Qirg'iziston - Kyrgyzstan

Qirg'iziston (Qirg'iziston), rasmiy ravishda Qirg'iziston Respublikasi (Qirg'iziston Respublikasi), a Markaziy Osiyo ajoyib tabiiy go'zallik va g'ururli ko'chmanchi urf-odatlar mamlakati. Ilova qilingan Rossiya 1876 ​​yilda Sovet Ittifoqidan mustaqillikka 1991 yilda erishgan. Markaziy Osiyoda eng liberal sayyohlik vizasi siyosati va mintaqadagi postsovet hukumatlaridan biri. Dengizga chiqish imkoniyati yo'q va tog'li, bu Markaziy Osiyo Shveytsariyasi deb nomlanadi.

Mintaqalar

Qirg'iziston viloyatlari

Shaharlar

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Qirg'iziston xaritasi

• 42.86666666666774.5666666666671 Bishkek - go'zal va qiziqarli mamlakat poytaxti va kosmopolit markazi.

• 41.33333333333372.9333333333332 Arslonbob - Mahalliy ziyoratchilar orasida mashhur bo'lgan va o'zining go'zal yong'oq daraxtlari o'rmoni bilan mashhur bo'lgan Islomiy qishloq.
• 42.46666666666776.1833333333333 Baliqchi - kirish eshigi Issiqko'l ko'l G'arbiy qirg'oqdagi kichik, o'lib ketadigan sanoat markazi va sobiq baliqchilar shahri, Bishkekdan go'zal yo'lovchi Chuy vodiysi orqali poyezd qatnovi bilan.
• 40.937572.986111114 Jalolobod - Farg'ona vodiysidagi shaharchani ziyorat qilish uchun yaxshi garov, chunki u O'shga yoki janubi-g'arbiy yo'nalishlarga qaraganda ancha xavfsiz va osonroq.
• 42.578.3833333333335 Qorako'l - Issiqko'lning marvaridlaridan biri bu dastlab slavyan aholi punkti bo'lib, u erda juda ko'p sayr, ochiq havo va sport turlari mavjud, shu jumladan Oltin Arashan issiq buloqlar, Qorako'l kanyoniva chiroyli Ala Kul muzli ko'l.
• 42.2375.756 Qo'chqor - Sovet ittifoqining turli xil tuzilmalarini o'z ichiga olgan bog'i va mahalliy hayvonot bozori, shuningdek Song Kul uchun kirish joyi va Tyan-Shan tog'lariga sayr qilish uchun maydonchasi bo'lgan kichik qishloq.
• 41.433333333333767 Norin - Tyan-Shan shahridagi ko'l yaqinidagi shahar Song Kul, butun janubi-sharqiy mintaqaning eshigi, uning xarobalari, tog'lari va baland tog 'ko'llari.
• 40.53333333333372.7833333333338 Osh - Qirg'izistonning ikkinchi eng katta shahri, 3000 yil yoshga to'lgan, juda xilma-xil bo'lgan, Farg'ona vodiysida Markaziy Osiyoning eng katta va eng gavjum tashqi bozori joylashgan shahar.
• 42.51666666666772.2333333333339 Talas - mashhur bo'lgan zamonaviy shaharcha Manar Ordo yaqinda, Besh-Tosh milliy bog'ining shimolida ziyoratgohlar majmuasi.

Boshqa yo'nalishlar

• Issiqko'l - O'rta Osiyoning ko'l va marvaridi, Tyan-Shan tog'larida ko'tarilgan ulkan, billur moviy baland alp ko'li.
• Song Kul - Issiqko'lning amakivachchasi, ancha olisda va ko'pchilik ham go'zalroq deyishadi.
• Kol'ukok - Kochkordan 20 km uzoqlikda joylashgan chiroyli tog 'ko'l.
• Tash Rabat - yaqin atrofda saqlanib qolgan 15-asr tosh karvonsaroyi Norin va ko'rish kerak.
• Sariy-Chelek qo'riqxonasi - Qirg'izistonning go'zal ko'llari, ajoyib sayohati, turli xil o'simlik va hayvonot dunyosi, go'zal tog'lari va boshqa ko'p narsalar bilan diqqatga sazovor joylaridan biri.
• Burana minorasi - Qadimgi Ipak Yo'lining poytaxti Balasagunning qolgan qismi, zinapoyada yakka turgan ulkan minora.
• Ala Archa milliy bog'i - Tian-Shanning baland tog 'landshaftlari, Bishkekka, piyoda yurishga va chang'iga osonlikcha etib boradigan masofa.
• Suusamir vodiysi - Yurtlari, chiroyli ranglari va atrofini ta'sirli tog'lar bilan bezatgan vodiy.

Tushuning

Poytaxt	Bishkek
Valyuta	Qirg‘iziston so‘mi (so‘m)
Aholisi	6,2 million (2017)
Elektr	220 volt / 50 gerts (Europlug, Schuko)
Mamlakat kodi	996
Vaqt zonasi	UTC 06:00
Favqulodda vaziyatlar	101 (o't o'chirish bo'limi), 102 (politsiya), 103 (shoshilinch tibbiy xizmat), 996-161
Haydash tomoni	to'g'ri
Wikidata-da tahrirlash

Tarix

Qadimgi tosh haykallar (bal-bal) Burana minorasidan tashqarida

Qadimgi skiflar hozirgi Qirg'izistonning ko'p qismida yashagan. Yo'qolishi bilan qirg'iz xalqi Sibirdan ko'chib o'tdi. Qirg'izlar - qabilalarning avlodlari Tuvaliklar viloyati RossiyaMo'g'ullar imperiyasi davrida 13-asrda Qirg'iziston nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan hududga ko'chib o'tgan.

1876 ​​yilda Qo'qon xonligi yo'q qilinishi bilan hozirgi Qirg'iziston hududi Rossiya imperiyasining tarkibiga kiritildi. Mintaqaning mahalliy aholisi ruslarga (va ular orqali G'arbliklarga) "Qora Qirg'izlar" nomi bilan ma'lum bo'lgan, "Qirg'izlar" nomi hozirgi kunda qozoqlar deb ataladigan odamlarga nisbatan ishlatilgan. Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida Xitoyning shimoli-g'arbida Tsing hukmronligiga qarshi keng tarqalgan musulmonlar qo'zg'oloni barbod bo'ldi va bir qator uyg'urlar va dunganlar (Xitoy musulmonlari) Rossiya imperiyasiga qochib, hozirgi Qirg'iziston va Qozog'iston hududlarida yangi uylar topdilar.

Podshoh qo'shilishi bilan ko'plab qirg'izlarni ko'chirgan va yaylovlarida ekin ekkan ko'plab slavyan muhojirlari paydo bo'ldi. Birinchi jahon urushi davrida ko'p qirg'izlar podshoh qo'shinlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdilar va ko'pchilik qirg'in qilindi.

Sovet Ittifoqi tashkil etilgandan so'ng Rossiya Sovet Federativ Respublikasi tarkibida Qirg'iziston Avtonom Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi tashkil etildi. Ilgari Pishkek nomi bilan tanilgan kichik shahar respublika poytaxti sifatida tanlangan va Qizil Armiya qo'mondoni sharafiga Frunze nomi o'zgartirilgan. (Bu ismni aytish oson bo'lmagan, chunki mahalliy qirg'iz so'zlarida "f" tovushi yo'q)

Ikki yildan so'ng (1926) Sovetlar o'zlarining etnik guruhlari nomlarini saralashga urinishdi: Qirg'iziston Respublikasi Qirg'iziston Respublikasiga aylandi (va hozirgi Qirg'iziston Respublikasi Qozog'iston Respublikasiga aylandi). 1936 yilda Qirg'iziston Respublikasi Rossiya respublikasidan ajralib chiqdi va Qirg'iziston SSR sifatida SSSRga a'zo davlatlardan biriga aylandi.

Lenin hech qachon Qirg'izistonga tashrif buyurmagan bo'lsa-da, Sovet Ittifoqi davridagi Frunze Lenin muzeyiga ega edi, uning eksponatlari orasida mahalliy ishlab chiqariladigan Lenin gilamchasi bo'lgan. Bu endi Qirg'iziston Milliy muzeyi

Qirg'iziston sanoatlashuvni qabul qilib, fabrikalar, konlar va universitetlarni olib kelganida keskin o'zgardi. Qirg'iz tilini yozma shaklga tushirish uchun lotin va keyinchalik kirill yozuvlariga asoslangan alifbo ishlab chiqildi; majburiy maktab ta'limi joriy qilindi va mashhur "Manas" eposi yozilib kitob shaklida nashr qilindi.

Sovet Ittifoqining Qirg'izistonga ta'siri kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi va Sovetgacha bo'lgan ko'plab urf-odatlar va madaniyatlar yo'qoldi va mustaqillikka erishgandan keyin qayta kashf etildi. Bundan tashqari, Qirg'izistonga etnik ozchiliklar, jumladan nemislar, kurdlar, chechenlar, polyaklar va yahudiylar deportatsiya qilindi. Populyatsiyalarning bu xilma-xilligi Qirg'izistonni Osiyodagi etnik jihatdan eng xilma-xil populyatsiyalardan biriga aylantiradi.

1991 yil 31 avgustda Sovet Ittifoqining turli mintaqalaridagi notinchlikdan so'ng Moskvada Mixail Gorbachyov rejimiga qarshi to'ntarish amalga oshmadi. Markaziy hukumatga qarshi bu harakat Qirg'iziston kuch tuzilishini Sovet Ittifoqidan mustaqilligini e'lon qilishga undadi. Shu vaqt ichida Asqar Akayev ismli fizik Markaziy Osiyoda mahalliy kommunistik partiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan yagona Qirg'iziston prezidenti etib saylandi.

Mustaqilligini tasdiqlash uchun yangi mamlakat o'z ismining rus va ingliz tillarida yozilishini o'zgartirdi ("Kirghizstan Kirgizstan" yoki "Kirghizia Kirgiziya" dan "Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan" "ga o'zgartirdi va qirg'iz imlosiga ko'proq mos keldi) va qaytdi (tartiblash ning) poytaxtning mahalliy nomi (garchi u endi Pishpekka emas, balki Bishkekka aylangan bo'lsa ham).

Prezident Akayevga kelsak, partiyasiz a'zolik halollikni kafolatlamasligi aniq bo'ldi. Ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning oppozitsiyasini bostirish orqali hokimiyat kuchaydi va Prezident o'zi va oilasi uchun ta'qib qilinmaslik daxlsizligini ta'minladi. Bir necha yillik shubhali saylovlardan so'ng, 2005 yil mart oyida mamlakat bo'ylab namoyishchilarning katta guruhlari poytaxtda to'planib, Oqayevning Rossiyaga surgun qilinishiga sabab bo'ldi.

Lolalar inqilobining etakchisi Qurmanbek Bakiev vaqtinchalik hukumat tuzdi va shu iyul oyiga qadar favqulodda saylovlar o'tkazilguniga qadar prezident va bosh vazir bo'lib ishladi. Bakiev Prezident lavozimiga nomzodini qo'ydi va g'olib bo'ldi, ammo besh oy o'tgach, uning kabinetida parlament ma'qullashiga erisha olmadi. Konstitutsiyani hal qilishga qaratilgan bir necha bor urinishlardan so'ng, Bakiev 2007 yilda konstitutsiyaning barcha oldingi versiyalari noqonuniy ekanligini e'lon qildi va Akayev davridan o'zgartirilgan konstitutsiyani yaratdi. Keyin u parlamentni tarqatib yubordi va parlament tuzilishini isloh qilish uchun muddatidan oldin saylov o'tkazishga chaqirdi. Prezidentning partiyasi ko'pchilikni tashkil etdi va AQSh Davlat departamenti saylovlarning o'tkazilishidan chuqur xavotir bildirdi, bir nechta masalalarni, shu jumladan, ovozlarni sanab chiqishda keng tarqalgan qonunbuzarliklar va saylovchilarning faolligini oshirib yuborishni. Bugungi kunda Qirg'iziston duch kelayotgan ba'zi muammolar Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo'stligi bo'ylab universaldir, ya'ni siyosiy erkinlikning yo'qligi, keng tarqalgan korruptsiya va demokratiyaga salbiy ta'sir.

Iqlim

Kosh Köl yaqinidagi Issiqko'lning qirg'og'ida

Iqlim mintaqaviy jihatdan farq qiladi. Janubi-g'arbiy Farg'ona vodiysi subtropik va yozda nihoyatda issiq, harorati 40 ° C (104 ° F) ga etadi. Shimoliy tog 'etaklari mo''tadil va Tyan-Shan balandlikka qarab quruq kontinentaldan qutbli iqlimgacha o'zgarib turadi. Eng sovuq hududlarda qishda 40 kun davomida harorat noldan past bo'ladi va hatto ba'zi cho'l hududlarida bu davrda doimiy qor yog'adi. Qirg'izistonning shimoliga tashrif buyurish uchun eng yaxshi vaqt iyun-sentyabr oylariga to'g'ri keladi, ammo Bishkek kabi tog 'oldi shaharlari juda issiq (35 ° S gacha). Past tog'li hududlarda sayr qilish uchun eng chiroyli - aprel va iyun oylari oralig'ida, tog 'yon bag'irlari gullab-yashnayotgan gullar bilan to'lib toshgan. Mart-oktyabr oylari Qirg'iziston janubi uchun juda mos keladi. Oktyabr oyidan boshlab baland tog 'dovonlari yopilishi mumkin.

Landshaft

Tyan-Shan tizmasi hukmron bo'lgan butunlay tog'li; ko'plab baland cho'qqilar, muzliklar va baland ko'llar. Eng yuqori nuqta: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7439 m. Tog'lar sayr qilish uchun juda yaxshi.

Madaniyat

Qirg'izistonda etnik guruhlar va an'anaviy madaniyatlar keng tarqalgan bo'lib, qirg'izlar ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi. O'zining milliy bayrog'ida 40 nurli quyosh ramzi bo'lgan 40 nurni ifodalovchi 40 klan mavjud deb hisoblanadi. An'anaviy she'r - bu eposning eponim qahramonining nomi bo'lgan "Manas" eposidir va 500000 misradan iborat.

Chiqinglar

To'q ko'k yoki yashil rangdagi mamlakatlar vizasiz sayohatga ega, och ko'k rangdagi mamlakatlar esa vizaga ega bo'lgan Qirg'iziston uchun viza talablarini ko'rsatadigan xaritada.

Qirg'izistonga Qozog'istondan Bishkekning shimolidagi Korday chegara o'tish punktida kirish

Gonkong, Makao va Tayvan kabi barcha mamlakatlar fuqarolari Qirg'iziston Respublikasi eVisa tizimi orqali onlayn ravishda 30 yoki 90 kunlik sayyohlik, biznes va guruhli viza turlariga murojaat etishlari mumkin.[1] Evisa egalari Manas xalqaro aeroporti, O'sh xalqaro aeroporti va Qirg'iziston-Qozog'iston chegarasidagi "Ak-jol" nazorat-o'tkazish punkti orqali kelishlari kerak.

45 mamlakat fuqarolari: [2]^{[o'lik havola]} Qirg'izistonga 60 kun davomida vizasiz kirishi mumkin. Boshqa 20 mamlakat fuqarolari vizani Bishkekdagi Manas aeroportidan olishlari mumkin: [3]^{[o'lik havola]}

Samolyotda

Qirg'iziston uchun asosiy markaz bu Bishkekdagi Manas aeroporti (FRU ^IATA), ammo O'sh aeroporti (OSS ^IATA) ajoyib parvoz takliflari bilan tobora yaxshi bog'lanib bormoqda. Ikkala aeroportda ham Istanbul va Moskvadagi xalqaro markazlarga doimiy xizmat ko'rsatiladi. Bundan tashqari, haftada bir necha marotaba Toshkent, Urumchidagi mintaqaviy markazlarga va Dubayga haftalik xizmat ko'rsatiladi. Chegaraga yaqin boshqa yo'nalishlar kiradi Olmaota Qozog'istonda yoki Toshkent O'zbekistonda har biri 5 soatlik masofada joylashgan.

Eslatib o'tamiz, 2018 yildan boshlab Rossiyada samolyot o'zgarganda, Qirg'izistonga yoki undan qaytishda Rossiya tranzit vizasi zarur.

Poyezdda

Bishkek vokzalidagi butun shaharlararo poezdlar jadvali bitta ekranda joylashishi mumkin. (Qatnovchi poezdlar harakati jadvali ham qisqaroq)

Bishkekka poyezdlar Moskvadan va Rossiyaning boshqa stantsiyalaridan haftasiga bir necha marta jo'nab ketishadi (3714 km, sayohat 3 kundan ortiq davom etadi). Ushbu poezd g'arbiy Qozog'istondan o'tadi (Qozog'iston tranzit vizasi kerak bo'lganlar uchun talab qilinadi) va bu juda foydali, chunki siz uni olish uchun foydalanishingiz mumkin Turkiston yoki Orol. Tafsilotlarni poezda.net saytida topishingiz mumkin [4] yoki rzd.ru [5] (shuningdek, chiptalarni ikkinchisidan sotib olishingiz mumkin). Moskvadan uchib o'tish uchun uchinchi sinfda taxminan 150 evro turadi. Poyezdda ko'chma pechka yonilg'i qutilarini olib yurish taqiqlanadi.

Mashinada

Qirg'izistonda haydash G'arb me'yorlariga ko'ra xavfli. Biroq, hukumat bugungi kunda ko'plab g'arbiy davlatlarda magistral yo'llar bilan raqobatlashadigan magistral yo'llar tarmog'ini qayta tiklashga juda katta mablag 'sarfladi. Bishkekdan O'shga boradigan asosiy avtomagistral tog'li hudud orqali o'tadigan muhandislik mo''jizasidir. Bundan tashqari, O'shdan Xitoyning Irkeshtam bilan chegarasiga va Sari Tosh qishlog'idan Tojikiston chegarasigacha bo'lgan avtomagistral xalqaro standartlarga muvofiq bosqichma-bosqich rekonstruksiya qilinmoqda. Boshqa ko'plab avtomagistrallar ham moliyalashtirish uchun ruxsat sifatida qayta tiklanmoqda. Bundan tashqari, asosiy tarmoqqa ulanadigan texnik yo'llar mablag'lar mavjud bo'lganda yaxshilanmoqda. Xuddi shunday, texnik xizmat tajriba asosida xususiylashtirilmoqda. Respublikada haydash oson, degani emas. Ammo cheklangan iqtisodiy resurslarni hisobga olgan holda taraqqiyot amalga oshirilmoqda.

Shaharlarda va chekka joylarda mahalliy aholi yo'llarni to'kib tashlaydigan qopqoqlarini, quruq chang yo'llarini (suv tashuvchilar ba'zan changni ushlab turish uchun suv sepib yuboradigan) va umuman yomon saqlanib qolgan yo'llarni ishlatishga odatlanib qolishgan.

Agar sizni politsiya to'xtatib qo'ysa, bu sizga biroz pul sarf qilishi mumkin.

Qozog'istondan Olmaotadan Bishkekka boradigan yo'l eng gavjum. Kegendagi chegara orqali o'tish qiyinroq bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu chegarada tez-tez va aniq kontrabanda sodir bo'ladi va immigratsiya va chegarachilar kontrabandachilar bilan hamnafas ekanligi aniq. Bu erga viza olishning iloji yo'q, agar Qozog'istondan kelayotgan bo'lsangiz, Qirg'iziston chegarachilari bilan muammolar yuzaga kelganda Qozog'iston uchun ikki martalik yoki ko'p martalik vizangiz borligiga ishonch hosil qiling.

Mini avtobuslarni ham tortib olishga e'tibor bering.

Sayohat vaqti:

• Kimdan Qozog'iston Bishkekka - dan Olmaota 5 soat davom etadi va undan Taraz bu 5 soat davom etadi.
• Kimdan O'zbekiston Bishkekka yo'l Qozog'iston orqali o'tadi va 10 soatdan ko'proq vaqt davom etadi, janubdagi O'shga
• Kimdan Tojikiston dan O'shga yo'l Xudjant (Tojikiston) va orqali Botken (Qirg'iziston) O'shga. Yo'l haydash eng qiyin yo'llardan biri hisoblanadi. Asosiy yo'l o'zbek anklavlari orqali o'tadi, ammo anklavlar atrofida muqobil yo'l ham mavjud. Agar taksida o'tirsangiz, haydovchiga O'zbekistonning kichik qismini aylanib chiqishini eslatib qo'ying. Shuningdek, Xorug'dan O'shgacha yo'l bor.
• Xitoydan ikkita dovon bor - Irkeshtam O'shga va Torugart Noringa olib boradi.

Avtobusda

Kimdan Qozog'iston Bishkek va Olmaota o'rtasida tez-tez marshrutkalar mavjud (4-5 soat) - qarang Bishkek # kiring. Bundan tashqari, Qozog'istondagi Kegen bilan doimiy aloqalar mavjud Qorako'l. Kegen chegara punkti yoz oylarida ochiq (maydan sentyabrgacha) Qorako'l # kiring. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi ulanishlar mavjud Taraz.

Kimdan Xitoy O'sh va o'rtasida muntazam avtobus mavjud Qashqar (18 soat) - qarang Osh # kiring.

Kimdan Tojikiston O'sh va o'rtasida umumiy taksilar (jiplar) mavjud Murg'ab- qarang Osh # kiring.

Atrofga boring

Qadimgi qishloq qabristonidagi yodgorliklar musulmon yarim oyi va kommunistik yulduzlarni birlashtiradi

Avtobus yoki marshrutka bilan

Qo'ng'iroq qilingan mikroavtobuslar marshrutka, Qirg'izistonda asosan yuk avtoulovlari (Mercedes Sprinter kabi) derazalari va o'rindiqlari bo'lgan avtobuslarga aylantiriladi. Ular juda arzon va har bir qishloq markazida yoki avtovokzalda to'planishadi. Ular uchun narxlar aniq va sodda, ammo ba'zida ular to'lguncha tark etmaydilar. Biroq, bugungi kunda jadvallar o'tmishga qaraganda ancha ishonchli va kuchliroq bo'lib tuyulmoqda.

Har doim chipta oling kassa (iloji bo'lsa), bu erda siz qatnovchi mavsumdan, haydovchining kayfiyatidan yoki turist ekanligingizdan qat'iy nazar qat'iy va oldindan belgilangan narxni to'laysiz. Agar kassa bo'lmasa, ba'zi bir (jalb qilinmagan) mahalliy aholidan boradigan manzilingiz uchun narxni aniqlab berishni so'rang va haydovchiga to'lovni amalga oshirishda uning aniq miqdorini bering. Ko'pincha haydovchilar sizning sayyoh ekanligingizni ko'rib, narxni biroz oshirib yuborishadi. Ba'zan ular yuk uchun ortiqcha va boshqalarni aytishadi. Ularga ishonmang, oddiy narxni to'lab, ayting njet yoki jok. Shuningdek, har doim darhol o'zgarishingizni talab qiling. Ba'zan ular sizning to'g'ri narxni bilmasligingizga ishonib, sizning pulingizni olishadi yoki pulni so'rashni unutishingiz uchun, keyinroq pulni berishga harakat qilishadi. Qanday bo'lmasin, agar kassa bilan avtovokzaldan boshlamasangiz, har doim yo'l haqini haydovchiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bering va sizga "yordam" ko'rsatadigan vositachi bo'lmang.

Marshrutkalarni istalgan joyda kutib olish mumkin, ammo Bishkekda hamma kutib turadigan avtobus bekatiga yopishish mantiqan.

Ulanish uchun to'lovni amalga oshiring 2GIS ilova va veb-saytBu mos marshrutka yoki avtobus raqamini Bishkekda va butun Qirg'izistonda topish uchun juda yaxshi. Ushbu xizmatdan mahalliy aholi keng foydalaniladi.

Avtostop orqali

Hitch-yurish, odatda deyiladi avtomatik to'xtatish Qirg'izistonda bu mamlakatda sayohatning eng kam baholangan shakli hisoblanadi. Bu Qirg'izistonni ko'rishning eng samarali va haqiqiy usuli, mahalliy aholi va mehmonlar orasida bir xil darajada mashhur. Ko'pincha an'anaviy ravishda kiyingan ko'plab mahalliy aholini ko'rishingiz mumkin babushkalar qo'rquvsiz yurish. Mashinasida bo'sh joy bo'lgan deyarli har bir kishi sizni qabul qiladi, garchi siz g'arbiy mamlakatda hech qachon yig'ib olinmaydigan guruh bo'lsangiz ham, to'rtta yigit singari. Yuk mashinalari haydovchilari yordam berish uchun hatto o'zlarining mashinalariga besh kishini sig'dirishga harakat qilishadi. Bu qirg'iz xalqining buyuk munosabati va do'stona munosabatini ko'rsatadi. Shuningdek, u boshqa transport turlariga qaraganda tezroq va tejamli.

Evropadan yoki boshqa g'arbiy mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, Qirg'izistonda boshqacha va unchalik do'stona ma'noga ega bo'lgan bosh barmog'ini ushlab turmaydi. Buning o'rniga siz qo'lingizni to'g'rilab, taxminan 45 daraja burchak ostida 2 yoki 3 barmoq bilan yo'l tomon yo'nalasiz.

Ko'pincha kontseptsiya umumiy taksilar bilan birlashadi. Shunday qilib, tarif (agar kerak bo'lsa), odatda mintaqaga va marshrutkalarning umumiy mavjudligiga qarab marshrutka yoki umumiy taksi uchun to'laysiz. Shunga qaramay, ko'plab mahalliy aholi sayyohni bepul olishdan mamnun. Ammo har doim sayohat uchun pul to'lashni taklif qilish odat tusiga kiradi, ular sizni bepul olib ketishdan xursand bo'lgan taqdirda ular rad etishadi. Masalan, yuk mashinalari haydovchilari ushbu taklifni tez-tez rad etishadi. Shunday qilib, taxminan 50%, siz sayohat uchun pul to'lamaysiz. Qanday bo'lmasin, har doim juda ko'p 20 ta yozuvni tayyorlang, ayniqsa qisqa masofalar uchun.

Safar boshida muzokaralar olib boradigan haydovchilar, ehtimol siz turist ekanligingizdan pul ishlashga harakat qilib, sizdan ortiqcha haq oladilar. Qattiq savdolashib oling yoki ulardan saqlaning. Agar sizni yirtib tashlayotganingizni his qilsangiz (sayohat oxirida), o'z pozitsiyangizda turing - vaziyatni tushuntirib bersangiz, ehtimol boshqa mahalliy aholi sizga yordam berishadi. Marshrutka yoki umumiy taksichi narxidan 50% talab qilingan har qanday narx - bu to'lovdir va siz uni to'lamasligingiz kerak.

Agar chindan ham butunlay ozod bo'lmoqchi bo'lsangiz, to'lashni istamasligingizni tushuntirishga urinib ko'rishingiz mumkin; ruscha ibora Bez deneg foydalanish mumkin. Bu taksichilarning ketishiga olib keladi. Aks holda, taksichilar sizga qanchalik xohlashlarini aytib berishadi - bu narxni pastga tushirish kerak, ayniqsa, mashinada kimdir bo'lsa. Haggging qilganda, ko'pincha faqat aytish kifoya ochen mnogo (juda ko'p), shuning uchun haydovchi sizni ahmoq emasligingizni ko'radi va sizga yaxshi narx taklif qiladi. Shu sababli, faqat sizning yo'lingizda bo'lgan joylarga bo'lgan takliflarni rad etish va uning o'rniga sizni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri manzilingizga olib boradigan mashinani kutish yaxshiroqdir. Bu kuniga bir nechta mashinani ko'radigan ko'proq tashlandiq yo'llarga taalluqli emas.

Umumiy taksida

Marshrutkalar mintaqa yoki kunning vaqti tufayli kam bo'lib qoladigan joyda, umumiy taksilar mahalliy aholi uchun eng maqbul transport turidir. Birgalikda taksilarda bitta o'rindiq uchun narx belgilanadi. Agar sizda katta miqdordagi yuk bo'lsa, qo'shimcha yoki qisman joy uchun pul to'lashni kutishingiz kerak. Shunga qaramay, siz har doim narxlar bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishingiz kerak, chunki ajnabiy sifatida sizdan mahalliy fuqarodan ko'proq pul talab qilinadi. Ammo, albatta, hech kim bilan yurishga hojat yo'q. Agar qoniqmasa, boshqa haydovchini yoki transport usulini tanlang.

Taksida

Qirg'iziston bo'ylab taksilar juda ko'p, va ayniqsa, yuqori marjalar tufayli sayyohlarni olib o'tishni juda xohlashadi. Ular Qirg'iziston standartlari uchun nisbatan qimmatga tushadi va agar siz engil byudjetda sayohat qilsangiz, ular hech qachon pulga loyiq emas - marshrutka va autostop eng yaxshi va haqiqiy variantlardir.

Ko'pgina boshqa mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, agar taksilar xizmatiga tayansangiz, hech qachon biron bir taksi haydovchisiga ishonmang, ulardan faqat taksi xizmati uchun foydalaning va kirishda har doim narx bilan kelishib oling (barchasi shu jumladan). Taksi haydovchilari ikkilanmasdan sayyohlardan ortiqcha haq oladilar. Bu unchalik katta pulga o'xshamasligi mumkin, ammo siz uyda xuddi shunday qilmas edingiz va bu mahalliy tizimni buzadi.

Shuningdek, avtobus bekatida umumiy taksining barcha joylarini ma'lum bir manzilga sotib olishingiz mumkin, agar siz ketishdan oldin taksining odamlar bilan to'ldirilishini kutishni istamasangiz.

Poyezdda

Yagona ichki temir yo'l aloqasi - bu faqat yozda - Baliqchi (Issiqko'lning g'arbiy qirg'og'i) bilan Tokmok - Bishkek. Bu tabiiy marshrut, ammo poyezd taksidan kamida ikki baravar ko'proq vaqtni tashkil etadi va bu narxning yarmi. Siz 40-80 yoshga muhtoj bo'lgan ko'plab qiziqarli odamlarni, asosan nafaqaxo'rlarni uchratishingiz mumkin so‘m ular mini-avtobus yoki taksiga minib tejashadi. Aks holda, Qozog'iston chegarasiga (va Rossiyaga qarab) kuniga bitta poezd bor.

Samolyotda

Orasida bir necha kunlik parvozlar mavjud Bishkek va Osh. Shuningdek, haftada bir nechta reyslar mavjud Bishkek va Jalolobod va Botken. Parvozlar mahalliy aviakompaniyalarda 30-40 yoshli Sovet samolyotlari yordamida amalga oshiriladi. Boshqa tomondan, mexaniklar va uchuvchilar ushbu eski hayvonlarni qanday boshqarishni yaxshi o'rgandilar.

Velosipedda

Qirg'iziston uzoq masofalarga velosiped safari bilan mashhur, ayniqsa Issiqko'l atrofida va janubiy tog'lar orqali o'tadi Tojikiston.

Too Ashuudagi tunnel (Teo-Ashu) Bishkek va Osh aksariyat xaritalarda aytib o'tilganidek 2500 m balandlikda emas - tunnel 3100 m balandlikda joylashgan.

Avtobuslarda velosiped

Afsuski, Qirg'izistondagi jamoat transporti asosan marshrutkalardan iborat. Ammo, odatda old g'ildirakni, pedallarni olib tashlasangiz va rulni o'girsangiz, avtobusning orqa qismidagi chamadonga ikkita velosipedni kiritish mumkin. Ularni avtobuslarda olib o'tishda har bir velosiped uchun 100 so'm qo'shimcha haq to'lashingiz kerak bo'lishi mumkin Qorako'l va Bishkek, va har bir kishi uchun 500 so'm to'laydigan sayohatchilar haqida eshitishmagan. Tungi avtobuslar odatda velosiped uchun etarli joy bo'lgan katta avtobuslardir.

Avtomobil bilan (ijaraga)

Qirg'izistonda xususiy avtomobilni ijaraga olgan va haydagan sayyohlar deyarli eshitilmaydi va tavsiya etilmaydi. Yo'llar yomon ahvolda, politsiya juda buzuq, avtoulov sug'urtasi mavjud emas va taksini yollash juda oson va arzon. Uzoq muddatli chet el fuqarolari tez-tez haydashadi, ammo ko'pchilik haydovchidan foydalanishni afzal ko'rishadi.

Piyoda va navigatsiyada

Qirg'iziston - tog'larda yoki ko'llari atrofida ko'plab qiziqarli va chiroyli marshrutlarni taqdim etadigan piyoda yurish va trekking uchun ajoyib joy. Ishonchli xaritalar va keng yo'llar va xarita ma'lumotlari uchun maslahatlashing OpenStreetMap, shuningdek, ushbu sayohat qo'llanmasi va shunga o'xshash ko'plab mobil ilovalar tomonidan ishlatiladi Osm Va (ko'plab qo'shimchalar bilan murakkab) va MAPS.ME (oddiy, ammo cheklangan).

Gapir

Qishloq masjidi

Qirg'iziston tillari Ruscha va Qirg'izlar, o'zbek, qozoq va, albatta, turkchaga aloqador turkiy til. Qirg'izlar qishloqlarda ko'proq tarqalgan, rus tili esa shahar tili bo'lib, Bishkekda qirg'iz tilida gapira olmaydigan etnik qirg'izlarni uchratish odatiy holdir. Ingliz tili, tobora ommalashib borayotgan bo'lsa-da, hali ham kamdan-kam uchraydi, shuning uchun samarali muloqot qilish uchun hech bo'lmaganda bir nechta asosiy so'zlarni (ha, yo'q, iltimos, rahmat va hokazo) rus yoki qirg'iz tillarida o'rganishingiz kerak. Manzil. Agar siz butunlay yo'qolgan bo'lsangiz, yoshlardan, ayniqsa talabalardan so'rashga harakat qiling.

Boshqa sobiq Sovet Ittifoqi singari, Qirg'iziston ham kirbil alifbosidan foydalanadi, bu G'arb sayohatchilariga muammo tug'dirishi mumkin. Biroq, bu belgilarni o'rganish juda qiyin emas va bu amalga oshirilgandan so'ng siz ko'plab so'zlarni yaxshi bilasiz. Masalan, lotin alifbosiga o'tkazilgan "restoran" "restoran", ya'ni "restoran" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Kiril yozuv rus tilidan tashqari qirg'izlar uchun ham qo'llanilganligi sababli ehtiyot bo'ling.

Ozchiliklarning qiziqarli tillaridan biri bu dungan. Turkiy tillar va rus tillari ta'sirida bo'lgan xitoy lahjasi, 1870 yillarning oxirlarida, musulmonlar qo'zg'oloni mag'lub bo'lgandan so'ng, Tsin Xitoyidan Rossiya imperiyasiga qochib ketgan musulmon xitoy (xuey) qo'zg'olonchilarining avlodlari tomonidan gapiriladi. Qirg'iziston dunganlari bir nechta qishloqlarda yashaydilar, shuningdek, butun mamlakat bo'ylab savdo va restoran biznesida faol qatnashmoqdalar. Dungan tili kirill alifbosiga asoslangan rasmiy yozuv tizimiga ega (xitoycha harflardan foydalanish o'rniga), lekin amalda juda kam yoziladi.

Qarang

• Poytaxt Bishkek band odamlar, gavjum tirbandliklar, bozorlar, Sovet yodgorliklari, katta maydonlar va ko'payib borayotgan kosmopolit aholi bilan gavjum.
• Shahar Osh mashhur bozor, masjidlar va o'ziga xos sovet me'morchiligiga ega.
• Issiqko'l Qirg'iziston sharqida tog'lar bilan o'ralgan, dunyodagi ikkinchi eng katta tog 'ko'lidir va atrofdagi barcha mamlakatlardan kelgan mehmonlar uchun yozgi mashhur manzil.
• Tash Rabat, qadimiy karvonsaroy xarobalari Norin viloyati.
• Al-Archa milliy bog'i 4000 m dan ortiq tog 'cho'qqilari bilan Bishkekdan yarim soatlik yo'l.
• Arslonbob, chiroyli vodiyda joylashgan va yong'oq o'rmonlari bilan mashhur bo'lib, cho'ponlik hayoti va qirg'iz va o'zbek oilalari bilan mashhur joy o'rtasida muvozanatni muvozanatlashtirgan.
• Qirg'izistonning yagona Jahon merosi ro'yxati bu Sulaymon-Too tog'i O'shda.

Qil

Dordoy bozoridagi g'orli bozorda (asosan bo'sh konteynerlardan qurilgan)

• Yuringlar Osh Bozor - Bishkekdagi an'anaviy Sharqiy bozorda ziravorlardan tortib idish-tovoq mashinalariga qadar sotiladi.
• Xitoyning arzon tovarlarini sotib oling Dor Doi bozori - Markaziy Osiyodagi eng katta bozor, Bishkekdan 20 daqiqa shimolda.
• Suzish, suzib yuring va quyosh boting Issiqko'l - Dunyodagi eng katta ikkinchi baland tog'li ko'l.
• Yurtda qoling Tash Rabat yaqinida - Karvonsaroy xarobalari Norin Viloyat.
• Ko'chmanchi kabi yashang yilda Song Kul - baland tog'li ko'l Issiqko'lga qaraganda kamroq tashrif buyurgan va an'anaviy yarim ko'chmanchi qirg'iz hayotini amalda ko'rish uchun juda mos keladi.
• Baliq ovlash mahalliy aholi bilan mashhur bo'lib, agar siz unga qiziqsangiz, bu erda mumkin bo'lgan va muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan ko'plab daryolar mavjud.
• Heli-chang'i - harakat qilib ko'ring Evrosolutionsyoki boshqa operatorlarni qidirib toping.

Piyoda yurish

Qirg'izistonda piyoda yurish uchun juda ko'p imkoniyatlar mavjud, oson yurishdan to to'g'ri toqqa chiqishga qadar. Eng mashhur yo'nalishlar Ala Kul yaqin Qorako'l, tepalik Lenin (7,134 m) janubda joylashgan Osh, Grigorievskoe yo'li yaqin Cho'lpon ota, Alamedin darasi yuqori marshrutlar, Qizil Suv daryosi vodiysi yuqori marshrutlarva Qozog'iston tomon sharqiy chegara mintaqasi Jyrgalan.

The Qirg'iziston Trekking Ittifoqi bir kunlik yoki undan ko'proq vaqt davomida ommaviy sayohatlar yoki sayrlarni tashkil qiladi, masalan. Bishkek atrofidagi tog'larda kuniga atigi bir necha yuz so'm evaziga, sayohat boshlangandan va sayohat boshlanishidan transportni o'z ichiga oladi. Odatda guruhning soni 10 kishidan yoki undan ko'p, ham mahalliy, ham chet elliklardan iborat. Ular asosan dam olish kunlari yoki ta'til kunlarida sayohat qilishadi. Ba'zan ular rafting kabi boshqa ochiq havoda mashg'ulotlarga ega. Ularning veb-saytida ingliz tilida tadbirlar jadvali mavjud.

Xuddi shunday Jamiyatga asoslangan turizm (CBT) vakolatxonasi siz uchun mamnuniyat bilan ko'rsatmalar va treklarni tashkil qiladi. Ammo siz shunchaki ma'lumot olish uchun ularga ishonishingiz mumkin. KBT xaritalari juda batafsil emas va ko'pincha eskirgan. Shunday qilib, OpenStreetMap kabi zamonaviy xaritaga ega bo'lishingiz muhim, u zamonaviy yo'llarga ega va kontur chiziqlari, tepalik soyalari va GPS-ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi - qarang # Oyoq va navigatsiyada.

Otga minish

Qirg'izistonni ko'rishning mumtoz usuli otning egarida, chunki qirg'izlar Chingizxon davridan boshlangan taniqli chavandozlardir. Ot yurishni tashkil etadigan bir nechta sayyohlik agentliklari mavjud. Aytishlaricha, barcha qirg'izlar otda tug'ilishadi, garchi bu borgan sari urbanizatsiya kamroq uchraydi. Agar siz piyoda sayr qilsangiz, u erda ot minadigan sayohatlar tez-tez uchrab turadigan va yurishdan charchagan bo'lsangiz, sayohatga ketadigan mablag 'evaziga bo'sh otlar bilan osonlikcha "yurish" ko'rsatmalarini olishingiz mumkin. O'n kunlik ot minish safari uchun pul to'lashdan oldin, uni bir necha soat yoki bir kun davomida sinab ko'rgan ma'qul - agar siz otda yurishga odatlanmagan bo'lsangiz, uzoqroq yurish tanangizni bir necha kun davomida va paytida og'riqlarga olib kelishi mumkin uzoq yurishdan keyin. Ko'p odamlar, bir kunlik minishdan keyin ham og'riqli voqea haqida shikoyat qiladilar.

Ommabop yo'nalishlarga kiradi To'ktogul otda uch kunlik sarguzasht uchun yoki Qo'chqor bir necha kunlik sayohat uchun Song Kul ko'l

Sotib oling

Pul

2010 yilda chiqarilgan 200 so'mlik banknot.

Rasmiy valyuta Qirg'iziston so'mi (qirg'izlarning kirill alifbosida "som" deb yozilgan yoki ba'zan qisqartirilgan s). ISO xalqaro ramziy ma'noga ega So‘m. Vikipediya maqolalaridan foydalaniladi so'm valyutani belgilash uchun.

Banknotlar 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 va 5000 so'mlik nominallarda mavjud. Tangalar 1, 3, 5 va 10 so'mlik nominallarda mavjud.

Kredit kartalar va bankomatlar

Boshqa mamlakatlar singari Markaziy Osiyo, Qirg'iziston aksariyat hollarda naqd pul iqtisodiyoti. Kredit kartalari kamdan kam qo'llaniladi. Bankomatlar keng tarqalgan Bishkekva boshqa shaharlarda bankomatlar tarqalib ketgan. Ko'pchilik faqat Visa-ni qabul qiladi, Cirrus, Maestro yoki Mastercard uchun siz Kyrgyzkommerts yoki PCK-dan bankomatlarni qidirishingiz kerak. Siz ko'plab bankomatlarda AQSh dollarini yoki qirg'iz so'mini olishingiz mumkin.

Ba'zi bankomatlar a haq pul olish uchun mahalliy sifatida, masalan PCK 150 so'm. Qirg'izkommerts buni qilmaydi. Faqat bir nechtasini sinab ko'ring, shunda siz bepul holda topasiz.

Valyuta ayirboshlash

Pulni o'zgartirish nisbatan sodda. Banklar turli xil asosiy valyutalarni qabul qiladilar, shaharlarda hamma joyda mavjud bo'lgan pul almashtiradigan stendlar odatda faqat AQSh dollari, ingliz funtlari, evro, rus rubli va qozoq tengesi bilan ishlaydi. Yirtilgan, markalangan, haddan tashqari g'ijimlangan yoki biron bir tarzda buzilgan biron bir chet el valyutasini na banklar va na valyutafurushlar qabul qilmaydi, shuning uchun siz mamlakatga olib kirmoqchi bo'lgan biron bir kassangizni nuqsonlari uchun sinchkovlik bilan tekshiring.

Ko'plab yirik shaharlarda markazda valyuta ayirboshlash shoxobchalari mavjud. Biroq, eng yaxshi stavkalarni Bishkekda Kievskaya ko'chasi va Manas ko'chasi atrofida, yoki Moskovskiy va Bo'konboev ko'chalari orasidagi Abdraxmanov ko'chalarida olish mumkin. Valyuta kurslari AQSh dollari uchun banklararo kurslardan atigi 1 foizni tashkil qiladi. va evroga teng. Shuningdek, tengeni yaxshi narxlarga almashtirish mumkin, ehtimol bu erda Qozog'iston chegarasiga borishdan oldin (avtobusni narigi tomoniga to'lash uchun) olish yaxshidir.

Savdo-sotiq

Bozorlarda yoki oziq-ovqat uchun savdolashish kerak emas va odatiy emas. Narxlar ko'pincha belgilanadi va belgilanadi. Faqat asosan sayyohlar xarid qiladigan yoki uning atrofida bo'lgan joylarda, ayniqsa taksichilar bilan ehtiyot bo'lishingiz kerak. Either way, it is always best to have an approximate feeling for the prices and fares (see #Get around).

Yemoq

The flat naan, bread, a staple food in the region

Kyrgyz food is the product of a long history of pastoral nomadism and is overwhelmingly meat-based, which means that virtually all of the traditional dishes contain meat. If you are vegetarian you can, however, ask for vegetarian food and in many cases will receive a tasty vegetarian meal without much hassle, or you can purchase your own fresh fruit, vegetables and fresh bread from one of the many small stands or food bazaars that are ubiquitous in every city. While some people from the West think of large vegetables as desirable, small and flavourful is the rule. The same approach is valid for pistachios and almonds as well. Washing vegetables before consumption is recommended.

Laghman, salad, and green tea, a simple café meal

Besh barmak (literally: five fingers, because the dish is eaten with one's hands) is the national soupy dish of Kyrgyzstan (Kazakhs would probably disagree). For preparation, a sheep or horse is slaughtered and boiled in a large pot. The resulting broth is served as a first course. The meat is then divided up between those at the table. Each person in attendance receives the piece of meat appropriate to their social status. The head and eyes are reserved for guests of honour. The remaining meat is mixed in with noodles and, sometimes with onions, and is traditionally eaten from a large common dish with the hands, although nowadays more often with a fork or spoon. If you can land an invitation to a wedding, you'll most likely get a chance to eat besh barmak, although you can also find it in traditional restaurants. Kyrgyz people like soupy food in general, those foods that are served as a kind of pasta in Russia such as pelmene, they prefer as soup.

Most other dishes encountered in Kyrgyzstan are common to the other countries of Central Asia as well. Plov or osh is a pilaf dish that at a minimum includes julienne carrots, onion, beef or mutton, and plenty of oil, sometimes raisins. Manti are steamed dumplings that normally contain either mutton or beef, but occasionally pumpkin. Samsa are meat (although sometimes vegetable or cheese) pies that come in two varieties: flaky and tandoori. Flaky somsa are made with a phyllo dough while tandoori somsa have a tougher crust, the bottom of which is meant to be cut off and discarded, not eaten. Lagman is a noodle dish associated with Uyghur cuisine, but you can find everywhere from Crimea to Ujgurs. Most of the time it is served as soup, sometimes as pasta. The basic ingredients of lagman (plain noodles and spiced vegetables mixed with mutton or beef) can be fried together, served one on top of the other, or served separately. Shashlik (shish kebabs) can be made of beef, mutton, or pork and are normally served with fresh onions, vinegar and bread

Almost all Kyrgyz meals are accompanied by tea (either green or black) and a circular loaf of bread known as a lepeshka. The bread is traditionally torn apart for everyone by one person at the table. In the south of Kyrgyzstan, this duty is reserved for men, but in the north it is more frequently performed by women. Similarly, tea in the north is usually poured by women, while in the south it is usually poured by men.

At the end of a meal, Kyrgyz will in some cases perform a prayer. Sometimes some words are said, but more often the prayer takes the form of a perfunctory swipe of the hands over the face. Follow the lead of your host or hostess to avoid making any cultural missteps.

Ichish

Drinking is one of the great Kyrgyz social traditions. No matter if you are served tea, kymys, or vodka, if you have been invited to a Kyrgyz person's table to drink, you have been shown warm and friendly hospitality. Plan to sit awhile and drink your fill as you and your host attempt to learn about each other.

Drinking tea

When offered tea, you might be asked how strong you want it. Traditionally, Kyrgyz tea is brewed strong in a small pot and mixed with boiling hot water to your desired taste. If you want light tea, say 'jengil chai'. If you want your tea strong and red, 'kyzyl chai'. You might notice that they don't fill the tea cup all the way. This is so that they can be hospitable and serve you lots of tea. To ask for more tea, 'Daga chai, beringizchi' (Please give tea again). Your host will happily serve you tea until you burst. So once you've truly had your fill and don't want to drink any more, cover your cup and say, 'Ichtym' (I've drunk). Your host will offer a few more times (and sometimes will pout if you say no), this is to make sure that you are truly satisfied. Once everyone at table has finished drinking tea, it is time to say, 'Omen', and hold your hands out palms up and then brush the open palms down your face.

Restaurants and cafés give free refills of hot water if you want to drain your tea bag once more. You usually pay per tea bag.

Aroq

When entering a local shop, you might goggle at the amount of vodka on display. Introduced by the Russians, vodka has brought much joy and sorrow to the Kyrgyz over the years. Most vodka for sale is made in Kyrgyzstan and can provide one of the worst hangovers known, mainly if you stupidly buy one of cheaper ones. But for approx. €2 you can have good Kyrgyz vodka, e.g. Ak-sai. Some experienced vodka drinkers say that this is because foreigners don't know how to properly drink vodka. To drink vodka in the right way, you need to have zakuskas (Russian for the meal you eat with vodka). This can consist of anything from simple loaves of bread to full spreads of delicious appetizers. Quite common are sour or fresh cucumbers, tomatoes and meat.

First, find someone to drink with. Second, choose your vodka: the more you spend, the less painful your hangover. Third, choose your zakuska, something salty, dried, or fatty. This is so that the vodka is either absorbed by the food or repelled by the fat. Fourth, open your bottle... but be careful, once you open it you must drink it all (a good vodka bottle doesn't have a cap that can be replaced). Now, pour your shots. Fifth, make a toast: toast your friends, toast their futures, toast their sheep, toast their cars. Sixth, drink! Now chase it with a zakuska and repeat until you can't see the bottle or it is empty.

If you are drinking with locals it's not a problem to skip a round. They would just pour you a symbolic drop and when they are clinking glasses you have to use your right hand and slap sparing partners' glasses slightly instead of your glass.

An'anaviy ichimliklar

A bottle and glass of kumys

The Kyrgyz for generations have made their own variety of beverages. At first, these drinks might seem a bit strange, but after a few tries they become quite tasty. Most are mildly alcoholic, but this is just a by-product from their fermentation processes.

In the winter, Kyrgyz wives brew up bozo, a brew made of millet. Best served at room temperature, this drink has a taste somewhere between yogurt and beer. On cold winter days, when you are snowed in, five or six cups gives you a warm fuzzy feeling.

In the spring, it is time to make either jarma yoki maxim. Jarma, a wheat based brew, has a yeasty beerlike quality but with a gritty finish (it is made from whole grains after all). Maxim, a combination of corn and wheat, has a very sharp and zesty taste. It is best served ice cold and is a great pick me up on hot days.

Summer sees yurts lining the main street selling qums (Кумыс), fermented mares milk. Ladled out of barrels brought down from the mountains, this traditional drink is one of more difficult to get used to. It has a very strong and pungent foretaste and a smoky finish. Kumys starts off as fresh horses milk (known as samal), the samal is then mixed with a starter made from last year's kumys and heated in a pot. The mixture is brought to just before boiling and then poured into a horse's stomach to ferment for a period. A local grass called 'chi' is then roasted over a fire and cut into small pieces. Once the milk is finished fermenting, the roasted chi and milk are mixed in a barrel and will keep for the summer if kept cool.

Tang is another drink thought to be useful for the health and good for hangovers. It is made from gassed spring water that is mixed with a salted creamy yogurt called souzmu.

Other drinks

Kyrgyz have their own cognac distiller, which produces excellent, albeit highly sweet cognac, with the preferred brand being "Kyrgyzstan Cognac", which the locals sometimes call Nashe Cognac, meaning "our cognac".

You can also find an excellent selection of not so excellent local and imported beers as many Kyrgyz have been taking to drinking beer versus harder spirits. Locally produced beers include Arpa, Nashe Pivo and Karabalta. Arpa is highly recommended by beer connoisseurs. While being considered a common person's beer, its style is somewhat similar to Pale Ale (although less hoppy than IPA). As Kyrgyz prefer more vodka than beer (half litre of each costs the same), beer remains in tubes for longer time, and regular cleaning is uncommon, so bottled beers are better, except their strange habit to pour all the beer into the glass at once.

There are also a multitude of bottled waters (carbonated or still) from various regions of the country. Especially popular with southerners is the slightly saline "Jalalabad Water".

Uyqu

Many private citizens rent out their kvartiralar to foreigners and a fairly luxurious flat could be agreed for quite low price a week. Noting that the average salary is US$200-300 in 2014, now it could twice as big, you may think you are paying excessively. Look for cable TV, toilet and bath and clean quarters. More adventurous visitors may wish to stay in a "yurta," for example in Bishkek it costs from US$8 a night in "yurtadorm". It is not that special to stay in a uy in Bishkek, but it can be more interesting to do so in more rural areas. These are boiled wool tents used by nomads. Some tourist agencies in Bishkek will arrange this sort of stay, but be prepared to truly live the lifestyle of the nomad which includes culinary delicacies which may seem foreign to the western palette.

For those wishing to have home stays arranged in advanced there with the Community Based Tourism (CBT). They can organize home stays in most cities and villages in Kyrgyzstan. They can also arrange yurt stays and trekking. While many such organizations keep the majority of payment for themselves, CBT Kyrgyzstan claims that between 80 to 90% of payment will go to your host family. Amenities will vary between homes and locals, but overall some great travel experiences can be had such as, being invited to an impromptu goat feast, or enjoying fermented mare's milk with nomads.

Lager is possible virtually everywhere and anywhere. Just make sure to stay away far enough from any settlement or village, otherwise you will not get a good night's sleep due to the constantly barking dogs. It is also possible to put up tents at many yurts for a few som, where you sometimes have a shower and mostly a toilet. Also, they will be happy to prepare meals and dinner for you. If you want to camp wild but stick to the proven ones, checkout OpenStreetMap which has many camp sites for Kyrgyzstan in its database.

Xostellar are beginning to open in the country, but many are still overpriced for what they are and might not meet your expectations. Of course, mehmonxonalar can be found in most cities. Their comfort though can vary widely, especially where there are not many tourists, and you might be confronted with a 1-star Soviet "luxury" room with missing toilet seats and cheap Chinese synthetic and coloured bed covers.

If you intend to couchsurf, be aware many Kyrgyz are unaware what Couchsurfing is and may expect you to pay (why would a rich foreigner get anything for free?). Don't assume, ask.

O'rganing

For those who are interested in learning Qirg'izlar yoki Ruscha languages, there are universities you can go and there is a private school called the London School. The London School in Bishkek offers reasonably priced individual lessons for about US$4/hour and home stay/cultural programmes.

Ish

Kyrgyzstan's greatest export is its people departing for Russia, Kazakhstan, and even Europe for better opportunities. There are few opportunities for foreigners, except with development organizations, that generally hire off-shore. There are also few opportunities to teach European languages, as many Kyrgyz that studied abroad have returned with near fluency and will charge much less than you.

If you wish to volunteer, there is a very active and diverse NGO community that would appreciate your assistance.

Xavfsiz bo'ling

Kyrgyzstan is a safe country compared to Western Europe.

Fights and assaults generally only focus around nightclubs and bars, just as in any other large city. There is to date no indication that Bishkek is particularly dangerous to foreigners. As for other cities in the Kyrgyz Republic, there is little evidence.

Korruptsiya is a serious issue in Kyrgyzstan, and the locals are ultimately convinced that the police are not to be trusted. In the past there have been occasional reports of corrupt policemen searching tourists' bags in order to steal money. These incidents should be reported to the embassy. Since citizens of many countries do not need a visa anymore, tourists cannot legally be bothered by corrupt policemen stating that something is wrong with their visa or registration.

Bride kidnappings, or Ala Kachuu, are a common and traditional practice in Kyrgyzstan's countryside, whereby a woman is kidnapped and forced to get married. In 2007, the American Embassy reported that two American women were bride kidnapped in remote areas of Kyrgyzstan.

There appear to be some tensions surrounding the result of parliamentary elections on Oct 4 2020, forcing Prime Minister Kubatbek Boronov to resign and US embassy staff to shelter in place amidst ongoing demonstrations across the country. Caution is advised.

Sog'lom bo'ling

A village drug store in Tamchi

Your biggest risk in Kyrgyzstan are car wrecks and accidents while crossing the street or falling into a hole in the sidewalk. You should also exercise caution around stray animals and avoid approaching dogs. If dogs get too close, (pretend to) pick up a rock—most will understand this gesture and shy away.

Food and drinking water safety vary substantially by region. Water is mostly potable, especially in the mountains where it comes from clean rivers—just ask the locals.

Note that in some villages they don't have electricity all the day. Therefore restaurants there might serve you quick-heated, pre-cooked meals or the meat was not stored in a fridge before it was prepared. The latter can cause food poisoning or parasite-borne illnesses because they don't always cook the meat long enough. Therefore try to eat only meals that were prepared the same day.

Kyrgyz claim the national drink, Kumys, is extremely healthy and will cure you of innumerable ailments. However, it is not recommended you rely on it to cure you of anything.

Engish

Tourism: More and more locals cater for tourists with horse treks, yurt sleeping, organized tours, etc. But it needs to be doubted whether this is actually authentic Kyrgyzstan, or just for tourists' provided convenience. If you are looking for the true nature and feel of this country, putting down €100 for a 1-2-day tour will not get you closer to this goal. Kyrgyzstan is a poor country, and the more money you pay, the less authentic your experience will be.

Hurmat

Western norms of respect are standard. Though nominally a Muslim country the Kyrgyz people are highly westernized. No special dress codes are in effect. Although standards of dress in Bishkek are Western and often revealing, in the south of the country women should dress more conservatively or risk attracting unwanted male attention. Evenings can be charged as alcohol intoxication can be quite prevalent at this time. Ehtiyotkorlik bilan davom eting.

Ulanmoq

Ga qarang Ulanmoq section of the Bishkek maqola.