o'yinining vatani va dunyodagi eng qadimgi maydon - Sent-Endryus.
• The Edinburg festivali iyul oyining oxiridan sentyabr oyining o'rtalariga qadar sodir bo'ladi. Festival xalqaro festival, Fringe festivali, Xalqaro jaz va blyuz festivali va Xalqaro kitob festivalini o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta festivallarning soyabonidir. Qarang Edinburg tafsilotlar uchun. VisitScotland, Shotlandiya rasmiy sayyohlik kengashi, Shotlandiya bo'ylab bo'lib o'tadigan tadbirlar va festivallarning taqvimini saqlaydi.
• Tog'li o'yinlar butun mamlakat bo'ylab apreldan sentyabrgacha, lekin asosan yozning o'rtalarida o'tkaziladi. U erda oziq-ovqat, an'anaviy musiqa va raqslar va Shotlandiya hunarmandchiligini sotadigan sotuvchilar bor, lekin eng muhimi, truba bantlaridagi kilts kiygan katta odamlar va Shotlandiya bolg'asini otish va uloqtirishning o'ziga xos uslubi kabi sport mashg'ulotlarini namoyish qilishdir, bu erda ulkan log kerak. u oxir-oqibat aylanib o'tishi uchun uloqtirilsin. Ular rang-barang va tomosha qilish uchun qiziqarli, ammo raqobatchilar jiddiy va qattiq tayyorgarlik ko'rishgan. O'yinlar ko'pincha qishloq xo'jaligi yoki oziq-ovqat va gullar ko'rgazmasiga yoki "Tog'lar yig'ilishi" ga to'g'ri keladi, bu erda ma'lum bir klan yig'ilib, ularning barchasi to'g'ri tarton kiyganligini bir-biriga ko'rsatib beradi.
• Kıvırma - bu sayqallangan granit toshlar muzga siljigan, maqsadga (yoki "uyga") iloji boricha yaqinroq dam olish uchun sport. Nifty marshrutni tozalash yoki suv tezligiga sepish yoki toshni kechiktirish bilan ishlaydi va uni to'sqinlik qiladigan tosh atrofida burishtirib qo'yishi mumkin. O'yin birinchi marta XVI asrda Shotlandiya va Gollandiyada tasvirlangan va bo'yalgan. Uchrashuvlar Shotlandiyaning iqlimi bugungi kunda ishonchli tabiiy muz uchun juda yumshoq bo'lgani uchun har doim yopiq muz maydonlarida sentyabr-aprel oylarida o'tkaziladi. Yangi boshlanuvchilar uchun darslar Shotlandiya bo'ylab muzeylarda o'tkaziladi.

O'rganing

• Shotlandiya raqsi: Siz katta shaharlarda darslarni topishingiz mumkin, ammo shunchaki qo'shilish va uni davom ettirishda olish qiyin emas. Bu sport mahoratidan mahrum bo'lgan xalqqa xushomadgo'ylik keltiradigan mashg'ulotlardan biridir.
• Bagpipes: to'liq qarama-qarshi bo'lib, buning uchun alamli natijalardan boshqa hech narsaga erishish uchun, agar siz allaqachon pufakchada o'ynasangiz ham, kunlik amaliyotning to'liq yili talab etiladi. Va keyin mashq qiling, mashq qiling, xuddi temir yo'l stantsiyalarida va avtoulov bekatlarida avtoulovlar qilgan kabi.
• Shotland galigi: boshqa tillarda bo'lgani kabi, siz ham bir nechta xushmuomalalik va asoslarni osongina o'rganishingiz mumkin, shu bilan birga malakaga erishish hayotingizning qolgan qismini oladi. Ehtimol, kompakt-disklar va onlayn materiallardan boshlash yaxshiroq, keyin qisqa muddatli turar joyni ko'rib chiqish. Skayda Gael kolleji mavjud, ammo bu ona tilida so'zlashadiganlarga gal tilida boshqa mavzular bo'yicha kurslar o'tkazishga qaratilgan. Albatta ular tilni o'rgatishadi, lekin kollejda boshlang'ich darajasida emas.

Ish

Shotlandiyada kim ishlashi mumkinligi to'g'risidagi qoidalar Buyuk Britaniyaning qolgan qismiga o'xshaydi.

Sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi malakali ishchilarning umuman etishmasligi Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati (NHS) chet elga faol ravishda jalb qilinishini anglatadi va bu mutaxassislik mahoratiga ega bo'lganlarning Buyuk Britaniyada ishlashini osonlashtiradi. Etakchi Shotlandiya hukumati, kamayib borayotgan aholi sonini to'ldirish uchun Shotlandiyaga muhojirlarni jalb qilmoqchi.

Sotib oling

Valyuta

Boshqa Buyuk Britaniyada bo'lgani kabi, Shotlandiya ham funt sterling (funt). Bundan tashqari, Shotlandiyaning uchta milliy kliring banki Shotlandiya banki, Shotlandiya Qirollik banki va Clydesdale banki nashr o'zlarining sterling pullari. Ushbu yozuvlar Shotlandiyada juda keng tarqalgan va Shotlandiya va Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi Angliya banki yozuvlari bilan almashtirilishi mumkin.

Shotlandiya va Shimoliy Irlandiyadan tashqarida ba'zi bir savdogarlar Shotlandiya notalarini, ayniqsa katta kupyuralarni qabul qilishni istamasligi mumkin (Angliya bankining eng yirik kupyurasi 50 funt sterlingni tashkil etadi, ammo Shotlandiyaning har uch banki ham 100 funtlik kupyuralarni chiqaradi). Agar siz Shotlandiyada Angliya bankining yozuvlarini olishni istasangiz, NatWest, Barclays yoki HSBC tomonidan boshqariladigan bankomatdan pul oling - garchi ular faqat yirik shaharlarda bo'lsa ham. Do'konlarda siz Angliya banki kupyuralarini almashtirishingizni so'rab ko'rishingiz mumkin, xuddi shu tarzda naqd pul yoki sayohat cheklarini almashtirganingizda bank kassalaridan ingliz tilidagi yozuvlarini so'rashingiz mumkin. Agar siz Shotlandiya yozuvlari bilan Angliya yoki Uelsda bo'lsangiz, ularni istalgan bankda ingliz tilidagi yozuvlarga bepul almashtirishingiz mumkin - yoki ularni qaysi notalarni qabul qilishlari bilan bezovtalanadigan katta ko'cha do'konlarida sarflashingiz mumkin. Buyuk Britaniyadan chiqib ketishdan oldin ortiqcha pulni Angliya banki banknotalariga o'zgartiring, chunki Shotlandiya banknotalarini boshqa mamlakatlarda almashtirish qiyin yoki yomonroq kursga ega bo'lishi mumkin.

Evro bir nechta katta ko'cha do'konlari va sayyohlik do'konlari bundan mustasno, qabul qilinmaydi, shuning uchun pulingizni sterlingga o'zgartiring.

Yodgorlik

Klassik turistik yodgorlik - bu kilt va boshqa hamma narsalar tartan. Agar sizda Makdonald yoki Klark singari Shotlandiya familiyangiz bo'lsa, o'zingizning oilangizning tartanini topishga urinish kerak. Shuningdek, harbiy polklardan tortib diniy jamoalarga qadar bo'lgan turli xil rasmiy tortanlar mavjud (masalan, Shotlandiyaning yahudiy va musulmon jamoalarida rasmiy tartanlar mavjud). Haqiqiy kiltning narxi taxminan 300-400 funt sterlingni tashkil qiladi va og'ir junlardan tayyorlanadi (shuning uchun u kuchli shamolda ham nima kiyib olganingizni yoki kiymasligingizni oshkor qilmaydi), ammo yodgorlik do'konlarining aksariyati faqat asl nusxadagi ingichka narsalarni taklif qiladi. Agar siz chindan ham asl kilt yoki to'liq an'anaviy kiyimni (kilt, sporran, kurtka, ko'ylak va poyabzal) xohlasangiz, kiyimni ijaraga olish do'koni eng yaxshi ko'rinishdir. Ular to'y uchun kostyum va kiltslarni yollashga ixtisoslashgan va ko'pincha arzon narxlarda sobiq yollangan aktsiyalarni sotishadi - aks holda kilt buyurtma asosida amalga oshirilishi kerak bo'ladi - bu odatda bir necha hafta davom etadi.

An'anaviy tog'li kilt - bu taxminan 6 fut kenglik va 14 metr uzunlikdagi mato qismidir. Badanga o'ralgan, keyin elkasiga ko'tarilib, toga o'xshab joyiga mahkamlangan. Zamonaviy qisqa kilt sanoat inqilobi davrida ko'proq harakatlanish erkinligini berish uchun joriy qilingan.

Viski (Skotch), shuningdek, keng tarqalgan xarid. Ikkita asosiy turi mavjud - aralash va bitta solod viski. Aralashtirilgan viski, nomidan ko'rinib turibdiki, bir nechta bir xil maltlar birlashtirilgan. Aralashtirilgan viski shishalarini ko'tarilgan narxlarda sotadigan yodgorlik do'konlaridan ehtiyot bo'ling - supermarketda (yoki aeroportda bojsiz) bir xil shishani tez-tez uchratmaysiz! Bitta maltli viski qimmatroq va narxning yuqori qismini to'lashga arziydi. Yagona maltlar viski distillangan hududga yoki shaharga va ishlatilgan arpa turiga qarab juda xilma-xildir. Kichikroq, mustaqil distillash zavodlari o'z mahsulotlarining sifati bilan faxrlanadilar va ularning viskisi ko'pincha faqat oz sonli do'konlarda yoki hatto to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mavjud. Mainstream markali yagona maltlar hali ham supermarketlarda va bojsiz do'konlarda sotilmoqda.

Orkney kumush zargarlik buyumlari da ishlab chiqariladi Orkney orollari ammo butun Shotlandiya bo'ylab mavjud. Uslublar odatda an'anaviy ravishda "Celtic" yoki ushbu uslubning zamonaviy o'zgarishlari hisoblanadi. Taniqli dizaynerlar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan zargarlik buyumlari juda oqlangan va arzon emas.

Jun mahsulotlari kiltsdan tashqari keng tarqalgan. Shotlandiya ko'plab junlarni ishlab chiqaradi, ularning aksariyati juda sifatli, shuning uchun siz juda qulay, ammo bardoshli va jozibali sharflar, paltolar, sviterlar / jumpers va boshqalarni topishingiz mumkin. Xarris Tvidorolidan Xarris, ayniqsa yaxshi baholanadi. Agar siz oilaviy tartan bilan biron bir narsani xohlasangiz, lekin ko'ylagi uchun bahor berishni xohlamasangiz, unda shlyapalar, sumkalar, galstuklar, sharflar va boshqalar turli xil rasmiy tortanlarda mavjud.

Yashash narxi

Aksariyat mehmonlar Shotlandiyada yashash narxining yuqoriligidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan. Shotlandiyada narxlar Angliya janubidagi kabi yomon bo'lmasa-da, Qo'shma Shtatlar yoki Evropaning aksariyat qismlari bilan taqqoslaganda, asosiy yashash xarajatlari hali ham yuqori. Aksariyat tovarlarga qo'shimcha 20% qo'shimcha qiymat solig'i (QQS) qo'llaniladi, ammo bu har doim iste'molchilarning umumiy xaridlari uchun belgilangan narxga kiritiladi. Benzin ulkan 70% aktsiz solig'i va uning ustiga 20% QQSga ega. Xarajatlar Edinburgda va Stornovay singari juda uzoq joylarda (masalan, benzin narxi ba'zi joylarda litri uchun £ 1,50 ni tashkil qiladi). Asosiy qoida sifatida shimolga borgan sayin shuncha qimmatga tushishi mumkin, asosan uzoq ta'minot zanjirlari va kichik aylanmalar hisobiga.

Yemoq

Shuningdek qarang: Britaniya va Irlandiyaning oshxonasi

Shotlandiya xiralashgan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish stereotipidan aziyat chekkan bo'lsa-da, zamonaviy zamonaviy Shotlandiya restoranlari va ko'plab hind, frantsuz va italyan variantlari taqdim etilgan narsalar o'zgargan. Darhaqiqat, mamlakatning Edinburg kabi qismlarida juda yomon ovqatni olish juda qiyin bo'lib qoldi. Qolgan Buyuk Britaniyada bo'lgani kabi, hind va xitoy taomlari ham juda kichik shaharlarda ham mashhur va tayyor. Aslida, klassik hind taomlari Tovuq Tikka Masala Glazgoda (munozarali) ixtiro qilingan. Quyida Shotlandiya oshpazlik sahnasining ba'zi muhim voqealari keltirilgan:

• Cullen skink - Dudlangan dukkak, kartoshka, qaymoq va qisqichbaqasimon baliqlardan tayyorlanadigan samimiy va mazali baliq sho'rva. Partan bree ba'zan shimoliy-sharqda joylashgan, asosan qisqichbaqa va guruchdan tayyorlangan an'anaviy dengiz maxsulotlari sho'rvasi. Boshqa Shotlandiya sho'rvalariga kamtarin, ammo juda an'anaviy taomlar kiradi xo'roz-a-leki - tug'ralgan pırasa bilan tovuq sho'rva va yanada samimiyroq skotch bulyoni, arpa, qo'zichoq yoki qo'y go'shti, ildiz sabzavotlari va quritilgan no'xat yoki yasmiq bilan tayyorlanadi.
• Dengiz mahsulotlari - Shotlandiya dunyodagi eng yaxshi dengiz mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaradi. Uning langustinlari, istiridyalar, taroqlar, qisqichbaqalar, lososlar va lobsterlar dunyoning eng yaxshi oshpazlari tomonidan qadrlanadi ... va shuning uchun asosan eksport qilinadi. Yarim o'nlab yangi istiridyalarni sinab ko'ring, so'ngra sarimsoq sariyog 'tarkibidagi langustinlar bilan organik non bo'lagi bilan artib oling. Uch bacalar Skayda. Tovoqdagi jannat. Agar siz qirg'oq yaqinida bo'lish baxtiga muyassar bo'lsangiz, siz yangi tutilgan dengiz mahsulotlarini juda yaxshi narxlarda sotib olishingiz mumkin; shunchaki dokga o'ting va kuting, bunga arziydi. Shotlandiyada ham chinakam ulug'vorlar bor qovurilgan kartoshka bilan baliq: yangi qovurilgan qovurilgan va oltin chiplar va sirka bilan mukammal darajada kaltaklangan (haddok Shotlandiyada baliq va chiplar uchun an'anaviy hisoblanadi, ammo yuqori darajadagi chippies ko'pincha baliq tanlovini taklif qiladi). Kippers (davolangan va dudlangan seld) - nonushta uchun eng sevimlilar. Shotlandiya dudlangan losos dunyoga mashhur bo'lib, butun Britaniyada nonushta paytida iste'mol qilinadi, odatda pishirilgan tuxum bilan xizmat qiladi. Agar siz Shimoliy Amerikadan bo'lsangiz, ba'zi baliqlar, xususan, arzonroq baliqlar Evropada siz odatdagidan boshqacha ismga ega - masalan, "plaice" siz "flounder" deb bilishingizni anglatadi va "coley" bir xil "pollock" sifatida.
• Shotland mol go'shtining g'ichirlagan sirloi- Dunyodagi eng yaxshi beshta zotli go'sht - bu Shotlandiya, eng taniqli - Aberdin Angus. Qolganlari Highland, Longhorn, Shorthorn va Galloway. Bozorning arzonligi va bozorning yuqori qismi uchun go'shtli qoramollarni qanday boqish o'rtasida juda katta farq bor. Aberdin Angus sirini issiq panjara ustiga urib, sababini bilib oling.
• O'yin - Shotlandiyada qirg'ovullardan tortib to kiyik go'shtigacha ov juda ko'p. Kuzgi tog'larning arzon favoriti - bu bir necha cho'chqa go'shti bilan qatlamlangan va mavsumiy sabzavotlar bilan pishirilgan qirg'ovul. Geyik go'shti (kiyik) - bu mol go'shti, odatda burger, güveç va pirogga o'xshash usulda tayyorlanadigan keng tarqalgan ov turi; u mol go'shtiga qaraganda oriq va mazali.
• Xaggis - Shotlandiyaning milliy taomlari uning tarkibiga kirganligi sababli chet elliklar uchun juda jirkanch tuyuladi, lekin aslida hayratlanarli darajada yaxshi. To'qimasi AQShda topishingiz mumkin bo'lgan go'shtli go'shtga juda o'xshash, biroz kuchliroq va achchiq ta'mga ega. Agar siz oddiygina go'sht-go'sht lazzatlariga rioya qila olmasangiz, uni sinab ko'ring. Xaggis - qo'yning tug'ralgan yuragi, jigari va o'pkasidan iborat bo'lib, piyoz, jo'xori uni va ziravorlar bilan aralashtiriladi va keyin qo'yning oshqozon sumkasida pishiriladi. Hozirgi kunda siz Xaggisni polietilen paketlarga sotib olishingiz va pishirishingiz mumkin. Bu sholg'om va kartoshka pyuresi bilan xizmat qiladi (ko'pincha Shotlandiya so'zlari "neeps va tatties" deb nomlanadi). Yuragi zaif, vegetarian xaggilar uchun mavjud.
• Yorma - ko'plab shotlandiyaliklar nonushta qilishda, odatda tuz qo'shib, non, ammo sut, qaymoq, asal, meva va murabbo kabi boshqa qo'shimchalar mashhur.
• Kvadrat kolbasa yana bir keng tarqalgan nonushta - bu ta'mga solingan mol go'shti (biftek kolbasa) yoki cho'chqa go'shti (lorne kolbasa), qovurilgan yoki panjara bilan pishirilgan, tez-tez rulonda xizmat qiladi.
• A to'liq Shotlandiya nonushta "to'liq inglizcha" yoki "to'liq uelscha" ga o'xshaydi, (odatda) cho'chqa go'shti yormasi, bog'ich yoki to'rtburchak kolbasa, bir bo'lak qora puding (qonli kolbasa turi), tuxum yoki ikkitasi, pishirilgan loviya pomidor sousi, sote qilingan qo'ziqorin va pomidor, tushdi va kartoshkadan tayyorlangan pankek turi bo'lgan tattie scone. Ba'zida oq puding (cho'chqa go'shti va yog'ining qo'pol kolbasasi, yormalar, ammo qon yo'q) qora puding bilan almashtiriladi. Ko'pchilik kundalik iste'mol qiladigan narsa emas, balki avvalgi tunda biroz qattiqroq borganingizda yoki qishloqda bir kunlik dam olish uchun yonilg'i quyishingiz kerak bo'lsa, bu joyni uradi.
• Skotchli pirog juda sevilgan mahalliy noziklik. Dastlab tarkibida qo'y go'shti bo'lgan, ammo hozirda odatda aniqlanmaydigan go'sht bilan tayyorlanadi. Yaxshilari chindan ham yaxshi - ozgina ziravorlangan va yog'li emas. Mahalliy nonvoyxonadan birini sinab ko'ring. A kelin biroz o'xshash, ammo shakli xamirga o'xshaydi va ba'zida piyoz ham bor. Hamma joyda Shotlandiya tuxum yana bir ko'p yillik qo'rqinchli favorit, bu asosan kolbasa go'shti bilan maydalangan pishirilgan tuxum.
• Skotch planshet yana bir mahalliy noziklik. U fudga juda o'xshaydi - lekin u biroz vaqtgacha kaltaklanganligi sababli mo'rt bo'ladi! Siz rejalashtirayotgan har qanday sovuq sayr uchun juda yaxshi.

• The chuqur qovurilgan Mars bar, ko'pchilik tomonidan shahar afsonasi sifatida qabul qilingan, qiladi Shotlandiyada mavjud. NHS tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, Shotlandiyadagi fastfud qo'shimchalari va baliq va chiplar sotiladigan do'konlarning taxminan 22 foizi ushbu buyumni, asosan, maktab o'quvchilari va yosh kattalarga, taxminan 60 pensda sotadi. Shunga qaramay, siz ulardan birini qovurayotgan idishga solishni so'rashingiz kerak bo'ladi. O'zlarini nihoyatda boy va nosog'lom his qilishlariga qaramay, ular juda mazali. Sizning eng yaxshi pul tikishingiz - do'stingiz bilan baham ko'rish. Chippi kirib keldi Stonehaven bu "noziklik" ning tug'ilgan joyi deb da'vo qilmoqda. Arteriyani tiqilib qoladigan yana bir xil davolash usuli bu qovurilgan pizza. Oxirgi "plastinka ustiga yurak xuruji" bo'lishi kerak fribab, qovurilgan kabob buni Glazgoning ba'zi aqldan ozgan qismlarida qilish mumkin. Darhaqiqat, Shotlandiyalik chippi har qanday narsani, shu jumladan xaggilarni ham qattiq qovuradi.
• The mayin quti Ehtimol, kechqurun Shotlandiya oshxonasi oshxonasi. To'liq tarkibi turlicha, chunki ularni chip do'konlaridan, shuningdek, Yaqin Sharq, Hindiston va Xitoy joylaridan har xil tarzda olishingiz mumkin, ammo bu turli xil fastfud klassikalari, masalan. yassi pizza qutisiga tashlangan kabob go'shti, qovurilgan tovuq go'shti, pakora, chiplar va boshqalar. Ba'zan unga salat qo'shiladi, bilasizmi, uni sog'lom qilish uchun. Hech kim hushyor holda munchy qutini sotib olganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum.
• Ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan navlari pishloq Buyuk Britaniyaning qolgan qismiga o'xshash, garchi ba'zilari Shotlandiyada ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa ham. Kichkina mutaxassis pishloqlarni izlashga arziydi. Dunlop Cheddarga o'xshaydi va Ayrshirdagi qishloq nomi bilan atalgan. Krodi vannalarda sotiladigan yumshoq tvorog. Caboc odatda kichkina log hosil qilish uchun jo'xori uni bilan o'ralgan yumshoq qaymoqli pishloq; farqlar qora qalampir yoki sarimsoq barglarida o'raladi. Mull Cheddar juda kuchli hunarmandlarning keddar pishloqidir Mull oroli. Pishloqni pishloq (yoki asal) uchun juda mos bo'lgan pechene, jo'xori ustiga tarqatishga harakat qiling.

Vejetaryen ovqatni siz o'ylagandek topish qiyin emas, chunki deyarli barcha restoran va kafelarda bir nechta vegetarian variantlari mavjud. Vegan ovqatni topish qiyinroq, ammo mumkin emas. Edinburgda, ayniqsa, juda ko'p sonli vegetarian va vegetarian restoranlari mavjud.

Ichish

Shotlandiya va ayniqsa, tog'li joylar Scotchning yuzlab brendlari bilan mashhur viski u ishlab chiqaradi ("e" yo'qligiga e'tibor bering). Mehmonga har bir qishloq o'ziga xos brendni ishlab chiqaradigandek tuyuladi, shuning uchun kimdir tog 'bo'ylab sayohatni "ichimliklar idishni orqali haydash" ga o'xshatdi! Shotlandiyada 100 ga yaqin viski zavodlari mavjud va ularning deyarli yarmi mehmonlarni kutib oladi. Ochilish kunlari va vaqtlari yozda haftaning etti kunigacha bo'lishi mumkin, ba'zan esa qishda yopiladi. Mahalliy aholiga bir zumda ko'ngil qo'yishning yaxshi usuli - bu skabka pivoxonaga buyurtma berish paytida, har doim "viski" yoki oddiygina "yarim" so'rang - va bufetchi nima demoqchi ekaningizni aniq bilib oladi, xuddi so'rash bilan bir xil tarzda. Irlandiyada "bir pint" sizga Ginnesga avtomatik ravishda xizmat ko'rsatilishini anglatadi. "Shotlandiya" so'rash yoki malt viskiga suvdan boshqa narsani qo'yish sizni darhol chet ellik deb biladi!

Publar odamlar bilan uchrashadigan va yaxshi vaqt o'tkazadigan joylar. Boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda, pablar juda jonli va yolg'iz sayohat qilayotganingizda odamlar bilan tanishish oson. Shotlandiyaliklarning aksariyati odatda iliq kutib olishadi, shuning uchun siz ular bilan uchrashgan bo'lsangiz ham, ular sizga ichimlik sotib olishlari g'ayriodatiy emas.

The qonuniy ichish yoshi 18 yoshga to'lgan va ko'plab pablar va klublar tasodifan 25 yoshdan kichikroq ko'rinadigan har bir kishining shaxsiy guvohnomasini so'rashadi. 18 yoshgacha bo'lganlar uchun spirtli ichimliklar sotib olganlar uchun jarimalar katta miqdordagi jarimani o'z ichiga olishi mumkin va haydovchilar uchun jazo og'ir. Ichkilikka oid qonunlar, bir stakan sharobni o'n olti yoshli bolaga, agar u ovqat bilan ta'minlangan bo'lsa va unga kamida 18 yoshga to'lgan kattalar hamrohlik qilsa, berilishi mumkinligi bilan biroz murakkablashadi.

Pivo, ayniqsa tog 'allari, pintlar bilan o'lchanadi. Bir pint yarim litrdan (568 ml) ko'proq. Shotlandiyaning mikro-pivo ishlab chiqaruvchilari juda yaxshi ishlaydilar, ehtimol "Real Ale uchun kampaniya" tufayli.

2018 yil 1-maydan boshlab Buyuk Britaniyaning spirtli ichimliklar uchun birligi uchun qonuniy minimal narxi 50p. Bu shuni anglatadiki, shisha yoki 500 ml lik pivo yoki sidrning minimal narxi taxminan 1,25 funt sterlingni tashkil etadi, kuchiga qarab, bir shisha sharob 5 funt sterlingga, 70kl shisha viski esa 14 funtga teng. Bu barlarda narxlarga ta'sir qilmaydi, ammo supermarketlarda eng arzon ichimliklar Angliyaga qaraganda qimmatroq.

Irn Bru, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Shotlandiyaning boshqa milliy ichimliklari (viskidan keyin) - bu juda mashhur, gazlangan, to'q sariq rangdagi alkogolsiz ichimliklar, u osib qo'yishning eng yaxshi davosi bo'lishi kerak: u kofeinga to'la va tangalarni tozalash uchun kislotali, ammo keyin kola ham mumkin. 2017 yilda Shotlandiya dunyodagi eng ko'p sotiladigan alkogolsiz ichimliklar boshqa hech qanday mahalliy alkogolsiz ichimliklar da'vo qila olmaydigan Coca-Cola bo'lmagan eng yaxshi mamlakat ekanligi haqida keng tarqalgan. Taxminlarga ko'ra u temir tirgaklardan qilingan. krem soda, Qizil Kola va Shakarelly (likyor suvi) xuddi shunday iste'mol qilinadi.

Hunarmandchilik yoki butik spirtli ichimliklar 2009 yildan beri gullab-yashnagan. Buyuk Britaniyada pivoni yoki sharobni o'zingiz tayyorlashingiz uzoq vaqtdan beri qonuniydir - va u odatiy ko'ngil ochar edi, ammo hozirgi kunda supermarket mahsulotlari juda arzon. Shaxsiy iste'mol uchun o'zingizning ruhingizni chalg'itish noqonuniy edi va qolaveradi, ammo siz tijorat spirtli ichimliklar zavodi tashkil etish uchun litsenziyaga ega bo'lasiz. Bu hali kamida 1800 litr hajmni anglatadi degan ma'noni anglatadi, ammo 2009 yilda sud ishi bu minimal darajani bekor qildi va mikro-distillash zavodlariga eshikni ochdi. Keyinchalik ular Buyuk Britaniyada paydo bo'ldi, ammo Shotlandiyada juda sezilarli. Ular odatda jin, kamdan kam aroq, kamdan-kam hollarda viski ishlab chiqaradilar, bu qo'shimcha qoidalarga ega va uni sotishdan bir necha yil oldin pishib yetishi kerak. Shunday qilib, siz ushbu yangi distillash zavodlaridan birining "hunarmandchilik" yoki "butik" giniga duch kelishingiz mumkin.

Uyqu

O'ziga xizmat ko'rsatish

Shotlandiyada o'z uylari bilan dam olish kunlari, kottejlarda yog'och lojalarda yoki shahar kvartiralarida ommalashgan. Hozir ko'plab kottejlar juda yuqori darajada jihozlangan.

Byudjet

Shotlandiyada juda ko'p Xostellar, ikkalasi ham Shotlandiya yoshlar pansionati assotsiatsiyasi (SYHA) va katta va rivojlanayotgan tarmoq Mustaqil yotoqxonalar. Ba'zi binolar juda ta'sirli. SYHA an'anaviy ravishda mehmonlarni uy ishlarini bajarish va spirtli ichimliklarni taqiqlashni o'z ichiga olgan. Mustaqil yotoqxonalarning yangi zoti bu tushunchalardan voz kechib, SYHA ning o'z munosabatini yumshatishiga olib keldi.

Lager Shotlandiya bo'ylab sayohat qilishning yana bir arzon usuli, garchi ob-havoning kutilmagan ob-havosi ba'zi boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda unchalik yoqimli emas. Chekka joylarda lager joylari bir-biridan ancha uzoqlashishi mumkin, shuning uchun zamonaviy yo'riqnoma sotib oling va marshrutingizni rejalashtiring. Rezervasyon, odatda, eng yuqori mavsumdan tashqari zarur emas. Odatda, lager lageri qanchalik uzoq bo'lsa, shuncha yaxshi manzara va xarajat past bo'ladi. Ba'zi lager joylari faqat asosiy qulayliklar bilan ta'minlanishi mumkin. "Yovvoyi lager"taniqli lagerlar tashqarisidagi shaxsiy erlarda Shotlandiyada qonuniy huquqdir (lekin faqat yo'llardan va odamlar yashaydigan binolardan uzoqroqda): siz erning tiklanishiga imkon berish uchun emas, balki shu joyda ikki yoki uch kechadan keyin harakat qilishingiz kutilmoqda. Bir kecha yomg'irida tez shishib ketishi mumkin bo'lgan oqimning yonida hech qachon turmang, avgust va sentyabr oylarida mitinglar (tishlab oladigan mayda hasharotlar) bezovta qilishi mumkin: hasharotlar zararsiz, ammo nihoyatda g'azablantiradi, ayniqsa siz uxlamoqchi bo'lganingizda. har safar kirganingizda ham, chiqayotganingizda ham diniy ravishda chodir quring. Yaxshi xabar shundaki, midges ko'pchilik odamlar yurgandan ko'ra sekinroq uchadi va ular tutunni yoqtirmaydilar. Kimyoviy vositalar keng tarqalgan, ammo afsuski, ba'zi odamlar ularni samarasiz deb bilishadi.

Yotoq va nonushta turar joy, hatto chekka hududlarda ham keng tarqalgan bo'lib, juda yaxshi narxlarni topish mumkin. Ko'pchilik bularni mehmonxonadan ko'ra ko'proq samimiy va mehmondo'st deb biladi. Mahalliy turistik axborot markazlari sizga o'sha kecha uchun xona topishda yordam beradi va siz xona va to'liq Shotlandiyalik nonushta uchun bir kecha uchun bir kishiga 35 funt sterling to'lashni kutishingiz mumkin.

Agar yirik shaharlarga tashrif buyurgan bo'lsangiz, unda qolishga harakat qiling Falkirk yoki Polmont. Ikkalasi ham mehmonxonalarga qaraganda ancha arzon Glazgo va Edinburg, va muntazam poezd qatnovlarida ikkalasidan atigi 1/2 soat uzoqlikda.

The Premier Inn va Travelodge Shotlandiyadagi motel zanjirlari keng tarqalgan bo'lib, ikki kishilik xonalar narxi 55 funt sterlingni tashkil qiladi. Shaharlarda bu mehmonxonadan arzonroq bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, ayniqsa oldindan buyurtma qilish imkoniga ega bo'lsangiz.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Tabiiy xavf

Shotlandiyaning ob-havosi juda o'zgaruvchan, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda ekstremal. Mamlakatning shimoliy va g'arbiy tog'li mintaqalarida ob-havo yozda ham tez va tez-tez o'zgarib turishi mumkin. Yorqin tongda boshlangan narsa juda nam, juda shamolli va juda sovuq tushdan keyin tugashi mumkin. Yilning qaysi faslida bo'lmasin, qo'shimcha issiq va suv o'tkazmaydigan kiyimlarni qadoqlash maqsadga muvofiqdir.

Haydash

Buyuk Britaniyaning qolgan qismi singari, avtomobillar ham yo'lning chap tomonida harakatlanishadi. Shahar joylarda ko'plab yo'l tutashuvlari svetoforlardan farqli o'laroq, aylanma yo'llar bilan boshqariladi. Qishloq joylarda yo'llar tor bo'lishi mumkin, o'ta burilishli va yo'l belgilari juda kam uchraydi. Ba'zi bir yo'lli yo'llarda transport vositalarining bir-biridan o'tishiga imkon beradigan "O'tish joylari" mavjud. O'tish joylari odatda olmos shaklidagi oq belgi bilan "o'tish joyi" yozuvi bilan belgilanadi. Belgilar transport vositalarining haydovchilariga yaqinlashayotgan transport vositalarining o'tishiga ruxsat berish uchun (yoki yo'lning qarama-qarshi tomonida bo'lsa, uning qarshisida) to'xtash joyiga o'tib ketishlari kerakligini eslatadi va aksariyat haydovchilar majbur qilishadi. Ushbu yo'llarda aql-idrokingizdan foydalaning va boshqa haydovchini to'xtatib qo'ysangiz yoki sizni o'tkazib yubormoqchi bo'lsangiz, ularni xushmuomalalik bilan tan olish muloyim. Quyidagi transport vositalarini bosib o'tishlari uchun Passing Places-dan foydalaning - bu yo'llarni yaxshi biladigan mahalliy aholi buni juda qadrlaydi. Bundan tashqari, ko'plab avtoulovchilar ba'zan yo'lni adashgan qo'ylar va vaqti-vaqti bilan qoramollar bilan bo'lishishlari kerak bo'ladi, shuning uchun qo'shimcha hushyorlik talab etiladi. Ushbu yo'llar Shotlandiyaning eng ajoyib joylaridan o'tadi va manzara hayratlanarli bo'lishi mumkin, ulardan foydalanishda qo'shimcha e'tibor va kontsentratsiya talab etiladi.

Shotlandiyadagi hokimiyat tomonidan spirtli ichimliklarni haydashga yo'l qo'yilmaydi va agar siz o'zingizni politsiya e'tiborini talab qiladigan har qanday yo'l-transport hodisasiga aloqador deb bilsangiz, nafas olasiz. Agar qo'lga olinib, sudlangan bo'lsa, haydovchilikni taqiqlash va / yoki qamoqqa olish odatda amal qiladi.

Jinoyatchilik va xavfsizlik

Har qanday favqulodda vaziyatda 999 yoki 112 raqamlariga qo'ng'iroq qiling (iloji bo'lsa, shahar telefonidan) va ulanganda tez yordam, o't o'chirish, politsiya, qirg'oq qo'riqchisi yoki tog'dan qutqarishni so'rang.

Shotlandiya odatda tashrif buyuradigan juda xavfsiz mamlakatdir. Angliya va Uels singari, shahar ichkarisida zo'ravonlik jinoyati muammo bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo ularning aksariyati bezorilar, qurolsiz to'dalar orasida uchraydi va sayyohlarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik jinoyati kam uchraydi. O'g'rilik va cho'ntak kabi mayda jinoyatlar ko'plab boshqa Evropa mamlakatlariga qaraganda pastroq, ammo har doim hushyorlik talab etiladi, ayniqsa odamlar ko'p bo'lgan joylarda. Har bir shaharda va qishloqda jinoyatchilik darajasi juda farq qiladi. Kechasi pablar va tungi klublarga ehtiyotkorlik bilan murojaat qilishingiz kerak, ayniqsa, ichimlik zo'ravonligi yuz berganda, yopilish vaqtida, eng yaxshi narsa aqlni ishlatish va har qanday janjaldan qochishdir. Xuddi shu maslahat jamoat transportida - ayniqsa avtobuslarda - qorong'i tushgandan keyin ham qo'llaniladi.

Soat 21:00 dan keyin Edinburg yoki Glazgoga yoki undan ketayotgan poezdlar bo'ylab ketayotgan konduktorlarni yoki chipta tekshiruvchilarni ko'rish odatiy hol emas - agar ularni poezd yo'lovchilar zonasida topib bo'lmaydigan bo'lsa, ular orqa tomonda joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin orqa haydash kabinasida poezd. Agar o'zingizga ishonchsizlik sezsangiz yoki poezdda muammo yuzaga kelsa - agar sizda muammolar bo'lsa, poezdning orqa tomoniga yaqin joyda o'tiring yoki eshikni taqillating. Ba'zi bir poezdlarni haydovchi to'liq boshqaradi. Ushbu poezdlarning aksariyatida chiptalarni tekshiruvchilar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ularsiz ham harakat qilishlari mumkin. Shunga qaramay, tunda kechqurun ularni poezdning orqa kabinasida o'zlarining "xavfsiz joylarida" topish ehtimoli ko'proq. Muammo bo'lsa, oddiy taqillatish ularning e'tiborini jalb qilishi kerak. Agar bortda xodimlar bo'lmasa va siz baxtsiz bo'lsangiz, yo'lovchilar ko'p bo'lgan joyda o'tirishga harakat qiling. Britaniya transport politsiyasining raqami - 0800 40 50 40, shoshilinch qo'ng'iroq paytida - 999. Agar shoshilinch e'tibor talab etadigan hodisa yuz bersa, shoshilinch signalizatsiya signalini ishlating - bu poyezdni to'xtatadi - shuning uchun poezd harakati xavfsizligingizga tahdid solmasa, signalni stantsiya to'xtash joyida boshqarish yaxshi bo'ladi.

Sog'lom bo'ling

Tepalik yurish paytida siz doimo kompas, batafsil xaritalar, suv o'tkazmaydigan kiyim, mash'ala (chiroq) va yaxshi etiklarni olib yurishingiz kerak. Zaryadlangan uyali telefon qutqaruvchi bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ba'zi tog'li hududlarda uyali aloqa mavjud, ammo T-Mobile va Orange kabi tarmoqlar tog'larni yaxshi qamrab olmaydi - ammo har qanday telefon 999 yoki 112 raqamli qo'ng'iroqlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin. har qanday tarmoqda mavjud bo'lgan signal, shuning uchun signalsiz telefon, albatta, telefondan yaxshiroqdir. Tepaliklarda ob-havo to'satdan o'zgarishi mumkin, ko'rish imkoniyati atigi bir necha metrga tushadi. Agar kimdir tog 'yurish bilan birovga qaerga ketayotganingizni va qachon qaytib kelishingizni kutayotganingizni aytsa. Dan ko'proq maslahat olish mumkin Shotlandiyaning alpinizm kengashi The Tog 'ob-havo ma'lumoti xizmati (MWIS) tog'li hududlar uchun ob-havo ma'lumotlarini batafsil taqdim etadi.

O'rtachalardan ehtiyot bo'ling! Ushbu kichik tishlaydigan uchuvchi hasharotlar (tashqi ko'rinishiga ko'ra kichkina chivinlarga o'xshash) nam joylarda, xususan G'arbiy Shotlandiyada maydan sentyabrgacha keng tarqalgan. Tishlash qichishi mumkin, ammo kasallik yuqtirmaydi. Midges to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quyosh nurlari ostida uchib ketishga moyil emas yoki shamol bo'lsa, eng yomon paytlar tong va shom tushganda, suvsiz yoki nam joylar yaqinida bo'ladi. Erkaklar ko'pincha urg'ochilarga qaraganda ko'proq tishlashadi. Hasharotlarga qarshi kuchli spreyi iste'mol qilish tavsiya etiladi yoki agar ochiq havoda bir oz vaqt bo'lsa, yuzni to'rini ko'rib chiqing.

Shotlandiyadagi musluk suvi, ba'zida qattiq xlorlangan bo'lsa, ichish xavfsizdir. Ba'zi bir uzoq yoki shimoliy hududlarda suvni ishlatishdan oldin musluğun bir necha soniya davomida ishlagani ma'qul, chunki u engil jigarrang rangga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Bu ta'minotdagi tuproq yoki torf izlari bilan bog'liq va xavfli narsa yo'q. Odatda Shotlandiyaga shimoldan borgan sayin, suvning ta'mi shunchalik yaxshi bo'ladi!

Hurmat

Shotlandiyaliklarni "britaniyaliklar" dan farqli o'laroq "shotlandlar" yoki "shotlandlar" deb atash hurmatga sazovor deb hisoblanadi, chunki odatda o'zlarini inglizlarga qaraganda ko'proq Shotlandiya his qiladi. Oxirgi muddat biroz bezovtalanishga olib kelishi mumkin. Ba'zi Shotlandiyaliklar "Jok" so'zidan yoki Shotland tilidan farqli o'laroq "Shotland" deb nomlanishidan xafa bo'lishlari mumkin.

Shotlandiyaliklar ko'pincha "inglizlarga qarshi" degan stereotipga ega; ushbu stereotipni davom ettirishga bo'lgan hurmatsizlik sifatida qaralishi mumkin. Aslida, ko'plab Shotlandiyaliklar yo'lni tanqid qilishadi Birlashgan Qirollik boshqariladi va alohida odamlarga qarshi emas Angliya. Shotlandiyaliklarning aksariyati hanuzgacha o'zlarini alohida millat tuyg'usiga ega deb ajratish muhim deb hisoblashadi.

Shotlandiya tili turli xil ingliz tili bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi, degan munozaralar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ko'pchilik Shotlandiya mag'rurlik bilan uni o'ziga xos til deb bilishadi va agar siz boshqacha yo'l tutsangiz xafa bo'lishlari mumkin.

Masalalari Shotlandiya millatchiligi va Shotlandiya mustaqilligi Albatta, bu juda ko'p bahs-munozaralar va dunyoning boshqa joylarida bo'lgani kabi, bu kabi harakatlar sezgir va bo'linishlarga yaqin joyda emas ekan, eng yaxshisi ikkala tomonning pozitsiyasini egallamaslik kerak. Garchi 2014 yilda o'tkazilgan mustaqillik referendumida aksariyat odamlar Birlashgan Qirollikda qolish uchun ovoz bergan bo'lsalar-da, mustaqillik uchun ovoz bergan ko'plab odamlar hanuzgacha o'z maqsadlariga sodiq qolmoqdalar va Shotlandiyaning mustaqil mamlakat sifatida ishlash qobiliyatidan shubhalansangiz, xafa bo'lishlari mumkin.

Turli futbol klublari o'rtasidagi raqobat ancha nozik masaladir. Uchrashuv kunlari futbol klublarining ranglari va futbolkalarini kiyish yomon fikr, chunki bu noto'g'ri joyda kiyinish huquqbuzarlik yoki zo'ravonlikka olib kelishi mumkin. Bu asosan Glasgowning "Old Firma" (Seltik va Reynjers) derbisi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, u erda hali ham mazhablararo ziddiyatlar mavjud (Seltiklar yashil va oq rangda, Reynjerslar ko'k va oq rangda, ammo to'q sariq rang ham ko'pincha ular bilan bog'liq). Angliya va Shotlandiya terma jamoalari o'rtasidagi raqobat tufayli siz ham Angliya terma jamoasi formasini kiyishdan saqlaning, chunki tarixda zo'ravonlik hodisalari bo'lgan.

An'anaviy liboslarning ayrim qismlarini masxara qilish yoki noto'g'ri ism qo'yish - bu haqorat. "Yubka" a deb nomlanadi kilt. Old tomondan "hamyon" (odatda kiyik terisi, charm va to'r pardalari zanjirga osilgan) sporran. Yuqorida qizil pom-pom bo'lgan shapka a deb nomlanadi glengarry. Kilt kiygan holda paypoqda sgian-dubh (kichik pichoq) olib yurish odatiy holdir. Bundan xavotir olmang, chunki ular asosan estetika uchun (garchi o'tmishda pichoq uchun to'g'ri ishlatilgan bo'lsa ham) va odatda sust. Shotlandiyaliklar juda kam sonli kunlik kilts kiyishadi, lekin ular rasmiy va / yoki tantanalarda, masalan, to'ylar, tog'li o'yinlar va an'anaviy raqslarda keng tarqalgan.

Garchi bu odatiy holga aylanib borayotgan bo'lsa-da, vaqti-vaqti bilan AQShda Ku-Kluks-Klan bilan bog'liq bo'lgan milliy ramz sifatida ishlatiladigan yonib turgan xochni ko'rishingiz mumkin. Aslida bu Shotlandiyada tarixiy ildizlarga ega (odam tog'li hududda yonib turgan xoch bilan yurar edi) agar Shotlandiya bosib olinsa, armiyani to'plash) - bu erda KKK g'oyasini olgan. Shotlandiyaliklarning aksariyati o'zining xalqaro obro'sidan xabardor bo'lsa-da, bu shunchaki zararsiz vatanparvarlik qiyofasi va irqiy nafrat yoki zo'ravonlik mazmuniga ega emas.

Presviterian Shotlandiya cherkovi bu Angliya va Uelsning rasmiy dini bo'lgan anglikanizmdan farqli o'laroq Shotlandiyadagi milliy cherkovdir. That said, modern Scotland is a largely secular society, and only a minority of Scots attend church regularly, though the religious background of someone's family often has an influence on the sports teams they support. Most Scots take a live and let live approach towards religion, and as long as you do likewise, you should generally not run into any problems regardless of what religion you choose to practise. Many of the Hebrides and a few pockets of the Highlands lean heavily toward the Free Church of Scotland, with its austere and strict version of Presbyterianism. Its adherents won't try to impose their religion on you, but you should expect many businesses in these areas to be closed on Sunday. You may hear some Scots refer to them as the "Wee Frees" but you shouldn't repeat that as it's often considered pejorative.

Ulanmoq

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