Gollandiya imperiyasi - Dutch Empire

Yaxtasi Rotterdam VOC kamerasi.

The Golland chet el imperiyasi (Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) hali ham qisman mavjud bo'lgan tarixiy imperiya.

Tushuning

VOC harflari bilan Dutch East India kompaniyasining bayrog'i (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)
Gollandiyalik G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasining bayrog'i GWC harflari bilan (Geoctrooieerde West-Indische Compagnie)

Mustaqillikdan keyin Ispaniya imperiyasi 1581 yilda Niderlandiya mustaqil ravishda mustamlaka imperiyasini tashkil qildi. Gollandiya imperiyasi o'sha paytlarda ba'zi boshqa Evropa imperiyalaridan farq qilar edi, chunki u asosan erlarning katta maydonlarini emas, balki alohida savdo punktlari atrofida joylashgan edi (Indoneziya va Keyp Koloniyasi bundan mustasno edi). Golland mustamlakasi ikki kompaniyaga bo'lingan: Dutch East India kompaniyasi, rasman Birlashgan Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) Afrika va Osiyoda faoliyat yuritayotgan va Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasi (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; GWC yoki Westindische Compagnie; WIC) Amerikada. Ro'yxatdagi uchinchi kompaniya Noordsche Compagnie (Nordic kompaniyasi), faol Svalbard va Jan Mayen. Ushbu kompaniyalar 1815 yilda tojni egallab olmaguncha koloniyalarga to'liq javobgar edilar. Shu paytgacha har bir kompaniya shunday deb nomlangan edi. kameralaryirik dengiz shaharlaridagi mahalliy idoralar bo'lgan. Ushbu kompaniyalar kemalarni sotib olgan va joylashtirgan. Ushbu xonalar, masalan, VOC holatida, deb atalmish tomonidan nazorat ostida bo'lgan Xeren Zeventien (Gentlemen Seventeen), kompaniyaning o'n etti boshli kengashi.

Shunga qaramay, Gollandiyaliklar Amerika qit'alarida, Afrika va Osiyoda ishtirok etishdi va VOC ishchilari sifatida ishlagan gollandiyalik tadqiqotchilar birinchi Evropaliklar bo'lib, Avstraliya, Tasmaniya va Yangi Zelandiyaga yo'l ochib berdilar. Indoneziya VOC koloniyasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan, Batavia savdo punktida joylashgan, nomi o'zgartirilgan Jakarta mustaqillikdan keyin. Bilan mustamlakachilik urushi Portugaliya imperiyasi 1606 yildan 1663 yilgacha Janubiy Amerikada gollandlar uchun, Osiyodagi janubi-sharqda portugallar uchun ta'sirni yo'qotish va Afrikada bir oz durang bilan tugagan.

Gollandiyaliklarning ushbu turar-joylardagi o'rni tezda kamayib ketdi Bataviya inqilobi (1795) va Gollandiya Respublikasining Bataviya Gollandiyasiga aylanishi. Frantsiyaning yangi ustuvor tuzumiga o'tmagan ko'plab koloniyalar (masalan Janubiy Afrika) tomonidan ilova qilingan Ingliz tili, Gollandiyaliklar Niderlandiya Qirolligi sifatida o'z mustaqilligini tiklaganidan keyin ularni qaytarmaslikni tanladilar.

Boshqa Evropa imperiyalari singari, uning aksariyat mulklari keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida mustaqil bo'lib qoldi Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi. Bu har xil darajada osonlik bilan o'tdi Indoneziya 1945 yildan 1949 yilgacha mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng Gollandiyalik haddan tashqari hokimiyatga qarshi inqilobga qarshi kurash. Besh yildan so'ng, Surinam va Niderlandiya Antillari qirollik ichida alohida maqomga ega bo'lishdi. Gollandiyalik Yangi Gvineya Indoneziyaga ko'chirilgan 1963 yilgacha saqlanib qolgan. So'ngra 1975 yilda Surinam o'z mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritdi. Hozirgi kunda ham Karib dengizining oltita orollari Gollandiyaning bir qismi hisoblanadi; ular 2010 yilgacha Niderlandiya Antil orollari. Ulardan uchtasi, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius va Saba, endi Karib dengizi Niderlandiyasi sifatida tanilgan, a davlat organi Gollandiyada. Qolgan uchtasi, Aruba, Kyurasao va Sint-Marten, Niderlandiya Qirolligi tarkibidagi mustaqil mamlakatlardir. Niderlandiyaning o'zi avvalgi mustamlakalaridan kelgan muhojirlar uchun mashhur joy bo'lib qolmoqda va bu erda Surinam, Indoneziya va Karib dengizidan kelib chiqqan yirik jamoalar yashaydi.

Evropa

Amsterdamdagi Montelbaantoren - Gollandiya imperiyasining tanazzulga yuz tutganligining ko'plab jim guvohlaridan biri.

Gollandiyada

Gollandiyada VOC va WIC bilan bog'liq diqqatga sazovor joylar.

Koloniyalarga ega bo'lgan narsa, siz ularni boshqarishingiz kerak. Aksariyat koloniyalar ushbu koloniyaning asosiy shaharlaridan birida boshqarilgan, ammo VOC va WIC ikkalasini ham Gollandiya sohillari bo'ylab tarqalgan ko'plab xonalar boshqargan. Bundan tashqari, butun mamlakat bo'ylab mavjud bo'lgan davrdan beri bir nechta qayta qurilgan va takrorlangan kemalar mavjud.

  • 1 Oost-Indisch Xuy (Amsterdam) Vikipediyada Oost-Indisch Huis, Oude Hoogstraat 24, Amsterdam. VOC Amsterdam palatasining ma'muriy idorasi. Palataning ma'lumot kengashini tashkil etgan yigirma kishidan tashqari, unda ko'pgina yig'ilishlar bo'lib o'tdi Heeren XVII (Heren Zeventien, Janoblar o'n etti), dastlab kompaniyaning o'zi nomlangan 17 boshli kataloglar kengashi. Uy hozirgi kunga qadar eng katta va eng ta'sirli VOC binosidir.
  • 2 Oost-Indisch Xuy (Xorn), Muntstraat 4, Hoorn. Xorn palatasiga ma'muriy ofis. Uning tashqi tomoni Hoorn Palatasi logotipini ko'targan to'rtta farishta tasvirlangan pedimentdan tashqari o'zining oldingi ishlatilishini namoyish etmaydi.
  • 3 Oost-Indisch Xuy (Delft), Oude Delft 39, Delft. Dengizchilik tarixiga ega bo'lmagan shahar bo'lgan Delft, VOCning o'zi bilan bir vaqtda tashkil qilingan Gollandiyalik Hindistonga birinchi sayohatlariga juda kech qo'shildi. VOCdan oldingi mahalliy kompaniya VOCga singib ketdi. Hindlarga yetib olmoqchi bo'lgan kema rebrending qilindi va yo'lga chiqdi Bantam. Delftning dengizchilik tarixining aksariyati Delfshaven (Delftning Makoni) janubdan 12 km (7,5 milya) yaqinda Rotterdam.
  • 4 VOC omborlari (Hoorn), Onder de Boompjes, Hoorn.
  • 5 Mauritshuis Mauritshuis Vikipediyada Binnenhof yonida, Den Haag. Hofvijver hovuzining suviga qaramasdan, u Yoxan Maurits van Nassau-Zigen uchun uy sifatida 1636 va 1641 yillarda, Gollandiyaning Braziliya gubernatorligi davrida qurilgan. U juda kichkina bo'lsa ham, unda Yoxannes Vermeer singari ba'zi bir durdona asarlari mavjud Marvaridli sirg'ali qiz va Delft ko'rinishi, Rembrandt van Raynning 20 va 63 yoshdagi avtoportretlari va Doktor Nikolaes Tulpning anatomiya darsiva Endi Uorxolniki Qirolicha Beatrix. Kattalar uchun 14 yosh, 18 yoshgacha bepul.
  • 6 Westfries muzeyi, Roode Steen 1, Delft. VOC-dagi juda mashhur kollektsiyaga ega muzey, shu jumladan Xorn va VOC shaharlaridagi buyumlarni o'z ichiga olgan butun tematik zal. Enkhuizen.
  • 7 West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam) Vikipediyada West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam), Herenmarkt, Amsterdam. 1647 yildan 1674 yilgacha Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasining shtab-kvartirasi, G'arbiy Indisch Xuy Manhettenda qal'a qurish uchun buyruq berilgan joy (Nyu-York shahri), shuning uchun biz bugun biladigan metropolga start beramiz.
  • 8 West-Indisch Pakhuis (Amsterdam), Gravenhekje 1, Amsterdam
  • 9 G'arbiy-Indis Xyusi (Dordrext), Wijnstraat 87, Dordrext.
  • 10 De Amsterdam Vikipediyada Amsterdam (1748), qismi 11 Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum Vikipediyada Scheepvaartmuseum-ni oching, Amsterdam - bu qirg'oqda qolib ketgan 1748 VOC kemasining nusxasi Xastings.
  • 12 De Batavia Batavia (1628 kema) Vikipediyada, Bataviaplein, Lelystad. Ning nusxasi Bataviya, to'xtab qolgan 1628 VOC kemasi Houtman Abrolhos. G'alayon ortidan isyon va ommaviy qotillik kuzatilgan. G'arbiy Avstraliya muzeyining kema halokati gallereyasida asl halokatning bir qismini topish mumkin Fremantle. Bortdagi asarlar G'arbiy Avstraliya muzeyida saqlanadi Jeraldton.

Oldingi xoldingi

Niderlandiyaning sobiq hududlari xaritasi.

Gollandiyaning hozirgi chegaralari hech qachon o'z vaqtida mustahkamlanmagan. Vaqt o'tishi bilan u asosiy hududni qo'lga kiritdi va yo'qotdi:

  • 1 Belgiya Vena kongressidan (1815) keyin 1815 yildan 1830 yilgacha Niderlandiya Qirolligining bir qismi bo'lgan. Gollandlar Frantsiya davomida ko'rgan yutuqlarini kuzatib borishlariga to'sqinlik qiladigan bufer holatiga javobgar bo'lishlari kerak edi Napoleon urushlari. Ammo bu ittifoq uzoq muddat qoladigan birlashma emas edi. Gollandiyaning Belgiya ustidan hukmronligini qo'llab-quvvatlamaslik Belgiya inqilobiga olib keldi (1830-1839), bu 1839 yilda Gollandiya Belgiya mustaqilligini tan olganidan so'ng, bugungi kunda biz biladigan mustaqil davlatga olib keldi.
  • 2 Lyuksemburg hech qachon to'liq Niderlandiyaning bir qismi bo'lmagan, ammo Vena Kongressidan (1815) 1890 yilgacha Buyuk knyazlik Niderlandiya bilan shaxsiy ittifoq ostida bo'lgan, ya'ni uning davlat rahbari ham Lyuksemurgiya bo'lgan. Belgiyadan farqli o'laroq, bu birlashma 1867 yilda London shartnomasi bilan to'xtadi. Gollandiyaning o'sha paytdagi qiroli Uilyam III mamlakatni sotmoqchi edi Frantsiya, barchasi buning uchun edi. Qo'shni Prussiyaammo, buni ma'qullamadi, bu mojaroga olib keldi. Shartnoma Lyuksemburgni "cheksiz mustaqil" qildi, bu qog'ozda shaxsiy ittifoqni tugatishi mumkin edi va ko'rdi 3 Limburg tovon sifatida Uilyamga berilgan. Uilyam III esa uning hukmdori bo'lib qoldi. Ittifoq 1890 yilda rasmiy ravishda uning o'limi bilan tugadi. Uilyam III hech qanday merosxo'r qoldirmadi, bu esa Lyuksemburg merosxo'rlik qonunlari bilan muammo tug'dirdi. Bu ularga Nassau-Vaylburg uyidan filial olib, shu kungacha uning qirollik uyi bo'lishiga olib keldi.
  • 4 Sharqiy Friziya qisqacha Lui Bonapart (Gollandiya:) tomonidan boshqarilgan Gollandiya Qirolligining bir qismi edi (1808-1810). Lodewijk Napoleon Bonapart), taniqli Napoleon Bonapartning ukasi. Uning qisqa tarixi Sharqiy Friziya departamenti uni Prussiyadan frantsuzlar tomonidan olib ketilganini, Niderlandiya Qirolligiga qo'shilganligini va bu o'z navbatida 1810 yil 9-iyulda Frantsiya tomonidan qo'shib olinganligini ko'rdi. Keyingi yil u kafedraga aylandi. Birinchi Frantsiya imperiyasi Ems-oriental (Sharqiy emlar). Frantsuz mag'lubiyatidan so'ng, u Qirollikning bir qismiga aylandi Gannover va Qirolligi Oldenburg.
  • 5 Elten Vikipediyada Elten va 6 Selfkant Vikipediyada Selfkant Germaniyadan Gollandiyaga quyidagi kompensatsiyalar edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Ushbu qo'shimchalar 1949 yilda e'lon qilindi, bu esa 69 km uzunlik qo'shdi2 (27 kvadrat milya) Gollandiya hududiga. Ushbu ikki munitsipalitetdan tashqari, Germaniya va Gollandiya chegaralari bo'ylab, asosan yaqin atrofda yana ko'plab kichik chegara tuzatishlari amalga oshirildi Nijmegen va atrofida Axterxuk. Qo'shib olgandan so'ng, G'arbiy Germaniya ikki munitsipalitetni qaytarib olish bo'yicha muzokaralarni boshladi, natijada 1963 yilda qaytib keldi. Hudud qaytarib berilgan kecha, ya'ni 31-iyul, 1-avgust, mahalliy sifatida tanilgan. Eltener Butternacht (Elten sariyog 'kechasi). Kompaniyalar o'zlarining yuk mashinalarini Eltenga jo'natib, haydovchilarni to'xtab turish joyini bir kecha-kunduzda ushlab turishadi va Germaniyada uyg'onish uchun import soliqlarini to'lamaydilar.

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Ehtimol, Gollandiyaning eng taniqli mustamlakachilaridan biri Nyu-Amsterdam (Nyu-York) bo'lishi kerak. Bu erda 1960 yilda 1660 yilgi rejani takrorlashda ko'rsatilgan.
Yangi Gollandiyadagi Gollandiyalik aholi punktlari.

The Qo'shma Shtatlar 1674 yilda inglizlar bilan "savdo-sotiq qilingan" Gollandiyaning sobiq mustamlakalarini o'z ichiga olgan. "Yangi Gollandiya" deb nomlanuvchi koloniya (Nyuv-Nederland) hozirgi kunning katta qismini egallagan Nyu York, Nyu-Jersi va Delaver, Delaver va Gudzon daryolaridan keyin. Koloniya birinchi marta 1609 yilda, o'n ikki yillik sulh boshlanishida o'rganilgan. Gollandiyaning Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi g'arb orqali Hindistonga o'tish joyini topish uchun kema yubordi. Ular yuborgan kema bu edi Yarim Maen (Yarim oy). Ekspeditsiya, ayniqsa, a ulkan shimoliy ko'rfaz, endi uning boshlig'i Genri Xadson nomini oldi.

To'rt yil o'tgach, Adriaen Block boshchiligidagi yangi ekspeditsiya yo'lga chiqdi. Uning kemasi Tijger Keyinchalik Yangi Gollandiyada bo'lganida (Tiger) yonib ketdi. Uzoq muddatli yashash vaqtida u va uning ekipaji yangi kema qurishdi va Sharqiy daryoda suzib yurib, atrofni xaritaga tushirishdi. Long Island. Blok Evropaga qaytib kelganida chop etgan xaritada "Yangi Gollandiya" nomi keltirilgan edi. Shundan so'ng, Yangi Gollandiyaning haqiqiy mustamlakasi boshlandi.

  • 1 Fort Nassau Vikipediyada Nassau Fort (Shimoliy daryo) 1613 yilda Xendrik Kristiaensen tomonidan tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u Orange-Nassau uyidan bo'lgan Stadtholder sharafiga fabrikani nomlagan. Uning asosiy maqsadi qunduz mo'ynasini mahalliy aholi bilan savdo qilish edi. Qal'ani har yili Gudzon daryosi toshib ketar edi va shu tariqa tezda tashlandilar va uning o'rniga janubga almashtirildi 2 Oranje Fort Vikipediyada Orange Fort (Yangi Gollandiya) (1624). Yangi qal'a yaqinida shaharcha chaqirildi Bevervijk 1647 yilda paydo bo'lgan, u rebrendlangan bo'lishi kerak edi Albani ingliz hukmronligi ostida.
  • 3 Manxetten mahalliy aholidan rasmiy ravishda sotib olingan birinchi er uchastkasi edi. Ushbu mahalliy aholi orolda yashamas edilar va ehtimol ular ov qilish huquqlarini sotmoqdalar deb o'ylashgan edilar, ammo bu hol hollandlarga erni qonuniy sotish deb hisoblash kifoya edi. Dastlabki ko'chmanchilar 1624 yilda Noten Eylantga (Gubernatorlar oroli) kelib tushishgan va xo`jaliklargacha kengaytirilgan 4 Fort Goede Hoop Vikipediyadagi Umid uyi (qal'a). Davomida Gollandiya-Portugaliya mustamlakachilik urushi, Janubiy Amerikaning Nyu-Holland mustamlakasi 1654 yilda o'z faoliyatini tugatdi va uning yirik sefardlik yahudiy jamoati Manxettenga ko'chib o'tdi.

1629 yildan boshlab G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasi jismoniy shaxslarga Yangi Niderlandiyada o'z mulklarini boshlashlariga ruxsat berdi. Ushbu rejaning asosiy advokati Renselaersvayk manoriga asos solgan Kiliaen van Rensselaer edi. Balandlik chog'ida bu mansab Hudson daryosining ikki tomonida bir necha kilometrga cho'zilgan. Renselaersvijk muvaffaqiyatidan so'ng, shaharcha Bevervijk (zamonaviy 5 Albani) Renselaersvaykdan hokimiyatni tortib olish maqsadida tashkil etilgan. Tashkil topganidan o'n etti yil o'tgach, 1664 yilda Bevervayk mingga yaqin aholisini hisobga olgan holda koloniyaning ikkinchi shahriga aylandi.

Bularning barchasi davomida Nyu-Niderlandiya o'zi uchun juda yaxshi ish olib bordi. Uning g'arbida yana bir koloniya paydo bo'ldi: Yangi Shvetsiyazamonaviy Filadelfiyani o'rab turgan shved-fin mustamlakasi bo'lgan. Yangi Shvetsiya faqat Delaver daryosining g'arbiy qirg'og'ida joylashgan bo'lib, daryoning ikkala tomoniga da'vo qilgan gollandlar bilan to'qnashuvni oldini olish uchun. Gollandlar esa, o'zlarining da'vo qilingan hududlarida qal'alar qurib, Shvetsiya mustamlakasi uchun muammo tug'dira boshladilar. 1654 yilda Shvetsiya mustamlakasi boshqaruvni o'z qo'liga olishga urindi 6 Casimir Fort Vikipediyada Casimir Fort, ular muvaffaqiyatga erishdilar va darhol o'zgartirildi Trefaltighet. Yangi Gollandiya gubernatori Piter Stuyvesant bir yil o'tib, butun Yangi Shvetsiyani zabt etib, qal'ani egallab oldi.

Gollandlar yangi dunyoda o'z mustamlakalariga nisbatan beparvolik bilan munosabatda bo'lishdi, chunki uni himoya qilish va unga g'amxo'rlik qilish WICning zimmasiga yuklandi. Shu bilan birga, WIC savdo-sotiq va foyda olishni asosiy manfaatlari qatoriga kiritgan va shu tariqa inglizlar 1664 yil 27-avgustda to'rtta frekat bilan mustamlakani qo'shib olishganida, ularga hech qanday qarshilik ko'rsatilmagan. Mahalliy aholi ularni qo'shib olishga qarshilik ko'rsatmadi, asosan mahalliy aholining ko'plab hujumlariga qarshi vatanni qo'llab-quvvatlash haqidagi iltimoslari javobsiz qoldi. Gollandlar, qasos sifatida, bugungi kunni egallab olishdi Surinam va ingliz-Gayana Ikkinchi ingliz-golland urushi paytida (1664). Imzosi Breda tinchligi (1667) holat-kvoni keltirib chiqardi: Gollandlar Surinamni, inglizlar esa Yangi Amsterdamni saqlab qolishdi. Ammo yakuniy qaror kelajakka qoldirildi.

Uchinchi Angliya-Gollandiya urushi 1672 yilda sodir bo'lganligi sababli, mavjud vaziyat uzoq o'ylamadi. Yangi Amsterdam, 7 Amsterdam Fort Vikipediyada Amsterdam Fort va Bevervayk yana Gollandiya kuchlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilinadi. Shu paytgacha aholi punktlari Nieu-Oranje (Yangi Orange), Fort Willem Hendrik va Willemstadt deb o'zgartirildi, barchasi yangi stadtholder Orange-Nassau shahridan Uilyam III sharafiga. Vestminster tinchligi (1674) Shimoliy Amerikadagi Gollandiya mustamlakasiga barham berdi. Yangi Gollandiya ingliz tiliga to'g'ri ko'chirildi va Surinam Gollandiyaning tegishli mustamlakasiga aylandi. Yangi Amsterdam, shuningdek boshqa aholi punktlari va qal'alar zudlik bilan hozirgi nomlariga o'zgartirildi. Gollandiya respublikasi yangi dunyoda o'z o'rnini qayta tikladi Gollandiyalik Arkadiya, bu frantsuz Arkadiyasidan iborat bo'lib, u zamonaviy qismlardan iborat edi. Nyu-Brunsvik va Yangi Shotlandiya. Ushbu hudud 1675 yilda frantsuzlarga qaytarilgan va gollandlar uch yildan so'ng ularning da'vosini bekor qilishgan. Golland va inglizlar o'rtasidagi raqobat Gollandiyalik stadtolder Uilyam III va uning rafiqasi Angliyalik Meri II Angliyada boshqaruvni o'z zimmasiga olgan Shuhratli inqilob bilan yakunlandi.

Hozirgi atrofdagi Gollandiyaning mustamlakachilik punktlari Nyu-York shahri.

Ularning ishtirokida Gollandiyalik mustamlakachilar tomonidan quyidagi aholi punktlariga asos solingan:

  • Manxettenda:
    • Nyu-Amsterdam (Yangi Amsterdam) Gollandiya mustamlakasining poytaxti bo'lgan zamonaviy Janubiy Manxettenga aylanib bormoqda Nyu-York shahri ingliz hukmronligidan keyin. Dastlab nomlangan Amsterdam, inglizlar Dyuk nomidan uning nomini o'zgartirdi York.
    • Nyuv-Xarlem (Yangi Harlem), zamonaviy Harlemuchun nomlangan Haarlem.
    • 8 Noortwijck (Shimoliy Uord) yoki Grinvik (Qarag'ay palatasi), hozir Grinvich qishlog'i.
    • 9 Stuyvesants Bouwerij Vikipediyada Bowery (Stuyvesant fermasi), dastlab WIC tomonidan e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan, Stuyvesant oilasi bu erda joylashgan. U o'zining plantatsiyasini aholi punktiga aylantirib, ferma, manor va cherkov qurdi. Ushbu aholi punkti taxminan zamonaviy joyda joylashgan Bowery (Quyi Sharqiy tomon/Chinatown)
  • In Bronks va Yonkerlar:
    • 10 Jonas Broncks Bouerij (Jonas Bronkning fermasi) yoki Bronkslend (Bronkning erlari), 1639 yilda tashkil etilgan. Bu nom oxir-oqibat inglizlar hukmronligi ostida "Bronx" ga aylandi. U o'z nomini Bronx daryosiga berdi, keyinchalik Bronx o'zi uchun shunday nomlandi.
    • 11 Kolen Donk Kolen Donk Vikipediyada (Donk koloniyasi) yoki Het Jonkers Land (Skvayrning erlari), Gudzon daryosi bo'ylab patronlik. "Jonkers" ning o'zi "Jonkheer" ning buzilishi, bu zamonaviy Yonkerlarga kirib qolgan.
  • In Malika:
    • 12 Xemstede, 1644 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u zamonaviyga aylandi Xempstiduchun nomlangan Xemstede, janubda joylashgan shahar Haarlem.
    • 13 Vlissingen, bir yil o'tib tashkil etilgan, oqim bilan buzilgan Queens / Flushinguchun nomlangan Vlissingen.
    • 14 Midlburg, 1652 yilda tashkil etilgan va nomi berilgan Middburg, nomi o'zgartirildi Newtown ingliz hukmronligi ostida.
    • 15 Rustdorp (Dam oling yoki Tinchlik qishlog'i). 1656 yilda o'rnashgan, hozirgi kunda u shunday nomlanadi Yamayka
  • In Bruklin:
    • 16 's-Gravensand Gravesend, Bruklin Vikipediyada, deb taxmin qilingan Gravenzande, endi sifatida tanilgan Gravesend.
    • 17 Breykelen Bruklin Xayts Vikipediyadauchun nomlangan Breukelen, o'z nomini Bruklinga beradi. Dastlabki aholi punkti bugungi kunda yolg'on gapirdi Bruklin Xayts.
    • 18 Nyuv-Amersfort Vikipediyada Flatlands, Bruklin (Yangi Amersfort), zamonaviy Yassi tekisliklar
    • 19 Midwout Vikipediyada Flatbush, Bruklin (O'rta yog'och), zamonaviy Flatbush.
    • 20 Nyuv-Utrext Vikipediyada Nyu-Utrext, Bruklin (Yangi Utrext), zamonaviy Nyu-Utrext.
    • 21 Bosvik Bushvik, Bruklin Vikipediyada (O'rmon bo'limi), zamonaviy Bushvik.
  • Rensselaerswijck-da:
    • Bevervijk (Beaver Ward), zamonaviy Albani.
    • 22 Wiltwijck, zamonaviy Kingston.
  • Sobiq Yangi Shvetsiyada:
    • 23 Swaanendael Vikipediyada Zwaanendael koloniyasi (Oqqush vodiysi), 1631 yilda tashkil etilgan, ammo uning aholisi bir yil o'tib mahalliy aholi tomonidan yo'q qilingan. Bugungi kunda uning o'rnida turibdi Lewes.
    • 24 Nyu-Amstel (Yangi Amstel) hozirgi kunda Casimir Fort yaqinida joylashgan Yangi qal'a.
    • 25 Altena, zamonaviy Yangi qal'a.

Karib dengizi va Janubiy Amerika

G'arbiy Hindiston

4 ° 21′36 ″ N 55 ° 43′12 ″ V
Gollandiya imperiyasining xaritasi
  • Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindistoni:
    • 1 Aruba. 1636 yilda ispanlardan tortib olingan Aruba bugungi kunda ham Gollandiyaning bir qismi bo'lib, 1807 va 1816 yillarda inglizlar nazorati ostida bo'lgan. Orolda bir qancha kon kompaniyalari, shu jumladan oltin va fosfat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar bo'lgan. Orol 1947 yildan buyon mustaqillik uchun lobbichilik qilmoqda va 1978 yilda o'zini o'zi boshqarish huquqiga ega bo'ldi. 1986 yil boshidan beri orol Niderlandiya Qirolligi tarkibida mustaqil mamlakat maqomiga ega bo'lib, uni shu darajaga qo'ydi. Niderlandiya materik sifatida muxtoriyat. Gollandiyalik mustamlaka sifatida uning tarixi bugungi kungacha yashab kelinmoqda, istalgan joy nomi yoki mahalliy aholi so'zlashadigan til orqali, Gollandiyalik yoki Papiamento bo'lsin. Vikipediyada Aruba (Q21203) Vikipediyada Aruba (yangilangan iyun 2020)
    • 2 Bonaire. 1636 yilda ispanlardan olingan Bonaire asosan gollandlar tomonidan tuzni yutish uchun ishlatilgan, bu dastlab qullar yordamida qilingan. Bonaire va G'arbiy Hindistonning qolgan qismida 1863 yilda qullik bekor qilindi. O'n to'qqizinchi asrning boshlarida Niderlandiya orol ustidan o'z kuchini ikki marta inglizlarga yo'qotdi, chunki orol 1816 yilda aniq golland tuprog'iga aylandi, bu hol orolni yana yo'qotmaslikka kafolat berish uchun Oranje Fortini qurishga olib keldi. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, orol o'z turistik joyini asta-sekin o'sishi kerak edi. 1954 yilda orol Gollandiya Antil orollari tarkibiga kirgan holda Niderlandiya Qirolligi tarkibidagi avtonom qismga aylandi. Ushbu mamlakat 2010 yilda o'z faoliyatini tugatgandan so'ng, orol o'rniga Gollandiya tarkibidagi "maxsus munitsipalitet" ga aylandi. Bonider (Q25396) Wikidata-da Bonaire Vikipediyada (yangilangan iyun 2020)
    • 3 Kyurasao. 1499 yil yozida ispaniyaliklar tomonidan "kashf etilgan" Kürasao orolida dastlab 2000 ga yaqin mahalliy aholi bor edi, ularning hammasi 1515 yilda qul sifatida jo'natilgan. O'n ikki yil o'tgach, orol ispanlar tomonidan joylashib, yaratishni tugatdi. sinov va xato bilan mustamlaka egalik qilish. Chorvachilik bilan bog'liq mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqarish juda yaxshi rivojlangan bo'lsa ham, ispaniyaliklar orolni hali ham foydasiz deb hisoblashgan, chunki ekinchilik ularni hech narsadan xalos qilmagan. 1634 yil avgust oyida Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasining reydidan so'ng, ispaniyaliklar orolni gollandlarga topshirdilar. WIC birinchi navbatda orolni egallab oldi, chunki u dengizni xususiylashtirish reydlarini o'tkazish uchun istiqbolli joy edi. Fathdan so'ng, gollandlar orolni tezda muhim joylarida, masalan, orolning asosiy suv manbai joylashgan Seynt Anna ko'rfazida mustahkamlanishdi. Ko'p o'tmay, 1635/1636 yillarda Pundada Amsterdam Fort qurildi. Ushbu istehkomlar juda ko'p pul sarfladilar, ammo orol Ispaniyadagi kabi foydaliroq bo'lib, WIC-ning ma'lumotnomasini yaratdi (De Xeren XIX) orolning qiymati bo'yicha bo'lingan. Kyurasao saqlanib qoldi, ammo, ehtimol, orol haqidagi turli xil fikrlar tufayli. Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, orol vaqt o'tishi bilan qadrliroq bo'ldi. 1654 yilda Gollandiya Braziliyasining qulashi bilan Kyurasao Gollandiyaning g'arbiy yo'nalishidagi faoliyat uchun ko'proq savdo markaziga aylandi. WIC qul savdosi faoliyatini 1665 yilda boshlagan. Qullar G'arbiy Afrikadagi Gollandiyalik xoldingi yoki tashqi savdo shaharlaridan sotib olinib, yangi dunyoga u erdan jo'natiladi. 1674 yilda JSK Kurasoni "erkin port" ga aylantirdi (Vrixaven) degan ma'noni anglatadi, bu qul savdosini engillashtirish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lib, u tezda asosiy savdo markaziga aylandi. Bu asosan Frantsiya va Angliya bilan munosabatlarni yomonlashtirdi. 1713 yil davomida orolni qisqa vaqt ichida frantsuz xususiy xodimi Jak Kassar egallab oldi. XVIII asrning qolgan davrida, Kyurasao savdo markazi sifatida o'z mavqeini mustahkamlashga harakat qildi, garchi Ispaniyaning mustamlakalari bilan janubiy yo'nalishdagi savdo Ispaniya sohil qo'riqchilari tomonidan cheklangan bo'lsa ham, tamaki va kakao noqonuniy savdosini to'xtatish uchun hayotga aylandi. . Bunga ingliz va frantsuz tillarining kuchaygan ta'sirini qo'shib, Kyurasaoning ahamiyati pasayib bora boshladi. Keyinchalik eksport uchun dehqonchilik harakatlari to'xtatildi va erdan olinadigan mahsulotlar mahalliy darajada ko'proq foydalanila boshlandi. Bu orolning asosiy daromadi qul savdosi bo'lishiga olib keldi. WIC 1791 yilda bankrot bo'lib, Gollandiya davlatini mustamlakani egallashga majbur qildi. To'rt yil o'tgach, orolda qullar qo'zg'olon ko'tarishdi, ammo qo'zg'olon zudlik bilan olib tashlandi. 1800 yilda orolni inglizlar egallab olishdi, ular o'zlarini uch yildan so'ng mahalliy aholi tomonidan majburan chiqarib yuborishdi. Ular orolni 1807 yilda qaytarib olishgan, faqat 1816 yilda orol Gollandiyaliklar qo'liga qaytarilgan. Koloniyalarni boshqarish xarajatlarini pasaytirish uchun Kyurasao va boshqa Gollandiyalik Karib orollari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nazorati ostiga olingan. Paramaribo 1828 yilda, orollar 1845 yilda o'zlarining mustamlakasiga ega bo'lib, Kyurasaodan boshqarilgan, chunki Paramaribodan boshqarish unchalik samarali va samarali bo'lmadi. Gollandlar 1863 yilda qul savdosini bekor qildilar. Shu vaqtdan boshlab 20-asrning boshlarida orol asosan baliq ovlash, savdo va dehqonchilik bilan shug'ullangan. 1914 yilda Venesuelada yirik neft zaxiralari topilganida, orol tezda turizmdan tashqari orol hali ham mashhur bo'lgan neftni qayta ishlash sanoatiga o'tdi. Orol 1954 yilda Gollandiyaning boshqa Antil orollari bilan siyosiy mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritdi. 2010 yildan beri orol Niderlandiya Qirolligi tarkibidagi Aruba bilan o'xshash maqomga ega. Vikidatadagi Kyurasao (Q25279) Vikipediyada Kyurasao (yangilangan iyun 2020)
  • 4 Saba. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 5 Sint-Marten. Frantsiya bilan bo'lishgan orolda, frantsuz tomoni Avliyo Martin. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 6 Sint Eustatius. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 7 Surinam. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

Braziliya

  • 1606-1663 yillardagi Gollandiya-Portugaliya mustamlakachilik urushi paytida Gollandiyaliklar Yangi Gollandiya mustamlakasini tashkil etishga urinishdi. Braziliya, kasb bilan:
  • 8 Salvador. Mustamlaka poytaxti va birinchi hujumning maqsadi. U 1624 yil 10 mayda Jeykob Uilkens va Piet Xeyn boshchiligidagi G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasining floti tomonidan qo'lga olingan va ishdan bo'shatilgan. Yoxan van Dort qullarni ozod qilib, o'ldirilishidan oldin koloniyani boshqargan. Shahar 1625 yil 1 mayda Fadrike Alvarez de Toledo y Mendoza boshchiligidagi luso-ispan floti tomonidan qaytarib olingan. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 9 San-Luis. Orolda taxminiy koloniyaning poytaxti sifatida tashkil etilgan Frantsiya Équinoxiale 1612 yilda u 1615 yilda portugallar tomonidan zabt etilgan. 1641 yilda shaharga gollandlar bostirib kirib, 1645 yilda ketgan. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 10 Natal. Albukerk Maranxa 1598 yil 6-yanvarda Muqaddas Qirollar Fort yoki Magi-Shohlar qurilishi boshlandi (Forte dos Santos Reis yoki Forte dos Reis Magos), Epifaniyaning nasroniylar bayramida sharaflangan Uch donishmand nomi bilan atalgan, o'sha kuni nishonlangan. Natal (Portugal tilida "Tug'ilish" yoki "Rojdestvo") 1599 yil 25-dekabrda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, qal'a tashqarisidagi qishloqqa hozirgi shahar nomi berilgan. 1633 yildan 1654 yilgacha Gollandiya qo'shinlari tomonidan qal'a, shahar va uning atrofidagi hududlar egallab olingan. Ular "Fort Seulen" qal'asini qayta tiklashgan. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

qurshovi

  • 11 Olinda (Resifidan 7 km shimolda). Pernambukoning merosxo'r kapitanligining poytaxti, istilo boshlangandan boshlab bosqinchilar tomonidan qurshovga olingan, nihoyat 1631 yilda talon-taroj qilingan va yoqib yuborilgan. Keyinchalik ahamiyati pasaygan va Recife 1827 yilda Pernambukoning poytaxtiga aylangan. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
Mauritsstadt xaritasi (Recife), 1637 y

va tashkil etilishi

  • 12 Recife (Mauritsstadt). 1637 yildan 1644 yilgacha bo'lgan gubernator germaniyalik graf Yoxan Maurits van Nassau-Zigen nomi bilan atalgan, 1630 yilda Antoni Vaz orolida tashkil etilgan Nyu-Holland koloniyasining poytaxti edi. G'arbiy Hindiston Kompaniyasining katta, yaxshi jihozlangan armiyasining mag'lubiyatidan so'ng (tor bo'lsa ham) ) 1649 yilda Guararapes jangida portugal va mahalliy kuchlarga, uning fikriga ko'ra Amsterdam "Gollandiya Braziliyasi endi kurashishga loyiq kelajakka ega emas" deb hisobladi va bu mustamlaka taqdirini samarali hal qildi. Oxirgi bosqinchilar 1654 yilda Recife shahridan quvilgan. Resife Antigo saqlanib qolgan va tashrif buyurishga arziydi va 1990-yillarda topilgan sobiq ibodatxona mavjud. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

va

  • 13 Fortaleza (Shounenborch Fort). 1637 yilda gollandlar qadimgi Portugaliya qal'asini oldi San-Sebastyao. 1644 yilda portugallar va mahalliy aholi bilan janglarda qal'a vayron qilingan. Kapitan Matias Bek boshchiligida Gollandiyaning Vest-Indiya kompaniyasi Paju daryosi bo'yida yangi qal'a qurdi. Shounenborch Fort ("oqlangan qal'a") rasmiy ravishda 1649 yil 19 avgustda ochilgan. 1654 yilda Pernambuko kapitulyatsiyasidan so'ng gollandlar ushbu qal'ani portugallarga topshirdilar, ular uni qayta nomladilar Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora de Assunção ("Taxmin xonimimizning qal'asi"), shundan so'ng shahar nomi berildi. (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

Afrika

Janubiy Afrika

Gollandiya imperiyasining xaritasi
Ning ko'rinishi Kasteel de Goede Hoop (Yaxshi umid qasri), Keyptaun o'rtasida.

The Nederlandse Kaapkolonie (Gollandiyaning Cape mustamlakasi), rasmiy ravishda nomlangan Tussenstation Kaap de Goede Hoop (Yaxshi umid oraliq bekati), atrofida VOC tomonidan joylashtirilgan Gollandiyaning mustamlakasi edi 1 Kaapstad (Janubiy Afrika). Mustamlaka 1652 yilda boshlangan va 1795 yilda inglizlarga yutqazgan, uni sakkiz yil bosib olgan va uni Frantsiya inqilobi bilan Gollandiyaning rasmiy nomi bo'lgan Batavian Hamdo'stligiga qaytargan. frantsuzlar tomonidan qo'shib olinishi. Batavian Hamdo'stligi Angliyaliklar urush olib borgan Frantsiyaning ishonchli davlatiga aylanganidan beri inglizlar yana bir marta mustamlakani egallab olishdi va Parij shartnomasida (1814) mustamlaka inglizlar qo'liga o'tqazildi. t gacha qoldiring mustaqillik 1931 yilda.

"Keypdagi koloniya" 1647 yil mart oyida tasodifan boshlangan Nyuv-Harlem (YangiHaarlem) pelerinda buzilgan. Kema halokatga uchragan ekipaj o'zlari nomlagan kichik qal'ani qurdilar Zand Fort van de Kaap de Goede Hoop (Yaxshi umid burnining qumli Fort). Deyarli bir yil o'tib qutqarilgan ekipajning bir qismi VOCni Keypda savdo markazini ochishga ishontirishga kirishdi. VOC keyinchalik Yan van Ribek boshchiligidagi ekspeditsiyani yo'lga qo'ydi, u 1652 yil 6-aprelda belgilangan manzilga etib bordi va Keypda birinchi doimiy aholi punktini yaratdi. Ularning orasida to'qsonni hisoblagan ekipaj kalvinist mustamlakachilar, loydan va yog'ochdan yasalgan qal'aga asos solishdi, u 1666-1679 yillarda almashtirilishi kerak edi 2 Kasteel de Goede Hoop Vikipediyadagi Yaxshi umid qasri, hozirgi kunda butun Janubiy Afrikadagi eng qadimiy bino. Mustamlaka kengaytirishga muhtoj bo'lganligi sababli, mahalliy Xoyxoy qabilalarining erlarini sotib oldi.

Keypga yuborilgan birinchi kolonistlar asosan Gollandiyalik jamiyatning o'rta qatlamlaridan bo'lganlar, bu ularning orasida mustamlaka qanday paydo bo'lishiga nisbatan befarqlikka olib keldi. Bu 1685 yilda koloniyani nazorat ostida ushlab turish uchun komissar yuborilganida o'zgargan. Bu koloniyalarga yangi muhojirlar guruhini jalb qildi: Frantsiyada o'z xavfsizligini yo'qotib, Gollandiya va uning mustamlakalariga qochgan frantsuz gugenotlari. Gollandiyaliklar koloniyani qanday boshqarganligi sababli (ta'lim faqat golland tilida so'zlashadiganlar uchun ruxsat etilgan), Frantsiya ta'siri XVIII asrning yarmida yo'qolgan edi. Ammo ularning merosi nomidan omon qoladi 3 Franschhoek (Frantsuz burchagi), 1688 yilda u erda joylashgan 176 gugenot uchun nomlangan.

Vaqt o'tishi bilan mustamlaka o'sib bordi va kasallik tufayli zaiflashgan mahalliy Xoyxoy qabilalarini yoki mustamlakaning bir qismiga aylanib, Gollandiyalik ko'chmanchilar uchun ishlashga yoki shimolga ko'chib o'tishga va u erda dushman dushman qabilalarini uchratishga majbur qildi. Keyp hukumati 1787 yilda qolgan ko'chmanchi Xoyxoyni Gollandiyaga tobora ko'proq qaram qilishga qaratilgan qonunlarni chiqara boshladi.

Dushman muhitga qaramay, ikkala dushman qabilalari va landshaftlari bilan boshlash juda qiyin bo'lmagan, mustamlaka kengayib boraverdi, natijada VOC o'zlarining yashash punktlari o'rniga faqat ta'minot punkti bo'lishni xohlagan mustamlakani cheklashlariga olib keldi. oxir-oqibat ularga pul sarflash. Ushbu qonunlar VOC katalogiga mustamlakaga ochiq migratsiyani to'xtatish, eksport bo'yicha monopoliyani berish, unga to'liq hukmronlik qilish va shu bilan birga fermerlarning o'z erlarida nima etishtirishni belgilashiga imkon beradi va VOCga katta foiz beradi. hosilning. Niderlandiyani hayotga nisbatan erkin qarashlari tufayli asosan tark etgan mustamlakachilar qonunlardan norozi bo'lishdi. VOC nazorati ostidan qochishga urinib, ular ichki tomonga burilib, o'zlari uchun erlarni joylashtirdilar, bu esa kompaniyani boshqarmagan. VOC oxir-oqibat ushbu hududlarni tan olishdan boshqa hech narsa qila olmadi. 4 Swellendam 1745 yilda magistratura oldi, 5 Graaff-Reynet 1786 yilda ikkinchi o'rinni egallagan. Gamtoos daryosi shu nuqtadan boshlab rasmiy yangi chegara bo'lishi kerak edi, unga e'tibor berilmadi va daryoning sharqidagi er tezda o'rnashib olindi. Mustamlakachilar va dehqonlar (Boeren, keyinroqBoersGrot Visrivier yangi sharqiy chegara bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida VOC katalogi bilan kelishganiga qaramay, mahalliy qabilalardan kerakli himoya olmadi. Bu ularga koloniya mansabdorlarini haydab chiqarishga va birinchisini tashkil qilishga olib keldi Boer respublikalari.

Buyuk Britaniyaning Keyp Koloniyasini bosib olishidan oldin, 1795 yilda quyidagilar kasb Frantsiya armiyasi tomonidan Gollandiya Respublikasining koloniyasi to'rtta tumandan iborat edi: Kaap, 6 Stellenbosch uz 7 Drakenshteyn Vikipediyada Drakenshteyn mahalliy munitsipaliteti, Swellendam va Graaff-Reinet, ular birgalikda 60 mingdan ortiq aholini hisoblashgan. Inglizlar Gollandiyalik stadtholder Uilyam V tomonidan Orange-Nassau-dan "frantsuzlarga imkoni boricha qarshilik ko'rsatish" bo'yicha ko'rsatmalarga amal qilishdi, bu Angliya uchun frantsuzlar ularga da'vo qilishidan oldin Gollandiya mustamlakalarini egallashni anglatar edi, bu esa stadholderning aniq talabidir. Dastlab koloniya gubernatori tinch okkupatsiyani ta'qib qilishdan bosh tortgan, ammo inglizlar zo'ravonlik bilan tahdid qilganda, u ko'ndi. Inglizlar o'sha yilning o'zidayoq ikki Boer respublikasini o'z tarkibiga qo'shib oldilar.

Tinchlik Amiens (1803), koloniya ustidan nazorat Bataviya Hamdo'stligiga qaytarilishini ko'rdi, ammo olti yil o'tgach, koloniya yana bir bor inglizlar tomonidan qabul qilindi. This time though, the transfer of power was permanent, as William I of the Netherlands signed away the colony in the 1814 Treaty of London. Dutch association and relations with the descendants of the settlers of the Kaap (The Boers) continued up into the 1960s, due to the Boer Republics they founded following the Great Trek and the migration of many Dutch citizens into South Africa following World War II.

Central and West Africa

Map of formerly Dutch holdings in Central and West Africa.
View of Arguin (ca. 1665).
  • 8 Arguin Vikipediyada argument is best known as a Portugal colony. The Dutch, however, controlled the island from 1633 to 1678, having conquered it from the Portuguese. The Dutch, in turn, lost the island to the French, from which it was transferred to Brandenburg, then back to the French, and then briefly back to the Dutch again from 1722 to 1724. Again, control was lost to the French after only two brief years. The island is nowadays part of Mauritania, a former French colony.
  • Senegambia yoki Bovenkust (Upper Coast) was the name for the collection of forts and factories in modern-day Gambia va Senegal. The most notable use of these holdings was to collect slaves for transport to the Caribbean. The area was a federation of loose settlements by the WIC, which controlled it from the island of Gorée, off the coast of Dakar. The island was lost to the French in 1677, and the rest of the holdings, including the previously mentioned Arguin, followed the year after.
    • 9 Gorée Gore Vikipediyada, for which we don't know exactly how it got into Dutch hands in 1617, though a purchase off of locals is assumed and documented. The island was under Dutch control from 1617 to 1677, with a one year hiatus in 1664. The island consisted of two forts; one on the north side (Fort Nassau) and one on the south side (Fort Oranje). The French, which were in control of the island after 1677, rebuilt pretty much the entire island. Both forts have been destroyed by the French in their successful attempt of conquering the island, and the WIC did not return, since it was quickly losing its market-share already.
    • 10 Portudal Saly Vikipediyada, a Dutch possession between 1633 and 1678, after which it was lost to the Portuguese, was the main base in the region from which the WIC acquired slaves and ivory. In the 1980s, the settlement was developed into a seaside resort.
    • 11 Rufisque Vikipediyada Rufisque (1633-1678), at the time an important harbour and centre of trade.
    • 12 Joal (1633-1678), a similarly noticeable port and centre of trade.
  • Loango-Angolakust (Loango-Angola Coast, better known as Dutch Loango-Angola) was a short-lived Dutch colony in modern-day Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville va Angola. The colony was originally Portugal, but was captured and controlled by the WIC for seven years between 1641 and 1648. The controlled cities were:
    • 13 Luanda, being the largest city in the 17th century slave trade, Luanda was of much strategic interest to the WIC, which first attempted to take the city and its fort in 1624. This failed, and a second attempt was made some twenty-five years later in 1641. The fort was rebranded to Fort Aardenburgh. The WIC continued the slave trade in the seven years it controlled the city, but during that time, it "only" saw 14,000 slaves transported. The city was not seen as profitable to the Dutch, and thus when Portugal retook the city in 1648, it was decided that Dutch interests in the slave trade would go no further south than Congo.
    • 14 Benguela was also captured by the same effort as Luanda in 1641. It had a similar story to Luanda altogether. Profits were low, and when the Portuguese came knocking again seven years later, the Dutch didn't consider it to be in their interests to retake the city.
    • 15 Cabinda is more of the same, though it is special in that the WIC kept an agent situated there for the purpose of buying slaves until 1689.
    • 16 Cambambe Vikipediyada Kambambe qal'asi yoki Ensadeira Eiland (Ensadeira Island), notable for not being a coastal town or fort, was settled by the Dutch in 1643 next to a Portuguese factory. The factory was subsequently expanded along the river Cuanza. The settlement turned into a fort, named after the person in charge: Fort Mols. After the Portuguese retook most of the Dutch colony in 1648, the fort was abandoned as well.
    • 17 Coriso Vikipediyada Corisco was captured in 1642, and control was lost to the Portuguese again in 1648. A second attempt at capturing the city to revive the Dutch slave trade was done in the 1680s, but it wasn't successful.
    • 18 Loango Loango, Kongo Respublikasi Vikipediyada was a relatively profitable settlement along the river Congo. Until 1670 there was mostly trade in ivory and copper, after which the slave trade started taking over. Since the trade wasn't as amazing as expected, the settlement was abandoned in 1684. A second attempt to start the trade from here was done in 1721, but the settlement was conquered by locals five years later.
    • 19 Malembo Malembo Vikipediyada was similarly controlled by the WIC during 1641 and 1648. It was considered to be the last profitable settlement in the colony. Mostly ivory, copper and slaves were traded. When the city became Portuguese, the WIC continued trading with the city.
  • Slavenkust (Dutch Slave Coast) or Nederlands Guinea (Dutch Guinea) most consisted of Dutch factories enabling the Dutch slave trade. Dutch involvement here started around 1640 and ended around 1760. The timeline and exact involvement of the colony aren't as well documented as some of the others. Many factories in the region simply were slowly abandoned over time, with others simply not being listed any longer between documentations on the colony. Quite a few of the dates on the colony's timeline are therefore vague.
    • 20 Allada Allada Vikipediyada (1660-?)
    • 21 Annobon (1641-?)
    • 22 Benin City (1660-1740)
    • 23 Grand-Popo (1660-?)
    • 24 Ouidah (1670-1724)
    • 25 Principe (circa 1589)
    • 26 São Tomé (1641-1648), like most of Laongo-Angola was captured from the Portugal.
Map of formerly Dutch holdings in Dutch Gold Coast.
Fort Coenraadsburg overlooking the city of Elmina.
  • Nederlandse Goudkust (Dutch Gold Coast) is the most successful of the Dutch African colonies. Regardless of its name, it was for the most part financially dependent on the slave trade, especially near the end of Dutch rule. Most of these slaves were shipped to Curaçao, where they would be sold on markets to work in, amongst others, Dutch Guyana (Suriname). The colony came to an end with the Gold Coast Treaty (1871), in which the Netherlands sold the colony to the English, in return for 47,000 Dutch Guilders, as well as the English vow to not intervene in Dutch attempts to conquer Atjeh. The treaty also dropped the double taxation on British ships in the Dutch Indies, in return for which the Brits revoked their claim on Sumatra. The main settlements and forts in the colony were:
    • 27 Fort Amsterdam Amsterdam Fort, Gana Vikipediyada (1655-1811), rebranded to Fort Cormantine (after Cormantijn or Cormantine, the nearest settlement, known today as Kortmantse) during British rule, who built the fort in 1631. Some thirty years later, in 1665, the fort was captured by Dutch naval hero Michiel de Ruyter as compensation for Dutch forts taken earlier that year. The fort was granted to the WIC, who renamed it. Initially, gold was the main sales product, which was traded against booze, tobacco and guns. Later on, the slave trade would take over. The fort would briefly be under British occupation again from 1782 to 1785. It became Dutch again, but was overrun by native forces in 1811, forcing the Dutch to abandon the fort. The fort's ruins were largely restored in the early 1970s, funded in part by the Dutch government.
    • 28 Fort William III Vikipediyada Apolloniya Fort yoki Fort Apollonia, founded as a trading post by the Swedish for their short-lived Gold Coast Colony (1655-1657), the settlement quickly fell into English hands, which between 1768 and 1770 extended it to a fort in the nearby limestone rocks through the means of slave labour. Due to the abolition of slavery, the British saw profits from the fort dwindle, and thus left the fort in 1819. The fort became Dutch in 1868, who renamed it after their king, William III. Four years later, the Dutch too left the fort following the Gold Coast Treaty of the year prior. The fort has been bombed by the British the year after, but restored in the late 1960s. The fort has reopened in 2010.
    • 29 Fort Batenstein Vikipediyada Batenshteyn Fort
    • 30 Carolusburg Vikipediyada Cape Coast qal'asi (or Cape Coast Castle)
    • 31 Christiansborg Vikipediyada Osu qal'asi
    • 32 Coenraadsburg Vikipediyada Coenraadsburg Fort
    • 33 Crevecœur Vikipediyada Ussher Fort
    • 34 Fort Dorothea
    • 35 Fort Goede Hoop Fort Goede Hoop, Gana, Vikipediyada (Fort Good Hope)
    • 36 Fort Hollandia Vikipediyada Brandenburger Gold Coast (or Groß-Friedrichsburg/Groot Frederiksburg)
    • 37 Fort Leydsaemheyt Vikipediyada Fort Sabr (or Fort Leidzaamheid, Fort Patience)
    • 38 Fort Metalen Kruis Vikipediyada Fort Metal Cross (Fort Metal Cross)
    • 39 Fort Nassau Nassau Fort, Vikipediyada Gana
    • 40 Fort Oranje Vikipediyada Gana, Orange Fort (Fort Orange)
    • 41 Santo Antonio de Axim Vikipediyada Saint Saint Anthony (or shortened as Axim)
    • 42 Fort Sint George (or São Jorge de Mina yoki Fort Elmina)
    • 43 San Sebastian Vikipediyada San-Sebastian Fort (or Shama/Chama)
    • 44 Fort Singelenburg Vikipediyada Prinzenshteyn Fort (Fort Moat Fortress, also known as Fort Keta yoki Fort Prinzenstein)
    • 45 Vredenburg Vikipediyada Vredenburg Fort (Fort Peace Fortress)

Asia and Oceania

5°0′0″N 114°39′32″E
Map of formerly Dutch colonies and discoveries in Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Jakarta's history museum, built in 1710 as the city hall of Batavia
  • 1 Ambon (Maluku). The Spice Islands' provincial capital, originally named Nossa Senhora de Anunciada, founded by Portuguese-Moluccan Governor Sancho de Vasconcelos. The Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1609. It has a number of interesting historical and cultural sites, among them the remnants of forts built by the Dutch East Indies Company during the heyday of the spice trade. The ruins of the Portuguese fort at Hila are almost entirely hidden beneath the contorted roots of a giant banyan tree. Ambon (Q18970) Wikidata-da Vikipediyada Ambon, Maluku (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 2 Banda Islands (Maluku). The original habitat of the Myristica fragrans tree, from which seeds mace and nutmeg are extracted. First colonized by the Portuguese, were wrested by the Dutch who later fought the Spice Wars with the British. In the Treaty of Breda in 1667, the British agreed to withdraw and gave up Pulau Run to the Dutch, partly in exchange for another small island on the other side of the world: New Amsterdam, now better known as Manhattan. Their capital Banda Neira features the 1661 Fort Belgica, fully restored, close to the ruins of the older and unrestored Fort Nassau. Wikidata-da Gollandiyalik Malakka (Q949314) Vikipediyada Banda orollari (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 3 Bengkulu (Sumatra). First conquered by the Dutch in 1682. The British came later, naming the area Bencoolen, and secured a safe anchorage spot for their ships. Their first fort (Fort York) didn’t last very long, leading them to built Fort Marlborough in 1714, which still robustly stands today. In the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, British Bencoolen was ceded in exchange for Dutch Malacca. Bengkulu (Q8042) Wikidata-da Vikipediyada Bengkulu (shahar) (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 4 Jakarta (G'arbiy Java). Under the name Batavia, it was the capital of the Dutch East Indies, known as the "Queen of the East". However, the Dutch made the mistake of attempting to replicate the home country by digging canals throughout the malarial swamps in the area, resulting in shockingly high death rates and earning the town the epithet "White Man's Graveyard". In the early 1800s, most canals were filled in and the town was shifted 4 km inland. Batidiya (Q1199713) Wikidata-da Batavia, Vikipediyada Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston (yangilangan Aprel 2020)
  • 5 Makassar (Sulawesi). Seized by the VOC in 1667, this spot became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia: copra, rattan, pearls, trepang, sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting the head-rests of upholstered chairs). Arabs, Malays, Thai and Chinese came here to trade. Its central sight nowadays is Fort Rotterdam, an old fortress from Dutch colonial days. Entrance is free. Vikidatada Makassar (Q14634) Vikipediyada Makassar (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

Malayziya

  • 6 Malacca (Malayziya). For 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony. The 3rd VOC Fleet conducted a siege in 1606. It was finally assaulted and conquered by the Dutch with their local allies in January 1641, and governed as a VOC colony until 1825, when it was handed to the British in exchange for the British colonies on Sumatra. Wikidata-da Gollandiyalik Malakka (Q949314) Vikipediyada Gollandiyalik Malakka (yangilangan Aprel 2020)

India

Map of Dutch Empire

Dutch holdings in and around India consist of three different colonies. These were the Coromandel Coast (Kust van Coromandel) in the modern-day Andhra Pradesh va Tamil Nadu, Dutch Bengal, located roughly in modern-day Bangladesh, and Dutch Ceylon in modern-day Sri Lanka.

  • Coromandel Coast is named for the town of Karimanal, some 50 km (31 mi) from Chennai. In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores near the village and stuck a trade agreement with locals, which is deemed to be the start of the colony. Permission to actually settle the colony came two year later from Queen Eraivi, wife of King Venkata II of Vijayanagara. Cloth was the most exported good from the colony, which was centred around Pulicat. The colony slipped completely from Dutch rule in 1825.
    • 7 Pulicat (Fort Geldria) Vikipediyada Geldria Fort. Having been granted permissions to settle a colony, Fort Geldria was erected in 1613. It was the main city of the colony until 1690, when it moved to Nagapattinam, being reinstated as the capital once Nagapattinam fell into British hands in 1781.
    • 8 Nagapattinam (Fort Vijf Sinnen) Nagapattinam Vikipediyada was captured from the Portuguese in 1658. It was initially made a part of Dutch Ceylon. After the Portuguese fort was reduced to rubble following a flood in 1660, Vijf Sinnen was built anew atop the rubble. This fort then became the new capital of Dutch Coromandel until it fell to the British in 1781.
    • 9 Fort Sadras Vikipediyadagi sadralar was established in 1612 and upgraded to a full factory in 1654. In 1749 a fort was completed at the site. Like Vijf Sinnen, it was taken by the British in 1781, but unlike Vijf Sinnen, Sadras was returned under the 1784 Treaty of Paris. The factory supplied high-quality cotton and bricks to Batavia and Ceylon.
    • 10 Fort Bheemunipatnam Vikipediyada, settled in 1652, was fortified in 1758. It primarily traded rice, which was shipped to Ceylon.
    • 11 Fort Jaggernaikpoeram became an important centre for the textile trade from 1734 onwards, when it took over this role from Draksharama, which was located further inland.
    • 12 Parangippettai Parangipettai Vikipediyada, being settled in 1608 and abandoned in 1825, is one of the longest-used Dutch factories.
    • 13 Palakol was a trading post for textile, lamp oil, wood, roofing tiles and bricks, which was used from 1613 to 1825, being temporarily abandoned in 1730.
    • 14 Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory in the colony being erected in 1605, eventually being abandoned in 1756.
    • 15 Nizampatnam Vikipediyada Nizampatnam is the second factory settled by the Dutch, being settled in 1606 and abandoned half a century later.
    • 16 Golkonda Golconda Fort - Vikipediyada was an important staple market to the VOC. The Dutch presence here was expanded with a full factory in 1664. Local unrest saw the trade diminish, which led to the abandonment of the factory in 1733.
    • 17 Puducherry is the outcast on the list, being under Dutch rule for six years. Duning the Nine Years' War, the VOC set out to expand its influence in India, conquering Puducherry from the French in 1693, but returning it to French hands again in 1699.
  • Bengal was another directory of the VOC in India from 1610 to 1800, after which the directory was transformed into a colony under the Dutch crown. Twenty-five years later, the colony would be handed over to the British, following the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. From Bengal, about 50% of all textiles and 80% of all silks traded by the VOC were imported.
    • 18 Pipeli was visited by the VOC from as early as 1627. It ran its local business from here until 1635, after which the unhealthy climate, recurring river floods, and the river's tendency to block up, forced it to relocate. The harbour city saw mostly slaves and saltpeter be traded through it. After 1635, the town was still being traded with as like any other harbour, though there was never a permanent settlement.
    • 19 Baleshwar was located about five miles south of Pipeli, being sailed to by the English from 1633 onward, the French from 1674 onward, and the Danes from 1676. In 1675, the Dutch too opened a factory, which mostly functioned to connect the Bengal and Coromandel. The fort here was built by the British East India Company, though named for the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange, who served beside his wife Mary II as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution.
    • 20 Patna was a considerably small trading post, located some ways land-inward. It was usually staffed with only eight men, trading in saltpeter, cotton and amphonics (raw opiates).
    • 21 Chhapra was established as a saltpeter factory during the 18th century, which was often refined into gunpowder.
    • 22 Cossimbazar (Kasim Bazar) Vikipediyada Cossimbazar was one of the most important Dutch trading posts in the Bengal. Its main export product was silk, which was very desirable in Japan, and sold there for a considerable mark-up. The VOC opened a weaving mill here, which at its height employed around 600 men and women. Cossimbazar also had its own minting office, printing silver rupees, which were used through the Mughal Empire.
    • 23 Dhaka, centre of the silk trade, saw the arrival of both the Dutch and the British in 1665.
    • 24 Malda was a short-lived trading post. Due to the bad condition of the VOC-housing, as well as the tensions between the traders and the locals, the trading post was quickly closed again.
    • 25 Murshidabad, like Cossimbazar, was used between 1710 and 1759 as a minting office, following up 26 Rajmahal Rajmahal Vikipediyada as a settlement for silver minting. Its hospital was located in nearby 27 Mirzapore.
    • 28 Sherpur saw a temporary VOC office for the silk trade. Its silk, however, was of considerably lesser quality than that of Cassimbar, which was considerably more profitable.
    • The Dutch settlement in 29 Rajshahi Vikipediyada Rajshaxidagi Gollandiyalik aholi punkti was the first European settlement in the area, having existed during the 18th century. The Dutch settlement, built in 1781, does not leave many traces today, though some, such as 30 Boro Kuthi Boro Kuti Vikipediyada still stand today and are preserved as cultural heritage sites.
The southern wall of Fort Galle seen from bastion Vlaggeklip towards bastion Utrecht, overlooking the British lighthouse and the Great Mosque.
  • Ceylon was settled by the Zeeland chamber of the VOC in 1602, in order to start trade in cinnamon. The Dutch were welcomed on the island by the king of Kandy, which wanted to get rid of Portuguese influence on the island, and the Dutch sent an envoy to meet the king. Sebald de Weert, who led the envoy, was however murdered in the castle along with several of his accompanying men as they would have insulted the king and some of his servants. This stopped Dutch influence until the king once again reached out to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese in the 1630s. In 1638 a treaty was signed between Kandy and the Dutch, which promised Dutch help in return for trade in cinnamon. Also included in this trade was the promise to split the forts they conquered. The Kandy version said that its king could demand the Dutch to leave their forts when he so desired, whereas the Dutch version did not include this rule, and the Dutch thus took charge of the forts they got out of the treaty. These forts subsequently were used to acquire cheap cinnamon from the king, since he was still indebted to the Dutch.
In March of 1640, the Dutch started conquering the west side of the island. Because the Dutch wouldn't return the forts because of their version of the treaty demanding no such thing from them, the king of Kandy had the leader of the VOC expedition be murdered. This however, did not change his position. The last Portuguese holdings on the island fell in 1658. After the removal of the Portuguese, the relation between Kandy and the Dutch Republic got tenser. The Dutch had to kneel before the king once per year and offer him gifts as to show their allegiance, which got them permission to harvest cinnamon from the island. In 1760, a Kandy revolt broke out against the Dutch, which managed to burn down the city of Kandy, which forced the signing of the 1766 peace, which gave the entire coastline of the island to the Dutch.
In the 1780s, the English got interested in the island as well. The king of Kandy turned to them to rid himself of the Dutch in the same way he turned to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese before. The Dutch held out until 1796, when they had to revoke their efforts for the ongoing revolution at home. The Peace of Amiens of 1802 saw the last Dutch holdings transferred to English hands, thus ending the Dutch influence on the island after two centuries.
  • 31 Fort Galle Galle Fort Vikipediyada, taken from the Portuguese in 1640, is one of the foremost holdings of the Dutch on the island. The fort as well as the old city are well-preserved UNESCO-listed sights.
  • 32 Fort Batticaloa Vikipediyadagi Battikaloa qal'asi
  • 33 Fort Jaffna Vikipediyada Jaffna Fort
  • 34 Unawatuna Governor's House
  • 35 Negombo is a city on Sri Lanka's west coast, featuring the remains of a former Dutch fort, Dutch waterways and a former Dutch cemetery.
  • 36 Colombo Vikipediyada Volvendaal cherkovi, the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, features a Dutch governor's house, a museum about VOC involvement, as well as the Wolvendaalsche Kerk, an impressive church built by the VOC, featuring some ornate decorations remembering of Dutch involvement in the city.
  • Other forts and buildings left behind by the Dutch can be found the length and width of the island, mostly centring around the coastal holdings. Furthermore, you might run into a Burgher during your journey to Sri Lanka. They are a minority on the island, being descendants from European settlers and indigenous populations. They have mostly emigrated to Australia after Sri Lankan independence in 1947, though the island counted about 40,000 burghers as of 1982.
The city of Cochin (Kochi) in 1665, two years after falling into Dutch hands.
  • Malabar was a commandment of the VOC in India, situated on the Malabar Coast. The region fell into the Dutch sphere of influence following the capture of Portuguese Quilon, and ended with British occupation in 1795. The main reason for taking the Portuguese colony were mostly fuelled by a wish to secure Dutch Ceylon from Portuguese interference, the lucrative pepper trade in the region definitely played a role as well. After invasions of Goa failed in 1604 and 1639, the Dutch instead went for secondary posts along the Malabar Coast. Over time, these included:
    • 37 Fort Cochin Vikipediyada Kochi Fort (1663 - 1795) was the main outpost of the Dutch along the Malabar Coast, it being the capital of the commandment. The Dutch mostly reduced the prevalence of Portuguese elements over their stay in the region, reducing the size of the Portuguese town, the fort and destroying most Portuguese-built public buildings. The harbour, piers and many other naval trade-related elements in the city were strongly developed, however. Among this is Bolgatty Palace Vikipediyada Bolgatti saroyi, one of the oldest Dutch palaces outside of the Netherlands themselves, being built in 1744.
    • 38 Fort Cranganore Vikipediyada Fortaleza da San-Tome (1662 - 1770) was a small city with a small fort, yet of notable military importance, being of tactical importance to Cochin. Initially the fort was given to the Zamorin of Calicut in return for his alliance with the Dutch, though starting in 1666, the Dutch started renovating the fort for their own purposes.
    • 39 Fort Pallipuram Vikipediyada Pallipuram Fort (1661 - 1789) was of similar strategic importance to Cochin, but was sold to the Kingdom of Travancore in 1789.
    • 40 Purakkad Vikipediyada Purakkad (1662 - ?), a factory run under direct control from Cochin.
    • 41 Fort Quilon Vikipediyada Sit Tomas Fort (1661 - 1795) was the first Portuguese fort to be captured by the Dutch in late 1663. It served as the commandment's capital until the capture of Cochin less than two years later.
    • 42 Kayamkulam (1661 - ?), a factory under direct control from Quilon.
    • 43 Fort Cannanore Vikipediyadagi Avliyo Anjelo Fort (1663 - 1790), captured in early 1663, was a proper harbour city with a strong stone fort, giving it strategic leverage.
    • 44 Vengurla (1637 - 1693), preceding Dutch rule in any of the other places on this list, Vengurla fell under direct control from Batavia (Jakarta) and precedes the establishment of the Malabar commandment by several decades. The factory was founded in order to facilitate spying on the Portuguese in Goa. From 1673, it was a part of Dutch Surate, and from 1676 onward became a part of Dutch Malabar.
    • 45 Barselor (1667 - 1682) was established through a treaty with a local ruler. The non-reinforced factory traded in rice and pepper and was closed and abandoned in 1682 following problems with local merchants.
  • Suratte, centred and named for the modern-day city of Surat, this directorate of the East India Company consisted of mostly factories. The area was taken by the Dutch as the sultan of Aceh refused them to buy any more cheap cotton, forcing the Dutch to look elsewhere. The colony diminished in importance around 1759, favouring the British-held city of Bombay instead. With the 1795 Kew Letters, which transferred Dutch ownership of many colonies to the British, the colony came more or less to a permanent end, though the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 granted the remains of the colony to the Dutch, with the 1824 treaty of the same name permanently dividing East Asia into Dutch and British spheres of influence, which was the final nail in the coffin for the colony, being permanently transferred to the British on December 21st, 1825.
  • 46 Suratte (1616-1825), the first trade post and most notable Dutch settlement in the colony, being founded in 1616 by cloth merchant Pieter van den Broecke. The factory's role diminished a lot after the British took the nearby city of Suratte. The post was transferred to the British in the Kew Letters, after which it was briefly controlled by the Dutch from 1818 to 1825.
  • 47 Ahmedabad (1617-1744) was a notable Dutch port, which eventually was abandoned in 1744 due to the diminishing of the East India Company.
  • 48 Agra (1621-1720) is a notable Dutch settlement. The town was a good month and a half from the city of Suratte, and was therefore rarely visited by inspectors of the VOC. The factory therefore saw a lot of private trading, which was forbidden according to VOC codes of conduct. The rampant corruption in the city made traders willing to isolate them this much from the outside world filthy rich.
  • 49 Cambay (1617-1643) was a relatively short-lived port. Ships were unable to dock at low tide, meaning that when a problem with local merchants occurred in 1643, the factory was closed.

Japan

Mid-1830s view of the Nagasaki harbour, with Dejima in the centre-left.

Japan is fairly well-known to have been closed to the outside world for a large part of its history. The main exception to the rule were the Dutch, specifically the VOC, which had gained the ability to found two factories in 50 Hirado Vikipediyada Xirado, Nagasaki (1609 - 1641) and 51 Dejima Vikipediyada Dejima (1641 - 1860), both lying in the modern-day prefecture of Nagasaki. The Dutch, being the sole western influence in the whole of Japan, came in contact with Japan during the Edo shogunate. The Dutch brought, amongst other things, many books to Japan, which stimulated an interest in Western learning, called "rangaku" or "Dutch learning". Especially around the time of Japan opening up to the rest of the world under force of the Qo'shma Shtatlar in 1853, the Dutch influence weakened the reigning Edo shogunate, which helped contribute to its fall.

The two trading posts, both located in Nagasaki, followed each other, with the Dutch transferring from Hirado to Dejima in 1641. The latter was a specially constructed artificial island. On Hirado specifically, you can find the 2011 reconstruction of a warehouse belonging to the former 52 Dutch Trading Post and nearby Dutch Wall. The warehouse itself was built in 1637 or 1639, and almost immediately torn down in 1639, as the building contained stonework depicting the Christian year date of construction, which at the time was disapproved of by the Tokugawa shogunate.

Dejima is where a lot of Dutch influences came into Japanese culture. Amongst other things, the Dutch introduced the Japanese to beer, coffee and chocolate, but also cabbage, tomatoes, the piano, clovers, photography, billiards and photography. The island has since been given a designated status as national historic site in 1922, and restoration was started in 1953, which ended up not going very far. In 1996, the island's shape was more or less restored, and some 25 buildings were restored in their 19th-century state. This was followed by another five buildings in 2000, and six more in 2017. The long-term plans for Dejima are for it to be fully surrounded by water again, thus being restored as an island, but as of 2020, that plan is very much still in progress.

The Kankō-maru in the Yokohama harbour.

Good relations between the Dutch and the Japanese continued until the Dutch left Nagasaki at the end 1859. This shows in the "Watermannen" (Water men), who were Dutch hydraulic and civic engineers sent to Japan in the 1870s. These men were a part of a larger influx of western knowledge from larger countries like the US, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, though the Dutch were specifically called in for water management and civic engineering. Some twenty years earlier, the Dutch also provided Japan with its first steam-powered warship, which was built in the Netherlands as Soembing, though it was renamed to Kankō-maru when taken into Japanese service. Additionally, quite a few words of scientific or western nature have been adapted from the respective Dutch words, and are retained in speech to this day.

Taiwan

The southern part of Taiwan was colonised by the Dutch from 1624-1662. The Dutch would eventually be defeated by Ming Dynasty loyalist Zheng Chenggong, perhaps better known in the West as Koxinga, who set up the Kingdom of Tungning, from which he hoped to conquer the mainland and re-establish the Ming Dynasty. His son would subsequently be defeated by the Manchu-Chinese Qing Dynasty, resulting in Taiwan being incorporated into the Qing empire.

  • 53 Tainan was the site of the first Dutch settlement in Taiwan, and the de facto capital of Dutch Formosa. It retained its status as the capital of Taiwan for much the Qing Dynasty, before the capital got shifted to Taipei in the late 19th century. Today, the ruins of several Dutch forts remain in Tainan and can be visited. Among them are the former Fort Zeelandia, today known as Anping Fort, and the former Fort Providentia, today known as Chih-kan Tower.

Oceania

Map of Dutch Empire
The route of Abel Tasman's 1642 and 1644 voyages in the service of the VOC

Many ships using the Roaring Fourties to get to Indonesia got wrecked off the coast of New Holland, modern-day Western Australia. On November 1642, 1 Tasmania was "discovered" and claimed by VOC commander Abel Tasman, exploring from Mauritius under orders of Anthony van Diemen, governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. Tasman named it "Van Diemen's Land", after his patron. A cape and a group of islands in northern New Zealand are still called by names given by Tasman while underway. He reportedly reached Fiji va Tonga, later returning to Batavia. His second voyage took place in 1644; he mapped a part of Australia's northern coast, but failed to find Torres Strait and a possible trade route, and the expedition was deemed a failure.

  • 2 Rottnest Island, now a famous nature reserve 18 km (11 mi) from Perth, Rottnest Island was named by Dutch sailors in 1658, believing the local marsupial quokka were large rats (Hence "Rats' Nest Island").
  • 3 Houtman Abrolhos. The name of this group of islands is a weird mix between Portuguese and Dutch created by Frederik de Houtman, the first European to discover and name them (1619). Houtman was semi-fluent in many languages, and the accepted theory is that, for the lack of a better Dutch word, he chose the Portuguese nautical slang Abrolhos ("open your eyes", meaning "look out for reefs and rocks around here") to clearly express a mariner's point.
The islands saw two major shipwrecks over time: first in 1629, when the Batavia ran aground on its maiden voyage. A group of men stayed behind on the island while some went to Batavia using the open rescue boat to get help. A group of the men left behind went on to massacre many of the others, following a mutiny. When rescue forces came back to pick up the rest of the group, many were found dead, including the culprit. Some of the culprits still alive were left behind on the mainland, never to be seen again, making them the first European inhabitants of Australia in recorded history. It is speculated that they or other Europeans with similar fates are the explanation behind the strangely European-looking aboriginals that were discovered during Australia's colonial times.
Similarly, yet less dramatic, the Zeewijk wrecked on the coast of the island group in 1727. Chaos ensued during the ten months that most of the crew was left behind, trying to survive. The wrecked ship was used to create a rescue craft dubbed the Sloepie (Little Dinghy), which carried 88 towards Batavia. Of them, six died along the way, leaving only 82 of the initial 208 on board to survive the wreck.
  • 4 Cape Leeuwin Leypin burni Vikipediyada, the most southwestern mainland point of the Australian continent, named by English navigator Matthew Flinders after the first known ship to have visited the area, the Leeuwin ("Lioness"). The logs of the Leeuwin though, are lost to history. The 1627 map that does remain of its voyage is believed to have mapped the area around the somewhat more northern Hamelin Bay; the cape itself is not identifiable on this map.
  • 5 Arnhem Land, like Cape Leeuwin, it was also named by Matthew Flinders after the ship known or speculated to have first visited the area, De Arnhem (after the eponymous city in the eastern Netherlands). The region has been made into a reservation for the Yolgnu, one of Australia's biggest native tribes.

See also

Bu sayohat mavzusi haqida Dutch Empire a foydalanish mumkin maqola. It touches on all the major areas of the topic. Sarguzasht odam ushbu maqoladan foydalanishi mumkin, ammo iltimos, sahifani tahrirlash orqali uni yaxshilang.