Garchi dunyodagi ko'plab tsivilizatsiyalar an'analariga ega mumtoz musiqa, umumiy atama sifatida ishlatilganda, bu ibora odatda paydo bo'lgan klassik musiqa turiga ishora sifatida tushuniladi Evropa.
Tushuning
| “ | Penso che una vita per la musica sia una vita spesa bene ed è a questo che mi sono dedicato. "Menimcha, musiqiy hayot bu yaxshi sarflangan hayotdir va men o'zimni shu narsaga bag'ishladim". | ” |
—Luciano Pavarotti, 1935-2007 | ||
Tarix
Klassik musiqa O'rta asrlarda ildiz otgan bo'lsa-da, eng taniqli davrlar Barok davri (16-asr oxiri - 18-asr o'rtalari), Klassik davr (18-asr o'rtalari - 19-asr boshlari) va Romantik davr (19 - 20-asr boshlari). Albatta, amalda bir davrdan ikkinchisiga o'tish bir necha yillar davomida asta-sekin ro'y bergan va o'tish davrlarida yozilgan musiqalarda ko'pincha ular kurashayotgan davrlarning jihatlari aks etgan. Bugungi kunda ham ko'plab mumtoz musiqalar yozilmoqda va zamonaviy mumtoz musiqa dunyoning ko'p qismlarida hech bo'lmaganda o'z o'rnini egallab turibdi.
19-asr oxiridan boshlab Evropa mumtoz musiqasiga butun dunyo musiqasi katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Xususan, impressionist bastakorlar (eng taniqli Klod Debusius va Moris Ravel) ta'sir ko'rsatdilar Yava va Bali gamelan musiqasi va musiqasi Xitoy; Afroamerikalik ragtime kabi musiqa, jazz va blyuz ko'plab klassik bastakorlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi; va ning murakkab politmik musiqasi Afrika ko'plab zamonaviyist bastakorlarni murakkab ritmlardan foydalanishga va zarbli tovushlarni ta'kidlashga ilhomlantirdi. O'z navbatida, mustamlaka va madaniy almashinish butun dunyo bo'ylab mahalliy va Evropa an'analari ta'sirida Evropa uslubidagi klassik musiqa va mumtoz musiqa ijrosi va kompozitsiyasini yoydi. Qizig'i shundaki, 21-asrda klassik musiqaning asosiy markazi Evropadan va Shimoliy Amerikadan Sharqiy Osiyoga qarab siljiydi, chunki dunyoning bu qismi odatda klassik musiqa auditoriyasining o'rtacha yoshining o'sish tendentsiyasini to'xtatdi.
Klassik ansambllar odatda homiylarga bog'liq bo'lgan. Qadimgi davrlarda, bu ayniqsa katta imperatorlik sudlari edi, masalan Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi, Rossiya imperiyasi, Frantsiya, Prussiya, Burgundiya, Neapol Qirolligi Papachilik va Rim-katolik cherkovlari, shuningdek, Venetsiya va Florensiya kabi taniqli shaharlarni musiqani qo'llab-quvvatlagan davlatlar, hozirgi kunda esa boy odamlar va korporatsiyalar tomonidan boshlangan milliy, viloyat yoki munitsipal hukumatlar yoki fondlar.
Bugungi kunda klassik musiqa
Zamonaviy davrda mumtoz musiqa biroz o'ziga xos joy bo'lsa-da, hech bo'lmaganda Evropaning aksariyat qismida bu jamiyatda juda mavjud. Ko'pgina yirik shaharlarda shahar orkestri bor, ko'plab professional va havaskor ansambllar mavjud, aksariyat xorlar va jassur guruhlari o'zlarining repertuarlarida ba'zi mumtoz asarlarga ega. Evropaning aksariyat qishloqlari yiliga kamida bitta yoki ikkita kontsertni o'zlarining cherkovlarida yoki cherkov zallarida yoki mahalliy diqqatga sazovor joylarda o'tkazadilar. Shunday qilib siz Evropaning istalgan joyida konsertlarni osongina topasiz. Dunyoning ko'plab yirik shaharlarida o'zlarining bir yoki bir nechta bog'larida stendlar yoki lenta plyonkalari mavjud, bu erda mahalliy klassik musiqa ansambllari, odatda yoz oylarida, maxsus holatlarda bepul konsert berishlari mumkin.
O'tgan yillardagi buyuk mumtoz bastakorlarning musiqalarining aksariyati zamonaviy hayotni qamrab olmoqda, chunki bunday musiqalar ko'pincha filmlarda, reklamalarda va hattoki zamonaviy pop musiqasida keltirilgan. Klassik musiqa bugungi kunda Ennio Morricone (zamonaviy musiqa filmlari) uchun zamonaviy filmlar uchun yaratilgan Dollar trilogiyasi, Missiya, Nafratli sakkizta), Jon Uilyams (Yulduzlar jangi, Garri Potter, Indiana Jons, Yura parki, E.T. erdan tashqari), Xovard Shore (Uzuklar Rabbisi, Hobbit, Qo'zilarning jimligi) va Xans Zimmer (Arslon qirol, Karib dengizi qaroqchilari, Qora ritsar) hatto musiqaga moyil bo'lmagan odamlarning ham ismlari. Zamonaviy klassik musiqa muhim rol o'ynaydigan yana bir yo'nalish - bu videoo'yin sanoatida, ba'zi mashhur videoo'yin musiqasi bastakorlari Nobuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy, Chrono Trigger), Kristofer Tin (Sivilizatsiyalar IV, Sivilizatsiyalar VI), Koji Kondo (Super Mario Bros, Zelda afsonasi) va Martin O'Donnell (Halo).
The Yevropa Ittifoqi Betxovenning musiqiy kompozitsiyasidan foydalangan holda qit'aning musiqiy merosini nishonlaydi Quvonch uchun odob uning madhiyasi sifatida. Ko'pchilik Lotin milliy madhiyalar, xususan, madhiyalar Argentina, Frantsiya, Italiyava Urugvay, mumtoz musiqa ixlosmandlari opera sifatlari bilan, milliy madhiyasi uchun ohanglari bilan tanilgan Germaniya 18-asrning taniqli avstriyalik bastakori Jozef Xaydn tomonidan yaratilgan (dastlab turli xil so'zlar bilan boshqa maqsadda bo'lsa ham). Ruscha bastakor Aleksandr Aleksandrov muxlis (Iosif Stalin) tomonidan epik xor Sovet Ittifoqining Davlat madhiyasini yozishni buyurgan, uning ohanglari hanuzgacha zamonaviy rus madhiyasi uchun ishlatilgan. Ning ochilish panjaralari Kanadamilliy madhiyasi ham Motsartning "Ruhoniylar marshi" ning g'ayritabiiy o'xshashligiga ega. Die Zauberflote.
Janrlar
Klassik musiqiy asarlar turli janrlarga bo'linadi.
- Kamera musiqasi bu kichik ansambl uchun yozilgan musiqa (umuman 3-9 o'yinchi).
- A simfoniya to'liq simfonik orkestr uchun yozilgan va odatda 3-4 harakatdan iborat.
- A kontsert bir yoki bir nechta yakkaxon instrumentalistlar va orkestr uchun, odatda 3 ta harakatdan iborat qism.
- Liturgik musiqa diniy xizmatda ijro etish uchun mo'ljallangan. A massa standart katolik ibodatlari so'zlarining musiqiy sozlamalari; a rekvizim dafn marosimi; vespers katolik oqshom ibodatlarining standart to'plami; a motet boshqa diniy matnlarning to'plami, masalan, Injildan; an madhiya odatda Muqaddas Bitikdan matnlardan foydalanadigan anglikan xor musiqasining bir turi; a ehtiros Isoning xochga mixlanishiga qadar bo'lgan voqealar haqidagi Xushxabar parchalari. Qarang Xristianlik # xristian musiqasi qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun.
- A kantata bir yoki bir nechta vokal solistlar uchun orkestr yoki kichik ansambl hamrohligida ishlangan va ko'pincha xorni o'z ichiga oladi. Kantatlar Lyuteran cherkovida liturgikdir, lekin ular dunyoviy mavzularda ham bo'lishi mumkin.
- A sonata bu 3-4 marta va odatda 1-2 ta o'yinchiga mo'ljallangan asboblar uchun, lekin ba'zida (barokko trio sonatalarida bo'lgani kabi) to'rt va undan ortiq uchun.
- Balet bu klassik raqs yoki bunday raqs uchun musiqa.
- Opera uchun klassik hamkasb musiqiy teatr. Musiqiy teatrdan farqli o'laroq, qo'shiqchilar o'z ovozlarini mikrofondan foydalanmasdan namoyish etishi kutilmoqda. Ko'pgina frantsuz operalarida ham bir yoki bir nechta balet segmentlari mavjud. Siz ba'zan bu atama bilan uchrashishingiz mumkin operetta, bu nutqiy dialogni o'z ichiga olgan engil musiqiy asar bo'lib, zamonaviy musiqiy teatrning kashshofi sifatida tan olingan.
- An oratoriya operaga o'xshaydi, lekin kamroq sahnalanadi va ko'pincha cherkov yoki konsert zalida ijro etiladi va matn ko'pincha diniy.
- An badiiy qo'shiq yoki Yolg'on (inglizcha "qo'rg'oshin" so'zi kabi talaffuz qilinadi; ko'plik Lider) - taniqli shoirning so'zlarini, odatda yakka xonanda uchun fortepiano sadosi va ba'zida boshqa bir cholg'u uchun.
- Tasodifiy musiqa bu asosan musiqiy bo'lmagan spektakl, film, video o'yin yoki boshqa taqdimot vositasi uchun yozilgan musiqa.
Terminologiya
1700 yilgacha yoki ayniqsa 1600 yilgacha yozilgan musiqa ko'pincha "erta musiqa" deb nomlanadi va ushbu repertuarni ijro etishga ixtisoslashgan cholg'u ansambllari ko'pincha "erta musiqa" guruhlari deb nomlanadi yoki agar ular ushbu uslubga o'xshash uslubda qurilgan asboblardan foydalansalar. o'sha asrlarda ishlatilgan, "asl asboblar" guruhlari.
1900 yildan beri va ayniqsa Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin yozilgan musiqa ko'pincha "zamonaviy" yoki "zamonaviy" musiqa deb nomlanadi va ushbu davrlarning mumtoz musiqasini ijro etishga ixtisoslashgan ansambllar ko'pincha "zamonaviy musiqa" ansambllari deb nomlanadi yoki, ayniqsa, ular diqqat markazida bo'lsa dunyo premyeralarida va yaqinda tuzilgan boshqa musiqalarda, "yangi musiqa" ansambllarida.
To'liq o'lchamdagi orkestrlar ko'pincha "simfonik orkestr" yoki "filarmoniya" deb nomlanadi. Simfonik orkestr - bu standart simfonik repertuarni ijro etish uchun mos bo'lgan, shu jumladan Shostakovichning simfoniyalarigacha (Mahler simfoniyalari uchun konsert uchun qo'shimcha xodimlarni jalb qilish kerak bo'lishi mumkin). "Filarmoniya" "uyg'unlikni sevish" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Garchi bu atamalar turli xil kelib chiqishga ega bo'lsa-da, amalda "simfonik orkestr" va "filarmoniya" bir xil repertuardagi musiqani ijro etadigan bir xil asboblar to'plamiga ega bo'lgan ansamblning bir xil hajmini anglatadi. Aytgancha, orkestrlarning aniq tarkibi har bir qismdan farq qiladi va ko'plab operalar va baletlarda standart simfonik orkestrdan sezilarli farq qiladigan orkestrlar talab qilinadi. Masalan, Motsartniki Die Zauberflote Chaykovskiynikidan glockenspielni talab qiladi Yong'oq yong'og'i Celesta talab qiladi, va barokko asarlari va Klassik davr operalarining aksariyati a talab qiladi basso davomiyligi klavesin va, ehtimol, viyolonsel, teorboslar va / yoki bassonlar.
Aksariyat orkestrlar to'rtta cholg'u asboblari oilasidan, ya'ni torli, zarbli, jezli va zarbli oilalardan iborat. "Yog'och shamol" va "guruch" atamalari ularning nomlariga qaramay, asbob ishlab chiqarilgan materialga ishora qilmaydi, aksincha asboblarni tovushni qanday chiqarilishiga qarab tasniflash uchun ishlatiladi. Masalan, saksafon odatda guruchdan yasalgan, ammo yog‘och chaladigan asbob sifatida, kornet va alforn esa yog‘ochdan yasalgan, ammo guruch asboblari qatoriga kiradi. Farqi shundaki, yog'ochdan yasalgan puflama asboblar ijrochidan qamishdan yoki og'zini og'ziga solib qo'yishi yoki lab plastinkasi bo'ylab puflashini talab qiladi, jez asboblari esa ijrochilaridan lablarini ikkala labiga bosilgan og'ziga urishini talab qiladi.
Orkestrlarga yangi tanishgan odamlarning yana bir savoli - "birinchi skripka" va "ikkinchi skripka" o'rtasidagi farq nimada? Javob shuki, torli kvartetda bo'lgani kabi, ko'pincha turli xil notalar va ritmlarni ijro etadigan ikki xil skripka qismlari mavjud, ammo bu musiqachilarning hammasi skripkada o'ynashmoqda.
Xor musiqasida to'rtta asosiy ovoz turi diapazonning kamayish tartibida soprano, qarama-qarshi yoki alto, tenor va bosh, avvalgi ikkitasini odatda ayollar, ikkinchisini odatda erkaklar kuylashadi, biroq ba'zi cherkov xorlari va operalarida o'g'il bolalar soprano va kontralto qismlarini kuylashadi. Shuningdek, opera va oratoriya singari konsert musiqalarining solistlari ham tez-tez ishtirok etadilar mezzo-sopranoslar va baritonlarodatda ayollar va erkaklarning o'rta ovozlari. A kontrendor falsetto bilan qo'shiq aytayotgan odamni nazarda tutadi va shu bilan unga balandroq maydonchalarga chiqish imkoniyatini beradi. Operada bosh qo'shiqchi ayol qo'shiqchi sifatida tanilgan prima donna, etakchi erkak qo'shiqchi sifatida tanilgan esa primo uomo. Prima donna odatda soprano, primo uomo odatda romantik davrdan beri tenor bo'lib kelgan, ammo italiyalik operaning primo uomo rollari odatda kastrati tomonidan barokko va erta klassik davrlarda olingan (kastrati - ilgari kastrlangan erkaklar. balog'at yoshi; ularning rollarini odatda kontrendorlar yoki shimlar kiygan ayollar o'ynaydilar / zamonaviy tiklanishda shim kiygan rollar).
Raqamli operalarda (ballarning har bir qismi, paydo bo'lish tartibiga ko'ra raqam bilan belgilanganligi sababli shunday deyilgan) uvertura yoki sinfoniya (yoki Vagner operalarida prelude) - bu ochilish bo'limi, vokalistlarsiz orkestr o'ynaydi; unda ko'pincha keyinroq eshitiladigan eng esda qolarli musiqa qushiqlari mavjud. 19-asr oxiri yoki undan keyingi ba'zi operalar, masalan, Jakomo Puchchini, uverturadan butunlay voz kechmoqda. An ariya yakkaxon ovoz va orkestr uchun qo'shiq bo'lib, ikkita ovoz uchun a duet, a trio uchta ovoz va boshqalar uchun (operada muayyan rollarni ijro etadigan to'rt yoki undan ortiq xonandalar ishtirok etadigan raqamlar ko'pincha chaqiriladi ansambllarva ular ham bor xorlar bu shahar aholisi, dehqonlar, cho'ponlar, jinoyat guvohlari yoki fitna uchun tegishli bo'lgan boshqa guruhni aks ettirishi mumkin). Ijro etiladigan operalarda personajlar o'rtasidagi dialog forma shaklida bo'ladi recitativlar, ulardan ikkita asosiy turi mavjud: recitativo secco unga faqat klaviatura (klaviatura yoki pianino) va hamroh bo'ladi recitativo obstagnato unga to'liq orkestr yoki uning muhim qismi hamrohlik qiladi. Ba'zi opera janrlari, masalan nemis Singspiel yoki frantsuzlar opéra comique, qo'shiq aytilgan recititivlar o'rniga nutqiy dialog mavjud. Romantik opera tobora ko'proq foydalanilmoqda arioso, bu avvalgi keng tarqalgan ariya bilan takrorlanadigan formuladan foydalanishdan ko'ra, ikkala ariya va takroriy uslublarning elementlarini birlashtirgan. Amaldagi operalar tuzilgan voqea joyiga ham keldi. Ushbu opera turi har xil bo'limlarga bo'linmagan, lekin har bir bo'limda, pauza tugaguniga qadar, birinchisida pauza qilinmasdan o'tishi mumkin.
Opera matni "." Nomi bilan tanilgan libretto, va libretti yozadigan kishi a sifatida tanilgan libretist. Bastakor va librettist odatda alohida shaxslar bo'lishsa-da, ba'zi bastakorlar, ehtimol eng taniqli Richard Vagner ham libretti o'z operalari uchun yozgan. Balet syujetiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatilgan "libretto" so'zini ham ko'rishingiz mumkin.
Gapir
Italyancha odatda musiqiy terminologiya deyarli faqat italyan tilida va operalarning aksariyati italyan tilida yozilganligi bilan mumtoz musiqaning eng muhim tili hisoblanadi. Italyan tilidan tashqari boshqa yirik opera tillari ham mavjud Nemis va Frantsuz, bir nechta muhim ishlar mavjud Ruscha, Chex, Ingliz va neapolitan. Frantsuz tili baletdagi eng muhim tildir, deyarli barcha balet terminologiyasi, shuningdek, aksariyat baletlarning libretti frantsuz tilida.
Muqaddas musiqa uchun lotin tili Rim katolik cherkovida ishlatiladigan asosiy liturgik tildir, nemis lyuteran cherkovida, ingliz tili anglikan cherkovida va slavyan cherkovi rus pravoslav cherkovida ishlatiladi. Aytish kerakki, jamoatni tarbiyalash va ko'ngil ochish maqsadida Bibliyadagi voqealarni operativroq uslubda aytib berishga urinayotgan oratoriyalar yuqorida tilga olingan tillardan tashqari, turli xil tillarda, masalan, frantsuz va italyan tillarida.
Belgilangan joylar
Evropa
Agar siz Evropada bo'lsangiz, frantsuz kabel telekanali Mezzo TV - bu klassik musiqiy spektakllarga bag'ishlangan kanal bo'lib, ko'pincha opera va baletlarning, shu jumladan ba'zi nisbatan tushunarsiz spektakllarning namoyishini namoyish etadi.
Beniluks
- 1 Amsterdam, Niderlandiya. Amsterdamda taniqli tashrif buyurgan orkestrlar bilan birgalikda doimiy ravishda Concertgebouw kontsert zalida chiqadigan mashhur Royal Concertgebouw orkestri joylashgan. Gollandiya Milliy opera va balet meraklıları uchun birinchi sinf mavsumini taklif etadi. Yoz davomida Amsterdamda uchta hayoliy musiqa festivali bo'lib o'tmoqda: Holland festivali, Robeco SummerNights va Grachtenfestival.
- 2 Liège, Belgiya. Frantsuzlarning eng taniqli namoyandasi Andre Gretrining tug'ilgan joyi (1741-1813) opéra comique kabi durdona asarlari bilan tanilgan Klassik davrdagi uslub Zemire va Azor (1771) va Richard Kur-de-sher (1784). Uning tug'ilgan uyi o'zgartirildi Musée Grétrybastakorning hayoti va asarlariga bag'ishlangan eksponatlar joylashgan.
Britaniya orollari
- 3 Kembrij, Angliya. Kembrij universitetidagi King's College cherkovi dunyodagi eng obro'li o'g'il bolalar xorlaridan biri hisoblanadi. 1441 yilda Genri VI tomonidan tashkil etilgan xor, har yili kapelda qo'shiq kuylaydi va butun Evropada gastrollarda bo'lgan. U har yili Rojdestvo arafasida o'tkaziladigan To'qqiz Darslar va Karollar Festivali va butun dunyo bo'ylab televidenie va radioeshittirishlar orqali tanilgan.
- 4 Edinburg, Shotlandiya. The Eski shahar Sent-Seziliya zali, 1763 yilda qurilgan kichik kontsert zali va ko'plab klassik asboblar to'plamiga ega muzey va Usher zaliga ega. In Janubiy Shotlandiya palatasi orkestri uchun Qirolicha zali.
- 5 Glazgo, Shotlandiya. Shotlandiya Qirollik milliy orkestri (RSNO) Qirollik konsert zalida joylashgan. Shotlandiya operasi Royal Teatrida joylashgan bo'lib, Edinburg, Aberdin va Invernessda doimiy ravishda konsert beradi. Shotlandiya baleti shuningdek, Royal Theatre-da namoyish etadi. Shotlandiya Qirollik konservatoriyasida balet va mumtoz musiqani tomosha qilish mumkin bo'lgan bir nechta jamoat chiqish joylari mavjud.
- 6 London, Angliya. London uzoq va taniqli musiqiy tarixga ega, birinchi navbatda Elizabetan musiqiy buyukligining markazi sifatida (17-asrning boshlarida qirolicha Yelizaveta I bilan bog'langan, hozirgi malika emas) va keyin qit'adan ko'plab bastakorlar sayohat qilgan yoki ko'chib o'tgan shahar sifatida. Gandel, Yoxann Kristian Bax, Xaydn va Mendelson kabi o'zlarining boyliklariga erishish uchun. Angliyada asosan Motsart va Betxovenning shon-sharafiga ega bastakorlar etishmayotgan bo'lsa-da, Tomas Tallis (taxminan 1505-1585), Genri Purcell (1659-1695), Tomas Arne (1710-) kabi bir qancha xalqaro taniqli bastakorlarni yaratdi. Britaniya qoidasi bilan tanilgan 1778), Artur Sallivan (1842-1900, Gilbert va Sallivan operetta-yozuvchi jamoasining yarmi sifatida tanilgan), Edvard Elgar (1857-1934), Gustav Xolst (1874-1934) va Benjamin Britten ( 1913-1976), ularning barchasi kariyeralarining ko'p qismini Londonda o'tkazgan. Bugungi kunda London klassik musiqa bo'yicha dunyodagi etakchi shaharlardan biri hisoblanadi. Bu erda London Filarmoniyasi, Qirollik Filarmoniyasi, London Simfoniyasi, Kovent-Bog'dagi Qirollik Operasi va boshqa ko'plab ijro tashkilotlari joylashgan bo'lib, hayoliy konsert zali, Qirollik Albert Zali joylashgan bo'lib, u erda Proms joylashgan (quyida "Voqealar" ga qarang). har yili efirga uzatiladi. Zamonaviy davrda London musiqa konservatoriyalari bilan ham tanilgan, eng mashhurlari Qirollik musiqa akademiyasi, Qirollik musiqa kolleji va Gildall musiqa va drama maktabi. Londondagi eng taniqli cherkovlardan biri bo'lgan Vestminster Abbey ham nufuzli o'g'il bolalar xori bilan mashhur.
- 7 Quyi Broadheath, Angliya. 1695 yilda Genri Purselning vafotidan buyon Angliyada tug'ilgan birinchi buyuk bastakor sifatida keng tanilgan va uning singari ko'plab asarlari bilan tanilgan Edvard Elgarning tug'ilgan joyi (1857-1934). Pomp va vaziyat marshlari, pianino va skripka dueti Salom d'Amour, Enigma Variations va ehtimol uning toj yutug'i, xor ishi Gerontiyning orzusi, ingliz katolik diniy musiqasining eng yaxshi qismlaridan biri. Elgarning tug'ilgan uyi uning hayotiga bag'ishlangan muzeyga aylantirildi.
- 8 York, Angliya. Yorkning taniqli Minster - bu klassik musiqa uchun sehrli atmosfera makoni, uning kontsertlari oyiga ikki yoki uch marta bo'lib o'tadi. Ushbu qadimiy shahar barokko va klassik davrlaridagi musiqani akademik o'rganish va ijro etishning asosiy markazi, shuningdek, klassik musiqa rivojlangan o'rta asrlar va Uyg'onish davri musiqalarini ham o'rganish uchun asosiy markaz bo'lgan Erta musiqa milliy markaziga mezbonlik qiladi. NCEM o'zining yozgi va Rojdestvo bayramlarida o'zining XI asrdagi cherkov shtab-kvartirasida ikki yillik musiqa festivallarini o'tkazadi. Boshqa vaqtinchalik ekstremal vaziyatda York - marhum Jon Barrining tug'ilgan shahri, "Oskar" va "Gremmi" mukofotlariga sazovor bo'lgan kabi filmlarga musiqiy musiqa bastakori. Bo'rilar bilan raqslar, Jeyms Bond va Afrikadan tashqarida; uning bolalik uyi ko'k plaket bilan bezatilgan.
Markaziy Evropa
- 9 Bayreut, Germaniya. Richard Vagner bilan mashhur. Vagnerning talablariga binoan ishlab chiqarilgan Festspielhausda har yili yozda Richard Vagner festivali bo'lib o'tadi. Chipta juda katta talabga ega bo'lib, bo'lajak auditoriyadan yillar davomida kutish ro'yxatida bo'lishini talab qiladi, ammo siz baribir shaharchaga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin. Barokkolar davridagi qadimgi Margravial Opera teatri ham o'zining serhasham intereri bilan mashhur.
- 10 Berlin, Germaniya. Germaniya poytaxtida ikkita yirik opera kompaniyasini o'z ichiga olgan jonli musiqa sahnasi mavjud. Uning Filarmoniya orkestri ko'p asrlik tarixga ega va uzoq vaqtdan beri dunyoning eng yaxshi uchtasidan biri hisoblanadi. 40 yillik bo'linish tufayli, devorning ikkala tomonidan meros bo'lib, u shahar moliya-siga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin, ammo musiqa ixlosmandlariga zavq bag'ishlaydi.
- 11 Bonn, Germaniya. Lyudvig van Betxovenning tug'ilgan shahri. The Betxoven orkestri da simfonik kontsertlar o'ynaydi Bethovenhalle va opera teatrida opera tomoshalarini hamroh qiladi. Betxoven festivali har yili sentyabr va oktyabr oylarida bo'lib o'tadi.
- 12 Budapesht, Vengriya. Vengriya poytaxti va sobiq ikkinchi shahri Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi 19-asrning ajoyib opera teatriga ega va Vengriyaning milliy musiqiy qahramonlaridan biri nomidagi Musiqiy akademiya List Ferents nomidagi konservatoriyasi ham ajoyib kontsert zaliga ega ajoyib bino. 20-asrning buyuk bastakori, pianistoni, fortepiano pedagogi va musiqa folklorshunosi Bela Bartok (Vengriyada Bartok Bela deb nomlangan) yashagan va o'z studiyasini Csalán Road-da joylashgan. Buda 1932 yildan 1940 yilda Nyu-Yorkka jo'nab ketguniga qadar va bugungi kunda Budapeshtiy tarix muzeyi tomonidan yodgorlik uyi sifatida saqlanib kelinmoqda.
- 13 Cesky Krumlov, Chex Respublikasi. Teatr dunyodagi yagona, XVIII asrning asl qiyofasida zamonaviy qo'shimchalarsiz saqlanib qolgan yagona go'zal Chekki Krumlov qal'asi joylashgan. Tarixiy ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan opera spektakllari bu erda hali ham vaqti-vaqti bilan namoyish etilib, 18-asrning hanuzgacha ishlab turadigan to'plamlari, rekvizitlari va sahna texnikalaridan foydalanilgan. Sahna va orkestr chuqurlari spektakllar paytida sham yorug'ida yoritishda davom etmoqda.
- 14 Drezden, Germaniya. The Semperoper Germaniyadagi eng chiroyli va taniqli opera teatrlaridan biri hisoblanadi va Staatskapelle mamlakatning etakchi simfonik orkestrlaridan biridir. Tarjimai holi Drezden bilan bog'langan bastakorlar orasida Geynrix Shutts, Karl Mariya fon Veber, Richard Vagner va Sergey Raxmaninofflar bor.
- 15 Eyzenax, Germaniya. Johann Sebastian Bachning tug'ilgan joyi (1685-1750), uning hayoti va ijodiga bag'ishlangan muzeyi bilan. Martin Lyuter, Protestant islohoti, shuningdek, o'z vaqtida taniqli leytenant va muqaddas musiqa bastakori bo'lgan va bolaligining ko'p qismini shu erda o'tkazgan.
- 16 Esterhaza, Vengriya. 1766 yildan 1790 yilgacha Jozef Xaydnning uyi bo'lgan Esterhazilar oilasining mamlakat mulki, u erda o'zi boshqarishi va mashq qilishi uchun butun orkestr bo'lgan. U o'zining va boshqalarning operalarini olib borar, ko'pincha yiliga yuzdan ortiq tomoshalarni namoyish etar edi.
- 17 Esterházy qal'asi, Eyzenstadt, Avstriya. Eszterhazilar oilasining asosiy qarorgohi va ma'muriy markazi. Uning asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylari HaydnsaalJozef Xaydnning ko'plab asarlari yaratilgan va premyerasi o'tkazilgan joy - bu dunyoning eng chiroyli va akustik jihatdan mukammal kontsert zallari orasida mutaxassislar tomonidan berilgan.
- 18 Halle, Germaniya. Jorj Friderik Gendelning tug'ilgan joyi (nemis tilida Georg Fridrix Xandel) (1685-1759), muzey va har yili o'tkaziladigan musiqa festivali (may / iyun) shaharning eng taniqli o'g'liga bag'ishlangan. Bundan tashqari, mavjud Staatskapelle simfonik orkestr va Stadtsingechor, Germaniyaning eng qadimgi o'g'il bolalar xorlaridan biri.
- 19 Gamburg, Germaniya. Bastakorlar Feliks Mendelson Bartoldiy va Yoxannes Bramlar Gamburgda tug'ilgan; Jorj Filipp Telemann, Jorj Friderik Xandel, Karl Filipp Emanuil Bax va Gustav Maler hayotlarining bir necha yillarini shu erda o'tkazdilar. Shahar o'zining davlat operasi (Germaniyadagi birinchi jamoat operasi), bilan mashhur Gamburg filarmoniyasi orkestr, Gamburg baleti va uning konservatoriyasi. The Elbphilharmonie 2017 yilda Hafen Siti ichida ochilgan va shuningdek, jahon miqyosidagi kontsertlarga mezbonlik qiladi.
- 20 Leypsig, Germaniya. Yoxann Sebastyan Bax 1723 yildan 1750 yilda vafotigacha bu erda Avliyo Tomas cherkovining Kantori (musiqiy direktori va o'qituvchisi) sifatida ishlagan. Uning qoldiqlari ushbu cherkov qurbongohi yonidagi bronza epitafiya ostida ko'milgan. Bax muzeyi yonida joylashgan. Har yili iyun oyida xalqaro Bax festivali mavjud. Romantik bastakor Richard Vagner va fortepiano virtuozasi Klara Shuman Leypsigda tug'ilgan; Robert Shumann va Feliks Mendelson Bartoldi hayotlarining bir necha yillarini shu erda o'tkazdilar. O'z uylarida ushbu musiqachilar va ularning asarlariga bag'ishlangan muzeylar mavjud. Boshqa muzeyda nodir va tarixiy musiqa asboblari namoyish etilgan. Ikkalasi ham Gewandhaus Orkestr va Sen-Tomas bolalar xori - xalqaro miqyosda taniqli klassik musiqa guruhlari. Va nihoyat, shaharda taniqli musiqiy konservatoriya mavjud (uning ilg'or talabalarini tinglash imkoniga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin).
- 21 Myunxen, Germaniya. Bavariya davlat operasi uchun uy (Bayerische Staatsoper), tarixiy Milliy teatrda joylashgan Germaniyaning eng yaxshi opera kompaniyalaridan biri (Milliy teatr). Vagner kabi bir nechta taniqli asarlar Tristan und Isolde (1865) bu erda premerasi bo'lgan.
- 22 Noyshvanshteyn qasri, Germaniya. Qal'aning me'morchiligi va bezaklari Richard Vagnerning epik operalaridan to'liq ilhomlangan Tanxauzer (1845) va Lohengrin (1850), uni qurishni buyurgan Bavariya qiroli Lyudvig II tomonidan juda hayratda qoldirilgan.
- 23 Praga, Chex Respublikasi. Zamonaviy davrda Chexiya Respublikasining poytaxti va Motsart davridagi Bohemiya Qirolligining poytaxti, shubhasiz Evropaning har qanday yirik shahri markazida 18 asrda eng yaxshi saqlanib qolgan. Motsart Pragada hayoti davomida Zalsburgda yoki Venada bo'lganidan ham mashhur bo'lgan va uning mashhur operasi Don Jovanni (1787) premerasi bu erda Estates teatrida (Stavovské divadloMotsart operasi premerasi bo'lgan dunyodagi yagona omon qolgan makon, shuningdek Motsart o'zining operalarini shaxsan o'zi boshqargan omon qolgan yagona makon bo'lish xususiyati bilan ajralib turadi. "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan film Amadeus butunlay Pragada otib tashlangan. Mozartning zamondoshlaridan biri bo'lgan Yozef Myslivečekning tug'ilgan joyi, u o'z davrida juda mashhur bo'lgan, ammo bugungi kunda u g'ira-shiraga aylanib qolgan, shuningdek Antonin Dvoryak, Bedich Smetana va Leoš Yanachek kabi romantik davrning ko'plab keyingi chex kompozitorlari. kariyeralarining ko'p qismini o'tkazgan. Bugungi kunda Praga hali ham rivojlanib kelayotgan mumtoz musiqa sahnasi bo'lib, davlat operasi (kabi) kabi ko'plab jahon darajasidagi joylarga ega.Státní operasi) va Milliy teatr (Narodní divadlo) opera va balet spektakllarini muntazam ravishda namoyish etishni davom ettirmoqda, shuningdek Kollegiya 1704, davriy cholg'ularda barokko musiqasini ijro etishga bag'ishlangan ansambl.
- 24 Rohrau, Avstriya. Klassik davrning taniqli bastakori Jozef Xaydnning tug'ilgan joyi (1732-1809), bugungi kunda birinchi navbatda o'zining cholg'u musiqasi, xususan simfoniyalari bilan tanilgan, ammo hayoti davomida muqaddas musiqasi va operalari bilan mashhur. Xaydnning tug'ilgan uyi endi uning hayotini yodga soluvchi muzeyga aylandi.
- 25 Zaltsburg, Avstriya. Volfgang Amadeus Motsartning tug'ilgan joyi (1756-1791), ehtimol hamma vaqtlarning eng sevimli mumtoz musiqiy bastakori. Uning tug'ilgan uyiga majburiy tashrifidan tashqari, musiqa ixlosmandlari konsert dasturiga tashrif buyurishlari mumkin Mozarteum orkestri, da opera namoyishi Zaltsburger landestheater yoki tez-tez uchraydiganlardan biri Zaltsburger Shlosskonzerte kamera musiqasi. Har yili iyul va avgust oylarida dunyoga mashhur Zaltsburg festivali bo'lib o'tadi.
- 26 Vena, Avstriya. Vena ko'p millatli kunlarda juda ta'sirli shahar edi Avstriya imperiyasi va, shubhasiz, 18-asrning 2-yarmidan 20-asrning boshlariga qadar mumtoz musiqa olami yoki hech bo'lmaganda klassik cholg'u musiqasi olamining tarixiy markazi deb hisoblash mumkin edi. Vena shahrida ko'plab taniqli mumtoz musiqa bastakorlari yashagan va ishlagan - eng ko'zga ko'ringanlari, birinchi (Xaydn, Motsart, Betxoven, Shubert, Salyeri) va Ikkinchi (Shoenberg, Berg va Webern) Vena maktablari - va shahar bugungi kunda ham mashhur joylarga ega. Vena davlat operasi (Wiener Staatsoper) va Festival zali (Festsal) Xofburg saroyining. Bu erda vals va boshqa raqs musiqalari hamda operettalari bilan mashhur bo'lgan Yoxann Strauss II (1825-1899) tug'ilgan. Klassik musiqaning ko'plab muxlislari Vena filarmoniyasini dunyoning eng yaxshi simfonik orkestrlari qatoriga kiritishadi. Vena ham uy Burgtheater, 1888 yilda Motsart o'zining taniqli operalarining premerasi bo'lgan eski, huddi buzib tashlangan eski teatr o'rniga 1888 yilda qurilgan Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasining sobiq imperatorlik teatri. Le nozze di Figaro (1786) va Così fan tutte (1790). Klassik musiqa tarixidagi yana bir muhim joy bu Teatr an der Wien, 1801 yilda Motsart o'zining "Sehrli naycha" so'nggi operasini yaratgan truppa tomonidan qurilgan.Die Zauberflote) (1791), Papageno darvozasi bilan (Papagenotor) ushbu operadagi personajlardan biri sharafiga qurilgan. Ushbu teatr Betxoven singari bir nechta taniqli operalarning premyerasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Fidelio (1805) va Iogann Strauss II ning Die Fledermaus (1874).
- 27 Veymar, Germaniya. Veymar asosan mualliflar va dramaturglar Gyote va Shiller bilan bog'langan bo'lsa-da, klassik bastakorlar Yoxann Sebastyan Bax, Frants Litst va Richard Strausslarning uyi bo'lgan. Hozirgi kunda opera filialida klassik musiqa yangraydi Deutsches National Theatre, tomonidan Staatskapelle orkestr va Veymar konservatoriyasi talabalari tomonidan.
- 28 Elazova Vola, Polsha. Mashhur fortepiano virtuozi va keyinchalik Frantsiyada ulkan muvaffaqiyatlarga erishgan bastakor Friderik Shopinning (1810-1849) tug'ilgan joyi. Unga bag'ishlangan muzey bu erda va uning sharafiga ko'pincha musiqasining yozgi kontsertlari namoyish etiladi.
Frantsiya
- 29 Bordo, Frantsiya. Uyga Bordoning katta teatri, o'zining buyuk neoklassik jabhasi va asosiy auditoriyasining tomida chiroyli freskalar bilan. Mashhur balet La Fille mal gardée 1789 yilda premyerasi bu erda bo'lib o'tgan va taniqli baletmeyster Marius Petipa ham o'zining ko'plab dastlabki asarlarining premyerasini shu erda o'tkazgan. Bugungi kunda teatr uyning uyidir Opéra National de Bordo va unga tegishli balet kompaniyasi.
- 30 Lill, Frantsiya. Uyga Lill shahri, 1913 yilda qurilgan neoklassik inshoot, o'zining jabhasida chiroyli haykallar va ichki qismida boy koridorlar bilan. Bugungi kunda opera teatri uy Le konsert d'Astrée, Barokko musiqasining tarixiy ma'lumotlariga bag'ishlangan guruh.
- 31 Montfort-l'Amaury, Frantsiya. Bastakor Moris Ravel (1875-1937) bu erda 1921 yildan to vafotigacha yashagan va u yashagan uy uning hayoti xotirasiga bag'ishlangan muzeyga aylantirilgan.
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- 32 Parij, Frantsiya. Parij yuzlab yillar davomida Frantsiyaning poytaxti sifatida Evropada mumtoz musiqa tarixi va rivojlanishida katta rol o'ynagan. Organumning eng taniqli ilk bastakorlari Leoninus va Perotinlar o'zlarining musiqalarini Notre Dame sobori Romanesk va Gothic versiyalarida ijro etish uchun yozdilar. Barokko davrida juda ko'p buyuk bastakorlar, masalan italiyalik Jan-Batist Lulli (Jovanni Battista Lulli, frantsuz operasi ixtirochisi) Mark-Antuan Charpentier va Jan-Filipp Rame, qirol saroyida ishlagan Versal, endi Parijning chekkasida joylashgan. Barok davrida ham yuqori tenor rivojlangan yoki yuqori darajadagi qarama-qarshilik frantsuz operasining qahramonlik rollarida ovoz, chunki qit'aning qolgan qismida mashhur bo'lgan mashhur kastrati hech qachon Frantsiyada o'rnashib olmadi. Keyinchalik XVIII asrda Parijda Haydnning bir nechta simfoniyalari va boshqa asarlari katta shuhrat qozondi va frantsuz opera an'analari nemis Kristof Villibald Glyuk, italiyalik Antonio Salyeri va belgiyalik André Gretri kabi taniqli bastakorlar bilan davom etdi. e'tirof etilgan asarlar.
In the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, a long list of famous composers lived and worked in Paris, including the Belgian César Franck, the Frenchmen Hector Berlioz, Jules Massenet, Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and Francis Poulenc, the Italians Gioachino Rossini and Giuseppe Verdi, the Pole Frédéric Chopin (Fryderyk Szopen) and the Russians Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev. Several famous organist/composers had regular jobs at churches throughout town, including St. Sulpice and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The operetta was also invented here by the German composer Jacques Offenbach, whose operetta Orphée aux enfers (1858) contains a few pieces still instantly recognisable by current-day listeners.
The Opéra Garnier is a lovely, historic and iconic building that houses the world-renowned Paris Opera Ballet (Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris). The newer Opéra Bastille, widely considered one of the best in the world, houses the Paris Opera (Opéra National de Paris), one of the world's premier opera companies. Another significant though less well known venue is the Opéra-Comique, where Bizet's famed opera Carmen had its premiere in 1875. Paris today has a very varied performance scene and remains vital as a center for new and experimental music, as exemplified by the ongoing work at IRCAM, the Institute for Acoustic/Musical Research and Coordination founded by the Modernist composer and conductor, Pierre Boulez, and the Ensemble Intercontemporain, which he also founded. - 33 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Birthplace of Claude Debussy (1862-1918), best know Impressionist composer. His birth house has been converted to the Musée Claude-Debussy, a small museum dedicated to the composer's life.
Iberia
- 34 Aranjuez, Spain. Made famous by the exquisite eponymous Guitar Concerto by Joaquín Rodrigo (1901-1999).
- 35 Barcelona, Spain. Home to the Palau de la Música Catalana, a classical music performance venue designed in the Modernisme style by Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850-1923), a contemporary and rival of the famed Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926). The city is also home to the Gran Teatre del Liceu, a beautiful opera house that was opened in 1847 and twice rebuilt after fires.
- 36 Lissabon, Portugal. Birthplace of Marcos Portugal (1762-1830), perhaps Portugal's most internationally renowned classical music composer. During his lifetime, he was the maestro of the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos.
- 37 Madrid, Spain. Spain's capital and largest city is home to a thriving classical music scene, with its main opera house, the Teatro Real, regularly staging opera performances featuring the world's top singers.
- 38 Valencia, Spain. Birthplace of Vicente Martín y Soler (1754-1806), a contemporary of Mozart who, though largely obscure today, was compared favourably with Mozart during his lifetime. A sextet from his opera, Una Cosa Rara (1786), was quoted by Mozart during the composition of Don Giovanni (1787). In modern times, Valencia is home to the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, a performance venue that is widely considered to be a marvel of modern architecture and regularly stages performances of Martín y Soler's operas.
Italiya
- 39 Florensiya, Italy. Florence is one of the most historically significant cities and arguably the foremost wellspring of secular music in Europe. In the 14th century, composer, performer and poet Francesco Landini served the city's growing merchant class by writing secular music exclusively. Regarded along with Venice as the vanguard of the Renaissance, Florence was ruled for centuries by the famed Medici family, who were great patrons of the arts. Florence is also the birthplace of opera: Jacopo Peri's Dafne (now lost), the first opera to ever be composed, was premiered at the Palazzo Corsi in 1598. Florence was also the birthplace of Francesca Caccini, whose opera La liberazione di Ruggiero (1625), which premiered in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale in Arcetri just to the south of the city centre, is the oldest surviving opera to have been composed by a woman.
Paganini's violin Il Cannone Guarnerius on display at the Palazzo Doria-Tursi in Genoa - 40 Genuya, Italy. Birthplace of master violinist Niccolò Paganini, with a local museum that displays one of his violins. It's also home to the prestigious Teatro Carlo Felice, where Giuseppe Verdi, Igor Stravinsky and Richard Strauss, among others, conducted performances.
- 41 Legnago, Italy. The birthplace of Antonio Salieri (1739-1815), a contemporary of Mozart who was one of the main characters of the film Amadeus. In the film, he was portrayed as a mediocre composer who attempted to murder Mozart in a fit of jealousy, though this is a 19th-century fiction and there is no truth to it. The historical Salieri was in fact at his best a first-rate composer who enjoyed more success than Mozart in his time and collaborated with Mozart on numerous occasions, and was even the music teacher of Mozart's youngest son after Mozart died. The Teatro Salieri regularly stages performances of the composer's works in the town in an effort to rehabilitate his perhaps unfairly soiled reputation.
- 42 Le Roncole, Italy. Birthplace of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), a prolific opera composer known for many all-time classics such as Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La traviata (1853), Aida (1871) and Otello (1887), as well his setting of the Requiem Mass, all of which are often quoted today in advertising and film scores. Verdi's childhood home has been converted to a museum about his life and works.
- 43 Lucca, Italy. Birthplace of Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), perhaps the last of the great opera composers, and the most famous exponent of the verismo style of Italian opera, with many of his works such as La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904) and Turandot (1926) being staples of the standard operatic repertoire today. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works, and the city hosts the Puccini festival every summer with performances of his works.
- 44 Mantua, Italy. Claudio Monteverdi's favola in musica, L'Orfeo (1607), one of the earliest operas and the oldest one that's still much performed today, was written for the city's ruling Gonzaga family and premiered in one of the rooms of the Ducal Palace (which room is not known).
- 45 Milan, Italy. La Scala is arguably the world's single most famous and prestigious opera house, where immortal names like Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas built their reputations.
- 46 Neapol, Italy. Better known as the home of pizza, Naples was a very important centre of classical music from the 16th to early 20th century. The Neapolitan school of opera was founded by Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725), whose family members included other well-regarded composers such as his son, Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757), and his nephew or grandson, Giuseppe Scarlatti (1718/1723-1777). Though largely forgotten today, it was one of the most important schools of opera during the Baroque and Classical periods. Composers of this school who were famous during their lifetimes included Nicola Porpora, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Leonardo Leo, Leonardo Vinci (not to be confused with the Renaissance painter, Leonardo da Vinci), Domenico Cimarosa, Giovanni Paisiello and Giuseppe Sarti. Naples' 18th-century opera house, Teatro di San Carlo (founded in 1737), still hosts opera and other performances today.
- 47 Palermo, Italy. Its Teatro Massimo is an architectural and acoustical masterpiece, the third largest opera house in Europe, and served as scenery to the final scenes (which feature the opera Cavalleria Rusticana) of the film The Godfather Part III.
- 48 Pesaro, Italy. Birthplace of Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), an opera composer who was one of the main exponents of the bel canto (literally "beautiful singing") style of opera and wrote such famous works as Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816) and La Cenerentola (1817). Rossini was also one of the pioneers of the French grand opéra style, with his final opera, the epic Guillaume Tell (1829), whose overture is still instantly recognisable to modern-day audiences, being one of the first compositions in that style. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works.
- 49 Rim, Italy. The popes have been patrons of music for over 1,000 years. Famous composers in the Papal Court have included the Renaissance masters Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Giacomo Carissimi, a Roman composer in the early Baroque style of the early 17th century, is widely credited as being a seminal figure in the development of the oratorio, as he wrote opera-like compositions on Biblical themes for sacred concerts he directed at the Oratorio di Santissimo Crocifisso. In spite of the fact that the Church officially prohibited castration, nevertheless, due to the fact that women were banned from singing in public in the Papal States, Rome saw the rise of the castrati starting in the second half of the 16th century. From ear-witness reports, castrati were able to sing in ranges from alto to soprano like women, but with the tremendous lung power of a big man (as castrated men grow taller than non-castrated men), with the great Farinelli said to have had a range from tenor all the way up to high soprano, and to have been able to sing continuously for over a minute without taking a breath. The appeal of castrati spread beyond Rome to the rest of the continent (except France), with some castrati becoming sex symbols and superstars on the opera stage, such that the heroic roles in Italian Baroque operas were almost always assigned to castrati. Visitors to Rome can visit the Sistine Chapel where the castrati first rose to prominence, and also where the practice continued to survive long after the castrati lost their prominence on the operatic stage until Alessandro Moreschi, the last castrato, died in 1922. Rome was also the birthplace of Pietro Metastasio, perhaps the most celebrated librettist of Baroque opera. Today, Rome is home to the Santa Cecilia conservatory, which also hosts the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, probably Italy's best symphony orchestra other than the RAI National Symphony Orchestra, which is based in Turin.
- 50 Venetsiya, Italy. The Cathedral of San Marco was the workplace of great composers, and especially Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli. The Gabrielis were known for their music for antiphonal choirs of voices and instruments, which was produced by placing two choirs in choir lofts on opposite sides of the church for a stereophonic effect. The music also symbolized the unity of the church and state, whose representatives in those days sat on opposite sides of the pews. This contrast and unity of choirs with different tone colors and dynamics (piano va forte, as in Giovanni Gabrieli's Sonata pian'e forte, the first musical work to be notated with dynamic markings) helped to bring about the stilo moderno (modern style) in the late 16th and early 17th centuries that we now call the Baroque style. The 18th-century composer Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), renowned in his day for his operas as well as his instrumental and sacred music, was another famous Venetian. The Venetian school, which included Vivaldi and other then-famous composers such as Francesco Cavalli, Antonio Caldara and Baldassare Galuppi, was one of the great schools of Baroque opera, rivalling the Neapolitan school. Venice was the home of the first large public opera house, built in 1642, and has since 1774 hosted the Teatro la Fenice, Venice's opera house which has been destroyed by fire and rebuilt three times. Venice was also the birthplace to two of Baroque opera's most celebrated librettists, Apostolo Zeno and Carlo Goldoni.
Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar
- 51 Bergen, Norway. Bergen was the home town of composer Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) and is the home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, established in 1756 and now one of the oldest orchestras in world. The Bergen International Festival, held every year for two weeks in May-June, was modeled after the Salzburg Festival.
- 52 Järvenpää, Finland. Ainola, the home of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957). Other sites/events related to him are the Sibelius Monument and the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition (with talented young violinists from around the world) in Xelsinki, and the Sibelius Museum in Turku.
- 53 Reykyavik, Iceland. Home to the iconic Harpa concert hall on the waterfront, a marvel of 21st-century architecture that houses the Iceland Symphony Orchestra and Icelandic Opera.
- 54 Savonlinna, Finland. A small city in the Finnish Lakeland, housing the Savonlinna Opera Festival each summer, in the court of its medieval castle.
- 55 Stokgolm, Sweden. The Royal Swedish Opera is Sweden's premier venue for opera and ballet, and one of the finest classical opera houses in the Nordic countries. Another important opera performance venue is the Drottningholms slottsteater on the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace, which is one of the few theatres in the world with its original 18th-century stage machinery still functional.
Rossiya
- 56 Moscow, Russia. Another important city in the history of classical music where many Russian composers of the Romantic period worked. Home to the stately Bolshoi Theatre, whose Bolshoi Ballet is one of the best regarded in the world, and where Tchaikovsky's famous ballet Swan Lake (1876) premiered. During the Soviet era, it was also home to Aram Khachaturian, a Georgian-born Armenian composer who is best known for the Sabre Dance from his ballet Gayane, which premiered at the aforementioned Bolshoi Theatre in 1942. Moscow is also home to the prestigious Moscow Conservatory, which counts among its alumni many of Russia's pre-eminent musicians and singers, and hosts the prestigious International Tchaikovsky Competition for singers, pianists, violinists and cellists every four years.
- 57 Sankt-Peterburg, Russia. Former imperial capital of Russia, and also where many famous composers of the Romantic period such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Modest Mussorgsky worked for a significant amount of time during their careers. The city boasts the Mariinsky Theatre, home to the Mariinsky Ballet, one of the world's most renowned ballet companies, which was most notably the location of the premiere of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet, The Nutcracker (1892). Another notable venue is the Mikhailovsky Theatre, which while not as famous as the Mariinsky, is also known for having a world-class opera and ballet troupe.
- 58 Votkinsk, Russia. Birthplace of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, perhaps Russia's most famous composer, who is known for his prolific output including the ballets The Nutcracker (1892) and Swan Lake (1876), as well as other pieces such as the 1812 Overture, which is particularly notable for its use of cannons in the orchestration. The Tchaikovsky family's estate has been converted to a museum commemorating the composer's life and works.
Outside Europe
Osiyo
- 59 Pekin, China. In addition to having a long history of traditional Chinese music, China's capital is home to a thriving European classical music scene. The iconic National Centre for the Performing Arts is Beijing's pre-eminent performance venue, and hosts both Chinese and European musical performances.
- 60 Xanoy, Vetnam. The Hanoi Opera House was built by the French during the colonial era, and designed to resemble a smaller version of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it remains one of the premier performance venues in the capital, and continues to regularly host ballets and other classical music performances, including newer compositions by Vietnamese composers.
- 61 Xoshimin shahri, Vetnam. Vietnam's largest city is home to the Saigon Opera House, today known as the Municipal Theatre, a beautiful structure built by the French during the colonial era. Today, it primarily hosts a modern acrobatics performance known as the AO Show, but still occasionally stages ballets and other classical music performances.
- 62 Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and Hong Kong Ballet perform at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre on the Kowloon waterfront. Hong Kong is also home to a second fully professional orchestra, the Hong Kong Sinfonietta, which performs in the Hong Kong City Hall.
- 63 Mumbai, India. India's largest city is home to the Royal Opera House, the country's sole surviving colonial opera house. Abandoned and left to decay for over 20 years, it was restored to its former glory in 2017, and today it once again periodically hosts classical music concerts, and even the occasional opera.
- 64 Seul, South Korea. Although Korea is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, Seoul has a thriving classical music scene, with South Korea producing many of the world's top pianists, instrumental soloists and opera singers. Popular local orchestras include the Seoul Philarmonic Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and KBS Symphony Orchestra. Seoul also has numerous classical music venues, with perhaps the most pre-eminent ones being the Seoul Arts Center and the Lotte Concert Hall.
- 65 Shanxay, China. China's largest and most cosmopolitan city is home to a thriving classical music scene, and foreign orchestras touring Asia are virtually guaranteed to perform in Shanghai. The city boast four world-class classical music performance venues; the Shanghai Symphony Hall, Shanghai Grand Theatre, Shanghai Oriental Art Center and Shanghai Concert Hall. The Shanghai Symphony Orchestra is the oldest European-style orchestra in China, have been founded in 1879, making it even older than some of the pre-eminent European and American orchestras.
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- 66 Singapore. Having been a centre for immigration for over two centuries, Singapore's classical music scene comprises of a mix of European, Chinese, Malay and Indian traditions. The main European-style ensembles in Singapore are the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and the T'ang Quartet. Singapore's premier performance venue is the iconic Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, a modern state-of-the-art venue nicknamed "The Durian" due to the distinctive design of its roof. Another notable performance venue is the colonial-era Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, which used to be Singapore's premier performance venue before the construction of the newer Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.
- 67 Taipei, Taiwan. Although Taiwan has its own distinctive musical tradition, European-style classical music is also very popular in Taiwan. Taipei's pre-eminent performance venues are the National Theater and National Concert Hall, both of which are modern structures built in the traditional Chinese architectural style. The National Theatre regularly host performances by visiting ballet troupes, while the National Concert Hall regularly hosts visiting orchestras and pianists, as well as local orchestras like the National Symphony Orchestra and Taipei Symphony Orchestra. Both buildings are located opposite each other at Liberty Square, a stone's throw away from the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial.
- 68 Tokyo, Japan. Although Japan is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, it has emerged as one of the world's top markets for classical music over the 20th century, such that classical music is now ironically more popular among youths and young adults in Japan than it is in Western countries. In addition, Tokyo is also a hotbed for contemporary classical music composers, with contemporary classical music playing a large role in Japan's film, television and gaming industries. Tokyo is also home to several world class classical music venues such as Suntory Hall, the New National Theatre and Bunkamura, as well as eight full-time professional orchestras, namely the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra, Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and Tokyo Symphony Orchestra.
Shimoliy Amerika
- 69 Boston, United States of America. Best known for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, which plays in beautiful Symphony Hall, Boston is also the home of the oldest performing organization never to miss a season in the U.S.: the Handel and Haydn Society. It was founded in 1815, soon after Haydn's death, when premieres of some of Handel's works were still a living memory. It returned to its roots in the mid-20th century, dedicating itself since to historically informed performances of Baroque music.
- 70 Chikago, United States of America. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra is based in the Symphony Center along Michigan Avenue. Its great history of touring and recording started under Fritz Reiner and accelerated under Sir Georg Solti. Since Reiner's time, it has often been considered the best or one of the top two orchestras in the United States. Chicago is also home to the Civic Opera House, one of the finest Art Deco opera houses in the world, which in modern times is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago, one of the most renowned opera companies in North America.
- 71 Klivlend, United States of America. The Cleveland Symphony Orchestra is one of the most famous and highly regarded in the U.S. George Szell, who led them from 1946–1970, really put the orchestra on the map, shaping it into an extremely efficient organization through careful hiring and steady direction, and they recorded and toured extensively under his baton. The orchestra, which performs most of its concerts at the Art Deco Severance Hall on Cleveland's East Side, has maintained a high profile ever since. Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Institute of Music, a respected conservatory.
- 72 Danberi, United States of America. Birthplace of Charles Ives (1874–1954), one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. His birth house has been preserved, and there are plans to convert it into a museum celebrating his life.
- 73 Gavana, Cuba. The Gran Teatro de La Habana is a beautiful early 20th-century Baroque revival structure known for the numerous sculptures on its exterior. It was built by Havana's Galician immigrant community on the site of the earlier Teatro Tacón, whose original theatre was preserved and incorporated into the newer building. Today it is the main home of the Cuban National Ballet Company, and hosts the Havana International Ballet Festival in even-numbered years.
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- 74 Los Anjeles, United States of America. Los Angeles may not be the first city a traveler thinks of as a hotbed of classical music in the United States, but it is a major center of classical music, nonetheless. The Los Angeles Philharmonic, a great orchestra, performs its season at Disney Hall, a striking building downtown designed by Frank Gehry that is known for its acoustics. Also, don't overlook the absolutely crucial contribution of classical composers to Hollywood films. The sound of classic Hollywood film music was supplied by highly skilled European classical composers such as Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Dmitri Tiomkin and Miklós Rózsa — many of them refugees from fascism or communism in Europe — and also by various native-born Americans, quite a few of whom were trained either in Europe or by Europeans. Today, classical music is still of great importance to Hollywood, and though many names could be mentioned, that of John Williams suffices to make the point.
- 75 Mexiko, Mexico. Mexico's premier opera house is the Palacio de Bellas Artes, a beautiful 1930s building with an eclectic mix of architectural styles, consisting of a primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical exterior, and a primarily Art Deco interior. It continues to regularly host opera performances to this day.
- 76 Monreal, Kanada. Montreal Symphony Orchestra (French: Orchestre symphonique de Montréal, or OSM) performs in the Montreal Symphony House at Place des Arts. It is the only orchestra in the world that possesses an octobass.
- 77 Nyu-York shahri, United States of America. New York has two major world-class halls: Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Opera House. Carnegie also has an excellent, smaller recital hall, Weill Recital Hall, where many debut recitals and chamber music concerts take place. The Metropolitan Opera is one of the most famous in the world and has a storied history. People interested in the way the opera works behind the scenes can sign up for backstage tours, which cover such things as the construction and maintenance of the house, the movement of sets on the stage, the construction of sets and costumes, the special loading dock for animals needed onstage and the rehearsal stage where the singer/actors can work on blocking. The New York Philharmonic performs at Geffen Hall, formerly called Avery Fisher Hall and like the Met, at Lincoln Center on the Upper West Side. Other major halls include Alice Tully Hall, where Chamber Music at Lincoln Center and Mostly Mozart have their seasons, and also the Kaufmann Center at the 92nd St. Y on Lexington Avenue on the Upper East Side and Merkin Hall on West 67th St., both of which among other things often feature contemporary classical music. New York also has several conservatories of music, the most famous of which is the Juilliard School, also at Lincoln Center. If you'd like to see historical instruments that were used to play classical music, go to the large, excellent musical instruments wing of the Metropolitan Museum, which is on the East Side and not associated with the Metropolitan Opera. New York was also the birthplace of the famous composer, songwriter and pianist, George Gershwin (1898-1937), arguably (with Ives the most frequent alternative choice) America's greatest classical composer, who was also famous for his Broadway shows and popular songs, and as a jazz musician. New York is also generally considered to have succeeded Vienna as the center of the classical music world and especially musical Modernism for the remainder of the 20th century after the rise of Nazism in Europe. Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse and Béla Bartók are among the many Modernist composers who lived in New York.
- 78 Philadelphia, United States of America. The Philadelphia Orchestra is one of the most famous in the United States. The city also hosts the Curtis Institute, widely considered the country's foremost conservatory of music, which is free for all students who pass their extremely demanding audition.
- 79 San Francisco, United States of America. The San Francisco Opera, housed in the Beaux-Arts style War Memorial Opera House, is one of the premier opera companies in the United States. The San Francisco Symphony Orchestra is housed in the adjacent Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall.
- 80 San José, Costa Rica. The Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica is the country's premier performing arts venue, and widely regarded as the finest historical building in the capital. Today, it is the primary home of Costa Rica's National Symphonic Orchestra, and continues to regularly host opera performances.
- 81 Toronto, Kanada. The Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1922, plays in Roy Thomson Hall, whose distinctive round glass shape makes it a Toronto landmark.
- 82 Vankuver, Kanada. The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (VSO) performs at the Orpheum, and is the largest performing arts organization in Western Canada. It performs 140 concerts per season.
Janubiy Amerika
- 83 Bogota, Colombia. Colombia's national opera house is the Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, known for the beautiful frescoes of six muses on the ceiling of the main hall. Today, it remains Colombia's premier performance venue, regularly playing host to operas, ballets and other classical music performances.
- 84 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Argentina's main opera house is the Teatro Colón, which has been widely ranked among the most beautiful opera houses in the world. Today, it continues to be one of the premier classical music venues in South America, and regularly plays host to opera, ballets and symphonic orchestral performances.
- 85 Manaus, Brazil. Located in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest, the Amazonas Theatre in Manaus was inaugurated in 1896 and today is home to the Amazon Philharmonic Orchestra. The Amazonas Theater also hosts, since 1997, between April and May, the Amazonas Opera Festival.
- 86 Porto Alegre, Brazil. Home of the Porto Alegre Symphony Orchestra (OSPA), founded in 1950, which performs at the Casa de Música da OSPA, in the neighborhood of Cidade Baixa. The city is also home of the impressive São Pedro Theatre, built in 1858, which hosts concerts by the São Pedro Theatre Chamber Orchestra.
- 87 Rio-de-Janeyro, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro's opera house is the beautiful Theatro Municipal, whose design was inspired by that of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it is the home of the Petrobras Symphony Orchestra and the Brazilian Symphonic Orchestra.
- 88 Santyago, Chile. Chile's premier opera house is the Teatro Municipal, which continues to regularly host operas, ballets and classical music concerts.
- 89 San-Paulu, Brazil. The largest city in Brazil is home to the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra performs regularly at Sala São Paulo, inaugurated in 1999, located at the Julio Prestes Cultural Center, in the downtown of the city of São Paulo. The São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra performs free public concerts on some Sundays at 11am. You just have to pick up tickets at the ticket office on the Monday before the Sunday at which the concert will take place. The beautiful Theatro Municipal is São Paulo's opera house, and today hosts the São Paulo Municipal Symphony Orchestra, the Coral Lírico and the City Ballet of São Paulo.
Okeaniya
- 90 Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand's largest city is home to the Auckland Philarmonia Orchestra, one of only two fully professional orchestras in the country, which is based in the Auckland Town Hall.
- 91 Melburn, Australia. With a reputation for being Australia's most cultured city, Melbourne is home to a significant classical music scene. The Arts Centre Melbourne is the city's pre-eminent performance venue, and regularly hosts top classical music acts such as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Opera Australia.
- 92 Perth, Australia. Home to the impressive His Majesty's Theatre, completed in 1904, which is also home to the West Australian Ballet and West Australia Opera.
- 93 Sidney, Australia. Home to the famed Sydney Opera House, one of the most recognisable landmarks in the world, and the only one to have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site during the lifetime of its architect. The opera house is home to Opera Australia, the Australian Ballet and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, all of which regularly stage performances. Sydney is also home to several chamber music ensembles such as the Australian Chamber Orchestra and Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, which play at multiple locations in the city such as the City Recital Hall, and the Centennial Hall located within Sydney Town Hall. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music, part of the University of Sydney, is the premier classical music conservatory in Australia.
- 94 Vellington, New Zealand. New Zealand's capital is home to its national orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, which performs at the Michael Fowler Centre. It is also home to the New Zealand String Quartet, the only professional string quartet in the country.
Tadbirlar
- Rheingau Musik Festival: 23 June – 1 September 2018 Reyxau. Annual cultural event, mainly classical music, takes place in a number of locations in the region, often in historic buildings or their grounds. There are several concerts that fall outside the main season dates shown here. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Bachfest Leipzig: 11–21 June 2020 Leypsig. International festival with more than 100 concerts of works by Johann Sebastian Bach and other composers. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Festival d'Aix-en-Provence: 4–24 July 2018 Aix-en-Provence. One of the oldest and most famous festivals of classical music in France. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Salzburg Festival: 20 July – 30 August 2018 Zaltsburg. For almost a century, Salzburg has hosted the world famous festival, with operas, concerts, and theater plays in different locations throughout the city. It was founded by Hugo von Hoffmansthal, Max Reinhardt and Richard Strauss in 1920. It takes place in July and August, the most famous piece is the "Jedermann" ("Everyman") by Hugo v. Hoffmansthal, being conducted in front of the Dom (Cathedral) every year. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- The Proms (The Henry Wood Promenade Concerts presented by the BBC): 17 July – 12 September 2020 London / Janubiy Kensington-Chelsi. Orchestral concerts in the Royal Albert Hall, with cheaper admission for those standing (promenading) in front of the stage. The festival culminates in the Last Night of the Proms, which is known for the performance of British patriotic songs such as Rule, Britannia! by Thomas Arne (1710-1778), Quddus by Hubert Parry (1848-1918) and Land of Hope and Glory by Edward Elgar, and the accompanying flag waving by the audience. The last night includes outdoor events in Glasgow, Belfast va Swansea. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Bayreuth Festival (Richard Wagner Festival): 25 July – 30 August 2020 Bayreuth. For 30 days every year in July and August, when his operas are performed at the Festspielhaus. During the festival, huge crowds flock to Bayreuth for a chance to see the performances. It is estimated that the waiting time for tickets is between five and ten years. For inquiries, contact the Tourist Information office for ideas on the best ways to obtain tickets. Sometimes (with a little luck), last minute tickets can become available. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Lucerne Festival: 17 August – 16 September 2018 Lucerne. Thrice a year, visiting world-class orchestras and star conductors. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Glyndebourne Festival: 21 May – 30 August 2020 East Sussex. An annual opera festival that lasts throughout the summer, held in an opera house built on the country estate of the Christie family. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Edinburgh International Festival: 7–31 August 2020 Edinburg. An annual arts festival, which has been running since 1947, which includes major performances by an international visiting orchestra, and finishes with an orchestra playing at a fireworks concert. The Festival Fringe (similar dates) includes some classical music in the enormous programme. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- East Neuk Festival: 1–5 July 2020 Fife. A classical music festival, with events in Anstruther and other small villages nearby. (sana yangilanishi kerak)
- Boston Early Music Festival: 9–13 June 2021 Boston. A festival dedicated to renaissance and baroque music, including the staging of more obscure operas.
Hurmat
The experience of going to a classical concert is very different from going to a rock, hip-hop or jazz concert, and likewise with an opera or ballet from a musical. Classical concerts vary in level of formality, and also somewhat by location and genre. This is only a rough guide of what to expect.
How to dress
People who have never been to a classical concert often ask what to wear. This varies. If you are going to Opening Night at La Scala, you've paid a lot of money and are probably expected to dress up. However, if you are in the cheap seats at the Metropolitan Opera House or Carnegie Hall, you are not going to get stared at for wearing jeans and a t-shirt. If you dress up, you are unlikely to be out of place anywhere, but you needn't worry, and you are virtually guaranteed entry as long as you aren't wearing rags or going topless or barefoot.
When to applaud
You are never required to applaud unless you want to. That said, if you go to a concert of purely instrumental music, such as a symphony orchestra or chamber music concert or a recital (performance by a solo instrumentalist or vocalist, with or without the accompaniment of a chord-playing instrument such as a piano or a small group of bass and chord-playing instruments called the basso continuo), you will generally be expected to clap only at the end of each piece, regardless of how many movements (discrete sections with subtitles such as tempo markings [e.g., Presto, Allegro, Andante, Adagio] or names of dances [e.g. Minuet, Gigue]) it has. However, it is not a horrible faux pas to clap at the end of a movement, and a polite performer may acknowledge the applause. Vocalists in recitals also often sing an entire song cycle, composed of a group of poems set to music, and likewise, you will normally be expected to clap at the end of the entire song cycle.
If you go to an opera, however, it is customary to applaud at the end of any discrete section you enjoyed listening to, including the overture and any aria, duet or ensemble, and not wait till the end of each act, though it wouldn't be normal to applaud the high note in the middle of an aria. Sometimes, audiences start applauding and cheering when the orchestra is still playing out the end of an aria.
In any kind of classical performance, if you feel particularly inspired, you may shout the Italian word "Bravo" while applauding, if the performer is a man, "Brava" if it's a woman, "Bravi" if it's both or more than one man and "Brave" if it's a group of women, although you may find "Bravo" used generically in some non-Italian-speaking countries. In some countries such as Italy or France, "Bis" (meaning "Again") may be shouted, instead, and the audience may be treated to a repeat of an aria or another short piece. In English-speaking countries, if you'd like to hear an additional short piece at the end of a solo recital or a concert by only one chamber group, you may shout "Encore", the French word for "More". It's not uncommon for 2-3 encores to be performed at the ends of recitals. They are not mentioned on the printed concert program but are usually announced by a performer before they are played. However, do not expect an encore at the end of an opera or orchestral concert.
At a liturgical performance of sacred music, applause is normally not appropriate at any time, except perhaps if the priest requests a round of applause for the musicians at the end.
Lengths of performances
This also varies. Purely instrumental concerts usually feature about 1 hour of playing, but how long they last also depends on the length of the intermission (called the interval in Britain and some other English-speaking countries). The same is true of opera performances, but running times for operas are usually 2½-4 hours, though some, such as Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Verdi's Don Carlos or Wagner's Götterdämerung can take over 5 hours. In some European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, the intermission lasts at least 30 minutes, with the price of your ticket including a glass of good wine or beer (or at very informal recitals, at least some fizzy mineral water) at intermission and an opportunity to chat with other concertgoers and relax. Qo'shma Shtatlarda tanaffuslar ko'pincha 15 minutni tashkil qiladi, agar omadingiz bo'lsa, vannadan qaytish uchun etarli vaqt, agar taklif etilsa, ichimliklar ko'pincha juda qimmatga tushadi. Operalar, odatda, 2-5 pog'onadan iborat bo'lib, har bir pog'ona o'rtasida intervallar mavjud, ammo 1 pog'onali operalar ham bor, ular odatda boshqa 1 pog'onali operalar bilan bir xil dasturda ijro etiladi (masalan, Jakomo Puchchini Trittico odatda bir-birining ortidan ijro etiladigan, oralig'ida intervallar bilan va juda yaxshi qarama-qarshi bo'lgan 3 ta opera guruhidir Cavalleria rusticana Pietro Mascagni tomonidan odatda ikki qavatli qog'ozda amalga oshiriladi Palyacci Ruggero Leoncavallo tomonidan).
Shuningdek, konsertlar boshlanishining o'z vaqtida bajarilishi millatga qarab farq qiladi. Shveytsariyada konsertlar o'z vaqtida boshlanishini kuting; Germaniyada, ehtimol 5 daqiqa kechikdi; Qo'shma Shtatlarda, 10-15 minut kechikish; Frantsiyada, ehtimol 15-20 daqiqa kechikadi; Italiyada esa 20-40 yoki undan ko'p daqiqa kechikadi. Ammo konsert kech boshlanishiga shunchalik ishonmangki, uni sog'inasiz! Kechikib kelsangiz, ijrochilar va boshqa tomoshabinlar e'tiborini chalg'itmaslik uchun, odatda qismlar yoki harakatlar o'rtasida keyingi pauzaga qadar sizga ruxsat berilmaydi. Opera, balet yoki boshqa dramatik spektakllarda siz keyingi intervalgacha ruxsat berilishini kutishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
Muammoli xatti-harakatlar
Tungi klublardagi kontsertlarda musiqa tez-tez baland ovozda eshitiladi va tomoshabin a'zolari ijro paytida baland ovozda xursand bo'lishlari va istalgan vaqtda suratga tushishlari odatiy holdir. Aksincha, bevaqt portlashlar yoki ruxsatsiz suratga olish sizni mumtoz konsertdan chetlashtirishi mumkin. Ba'zi eng zamonaviy jazz klublarida bo'lgani kabi, mumtoz kontsert zallari ham qarsak chalish o'rinli bo'lgan hollar bundan mustasno, tomoshabinlardan imkon qadar ko'proq sukunatni kutishadi.
Hatto shov-shuv ko'tarish, yo'tal tomchilarini yoki shitirlash qog'ozlarini ochish ham sizga tikilib qolishi yoki eshitilishi mumkin. Agar sizning uyali telefoningiz eng nozik daqiqada o'chib qolsa, odamlar haqiqatan ham g'azablanishadi. Spektakl boshida bu haqda aytilmagan bo'lsa ham, bu har doim telefoningizni o'chirib qo'yganingiz ma'qul (yoki uni umuman jim qilib qo'ying - "jim" signallarni eshitishga imkon beradi va unchalik ham jim emas). Agar sizda shamollash yoki yo'tal bo'lsa, kontsert boshlanganda yoki boshqa qulay vaqtda bir nechta pastillarni olib kelib, ularni ochib qo'yishingiz mumkin, shunda siz yo'talishni istamaysiz.
Kulish boshqacha. Opera sahnasida yoki cholg'u asbobidagi kulgili daqiqada kulish yaxshi (masalan, Gaydn simfoniyalarida juda kulgili daqiqalar bor), lekin kulish juda qo'pollik, chunki siz ijrochining tartibsizligini eshitgansiz. Siz kulgili bo'lgani uchun musiqa ustidan kulganingiz uchun sizga qarashadigan ba'zi tomoshabinlarni topishingiz mumkin, lekin ular johil, shuning uchun buni yurakka tutmang.
Fotosuratga olish muammosi boshqacha bo'lib, u ruxsatsiz yozuvlarga ("bootlegs" deb nomlanadi) taalluqlidir: bu rassomlar va zalning o'z asarlari tasvirlari va yozuvlaridan foyda olish huquqining buzilishi. Ba'zi joylar bunga juda qattiq qarashadi: masalan, Carnegie Hall-dagi ruxsatsiz yozuvlar sizning qurilmangizni olib qo'yishiga va uning xotirasini to'liq tozalashga olib kelishi mumkin. Hech bo'lmaganda, ba'zi konsert zallarida xodimlar shaxsan sizga og'zaki gapirib berishlari yoki agar davom etsangiz ketishingiz kerakligi haqida ogohlantirishlari mumkin. Biroq, rasmiy bo'lmagan sharoitlarda, ko'plab ijodkorlar sizdan ruxsat so'rasangiz, rasm va hatto yozuvlarni suratga olishdan mamnun.
Bolalar
Xulq-atvorli bolalar odatda har qanday klassik kontsertda xush kelibsiz. Agar siz bolangizni mumtoz musiqaga ta'sir qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, ularni olib keling. Agar ular notinch bo'lsa, ularni zalning tashqarisiga olib borishingiz mumkin va ular tinchlanganda, siz yana qayta kirishingiz mumkin bo'ladi, garchi siz harakat yoki ariya tugaguniga qadar kutishingiz talab qilinishi mumkin.
Ba'zi tashkilotlarda, masalan, simfonik orkestrlarda, shuningdek, bolalar uchun maxsus kontsertlar mavjud bo'lib, unda dirijyor ular bilan gaplashib, ularga musiqa haqida ma'lumot beradi. Bunday kontsertlar odatdagi kontsertlarga qaraganda qisqaroq bo'lib, ko'pincha Prokofiev singari bolalar klassik musiqasi shapellaridan iborat. Butrus va bo'ri yoki Brittenniki Yoshlar uchun orkestrga ko'rsatma turli xil orkestr cholg'ulari rollari va imkoniyatlarini namoyish etuvchi va o'z ichiga diktorni o'z ichiga olgan.