Ingliz tilidagi navlar - English language varieties

Ingliz tili ko'p joylarda asosiy tildir, boshqalarda muhim tildir va dunyoning aksariyat qismida ikkinchi til sifatida gaplashadi. Shu bilan birga, dunyo bo'ylab talaffuz, imlo va so'z ishlatilishida sezilarli farqlar mavjud. Ushbu maqola sayohatchilar uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ushbu farqlarning ba'zilari ro'yxatini taqdim etishga qaratilgan.

Ingliz tili aksariyat ona tili (ko'k) yoki rasmiy ozchiliklarning tili (firuza) bo'lgan dunyo davlatlari

Ingliz tili dunyo bo'ylab va hatto bitta mamlakat ichida juda ko'p farqlarga ega. Biz sayohatchilar amaliy kelishuvlarni amalga oshirishda muntazam ravishda duch keladigan asosiy farqlarni va odatdagi suhbatlarda chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin bo'lgan atamalarni yoritishga harakat qildik. Bu osonlikcha yuzlab sahifalarga cho'zilishi mumkin bo'lgan mavzu bo'lgani uchun, yordam beruvchilardan o'zgartirish kiritilishidan oldin munozarasi sahifasidagi qo'shimchalarni muhokama qilishlari talab qilinadi.

Nyu-York shahrining markaziy bog'ida ingliz milliy bardi Uilyam Shekspir haykali

Eng aniq farq - bu bemalol deb atash mumkin bo'lgan narsa Inglizlar (yoki "Hamdo'stlik", ushbu qo'llanmada qisqartirilgan "Buyuk Britaniya") va Amerika (ushbu qo'llanmada qisqartirilgan "AQSh") ingliz navlari.

• Buyuk Britaniyaning ko'plab sobiq koloniyalari (ularning hammasi hamdo'stlik davlatlari emas) odatda Britaniyaning amerikaliklar o'rniga emas: Irlandiya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Janubiy Afrikada va Afrikada, Gonkongda, Singapurda, Hindistonda, Pokistonda, Bangladeshda, Malayziyada, Britaniyaning boshqa sobiq mulklarida. Karib dengizi va Okeaniyada hozirgi va sobiq ingliz mulklari.
• Bir nechta hududlar AQShning ta'sirida va odatda Amerikaning, jumladan Filippinlar, Liberiya, Isroil, Tayvan, Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya, Vetnam, Fors ko'rfazidagi arab davlatlari, Lotin Amerikasining ayrim qismlari va Amerikaning hozirgi va sobiq mulklari. Karib dengizi va Okeaniya.
• Evropa Ittifoqi Britaniya ingliz tilini (so'zma-so'z "ingliz" emas, balki Kipr, Irlandiya, Malta va Buyuk Britaniyada ishlatiladigan turli xil ingliz tillarini) Evropa Ittifoqining rasmiy tili sifatida tayinlagan va odatda ingliz tilidagi ingliz tili o'qitiladi. Evropa maktablarida chet tili sifatida, garchi Amerikaning madaniy ta'siri Evropada ham kuchli. Ba'zi amerikalik atamalar ingliz tilidagi hamkasblariga qaraganda yaxshiroq ma'lum bo'lishi mumkin (masalan, "yuk mashinasi" va "yuk mashinasi" yoki "kartoshka" va "chiplar") va Evropadagi ba'zi til maktablari amerikalik va kanadaliklarni yollashadi. Ingliz tili o'qituvchilari. Umuman olganda, ingliz imlosi va talaffuzidan Amerika imlosi va talaffuziga o'tish tendentsiyasi mavjud, ayniqsa yoshlar orasida, bu amerikalik ommaviy axborot vositalarining asl nusxasida ko'payib borishi bilan bog'liq.
• Ingliz tilida so'zlashmaydigan ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar va ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan xalqlar tomonidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mustamlaka yoki harbiy ta'sirga ega bo'lmagan hududlarda yashovchi odamlar ko'pincha AQSh filmlari, teleseriallari, musiqalari va imlo-shashklari mashhurligi sababli Amerikaning ishlatilishini yaxshi bilishadi. Xususan, Hamdo'stlik va Evropa Ittifoqidan tashqarida AQShning global iqtisodiy va harbiy ustunligi tufayli, odatda maktablarda chet tili sifatida asosan Amerika inglizchasi o'qitiladi.
• Kanada asosan Britaniyaning imlo qoidalariga rioya qiladi ("mehnat" emas, "mehnat"), lekin asosan Amerika so'z boyligi tanloviga ("lift" emas, "ko'tarish") va talaffuzga amal qiladi. Eng keng tarqalgan Kanada talaffuzi AQShning O'rta G'arbiy aksentiga juda yaqin.
• Gollivud filmlari va Amerika pop-madaniyati dunyo miqyosida ommalashganligi sababli, ingliz ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar aksincha, aksariyatiga qaraganda Amerika inglizcha atamalarini tushunishadi.
• AQSh ham, Buyuk Britaniya ham a'zo bo'lgan xalqaro tashkilotlar (masalan, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti kabi) odatda ingliz tilining "keksa" turiga hurmat sifatida Buyuk Britaniyadan foydalanadilar.

Ingliz tiliga faqat ikkilamchi munosabatda bo'lishga oid ba'zi bir istisnolar quyidagi jadvallarda keltirilgan izohlarda qayd etilgan, ammo ushbu qo'llanma ingliz tilidan foydalanishning to'liq to'plami emas, balki sayohatchilar uchun amaliy yordam bo'lishi kerak.

Imlo

Amaldagi ingliz tilining xilma-xilligiga qarab, bu "kulrang yuk mashinasi" yoki "kulrang yuk mashinasi".

19-asr boshlarida Amerika ingliz tilining birinchi yirik lug'atini tuzuvchi Nuh Uebster imloda bir qator soddalashtirishlarni amalga oshirdi. Ulardan ba'zilari hozirda amerikalik ingliz navlarida standart hisoblanadi, ammo boshqalarida umuman ishlatilmaydi.

Maqolalarda qaysi variantlardan foydalanish kerakligini muhokama qilish uchun Vikipediya: Imlo-ga qarang.

Ingliz inglizchasi oxirni qo'shganda ba'zi bir so'zlar bilan so'nggi undoshni ikki baravar ko'paytiradi, masalan "sayohatchi" da. Amerika ingliz tili odatda uni "sayohatchi" deb yozadi.

Amerika ingliz tili "U" belgisini "tushiradi"- bizning"oxiri:

Biroq, "glamur" so'zi doimo "U" bilan yoziladi.

Frantsuz tilidan olingan so'zlar frantsuz tilini saqlab qoladi "-re"inglizcha ingliz tilida tugaydi, lekin fonetikaga o'ting"-er"Amerika ingliz tilida:

Britaniyalik inglizcha ismni fe'ldan farqlash uchun "C" ni "S" ga o'zgartiradi. Jeyms Bond "litsenziyasiga egave "o'ldirish va" litsenziyas"josuslik malakasini olgandan so'ng. ed." Amerika shakli har doim bunday juftliklarning ko'pida "S" ni ishlatadi, lekin "amalda" har doim "C" ga ega bo'ladi. Bir necha holatlarda, masalan, "maslahat" / "maslahat bering", farq ingliz tilining barcha turlarida saqlanib qoladi.

Amerikalik ingliz tilida ba'zi so'zlarda "S", Britaniya ingliz tilida "C" ishlatiladi.

Sifat shakllari "mudofaa" va "tajovuzkor" har doim "S" belgisi bilan yoziladi.

Inglizlarning ba'zi navlari "S" ni ba'zilarida "Z" ga o'zgartiradi "- ko'taring"va"-ha"endings. American English buni universal tarzda amalga oshiradi, britaniyaliklarning imlo tanlovi lug'atga qarab farq qiladi; Oksford English Dictionary lug'asini ishlatishni tavsiya qiladi, aksariyat boshqa lug'atlarda S:

Kanadalik ingliz tilida odatda yuqorida aytib o'tilgan holatlar bo'yicha Britaniya imlo qoidalariga amal qilinadi.

Yunoncha yoki lotincha ildizlarga ega bo'lgan ba'zi so'zlarda, asosan tibbiy va ilmiy atamalarda, ingliz ingliz tilini saqlab qoladi "ae"va"oe"(bugungi kunda kamdan-kam hollarda ligature sifatida yozilgan"æ"va"œ"chunki bular inglizcha klaviaturada ko'rinmaydi), ammo amerikalik inglizcha ikkalasini ham shunchaki"e".

Amerikalik inglizlar jim turishadi "-yaxshi"ba'zi so'zlardan" bilan harflar-gue"tugashi:

Tovushsiz "E" bilan tugaydigan ba'zi so'zlar uchun qo'shimchani qo'shganda, amerikalik inglizlar ba'zan "E" ni tushiradilar, britaniyalik ingliz tilida esa "E" saqlanib qoladi:

Ba'zi so'zlar, masalan, "cho'milish" va "foydalanish mumkin" "E" ni hamma erga tushiradi, boshqalari, masalan, "bo'yash" va "o'zgaruvchan" "E" ni hamma joyda saqlaydi.

Ba'zi so'zlarda amerikalik ingliz tilida tovushsiz harflar tushirilgan yoki boshqacha yozilgan:

Va bir nechta so'zlar ham talaffuz qilinadi, ham boshqacha yoziladi:

Kanadaliklar oxirgi ikki toifada aralashib ketmoqda, bunda ingliz imlosi "chek", "qavat", "surishtirma" va ba'zan "dastur" kabi so'zlar uchun kuzatiladi, ammo "alyuminiy" kabi so'zlar uchun Amerika imlosi kuzatiladi. va "shinalar".

Aytgancha, tinish belgilarining ishlatilishi ham bir oz farq qiladi, lekin ingliz va amerikalik ingliz tillari o'rtasida bir xil bo'linishga amal qilmaydi. Takliflar ikki tirnoq bilan belgilanadi (“…”) AQSh, Kanada, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyada, bitta tirnoq belgilari bilan (‘…’) Buyuk Britaniyada va Janubiy Afrikada qo'llaniladi.

Grammatika

Grammatika va foydalanishda ba'zi bir kichik farqlar mavjud, agar siz o'qiyotgan bo'lsangiz yoki ingliz tilini o'qitish; ammo, ular deyarli hech qachon chalkashlikka sabab bo'lmaydi.

Fe'l shakllari

Ba'zi bir fe'llar ingliz tilining turli xil turlarida turli shakllarga ega.

Ba'zi fe'llarning o'tgan shakllari uchun eski tartibsiz yozilishlar ingliz ingliz tilida tez-tez uchraydi, ammo muntazam "-ed"shakllari amerikalik ingliz tilida ustunlik qiladi." sho'ng'in "va" yashirinish "fe'llari, aksincha naqshga ega.

Ba'zi fe'llar barcha shevalarda eski shaklini saqlab qoladi, masalan "uxlagan" va "yig'lagan".

O'tgan zamon shakli "gotten" Amerika ingliz tilida hali ham keng tarqalgan, ammo ingliz ingliz tilida u deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan; qism faqat "bor".

Talaffuz

Tarixiy AQSh Marshrut 66. "Marshrut" odatda "otish" bilan qofiyalanadi, ammo Shimoliy Amerikada alternativa "hayqiriq" bilan qofiya qilinadi.

Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan dunyoning deyarli hamma joylaridan ma'lumotli odamlar bir-birlari bilan qiyinchiliksiz suhbatlashishlari mumkin. Qaerdadir neft platformasida ishlaydigan xalqaro ekipajni ko'rib chiqing. Muhandislar va menejerlar Edinburgda yoki Edmontonda o'qigan bo'lsalar ham, bir-birlari bilan hech qanday muammosiz suhbatlashishlari mumkin edi. Biroq, xuddi shu ikki mamlakatdan kelgan ikki ishchi yigit - aytishlaricha, ishchilar sinfi Glazgo va Nyufaundlend baliqchilar qishlog'i - mintaqaviy aksanlar kuchaygani va dialektik so'zlardan foydalanganligi sababli aloqa biroz qiyinlashishi mumkin edi.

Ingliz lahjalarida muhim farq "R" unli tovushdan keyin talaffuz qilinadimi. "Fo." Kabi so'zlarrk "," word "yoki" mother"ikki turda bir-biridan farq qiladi, ammo hamma" R "ni boshqa sharoitlarda, masalan" quyon "yoki" maydon "da talaffuz qiladi. Tilshunoslar" R "bilan dialektlarni chaqirishadi xayoliy va bo'lmaganlar noaniq.

• "R" bilan lahjalar: g'arbiy va shimoliy Angliyaning ba'zi qismlari, Shotlandiya, Irlandiya, janubiy Yangi Zelandiya, Filippin, Kanada, AQShning katta qismi.
• "R" so'zsiz dialektlar: Angliyaning aksariyati, Uels, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiyaning aksariyati, Janubiy Afrika, Hindiston, Pokiston, Malayziya, Singapur, Yangi Angliyaning bir qismi, AQShning janubiy qismi, Nyu-York shahri atrofidagi ba'zi aksanlar va Afroamerikalik Vernakular Ingliz tili (ko'plab afroamerikaliklar o'z mintaqalarining standart lahjasi bilan bir xil ma'noda foydalanadilar).

O'zlarining shevalaridan boshqa shevalarni yaxshi bilmaydigan odamlar, ba'zida amerikalik inglizlar uchun Yangi Zelandiya talaffuzini olganida, boshqalari esa aksincha xato qilishadi, xuddi ingliz ayol amerikaliklar uchun kanadalik aksentni qabul qilganda.

Yana bir sezilarli farq - bu "hammom", "kulish", "o't" va "imkoniyat" kabi so'zlardagi "A" tovushi; ko'plab lahjalar ularni "tuzoq" singari "qisqa A" bilan talaffuz qiladilar, ammo Angliya janubi, Janubiy Afrika, Yangi Zelandiya, Bostonning ayrim qismlari va Avstraliyaning ba'zi qismlari ularni "uzun A" yoki "keng A" bilan talaffuz qiladilar "kaft".

Ba'zi so'zlar boshqacha talaffuz qilinadi:

Ba'zida ismlari bitta imlovga ega bo'lgan ikkita joyni boshqacha talaffuz qilish mumkin. Masalan, Berkli yilda Angliya talaffuz qilinadi BARK-Lee ammo shahar Berkli yilda Kaliforniya talaffuz qilinadi BURK-LI. Birmingem Angliyada tovushsiz H va stresssiz tugatish bilan talaffuz qilinadi (BUR-ming-um), esa Birmingem, Alabama aniq H va ta'kidlangan tugaydi (BUR-ming-HAM). "Xyuston" talaffuz qilinadi HOO-stun agar u tashqaridagi qishloq bo'lsa Glazgo, QANDAY hayratda qoldirdi agar u ko'cha bo'lsa Nyu-York shahriva HYOO-hayrat agar u shahar bo'lsa Texas. Aksincha, imlosi juda boshqacha bo'lgan ikkita joy ba'zan bir xil talaffuzga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan, amerikalikning talaffuzi Oklend va Yangi Zelandiyalikning talaffuzi Oklend shu qadar o'xshashki, aviakompaniya yo'lovchisi Tinch okeanining noto'g'ri tomoniga tushib qolgan voqea sodir bo'lgan.

Lug'at

Ingliz tilidagi barcha shevalar boshqa tillardan o'zlashtirilgan so'zlarni o'z ichiga oladi va "bungalov" (hind), "kanoe" (karib) yoki "tayfun" (xitoy) kabi so'zlarning aksariyati hozirgi kunda barcha shevalarda standart bo'lib kelmoqda. Shu bilan birga, ko'plab shevalarda standart bo'lmagan qarz so'zlari ham mavjud. Kanadaliklar frantsuz tilidan kelib chiqqan atamalarni boshqa shevalarga qaraganda ko'proq ishlatishadi va ularni frantsuz tilida so'zlashuvchilar kabi talaffuz qilishadi, yangi zelandiyaliklar vaqti-vaqti bilan maori atamalarini o'zlarining ingliz tillariga aralashtiradilar, hind inglizlari hind yoki urdu so'zlariga ega va hokazo.

Ba'zida mahalliy bo'lmagan ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar foydalanishlari mumkin yolg'on do'stlar, boshqa tillarida ma'noga ega, ammo ingliz tilida boshqa ma'noga ega so'zlar; bitta misol - frantsuzcha tarozi kutubxona emas, balki kitob do'koni degan ma'noni anglatadi. Qarz so'zlarining kelib chiqish tiliga yaqinroq ma'noda ishlatilishining teskari holati ham keng tarqalgan. Ba'zi hollarda, xususan, "Handy" (nemischa mobil telefon) kabi psevdo-inglizcha so'zlardan foydalanilganda chalkashliklar kelib chiqishi mumkin.

Kirish / atrofga kirish

Mashinada

Tarixiy sabablarga ko'ra avtoulovlar va yo'llar ingliz va amerikalik ingliz tillari o'rtasida juda ko'p turli xil atamalarni ishlab chiqdilar.

Avtotransport vositalari bilan bog'liq atamalar uchun Kanadalik inglizlar Amerika terminologiyasi va imlosidan keng foydalanadilar, chunki Kanada va Amerika avtosanoatlari doimo yaqin aloqada bo'lgan.

Ushbu Toyota Hilux pikapi / bakkie / ute / yuk mashinasi kapot / qopqoq ostida 3.0L turbo-dizel dvigatelga ega.

• aylanma yo'l: "Aylanma yo'l" atamasi hamma joyda odatiy holdir, ammo Massachusets shtatida "aylanma" so'z ishlatiladi. Nyu-York shtati aylanma yo'llarni "yo'l aylanalari" dan ajratib turadi, ular odatda kattaligi kattaroq va yo'l harakati qoidalari va boshqalar bir-biridan farq qiladi.
• xizmat ko'rsatish stantsiyasi:
  • AQSh - ta'mirlash garajiga biriktirilgan yonilg'i quyish stantsiyasi
  • Buyuk Britaniya - avtomobil yo'llariga xizmat ko'rsatish zonasi, xizmat ko'rsatish markazi yoki dam olish maskani
  • Avstraliya - xizmat ko'rsatish stantsiyasi yoki "servo" har qanday yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchasi.
• yuk mashinasi: AQSh "yuk mashinasi" bir nechta turli xil transport vositalariga murojaat qilishi mumkin:
  • Pikap
  • Boshqa joylarda "yo'lsiz transport vositasi", "4x4" / "to'rtdan to'rt" yoki "Jeep" yoki "Land Rover" kabi markalar bilan tanilgan SUV (sport vositasi); ba'zida off-road imkoniyati bo'lmagan engil yuk mashinalari uchun "krossover" sifatida sotiladi
  • Yuklarni ko'chirish uchun og'ir transport vositasi (bo'g'inli yarim romorklar [Buyuk Britaniya: "yuk mashinalari"] va quti / to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yuk mashinalari) yoki ixtisoslashtirilgan ish joylari (o't o'chiruvchilar, evakuatorlar, axlat tashiydigan mashinalar va boshqalar).

Oddiy suhbatda "yuk mashinasi" pikapga murojaat qilishi mumkin, ammo yo'ltanlamasga ham tegishli bo'lishi mumkin.

• avtomagistral, avtomagistral va boshqalar.:
  • Ushbu turdagi yo'llarning texnik atamasi a boshqariladigan kirish yo'ligarchi bu kamdan-kam hollarda kundalik nutqda ishlatilsa.
  • AQSh - "shosse", "shosse" yoki "tezyurar" deb atash mumkin. Atamalar holatiga qarab texnik huquqiy farqlar bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, ular asosan kundalik nutqda sinonimdir. "Davlatlararo" - bu AQShning ma'lum bir avtomagistral tizimining nomi, har qanday avtomagistral yoki raqamlangan yo'l uchun umumiy atama emas. "Turnpike" - bu ba'zi bir eskirgan atama bo'lib, ba'zi davlatlarda hanuzgacha pullik olinadigan tezyurar yo'llarni nazarda tutish uchun ishlatilgan, ammo siz ham vaqti-vaqti bilan (va "qisqartirish" ning qisqartirilgan shakli) oddiy ismlarda toshbo'ron qilinganini ko'rasiz. bir vaqtlar sayohatchilarga pullik soladigan yo'llar.
  • Buyuk Britaniya - "avtomagistral" nomi bilan mashhur. Ba'zi o'ziga xos avtomobil yo'llari o'z nomlarida "tezyurar" atamasini ishlatadi, masalan. M6 Toll Midland tezyurar yo'li. "Magistral" har qanday o'lchamdagi jamoat mulki bo'lgan barcha yo'llarni anglatadi.
  • Avstraliya - "avtomagistral" Yangi Janubiy Uels va Kvinslendda keng tarqalgan, "avtomagistral" esa hamma joyda keng tarqalgan. "Tez yo'l" Janubiy Avstraliyada ham qo'llaniladi.
  • Kanada - Odatda "shosse" yoki "tezyurar yo'l" deb nomlanadi. "Autoroute" Kvebekda (ingliz va frantsuz tillarida) ishlatiladi.
  • Yangi Zelandiya - Ikkala "tezyurar" va "avtomagistral" ishlatiladi.
  • Singapur, Gonkong - "tezyurar yo'l" sifatida tanilgan.
  • Malayziya - Ingliz tilida "shosse" yoki "tezyurar yo'l" deb nomlanishi mumkin. Yo'l belgilarida malaycha "lebuhraya" atamasi ishlatiladi.
  • Shimoliy Amerika tashqarisida "avtomagistral" atamasi ko'pincha har qanday katta muhrlangan umumiy foydalaniladigan yo'lga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

Qarang va qiling

Sport uchun Xalqaro Olimpiya qo'mitasi va aksariyat xalqaro sport federatsiyalari Buyuk Britaniyadan foydalanadilar.

Dunyodagi eng mashhur sport turi: "assotsiatsiya futboli", "futbol" yoki "futbol".

• futbol tegishli mamlakatda eng keng tarqalgan o'yinni nazarda tutadi.
  • Buyuk Britaniyada shunday bo'ladi futbol assotsiatsiyasi. Garchi "futbol" dastlab Oksfordi so'zidan kelib chiqqan uyushma "qo'pol" ga o'xshash futbol shakllangan regbi Bugungi kunda aksariyat britaniyaliklar "futbol" ushbu sport turining yagona haqiqiy nomi ekanligini ta'kidlamoqdalar.
  • Avstraliyada foydalanish mintaqalarga qarab farq qiladi; "futbol" yoki jarang atamasi "oyoq" degan ma'noni anglatadi regbi ligasi shtatlarida Yangi Janubiy Uels va Kvinslend, lekin ishora qiladi Avstraliya futbolni boshqaradi hamma joyda.
  • AQShda, Amerika futboli malakasiz "futbol" deganda nazarda tutilgan. Boshqa mamlakatlar buni "gridronli futbol" deb bilishlari mumkin, shulardan Amerika futboli bir xil; Shimoliy Amerikada "gridiron" maydonning o'ziga tegishli.
  • Kanadada "futbol" kanadalik yoki amerikalik gridronli futbolni anglatadi (bir-biriga juda o'xshash).
  • Irlandiyada "futbol" assotsiatsiya futboli, gal futboli yoki ba'zan regbi ittifoqini nazarda tutishi mumkin. Milliy ommaviy axborot vositalari odatda "futbol" ni biron bir sport turiga murojaat qilmaslik, chindan ham yuqorida aytib o'tilgan uchta sport turiga murojaat qilish uchun "futbol", "gal futboli" va "regbi" dan foydalanmaslik bilan chalkashliklardan qochishadi.
  • Yangi Zelandiyada tarixda "futbol" deb yuritilgan regbi ittifoqi, ammo 2005 yildan beri bu keskin o'zgarib ketdi, endi "futbol" deyarli faqat futbol assotsiatsiyasiga murojaat qilmoqda.
  • Janubiy Afrikada "futbol" ko'pincha uyushma futboliga murojaat qiladi. Biroq, bu so'z rasmiy kontekstdan tashqarida kamdan-kam qo'llaniladi (masalan, ushbu sportni boshqaradigan milliy organ - Janubiy Afrika futbol assotsiatsiyasi nomi). Mamlakatdagi barcha madaniy guruhlar ingliz tilida so'zlashganda, sportni "futbol" deb atashadi; bu milliy ommaviy axborot vositalaridan foydalanishda aks etadi.
  • Singapur va Malayziyada "futbol" futbolni anglatadi, ammo "futbol" atamasi ham keng tarqalgan va tushunilgan.
• Malakasiz so'z regbi odatda regbi ittifoqini anglatadi, ammo shimolidagi regbi ligasini nazarda tutadi Angliya.
  • Garchi "futbol" Avstraliyaning Kvinslend va Yangi Janubiy Uels shtatlaridagi regbi ligasiga ishora qilsa-da, "regbi" so'zi doimo butun Avstraliya bo'ylab regbi ittifoqini anglatadi.
• Ikki jamoa o'rtasidagi o'yinlarni tavsiflashda mezbonlar odatda Buyuk Britaniyada (masalan, "Manchester Yunayted" va "Liverpul" "Manchester Yunayted" Liverpul "ni qabul qiladi), AQShda odatda ikkinchi o'rinda (masalan," LA Lakers "va boshqalar (yoki") @ ") Chicago Bulls" "LA Lakers" ning Chicago Bulls-ga tashrif buyurishini anglatadi).
• Bilyard ba'zan bilyard to'plari va tayoqchalar bilan o'ynaydigan barcha sport turlari uchun umumiy atama hisoblanadi, lekin ko'pincha ma'lum o'yinlar yoki o'yin guruhlariga tegishli.
  • Buyuk Britaniyada va Avstraliyada "billiard" odatda ingliz bilyardiga tegishli.
  • AQSh va Kanadada "billiard" odatda hovuzga ishora qiladi.
  • Bilyard to'plari Buyuk Britaniyada "dog'lar va chiziqlar" ga, AQShda "qattiq va chiziqlar" ga, Avstraliyada "kichik va katta" larga bo'linadi.
• Bowling, qo'shimcha malakasiz, odatda butun dunyo bo'ylab yopiq o'n pinli boulingni nazarda tutadi, ammo Buyuk Britaniyada va ba'zi bir Hamdo'stlik mamlakatlarida maysazorlarga ham tegishli bo'lishi mumkin.
• Deb nomlangan strategiya taxtasi o'yini Boring yapon tilida dunyoning aksariyat ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar tomonidan tanilgan, ammo Singapur va Malayziyada xitoycha "weiqi" nomi bilan mashhur.

Sotib oling

• Bankomat, which stands for "automated teller machine", is the standard word in all English-speaking countries except the UK.
  • UK — "cash point / cash machine / hole-in-the-wall". Unrelatedly, U.S. "hole-in-the-wall" means a place lacking ambience that sells cheap (but not necessarily bad) food.
  • BIZ. Midwest — Some areas also use "TYME machine" (an acronym for "Take Your Money Everywhere", the brand name of a former regional interbank network).
• Flip-flops go by various local names: Australia: "thongs"; New Zealand: "jandals" (short for "Japanese sandals"); South Africa: "slops"; Hawaii: "slippa" (the local pronunciation of "slippers"); Philippines/Singapore: "slippers". They're also just called "sandals", but this term can cause confusion since there are various other types of sandals.
• Senior [citizen] is a fairly universal term for elderly people, who are typically retired and on a fixed income, and consequently extended discounts at many restaurants and attractions.
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — "OAP" (which stands for "old age pensioner") is also used

Yemoq

• Esa nonushta, tushlik va dinner refer to the morning, midday and evening meals respectively in most countries, parts of the UK refer to the midday meal as "dinner", and to the evening meal as "supper" or "high tea". Outside the UK, "supper" may be another name for the evening meal, or may be a small late-night meal after dinner.
• bacon — In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a type of cured pork product usually served in slices. However, countries differ on the meaning of the unqualified word:
  • U.S., Canada — "Bacon" by itself refers to a product prepared from the pork belly. In the UK and Ireland, this product is called "side bacon" or "streaky bacon", with the latter term coming from the streaks of fat across the strips of meat.
  • UK, Ireland — The unqualified term "bacon" refers to a different and much leaner product taken mainly from the loin, cut into "rashers" which include part of the belly or "medallions" which are just the trimmed eye of loin meat. North America calls this product "back bacon". In the U.S. only, "Canadian bacon" refers to a form of back bacon that is cut from the lean eye of the loin and sold ready to eat. In parts of Canada (mainly southern Ontario), a form of back bacon rolled in cornmeal known as "peameal bacon" (from the former use of dried peas as a coating) is popular.
  • Australia — Standard "bacon" is something of a cross between the above types, being prepared mainly from the belly, with a piece of loin attached.
• chips / crisps / fries:
  • UK — "chips" refers almost exclusively to deep fried, elongated strips of potatoes; crispy, thin slices of potatoes are referred to as "crisps".
  • U.S., Canada — "chips" refers almost exclusively to crispy, thin slices of potatoes, while deep fried elongated strips of potatoes are referred to as "fries" or "French fries". However, the British dish "fish and chips" is still referred to as such, and in Canada, "chip trucks" sell French fries.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Both the aforementioned fried-potato dishes are referred to as "chips"; the meaning is generally inferred from context.
  • Some Commonwealth nations use "fries" for the thinner style as typically found at McDonald's and "chips" for the thicker style as typically found in fish and chips.
• coriander: In the UK, refers to both the seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum. In North America, "coriander" refers only to the seeds; the leaves are called "cilantro".
• corn:
  • North America, Australia, New Zealand — A cereal that grows on tall stalks, with the edible grains (most often yellow or white, though other colors exist) forming "ears" growing from the stalk. This plant and its grain are called "maize" in the UK and Ireland, and by botanists worldwide (at least within a scientific context).
  • England and Wales — "Corn" can refer to any cereal, but most often to wheat.
  • Scotland and Ireland — Similar to England and Wales, except that the most common reference is to oats.
  • However, in culinary contexts, "corn" with an additional word (e.g. "popcorn", "sweet corn", or "corn flakes") always refers to maize, even in the UK and Ireland.
• flapjack: In the U.S., this is an informal word for a pancake. In the UK, it's a simple pastry made from oats.
• yam:
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — refers exclusively to true yams, a usually white-fleshed root vegetable.
  • North America — may also be used to refer to the orange-fleshed sweet potato.
  • New Zealand — refers to oca, a small, usually red-skinned root vegetable. Sweet potatoes are sold under their Māori name, kūmara.
  • Malaysia, Singapore — refers to taro, a small white- or slightly purple-fleshed root vegetable.
• The Chinese dish known as hot pot in most of the English-speaking world is known as steamboat in Singapore and Malaysia.

Ichish

• pop, va boshqalar.
  • U.S., Canada:
    • In the U.S., "pop" is used in Western New York, western Pennsylvania, most of the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and most of Alaska. It is also the preferred term throughout most of English-speaking Canada.
    • "Soda" is used in New England, the coastal Mid-Atlantic, California, most of the Southwest, eastern Wisconsin, South Florida, Hawaii, and anywhere within a roughly 150-mile (240 km) radius of St. Louis.
    • "Coke" predominates in the southern tier of the U.S. between New Mexico and Florida. The word is used generically, not just in reference to Coca-Cola: the answer to the question "what kind of coke would you like?" could very well be Pepsi.
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland — "Fizzy drink" is the most common term throughout all of these countries, though you might also hear "soft drink" in Australia and New Zealand, and "mineral" in Ireland. In the UK, "soft drink" more commonly refers to any non-alcoholic beverage.
  • South Africa — "Cooldrink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines — "Soft drink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Nigeria — "Mineral" is the most commonly used term.

Uyqu

O'rganing

Shuningdek qarang: Studying abroad

Education is among the areas where differences between UK and U.S. English are most profound.

Balliol College, part of Oksford University

• college:
  • U.S. — Generic term for post-secondary undergraduate education. An American student will "go to college" regardless of whether his or her particular institution is formally called a "college", "university", or some other term, and whether or not the school awards bachelor's degrees. This usage of "college" does not extend to graduate education, which is usually called "grad school" (or for professional degrees, "law school", "med (medical) school", etc.).
  • Canada — Mainly refers to a technical, career, or community college (U.S.: "community college" or "junior college"). Canadians draw a sharp distinction between "going to college" (implying a community, technical or career college diploma) and "going to university" (studying for a bachelor's or postgrad degree). College mostly offers two or three-year programmes which prepare students for practical employment. A few exceptions:
    • Quebec inserts two years of community college, locally known as CÉGEP, between its secondary education and university. Quebec students graduate from high school after grade 11, as opposed to grade 12 in Anglophone North America. Undergraduate degrees from Quebec universities are completed in one less year than in Anglophone North America, as the first year will have been completed at a CÉGEP.
    • In Ontario, a "CVI" (Collegiate and Vocational Institute) is a secondary/high school facility (not a college) which offers technical or machine shops
  • UK — Can refer to any post-secondary institution that is not a university, or sometimes to a secondary school. Students studying for their bachelor's or postgraduate degree will say that they are "going to university" (or "uni") instead of U.S. "college", regardless of the formal title of their school.
  • Ireland — Similar to U.S. usage but slightly broader (i.e. includes postgraduate education) for historical reasons unique to that country. Before 1989, no Irish university provided teaching or research directly; they were instead offered by a constituent college of a university.
  • Australia — Usually refers to a private (i.e., non-government) primary, or especially secondary, school.
  • New Zealand — Normally refers to secondary schools; used interchangeably with "high school".
  • Singapore — Generally refers to government high schools. Short for "junior college".
  • In all countries, can also refer to a constituent college of a university.
• graduation / to graduate:
  • U.S. — Most commonly refers to having earned a high school diploma or an undergraduate (bachelor's or associate) degree.
  • UK — Only refers to the completion of a university degree programme (i.e. bachelor's, master's or doctorate).
• prep school:
  • U.S. — a secondary/high school that prepares students for college.
  • UK — a primary school that prepares pupils for fee-paying public (private) secondary schools

• public school:
  • U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand — A government-owned, publicly-funded school; most often used to refer to an elementary or secondary school open to all students within the geographic boundaries designated for that school.
  • UK — Can have several meanings:
    • "Public" education as opposed to "private" education by a tutor
    • Exclusive fee-paying secondary schools, typically boarding schools (which are "public" because they aren't restricted based on home location, religion, etc.)
    • Any independent school (also called "private schools" following U.S. usage); this usage of "public school" is rare in Scotland and Northern Ireland

The University of California in Berkli, regarded as one of the top public universities in the world

• state school:
  • U.S. — Used exclusively to refer to publicly-funded universities operated by state governments.
  • UK — A publicly-funded school for students aged between 5 and 18. Universities are not called schools in the UK, although the term may be used for departments within a university ("School of Chemistry").
  • New Zealand – refers to publicly-funded primary and secondary schools, often to the exclusion of state integrated schools, i.e. former private schools that have become state schools while retaining their private school character.
• student:
  • UK, Ireland — Traditionally refers exclusively to those attending university-level institutions. Attendees of primary and secondary institutions are generally called "pupils". However, the North American sense of the term (see below) is beginning to see some use.
  • New Zealand — Broader than in the UK and Ireland; "pupils" refers only to children in primary school (years 1–6). "Student" is used for all higher levels, from intermediate to postgraduate.
  • Philippines — Likewise, formally "students" refer to learners in the secondary level (starting at grade 7) or higher, whereas "pupils" refer to learners in the elementary level. For most schools, "student" is more widespread although the word "pupil" is sometimes used.
  • U.S., Canada, Australia — Refers to all people attending educational institutions at any level, from primary to postgraduate. "Pupils" is generally understood in North America but considered something of an archaic term.
  • Singapore — Follows U.S. usage, but also used interchangeably with "pupils" up to the secondary school level.
• student union yoki students' union:
  • U.S. ("student union" only) — One of several terms used to describe a college/university building intended for student recreation and socializing. Synonyms include "student center" and "student activity center".
  • Other English-speaking countries — A college/university student organization devoted to representing the interests of the students before the administration. The recreational aspect is also looked after by the unions as in the U.S., but their political role is often emphasized. The most common U.S. equivalent is "student government", with "student senate" also seeing some use.

Stay safe and stay healthy

Engish

Ulanmoq

• postal code:
  • Canada, Pakistan, Singapore — "postal code"
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia — "postcode"
  • In many countries around the world they're known by the name of the local system:
    • U.S. and its former colonies — "ZIP code"
    • Ireland — "Eircode"
    • India — "PIN" (Postal Index Number), sometimes redundantly called a "PIN code"

Raqamlar

You might expect that numbers would be simple, since they always mean the same thing. Alas, differences in how they're spoken (or even written) can sometimes lead to confusion when you're not expecting it.

• The number 0 is spoken as "zero" or "oh" in all varieties of English, but Britons are also likely to use "nought" or "nil".
  • When used in the score of a sporting event, British uses "nil" and American may use "nothing" or informally "zip". Hardcore soccer fans and journalists in North America often use "nil" following British usage when discussing soccer (or rather, "football"). Tennis and cricket have unique readings ("love" and "duck", respectively).
  • For decimal numbers like 0.8 and 0.05, Britons would usually say "nought" as in "nought point eight" and "nought point nought five". Americans often omit the leading 0, saying "point eight" and "point oh five".
• Most varieties of English informally count in hundreds up to 1,900, which is "nineteen hundred" rather than "one thousand nine hundred"; this is common for money or counting things, or when the number is understood to be rounded to the next hundred. (Philippine English is an exception; they prefer the more formal "one thousand nine hundred"; "nineteen hundred" is only spoken in military contexts, e.g. 1900 hours.) But Americans often continue this trend for even large four-digit numbers above 2,000, so they're likely to read 9,500 as "ninety-five hundred" rather than "nine thousand five hundred".
• Similarly, all varieties of English group years into two-digit groups. But Americans also apply this to street addresses and sometimes phone numbers or other sequences of digits, as well as some three-digit sequences like road numbers (e.g. I-285 is "eye two eighty-five") and bus routes.
• Meanwhile, Britons tend to use "double" when reading sequences of digits such as phone numbers (which is why James Bond's 007 moniker is "double-oh seven" rather than "zero zero seven").
• Monetary amounts in the range of one or two major currency units may be spoken differently in the two main forms of English. An American would say that an item costing $1.50 costs "one-fifty", "a dollar fifty", or (slangily) "a buck fifty". In British English, £1.50 would most often be said "one pound fifty". For amounts over one major unit, Americans typically drop the currency unit; $2.40 would most often be said "two-forty". In British, "two-forty" and "two pounds forty" are both commonly used.

Price tag for an item costing $399.99 (not including sales tax, as the photo was taken in the U.S.). In smaller print, the sale dates are given as "3/9 – 3/13", which uses the U.S. month-first order, implying March 9–13.

• In British English, whole numbers of pounds (or other currency units) are spoken by their individual digits, especially in radio and TV advertising. "Three nine nine" implies a price of £399; "three ninety-nine" implies £3.99. American English never does this—"three ninety-nine" can mean either $399 or $3.99, with the context determining the meaning.
• The U.S. has always used the short scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). But most other English-speaking countries formerly used the long scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000,000 (a million million). (In that scale, 1,000,000,000 is either "a thousand million" or sometimes a "milliard".) In 1974 the UK formally adopted the short scale, and other countries followed suit, although some use of the long scale persists. Most other European languages continue to use the long scale (including in bilingual countries, e.g. among French speakers in Canada) so you may want to clarify the exact quantity when talking to a non-native English speaker.
  • Indian English follows the Indian numbering system; numbers are grouped completely differently, and spoken using words derived from Indian languages:
    • 100,000 is written "1,00,000" and read "one lakh"; it's sometimes abbreviated "L", as in "₹‍5L" for "rupees five lakh"
    • 1,000,000 is written "10,00,000" and read "ten lakh"
    • 10,000,000 is written "1,00,00,000" and read "one crore"; it may be written out, as in "₹6 crore" for "rupees six crore"

• In handwriting, numerals are written the plain way in North America: "1" is a vertical line, and "7" is two lines. European handwriting puts the introductory swash on the top of the "1", making it look more like a typeset "1" and avoiding confusion with the capital letter I and with the lower-case letter L. Since the "1" with a swash could be confused with a "7", the "7" often gets a horizontal slash through it, a form that's also common in Australia and Singapore.

Date and time

Most countries use DD/MM/YYYY or something similar as their short date format. The biggest exception is the United States, which almost exclusively uses the MM/DD/YYYY format. The Philippines, which was an American possession during the first four decades of the 20th century and is still heavily influenced by American norms, uses MM/DD/YYYY in English-language publications, but usually DD/MM/YYYY in Filipino-language contexts. In Canada, usage is mixed: English speakers use both formats interchangeably, with newspapers invariably choosing MM/DD, but French speakers exclusively use DD/MM. Therefore, a date written as "01/02/2000" stands for "January 2, 2000" in the United States, but would stand for "1 February 2000" in almost any other country, and could conceivably mean either in Canada and the Philippines. (Note that the long dates are also formatted differently, although with hardly any potential for confusion.) Due to their significance and American media influence, the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are known internationally as "September 11" and "9/11" regardless of the actual date format in use.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends YYYY/MM/DD, primarily because that is the only format that a computer can sort with a straight text-based sort (not a special date-sorting routine) and get the right result. That format is widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but not in English-speaking countries.

Britons in particular often use compact expressions for dates (e.g. "tomorrow week" or "a week [on] Tuesday") and times (e.g. "half eight") that aren't used elsewhere. Their meaning is a cultural convention that's not universal in English, let alone in other languages: for example, "half eight" means 8:30 in English but the equivalent in Dutch means 7:30, and could be taken as either in South Africa. Some of these can be made less ambiguous (for example, Americans usually say "quarter past eight" or "quarter till eight") but others will always have the potential for confusion. Be prepared to clarify, or simply use explicit dates and times.

Weights and measures

Shuningdek qarang: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Gas station in Florida, with prices given per U.S. gallon of fuel. (1 U.S. gal = 0.84 imperial gallons.) In the UK, this would be a filling station and the price would be given in pence per litre

Bilan birga Liberiya, the U.S. is one of the few countries that still use non-metric weights and measures (with a few exceptions including medicines, scientific work, and bottled wine, spirits, and soft drinks). The UK is partially metricated, using the metric system for some measures (such as temperature and fuel volume) but not for others (such as road distances and beer volume). The rest of the Anglosphere switched to metric beginning in the 1970s, though the imperial system still survives to varying extents in colloquial usage.

A "pint" of beer in many places is now 500 mL. The traditional British pint, which is still legally mandated in the UK, Ireland and Canada, is 568 mL (20 imperial fluid ounces). A U.S. pint is just shy at 473 mL (16 U.S. fluid ounces), although it's almost always sold in a conical glass that must be filled to the brim to contain 16 ounces. Beer in Australia comes in varying sizes with unique names. A "pint" of beer in Australia is 570 mL except in Janubiy Avstraliya, where it is 425 mL, and 570 mL is somewhat erroneously called an "imperial pint". A "pint" of beer is not standardised in New Zealand, but most commonly follows the South Australian pint at 425 mL.

UK and Ireland measure body weight in "stone" (always singular after a number) and pounds; 1 stone is 14 pounds (6.35 kg). Someone who weighs "11 stone 6 pounds" weighs 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and rough body weight is often given in stones only. The imperial ton, or "long ton", is defined to be 160 stone (2,240 pounds; 1016 kg), which is somewhat larger than the U.S. ton, or "short ton", at 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg). Both tons are distinct from the tonne, or "metric ton", which is defined as 1,000 kg (approximately 2,200 pounds).

Boshqalar

Same words, different meaning

• Osiyo, when used by itself to describe people, has different meanings across the English-speaking world.
  • UK — Refers typically to people from the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. People from Sharq va Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo are often referred to as "East Asians".
  • U.S., Canada — In U.S. and Canadian government usage, refers to a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or Janubiy Osiyo, including the Indian subcontinent. Popular Canadian usage generally mirrors government usage. However, popular U.S. usage often excludes South Asians, especially in areas where South Asian communities are less visible than those of East or Southeast Asian ethnicities. See notes on "Indian" below.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Refers typically to people from East Asia or Southeast Asia, but can include the Indian subcontinent as well.

North American moose

• elk: In the U.S. and Canada, refers to a very large deer similar to the red deer of Eurasia; this animal is also known by the Native American name "wapiti". In the UK and Ireland (and also second-language speakers in Europe), refers to an even larger deer whose males have flattened antlers; this animal is known as the "moose" in North America. There is also a smaller species found in India and known as either "Indian elk" or "Sambar deer".
• fag: A slang term for a cigarette in the UK; a derogatory term for a homosexual man in the U.S.
• faggots: A traditional dish of pork offal/bacon, herb and gravy meatballs in the UK; same offensive connotation as "fag" in the U.S.
• Hind:
  • Janubiy Osiyo — Refers faqat to people from the country of Hindiston. (The common North American usage of the word to refer to all South Asians, irrespective of nationality, is often considered offensive here.)
  • U.S., Canada — Can have several meanings:
    • An'anaga ko'ra Amerika qit'asining mahalliy aholisi deb ataladi, ammo bu usul AQShdagi "tub amerikaliklar" va Kanadadagi "Birinchi millatlar" foydasiga tezda yo'q bo'lib ketmoqda. ("Amerikalik hindu" kengroq qo'llaniladigan va siyosiy jihatdan ancha to'g'ri atama har doim mahalliy amerikaliklarni nazarda tutadi, hech qachon kelib chiqishi Hindiston bo'lgan amerikaliklarni emas, ularni "hindu amerikaliklar" deb atashadi.)
    • Janubiy Osiyodan kelgan odamlar, har doim ham hind xalqidan emas (garchi bu farq asta-sekin Shimoliy Amerika ingliz tilidagi nutqiga kirib bora boshlagan bo'lsa ham). "Sharqiy hind" yoki "osiyo hindulari" atamalari hanuzgacha Amerika qit'asining mahalliy xalqlariga nisbatan ba'zi bir ma'nolarni ajratuvchi sifatida ko'rishmoqda, ammo bugungi kunda malakasiz "hind" atamasi osiyoliklar kontekstida tobora ko'proq tushunilmoqda. mahalliy amerikaliklar uchun tobora kamroq foydalanilmoqda.
• janoblar klubi: Buyuk Britaniyadagi ajoyib, eksklyuziv xususiy klubni nazarda tutadi; AQShdagi striptiz klub uchun evfemizm
• Telba: Buyuk Britaniyadagi "jinni" odatda aqldan ozgan yoki aqldan ozgan degan ma'noni anglatadi ("hiringlash aqldan" kabi), AQShda "aqldan ozish" (kimgadir) ko'pincha g'azablanish (kimgadir) ma'nosida ishlatiladi.
• xafa bo'ldi: UK "pissed" mast degan ma'noni anglatadi. AQShning "pissed" so'zi qisqacha "pissed off" degan ma'noni anglatadi, bu ingliz tilining barcha turlarida g'azablangan yoki g'azablangan degan ma'noni anglatadi.
• kauchuk: Buyuk Britaniyadagi o'chirgichga ishora qiladi; prezervativ uchun jargon so'z AQShda
• stolga: AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyada qarama-qarshi ma'noga ega
  • AQSh - biron bir narsani kechiktirish yoki ko'rib chiqishdan olib tashlash
  • Buyuk Britaniya, Kanada, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya - Biror narsani ko'rib chiqish uchun qo'yish.

Shuningdek qarang

• Avstraliya jargoni
• Ingliz tilidan foydalanib suhbatlashing

Amerika va ingliz ingliz tilidagi imlo farqlari