Chernobil (Ukrain: Chornobile, Chornobyl) shaharcha Markaziy Ukrainava 1986 yil 26 aprelda yaqin atrofdagi atom elektr stantsiyasidagi avariya uchun taniqli bo'lgan. Qayta tiklash bo'yicha harakatlar ko'lami (rasmiy ravishda tugatish avariya oqibatlari) va ikonik reaktorni qurish kabi keyingi muhandislik muammolari sarkofag, keyingi o'n yilliklarda ko'plab qiziquvchan sayohatchilarning qiziqishini uyg'otdi. Chernobilga tashrif buyurganlar. Undan oldin har yili 70 ming sayyoh COVID-19 epidemiyasi, hozirda bu ko'rsatkich to'rtdan biriga kamaydi. Voqea sodir bo'lgan radiatsiya sayt atrofida qoladi, kirish juda cheklangan va bu joy xavfli joy ekanligiga shubha qoldirmaydi. emas o'yin parki. Hududga tashrif buyurish noyob tajriba bo'lib, tabiiy ofatning ilmiy, texnologik va gumanitar jihatlari to'g'risida tushuncha beradi.
Tushuning
| “ | - Seyfdan katta dozimetr, 1000 röntgen sig'imli ... - Raqam nima edi? - Hech narsa yo'q edi. Hisoblagich ikkinchi yoqilganida yonib ketdi. | ” |
—Chernobil, HBO seriyali | ||
Ism Chernobil atrofidagi maydonga ishora qiladi Chernobil AES (ko'pincha ChNPP ga qisqartiriladi) ning shimolida Ukraina chegaradosh Belorussiya. Chernobil - elektrostansiyadan 15 km janubda joylashgan shahar va G'arb ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan 1986 yilda elektrostansiyaning 4 reaktoridan birida halokatli voqea sodir bo'lgan paytda ma'lum bo'lgan eng yaqin aholi punkti bo'lgan. Pripyat shahri, elektr stantsiyasining ishchilarini yashash uchun qurilgan, aslida elektr stantsiyasining yonida va shuning uchun Chernobilga qaraganda ancha yaqin, ammo yopiq shahar o'sha paytda va shuning uchun G'arbda ma'lum bo'lmagan. Shunday qilib, baxtsiz hodisa Chernobil fojiasi o'rniga, va nomi xususda qoldi.
Voqea elektr stantsiyasining atrofidagi katta maydonni radioaktiv tushish bilan ifloslantirdi va keyinchalik bu joylar evakuatsiya qilindi. Bu Musofirlik zonasi voqea sodir bo'lganligi aniq bo'lgandan keyin bir necha bor kengaytirildi va oxir-oqibat 2600 km maydonni egalladi2, taxminan hajmi Lyuksemburg. Radioaktivlikning tarqalishini minimallashtirish uchun maxsus protseduralar ishlab chiqilgan va hududga kirish cheklangan. Bu nomi bilan tanilgan Chernobilni istisno qilish zonasi. Chetlatish zonasining aniq chegaralari ularni haqiqiy radioaktiv ifloslanish darajalariga yaxshiroq moslashtirish uchun bir necha bor o'zgartirilgan, ammo bu maydon 1986 yilga nisbatan deyarli bir xil bo'lib qolmoqda. Belorussiya ichida emas Ukraina. Shvetsiyadagi kabi (yomg'ir yog'adigan joyda) qo'ziqorin va bug 'go'shti tushishi sababli xavfsiz emas deb topilgan.
Radioaktivlik tabiiy ravishda vaqt o'tishi bilan parchalanib ketganligi sababli, so'nggi 32 yil ichida radiatsiya darajasi pasayib bormoqda. Masalan, Chernobil shahrida radiatsiya darajasi taxminan xuddi shunday Kiyevva bir vaqtlar tashlandiq shaharda endi yana odamlar yashaydi. Istisno zonasining aksariyat qismi huvillagan bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo ko'llar va daryolari bo'lgan, tashlandiq aholi punktlari va sanoat inshootlari bilan o'ralgan, asosan o'rmonzor hudud. Garchi endi avvalgidek xavfli bo'lmasa ham, u a bo'lib qoladi yadro chiqindi bu dunyo bo'ylab sayohatchilarning qiziqishini uyg'otadi. Istisno zonasi mashhur ommaviy axborot vositalarida, xususan, oddiy kompyuter o'yinlarida namoyish etilgan S.T.A.L.K.E.R va Burch tuyg'usi, bu istisno zonasi sirlarini keng ommaga tarqatgan. Chernobilni istisno qilish zonasi, ehtimol dunyodagi har qanday joy raqamli o'yin dunyosiga eng yaqin joy. Qatordan chiqib ketish turistik diqqatga sazovor joy sifatida mashhurligini tushuntirib beradigan seriyalar.
Istisno zonasiga kirish hali ham cheklangan bo'lsa ham, ekskursiyalar transport, shu jumladan, uyushgan Kiyev istisno zonasiga va undan. Unga 2018 yilda 72 ming sayyoh tashrif buyurgan.
Tarix
Chernobil AES
Chernobil AESi 1972 yildan 1977 yilgacha Ukraina poytaxtidan taxminan 100 km shimolda, Pripyat daryosi bo'yida qurilgan. Kiyev. Uning joylashgan joyi poytaxtdan xavfsiz masofa, aholisi kam joy va sovutish uchun suv yaqinligi tufayli tanlangan. Zavodda RBMK tipidagi 4 ta yirik yadroviy reaktor mavjud, ularning umumiy elektr energiyasi 4 GVtni tashkil etadi - bu taxminan 4 million mikroto'lqinli pechni quvvatlantirish uchun etarli. Zavod dizayni o'sha paytda innovatsion edi, bu erda zarur vodorodni ishlab chiqarish uchun integral elektroliz xujayralari bilan vodorodli sovutgichli generatorlar hamda zamonaviy kompyuter tizimlari mavjud edi. Turbinalar va generatorlar joylashgan mashina zali eng uzun binolardan biridir Evropa uzunligi 600 m.
Tajriba
Yadro va elektron innovatsiyalardan tashqari, zavod o'sha paytdagi barcha sovet texnologiyalari bilan odatdagidek jonli ishlab chiqarish muhitida sinovdan o'tkazilishi kerak bo'lgan avtomatik boshqaruv va xavfsizlik tizimlarini joriy etdi. Xavfsizlik tizimi deb atalmish bilan ishlash alohida tashvish tug'dirdi stantsiyani o'chirish, tashqi omillar elektr stantsiyasining elektr energiyasini to'liq yo'qotishiga olib keladigan vaziyat. Har biri 3,2 GVt quvvatga ega bo'lgan reaktorlar, ularning yadrolari erimasligi uchun shunday holatda faol ravishda sovutilishi kerak va buning uchun sovutish suvini reaktor yadrolariga quyish uchun kuchli nasoslar o'rnatilgan. Suv nasoslarini haydash uchun kerakli elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun zaxira dizel generatorlari mavjud edi, ammo ularning kattaligi tufayli ular tezlikni oshirishga bir daqiqadan ko'proq vaqt sarfladilar - bu vaqt davomida yadrolar sovitilmasdan qoladi. Bu qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lmagan xavfsizlik xavfi deb hisoblandi. Muhandislar aqlli echim topdilar va ulkan volan rolini o'ynaydigan ulkan turbinalar va generatorlarning qoldiq momentumidan zaxira dizel generatorlari reaktorlarni sovutish mas'uliyatini o'z zimmasiga olish uchun yetarli quvvat ishlab chiqarguncha nasoslarning ishlashini ta'minlash uchun foydalanishni taklif qildilar. Bu g'oya nazariy jihatdan ishladi, ammo hech qachon sinovdan o'tkazilmagan va nazariyani tajriba bilan tekshirish uchun Chernobil AES 4-reaktori tanlangan.
Muhandislar reaktor 4 ning chiqish quvvati ancha past darajaga tushirilishi kerak bo'lgan sinov stsenariyini ishlab chiqdilar, unda reaktor va uning turbinalari orasidagi bug 'quvurlari yopilib turbinalar volan pastga tushishi mumkin edi. Jeneratörlarning chiqish quvvatini hisobga olish uchun o'lchov uskunalari o'rnatildi va reaktorni boshqarish xonasidagi ekipaj sinovning texnik tafsilotlari bilan tanishtirildi. Yopish bug 'klapanlari elektron xavfsizlik tizimlari tomonidan reaktorning avtomatik o'chirilishiga olib keladigan o'limga olib keladigan hujum deb talqin qilinganligi sababli, ushbu xavfsizlik tizimlarini o'chirib qo'yishga va qo'lda boshqarishni boshqaruv xonasidagi operatorlarga o'tkazishga qaror qilindi. Hisob-kitoblar har doim xavfsiz ish olib borishini ko'rsatdi, sinov tasdiqlandi va 1986 yil 26 aprelda kechqurun o'tkazildi. Ukrainlar yotish paytida va energiya sarfi pasayganda, sinov boshlandi va reaktor 4 ning chiqish quvvati rejaga muvofiq orqaga tortildi.
Ukrainaning boshqa bir joyidagi kutilmagan nosozlik tufayli Chernobil AES elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishni o'z zimmasiga olishni talab qildi va elektr tarmoqlari boshqaruvchilari Reaktor 4 ni to'liq chiqish quvvatiga qaytarishni talab qildilar. Tajribani bajarishni keyinga qoldirish kerak edi. Masala hal etilib, tajriba davom ettirilishi mumkin bo'lgan vaqtga kelib, nazorat xonasidagi xodimlar almashinuvi o'zgargan: kunduzgi smenalar uzoq vaqt uyga ketgan, kechki smena esa ketishga va reaktor boshqaruvini tungi smenaga topshirishga tayyorlanayotgan edi. Sinov kutilmagan tarzda kechiktirilganligi sababli, tungi smena operatorlari haqida ma'lumot berilmagan va aks holda o'chirilgan reaktorda chirigan issiqlikni kuzatish o'rniga, ularga kechki smenada ishlaydigan hamkasblari o'rniga sinovni o'tkazish topshirilgan.
Nisbatan tajribasiz tungi smena operatorlarining odamlarning ketma-ket qilgan xatolari natijasida reaktor deyarli to'liq yopilib, yana tajriba keyinga qoldirildi. Reaktorni imkon qadar tezroq onlayn ravishda qaytarib olish uchun qolgan so'nggi avtomatik xavfsizlik tizimlarini o'chirishga qaror qilindi va barcha boshqaruv tayoqchalari qo'lda tortib olindi. Bu reaktorni operatsion protseduralarga ruxsat berilmagan o'ta beqaror holatda qoldirdi. Nihoyat tajriba boshlanganda bug 'klapanlarini o'chirish reaktorlarning chiqish quvvati bo'yicha ijobiy teskari aloqani keltirib chiqardi, ammo boshqaruv xonasidagi operatorlar signallarga e'tibor bermadilar. Reaktor quvvatining o'zgarishiga qarshi bo'lgan avtomatlashtirilgan xavfsizlik tizimlari bo'lmagan holda, chiqish quvvati maksimal quvvat darajasining 11 baravaridan yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi.
4-reaktor portlaydi
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Qisqa vaqt ichida reaktor tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ulkan issiqlik reaktor yadrosidagi qolgan sovutadigan suvning bug 'chiqishiga sabab bo'ldi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan zarba to'lqini reaktorning qopqog'ini uchirib yubordi va juda issiq reaktor yadrosi tashqi havo ta'sirida yonib ketdi. Uchuvchi radioaktiv materiallar va kichik reaktor zarralari havoga o't o'chirish moslamalari tomonidan olib borildi va reaktor atrofidagi katta maydonga yomg'ir yog'a boshladi. Reaktor yadrosining bo'laklari reaktordan chiqarilib, uning atrofiga tushdi, shu jumladan qo'shni 3-reaktorning tomi ham hamma joyda yong'in chiqardi. 4-reaktorning tomi butunlay vayron bo'lgan, yonayotgan reaktor yadrosi atrof muhitga ta'sir ko'rsatgan va o'lik darajada radiatsiya chiqargan.
Yarim tunda avariya aniqligini baholash qiyin bo'ldi. Yong'inni o'chirish uchun Chernobil AESning yong'inga qarshi brigadasi va Pripyat va Chernobil guruhlari yonayotgan reaktorga yig'ildi. Hech kim reaktorning shikastlanishini kutmagan, bu tarixdagi bunday avariya. Kam sonli nurlanish detektorlari mavjud edi va ularning hech biri yonayotgan reaktor yadrosi chiqaradigan nurlanish darajasini o'lchash uchun etarli darajada yuqori bo'lmagan. Yong'in o'chiruvchilar faqat yuqori radiatsiya darajasi borligini bilishgan, ammo ularning qanchalik balandligi haqida hech kim yangi emas. Vaziyatni ertalab vertolyot baholaganida, vertolyot ekipajlari yonayotgan reaktor yadrosini havodan ko'rgach, nima bo'lganligi aniq bo'ldi.
Erish
Reaktor yadrosini sovutadigan hech narsa yo'q, u eritilib, beton, po'lat va reaktorning boshqa qismlari bilan aralashtirildi. erish. Lavaga o'xshash mustahkamlikka ega bo'lgan juda radioaktiv massa reaktorning pastki qismida eriy boshladi. Reaktor binosining suv bosgan podvalida suv bilan aloqa qiladigan, hozirda "koryum" deb nomlangan ushbu radioaktiv lava darhol xavotirga tushdi. Bunday holatda, suv zudlik bilan bug 'ichiga kirib, ikkinchi bug'ning portlashiga olib keladi va atmosferaga ko'proq radioaktiv materiallarni yuborishi mumkin. O'z joniga qasd qilish vazifasini bajarish uchun ko'ngillilar guruhi yig'ildi, shu maqsadda podvaldagi klapanlarni topish va suvni to'kish uchun ularni ochish. Faqatgina radiatsiya himoyasi va sho'ng'in uchun asosiy vositalar bilan muhandislar suv bosgan podval zulmatida klapanlarni topishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi va o'z vazifalarini muvaffaqiyatli bajarishdi. O'sha paytdagi ommaviy axborot vositalarining xabarlaridan farqli o'laroq, jamoa tirik qaytdi va ko'p o'tmay koryum bashorat qilinganidek, podvalga kirib ketdi. Lava oqimini to'xtatadigan hech narsa bo'lmasa, er osti suvlari bilan aloqa qilish muqarrar bo'ladi. Muhandislar ilgari hech qachon sinab ko'rilmagan rejani ishlab chiqdilar: reaktor binosi ostida erni muzlatish. Ko'mir qazib oluvchilar guruhi chaqirilib, reaktor ostiga tunnel ochib, uni muzlatish uchun erga suyuq azot (-196 ° C da) quyish uchun quvurlar o'rnatishni topshirdilar. Ammo korium tarqalib ketganda, faqat parchalanish issiqligi uni suyuq saqlash uchun etarli emas edi va ko'p qismi podvalda qotib qoldi. Tuzilma nomi bilan tanilgan Fillar oyoqlari uning shaklidan keyin. Bu shunchalik radioaktivki, uni hech qachon odamlar bevosita kuzatmagan; qilingan yagona rasmlar ko'zgu bilan burchak ostida olingan, chunki kuchli radiatsiya har qanday kamera jihozlarini darhol yo'q qiladi. Bunga o'lim ma'nosini anglatgan holda, Fillar futi deb atalgan Chernobil Medusasi.
Evakuatsiya
Yonayotgan reaktor atmosferaga radioaktiv moddalarni sepib turishi va atrofdan hech qanday yopilishi mumkin emasligi aniq bo'lgach, hokimiyat elektr stantsiyasi atrofidagi barcha shahar, qishloq va qishloqlarni evakuatsiya qilishga buyruq berdi. Dastlab atrofi atigi 5 km bo'lgan, ammo avariyadan keyingi kunlarda tezda 10 km ga, so'ngra 30 km ga kengaytirildi. Dastlab qulay bo'lgan shamollar va eng radioaktiv tushishni aholi punktlaridan uzoqlashtirganligi sababli, sharoitlar 3 kundan keyin tezda yomonlashdi va shaharga xavf tug'dirdi Pripyat elektr stantsiyasidan atigi 3 km shimolda 50,000 aholisi bo'lgan. Evakuatsiya ishlarini muvofiqlashtirish uchun shaharga poezdlar va 1000 dan ortiq avtobuslar kelib, keng ko'lamli evakuatsiya buyurildi. Dastlab radioaktivlikni ushlab turish usuli tezda topiladi deb o'ylaganlar va Pripyat aholisiga evakuatsiya faqat bir necha kunga to'g'ri kelishi aytilgan. Tezda qaytib kelishni kutib, eng qimmatbaho shaxsiy narsalardan boshqa hamma narsa qolib ketdi va evakuatsiya doimiy bo'lib qolgach, Pripyat va boshqa barcha shahar va qishloqlar o'z vaqtida muzlab qoldi.
Talonchilikni to'xtatish uchun harbiylar evakuatsiya qilingan hududlarning xavfsizligini o'z zimmalariga oldi Istisno zonasi. Uyda qolgan uy hayvonlarini yo'q qilish uchun ovchilar otryadlari shaharlarga va qishloqlarga jo'natildi va tozalash guruhlari epidemiya va zararkunandalar yuqtirishining oldini olish uchun uyma-uy yurib, qolgan ovqatni yig'ishdi. Chetlatish zonasining aksariyat sobiq aholisi Sovet Ittifoqining boshqa joylariga ko'chirilgan va zonada deyarli nol iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarga ega bo'lganlar, bir necha marta qaytib kelishgan. Istisno zonasi bugungi kunda xarob yadro chiqindi bo'lib qolmoqda.
Likvidatorlar
4-reaktor qolgan atrof-muhit juda radioaktiv bo'lib qoldi. Bug 'portlashlari natijasida reaktor yadrosining o'zi qismlari yuzlab metrga tashlangan yuqori radioaktiv chiqindilar va yonayotgan reaktorning kuchli issiqligidan bug'lanib ketgan uchuvchi radioaktiv birikmalar kengroq maydonga yomg'ir yog'dirgan. Tozalash ishlariga yordam berish uchun ekskavatorlar, ekskavatorlar, buldozerlar va ixtisoslashtirilgan robotlashtirilgan transport vositalari yig'ildi. Ko'pgina vazifalarni haligacha odamlar bajarishi kerak edi, ayniqsa radioaktivlik darajasi eng yuqori bo'lgan joylarda, hatto kuchli nurlanish tufayli robotlar ham ishdan chiqqan. Bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan eng mashxur ish bu grafit moderatori va yadro yoqilg'isining parchalari bilan to'lib toshgan Reaktor 3 ning tomini tozalash edi. Armiyadan kelgan ko'ngillilar qo'rg'oshin zirhini radiatsiyadan qo'pol himoya qilib kiyib, so'ngra reaktör 4 bo'lgan bo'shliqni bo'shliqqa qaytarib olish uchun tomga yugurdilar. Kuchli nurlanish tomdagi ish vaqtini atigi 40 soniyagacha cheklab qo'ydi, shundan so'ng radiatsiya kasalligi boshlandi. Haqiqiy dozalar o'lchanganidan ancha yuqori edi va ularning aksariyati Likvidatorlar - avariya oqibatlarini tugatish vazifasi topshirilgan xodimlarga berilgan norasmiy ism - bir muncha vaqt o'tgach yuqadigan nurlanish bilan kasallangan kasalliklar.
Zanjirli reaktsiyani to'xtatish uchun Sovet Ittifoqining eng yaxshi vertolyot uchuvchilari yonib turgan reaktor ustida o'sha paytdagi eng og'ir yuk vertolyotlarini boshqargan. O'chirish uchun ular reaktorga qum, beton va borik kislotasini tashladilar va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quyida joylashgan reaktorning porlashiga duchor bo'lishdi, aviatsiya ekipajining ko'p qismi o'ldiradigan dozada nurlanish olishdi. Vertolyotlardan biri yaqin atrofdagi qurilish kranidagi kabellarga urilib, reaktorga urilib, ekipaj halok bo'ldi. Bug 'portlashlari natijasida halok bo'lgan reaktorlarni boshqarish xonasi operatorlaridan tashqari, bu avariya natijasida qayd etilgan yagona o'lim - bu yuzlab odamlar tozalash ishlaridan keyingi kunlarda va haftalarda kasal bo'lib, oxir-oqibat radiatsiya zaharlanishidan vafot etdilar. Barcha likvidatorlar vafot etmagan bo'lsa-da, bu atama radioaktiv ifloslanishni oldini olish uchun o'z joniga qasd qilish missiyalarining sinonimiga aylandi. Afsuski, bir necha yil o'tgach, vertolyot ekipajlari tashlagan foydali yuklarning ko'pi maqsadlarini o'tkazib yuborgani, uchuvchilar behuda qurbonlik qilgani ma'lum bo'ldi.
Vayron qilingan reaktor atrofidagi ifloslanishni tiklash uchun eng yomon ifloslangan joylar buldozer bilan ishlangan. Daraxtlar shu qadar yuqori nurlanish dozalarini olishdiki, butun o'rmonlar qirilib, qizil rangga aylandi. Bu so'zda Qizil o'rmonlar buldozer bilan ishlangan va daraxtlar xandaqlarga ko'milgan. Binolar vayron qilingan va vayronalar ham ko'milgan, radioaktiv materiallarning chiqib ketishining oldini olish uchun eng radioaktiv joylar betonlangan. Qizil o'rmonning chekkasida, Pripyat shahar belgisidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri g'arbda, maysazorda ko'plab xavfli yamoqlarni topish mumkin, chunki ularning xavfli dafn marosimlari muhrlangan. Yuk tashish ishlarida foydalanilgan transport vositalari, masalan, yuk mashinalari, BTRlar, buldozerlar, vertolyotlar va boshqalar Buriakivkada joylashgan avtomobil qabristoniga yig'ildi. Qabristonga 2008 yilgacha tashrif buyurish mumkin edi, rasmiylar uni juda xavfli deb hisoblashgan. Avtotransport vositalarining bir qismi 2019 yilga kelib ham halokatli radioaktiv bo'lib qolmoqda. Ba'zi avtoulovlar shu paytgacha yo'q qilingan va qayta ishlangan. Ba'zi avtoulovlar shoshilib ko'milgan va ularning qismlari hali ham erdan chiqib ketayotganini ko'rish mumkin. Likvidatorlar tomonidan ishlatiladigan shaxsiy himoya vositalari, asosan, choklar va qo'lqoplar, hamma joyga tashlangan va bugungi kunda radioaktiv issiq joylar bo'lib qolmoqda.
Sarkofag
Yomg'ir va shamol ta'sirida o'chirilgan reaktor qoldiqlari bilan radioaktiv materiallar atmosferaga tarqalishda davom etdi. Kontaminatsiyani kelgusida oldini olish ustuvor vazifa edi va 1986 yil 20-mayga kelib, avariyadan 20 kun o'tgach, muhandislar tashqi dunyodan qolgan reaktorni yopib qo'yish uchun yopiq bino uchun loyihani yakunladilar. Tez orada chaqirilgan narsani tezda qurish uchun katta qurilish muhandislik loyihasi boshlandi sarkofag. Qurilish 206 kunni o'ta og'ir sharoitlarda olib bordi, quruvchilar o'ldiradigan nurlanish darajasiga duch kelishdi. 250 tonna reaktor qoldiqlari va radioaktiv changni tozalash uchun mo'ljallangan Sarkofagni qurishda 400 000 m³ dan ortiq beton va 7 300 tonna po'latdan foydalanilgan. Sarcophagus nihoyasiga yetguniga qadar uning ichki qismi payvandlash uchun juda radioaktiv bo'lib qoldi va shu sababli barcha bo'shliqlar to'g'ri yopilib bo'lmadi. Sarcophagus kamida 30 yil ishlashga mo'ljallangan bo'lib, muhandislarga doimiy echim topish uchun etarli vaqt berar edi. Sarkofag qo'shni mo'ri bilan birga avariya bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng ko'zga ko'ringan manzara va Sovet Ittifoqi tarqatib yuborilgandan so'ng Ukrainadagi eng ko'p suratga olingan inshootga aylandi.
Musofirlik zonasi
Chernobil AESning qolgan 3 ta operatsion reaktori avariyadan ancha vaqt o'tgach elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarganligi ma'lum emas, chunki Ukraina hukumati ishlab chiqarish quvvatini yo'qotishga qodir emas edi. 1991 yilda Ukraina mustaqil bo'lganidan so'ng, Ukraina bilan chegaradosh mamlakatlar va Yevropa Ittifoqi a'zo davlatlar 3 ta ishlaydigan yadroviy reaktorlarning holati va Sovet olimlari saytdan chiqib ketgandan keyin ularga texnik xizmat ko'rsatishning etishmasligi haqida tashvishlanishdi. Reaktorlarni o'chirish uchun siyosiy bosim kuchaytirildi va 3-reaktor - g'alati ravishda vayron qilingan 4-reaktor yonidagi reaktor - bu voqea sodir bo'lganidan 16 yil o'tib, 2000 yil dekabrida oflayn rejimga o'tkazilgan so'nggi reaktor edi. Qolgan oxirgi xodim evakuatsiya qilindi va Chetlatish zonasi xodimlari asosan o't o'chiruvchilar va qo'riqchilardan iborat skelet ekipajiga aylantirildi. Deyarli hamma tark etgan holda, 2300 km2 Chetlatish zonasi chindan ham tashlandiq bo'lib qoldi va Musofirlik zonasi.
Yangi xavfsiz qamoq
Bugun Chernobil atom elektr stantsiyasiga tashrif buyurgan mehmonlar na taniqli mo'ynani va na Sarcophagusni ko'rishadi, ikkinchisi hozirda 100 metr balandlikdagi ulkan kamarga o'ralgan. Yangi xavfsiz qamoq ko'pincha NSC deb nomlanadigan bino. Uning qurilishi 2018 yil oxirida yakunlangan qo'shma xalqaro sa'y-harakatlar tufayli amalga oshirildi. Sarcophagusdan farqli o'laroq, MSC mavjud tuzilmalarni kelgusida demontaj qilish va saytni yakuniy qayta tiklash uchun sharoit yaratish uchun doimiy maqsad sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. NSC uchun joy ochish uchun mo'ri buzib tashlandi va shu bilan Chernobil AES o'zining eng mashhur va taniqli diqqat markazlarini yo'qotdi. NSC Sarkofagdan 140 m g'arbda qurilgan va gidravlik pistonlar yordamida Sarkofag ustidan relslarga surilgan. Uzunligi 270 m va kengligi 150 m bo'lgan NSC bu sayyoradagi eng katta quruqlikka asoslangan harakatlanuvchi inshoot.
Sarkofagni qurishda o'z sog'lig'ini qurbon qilgan ishchilarga bag'ishlangan ekskursiyalar hali ham NSCdan 200 m uzoqlikdagi yodgorlikda to'xtaydi. 1986 yildan farqli o'laroq, bugungi kunda elektrostantsiya atrofidagi radiatsiya darajasi juda past (hech qachon 5 µSv / s dan oshmaydi) va shuning uchun tashrif buyurish juda xavfsiz.
NSC tarkibiga Sarkofagni va 4-reaktor qoldiqlarini demontaj qilish va ishdan chiqarishda yordam beradigan robotlashtirilgan tizimlar kiradi, shuning uchun ushbu tozalash harakatlarining hech biri mehmonlarga ko'rinmaydi. Tozalash harakatlarining aniq kattaligi hali aniqlanmagan bo'lsa, NSC ning porloq metall shakli kelgusi yillarda landshaftda hukmronlik qilishni va'da qilmoqda.
Hozirgi holat
Pripyat - bu 1980-yillar Sovet hayotining muzqaymoq doirasi. Targ'ibot shiorlari hanuzgacha devorlarda osilgan, bolalar o'yinchoqlari va boshqa buyumlar xuddi shunday bo'lib qolmoqda. Binolar chiriydi, bo'yoq tozalanmoqda va talon-taroj qiluvchilar qimmatbaho narsalarni olib ketishdi. Daraxtlar va o'tlar g'ayrat bilan erni qaytarib olmoqda. Istisno zonasi ma'lum darajada makabre turistik joy. 2002 yilda u sayyohlik uchun ochilgan va 2004 yilda 870 ta tashrif buyurgan bo'lib, ularning soni 2018 yilda 70 000 kishiga ko'paygan, bu 2017 yilga nisbatan 20 000 taga ko'p. Sayyohlarning kayfiyatini uyg'otish maqsadida yo'riqchilar, afsuski, Pripyat tarixini boshqarish bilan vasvasaga tushishdi. Masalan, ma'lum joylarda yarim chirigan ayiqchalarni qoldirib.
Avtohalokatdan 33 yil o'tib ham, uning halok bo'lganlarning umumiy soni to'g'risida munozara hali ham davom etmoqda. Yomon PR-dan qo'rqib, SSSR bir necha yil davomida tibbiy tekshiruvchilarni nurlanishni o'lim sababi sifatida sanashni taqiqladi. Baxtsiz hodisa bilan bog'liq o'limlarning taxminiy ko'rsatkichlari 56 dan 1 000 000 gacha! Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti so'nggi raqam 4000 fuqarolarning o'limiga olib kelishi mumkinligini taxmin qilmoqda, bu raqam Sovet harbiy kuchlari tomonidan tugatilganlar orasida yo'qotishlarni hisobga olmaydi. Radiatsiya ta'siridan kelib chiqqan kasallik va saraton kasalligidan kelib chiqadigan o'lim uchun taqdim etilgan raqamlar sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, Greenpeace 200,000 dan ortiq taxminlarni beradi. A Ruscha nashr 1986–2004 yillarda Chernobilning radioaktiv ifloslanishi natijasida dunyo bo'ylab 985000 bevaqt saraton o'limi bo'lgan degan xulosaga keldi.
2019 yilda istisno zonasidagi eng yirik aholi punkti - bu Chernobil shahri bo'lib, unga atom elektr stantsiyasi nomi berilgan. U erda 3000 ga yaqin odam istiqomat qiladi va deyarli barchasi 15 kunlik, 15 kunlik aylanish jadvalidan tashqari, istisno zonasida ishlaydi. Sayyohlar va mansabdor shaxslarni (BAEA inspektorlari, muhandislari, olimlari) hisobga olgan holda, istisno zonasi aholisi soni hozir 5000 dan 7000 gacha o'zgarib turadi, shuning uchun siz tashrif buyurganingizda endi yolg'iz qolmaysiz.
O'qing
- Svetlana Aleksievichniki Chernobil ovozlari: Yadro falokatining og'zaki tarixi erishidan oldin va keyin aholining hayoti to'g'risida shaxsiy tushunchalarni taklif qiladi. ISBN 0312425848.
- UNSCEAR tomonidan radiatsiya ta'sirini baholash.
Shahar va shaharchalar
Chernobil shahri bundan mustasno, istisno zonasidagi barcha shahar va shaharchalar rasmiy ravishda tark etilgan. Aslida, bu faqat 4-reaktor atrofidagi begonalashish zonasi hududlarida amalga oshiriladi va radiatsiya darajasi tabiiy ravishda chiriganligi sababli, istisno zonasi chekkasidagi ba'zi qishloqlar ko'chmanchilar tomonidan ishg'ol qilinmoqda.
- 1 Chernobil (Ukrainalik: Chornitska atomna elektrostantsiya) - Istisno zonasidagi yagona aholi yashaydigan shahar, undan keyin atom elektr stantsiyasi nomi berilgan.
- 2 Pripyat
(Ukraincha: Príp'yat) - Bir paytlar atom elektr stantsiyasi xodimlari uchun qurilgan yopiq shahar va avariyadan keyingi kunlarda butunlay evakuatsiya qilingan. Ko'pgina kompyuter o'yinlarida taniqli va istisno zonasida mashhur sayyohlik maskani. - 3 Buryakivka (Ukrainalik Buryakivka) - AESdan 20 km uzoqlikda joylashgan shahar va radioaktiv yomg'ir bulutining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'lidagi aholi punktlaridan biri. U evakuatsiya qilingan va tashlab ketilgan. Turli darajadagi parchalanish sharoitida bir nechta binolar qolgan. Radiatsiya darajasi 2019 yil holatiga ko'ra yo'llarda 1 µSv / soat va o'rmonzorlarda 3,5 µSv / soat orasida o'zgarib turadi. Shuningdek, shaharchadan 2 km shimoliy g'arbda tashlandiq temir yo'l stantsiyasi mavjud.
- 4 Poliske - ga yaqin shaharcha Belorussiya rasman evakuatsiya qilingan, ammo 20 ga yaqin odam yashamoqda.
- 5 Opaxiik
- 6 Vilcha - Chetlatish zonasiga kiradigan mehmonlar uchun xavfsizlik punkti bo'lgan tashlandiq shahar Belorussiya.
Istisno zonasida bir nechta tashlandiq qishloqlar mavjud va ular juda qiziqarli. Tashrif buyuruvchilar qishloq uylarini, kichik uylarni va mo'l-ko'l o'simliklarni ko'rishlari mumkin. Ushbu hududlardan biriga ehtiyotkorlik bilan kiring, chunki o'simliklar har doim qoldiq radioaktivlikni betonlangan maydonlarga qaraganda ancha yuqori darajada oshiradi. Qo'llanmalar har doim moxga qadam bosmasligingizni aytadi va qurigan ko'lmaklardagi chang radioaktivlikni konsentratsiyalashga intiladi. Bundan tashqari, yurgan joyingizga e'tibor bering, chunki aksariyat binolar qarovsizlikning birlashishi va odamlar tomonidan faol ravishda buzilishi tufayli buzilgan.
Chiqinglar
| “ | Aslida biz u erga borolmaymizmi? | ” |
- Jeyms Mey, Top Gear, "Ukraina yo'l safari" | ||
Istisno zonasiga kirish uchun ruxsat olish kerak. Ulardan birini olishning eng oson usuli bu turistlik operator, bularning ko'plari Kiyevda joylashgan. Agar turga chiqsangiz, oldindan bron qilish majburiy, ammo bir nechta turoperatorlar onlayn ro'yxatdan o'tishga ruxsat berishadi. Ba'zi turoperatorlar narxlarni ko'tarmaslik yoki mavjud bo'lmaslik uchun samarali ravishda kamida bir hafta oldin bron qilishni talab qilmoqdalar, ammo ba'zi turlar bir necha kun oldin bo'lishi mumkin.
Chet elliklar chet el hududiga kirish uchun pasportlari va ruxsatnomasi chop etilgan bo'lishi kerak. Pasport va ruxsatnomani 1 xavfsizlik punkti, shundan so'ng qo'riqchilar ruxsatnomadagi QR kodni skanerdan o'tkazadilar va shaxsni tasdiqlaydilar. Tekshirish jarayonida tashrif buyuruvchilar o'z transport vositalaridan tashqarida kutishlari kerak, shuning uchun nazorat punktiga kelguncha to'g'ri kiyinish kerak. Kattaroq nazorat punktlarida tashrif buyuruvchilarga yordam beradigan ma'lumot displeylari, shuningdek, immersive tajribasini to'ldirish uchun "Fallout" o'yinlari seriyasidagi qo'shiqlarni ijro etadigan yodgorlik stendlari mavjud! Xavfsizlik tekshiruv punktlari, ofitserlar yoki askarlarning fotosuratlarini olishdan saqlaning, chunki bu kameralar olib qo'yilishi va / yoki o'chirilishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
Saytning yurisdiktsiyasiga ega bo'lgan davlat organi 1157-sonli qoidalarga binoan, hududga ruxsat olish to'g'risida so'rov rejalashtirilgan tashrifdan oldin kamida 10 ish kuni davomida (14 kalendar kungacha bo'lishi mumkin) ariza berilishi kerak.
- Chaes-tour.com, Kiyev, Bastionnaya ko'chasi, 1/36, ☏ 380 94 928-15-88. ChAES-tur sizga Chernobil AES va Pripyat shaharchasining hozirda yopiq zonasida nima bo'lganini bevosita bilib olishga, uning sirlari va voqealariga tegishga, yashirin nurlanish nimaligini bilib olishga va uni yutib olishni o'rganishga imkon beradi. 1-, 2- yoki undan ko'p kunlik rejalashtirilgan guruhli ekskursiyalar va so'rov bo'yicha turlar, barcha turlari tematik bo'lishi mumkin. Narxga Chernobil zonasidagi maksimal vaqt (Kiyevdan chiqish soat 08:00 da, qaytish soat 20: 00-21: 00 da), Chernobilni istisno qilish zonasi tashriflarining keng dasturi, tugatuvchi Sergey Mirniyning mualliflik nazorati kiradi. va yozuvchi yoki u tomonidan maxsus tayyorlangan yo'riqnomada yuqori fonli nurlanishda qanday yashashni o'rganish, Chernobil haqidagi hujjatli filmlarni tomosha qilish, shuningdek sug'urta, konditsionerlar uchun qulay avtobus, marshrut xaritalari, Chernobilga tashrifingizni tasdiqlovchi shaxsiy sertifikatlar. 89 AQSh dollaridan 1 kunlik sayohatdan 787 AQSh dollarigacha kishi boshiga 5 kunlik sayohat.
- Chernobil safari, Polupanova ko'chasi, 1, Chernobil, ☏ 380 44 383 4588. M-F 10: 00-18: 00. Safarlar Chernobil va radiatsiya haqidagi eng ilg'or bilimlarga asoslangan bo'lib, foydalanuvchilar uchun qulay va yoqimli. Ular Chernobilning boy tarixini va Zona tabiatini chuqur namoyish etadi va radiatsiyadan omon qolish qobiliyatlarini o'rgatadi. 1-, 2- yoki undan ko'p kunlik rejalashtirilgan guruhli ekskursiyalar va so'rov bo'yicha turlar, barcha turlari tematik bo'lishi mumkin. 1 kunlik sayohat - 116-160 AQSh dollari, 2 kunlik sayohat - kishi boshiga 265-314 AQSh dollari. Narxga rasmiylar kiradi Mintaqa kirish pasporti, ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi yo'riqnoma, Kiyevni olib ketish va olib ketish, transport, marshrut xaritasi va zonasi. Shaxsiy dozimetr-radiometrni ijaraga olish imkoniyati.
- ChernobylTrip.com. Chernobil zonasi va Pripyatga ekologik sayohatlar. Siz ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan professional qo'llanma bilan sayohat qilasiz. "Chernobil Tour" tarkibiga Chernobil zonasiga va u erdan ko'chib o'tish, Chernobilda tushlik va ekskursiya, 2 kunlik sayohatda yotoqxona kiradi.
- Chernobylwel.com. Ushbu ekskursiyalar odatda ko'rinmaydigan joylarni ko'rish imkoniyatini beradi, shu jumladan 5 va 6-sovutgich minoralari, mahalliy fuqarolar bilan uchrashish va texniklarning qabristoniga tashrif buyurish. Shuningdek, ular Kiyevdan ekskursiyalar uchun 200-250 evroga 2 kunlik sayohatlarni taklif qilishadi.
- Gamma sayohat. Cheklov zonasiga ekskursiyalarni bir kunlik sayohat sifatida yoki bir necha kun davomida Chernobilda tunab qolish uchun uyushtiradi. €89.
- Lyupin sayohati, ☏ 44 19 4270 4525, ✉[email protected]. Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan firma, 1, 2 va 4 kunlik Chernobil turlarini, shu jumladan ixtiyoriy aeroportlar transferlari va Kiyevda turar joylarni taklif qiladi. Bir kechada bo'lish uchun oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga talablar tashqaridan keltiriladi Mintaqa. Guruh turiga qo'shilish narxi 139 evro / kishi.
- [o'lik havola]Pripyat.com. Chernobilni istisno qilish uchun uyushtirilgan ekskursiyalar Mintaqa va Pripyat shahri sobiq aholi tomonidan o'tkazilgan. Mintaqada yashovchi odamlarning baxtsiz hodisalar kunlari haqidagi guvohnomalari, hikoyalari va xotiralari bilan rasmiy sayohatlar kiradi. Ular juda qiziqarli, ma'lumotli sayohatlar qilishadi va hamma narsa qonuniy ravishda amalga oshiriladi.
- SoloEast Travel, ofis, Kiyev, Proreznaya ko'chasi, №10, ☏ 380 44 279 3505. Chernobilga birinchi sayyohlik provayderlaridan biri. Majburiy sug'urta (10 AQSh dollari) va ixtiyoriy nurlanish monitorlari (10 AQSh dollari) e'lon qilingan narxga kiritilmagan. 79 AQSh dollari / kishi.
- Star Sky Travel, ☏ 380 68 364 1424. Guruhlar va individual sayyohlar uchun Chernobil zonasiga sayohatlar; aeroport va temir yo'l transporti; VIP xizmati; turistik vizalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash, talabalarga taklifnoma, biznesga taklif qilish.
- Tour2chernob.com, Illinska ko'chasi, 12, Kiyev (Ular odatda guruhlari bilan soat 09: 00da Kiyevdagi yig'ilish punktida uchrashadilar, avtobusga chiqib, Chernobilga jo'naydilar), ☏ 38 096 785 43 63, Bepul: 1 808 226 10 85, ✉[email protected]. M-F 09: 00-18: 00. Guruh safari uchun mavjud sanalarni bizning veb-saytimizdan tekshirishingiz mumkin. Ushbu turga Chernobil zonasi, Ghost Town Prypyat va Radar Duga kiradi. Ushbu tur rasmiy hisoblanadi va Ukraina Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Skype: tour2chernobyl.com kishi boshiga 49 AQSh dollaridan.
- Ukrain veb-sayti. A North America based firm offering all-inclusive, English speaking guided tours to the Zone. Tours include a Kyiv pick-up and drop-off, Zone access pass, transportation and lunch. Friendly service, fast and convenient booking with various payment options.
Safety rules
All visitors are given a list of safety rules, which must be read and signed before entering the Exclusion Zone:
- Do not act as in an amusement park: It is the site of a nuclear disaster and still dangerous, so act reasonably and responsibly.
- Do not take pictures/footage of security measures: Police, guards, checkpoints, CCTV cameras and systems of physical protection are not the right place for cool selfies.
- Do not touch anything and do not sit on the ground: Try to avoid any contact with potentially contaminated surfaces. When you sit on the ground or any place, you significantly increase the risk of contaminating yourself.
- Avoid additional exposure: It is forbidden to wear shorts, t-shirts, skirts or other open types of clothing during a visit.
- Do not take items that originate from the Zone: It is not only very dangerous for your health but also strictly prohibited by the Law.
- Do not eat or drink at open air: You can swallow radioactive dust along with food, and they will remain inside your body.
- Do not consume alcohol and/or drugs: While in the Zone, you must be sober and in adequate condition. No exceptions.
- Do not smoke anywhere except designated places: Smoking often causes fires, and remains add trash.
Atrofga boring
Public transport facilities in the Exclusion Zone are limited to bus services only. During day time there are regular services between the 1 Central bus station in Chernobyl town and the 2 Administrative building of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Many of the tourist attractions (Duga radar, Buriakivka, Kopachi, ...) are not served by the public transport services, so it is recommended to hire a vehicle with driver to get around.
The distances inside the Exclusion Zone are vast, roads are in a deplorable condition, and there are no sidewalks or bike lanes. Private motorized vehicles are the only realistic alternative to public bus services.
When leaving the Zone of Alienation, the area within 10 km of the exploded reactor, every vehicle will be checked with a radiation detector at a 3 checkpoint. All passengers need to leave the vehicle and must pass through a detection portal to check for any radioactive contamination on hands, body, clothes, or shoes. The detection portals are completely automated: simply step in sideways, placing feet on the bottom detectors and hands on the detection plates on either side of the portal. The barrier will unlock after a few seconds if no contamination is detected.If radioactive contamination is detected on clothes or shoes, they must be taken off and washed off. If contamination can't be removed then these clothes must be left behind. If contamination is detected on your body, you will be asked to take a shower before being rechecked by the radiation detection portal.
 | OGOHLANTIRISH: Radioactive contamination is taken very seriously in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, so expect guards armed with AK-47s at the checkpoint. Do not make photographs or video recordings of the checkpoint or its staff. Likewise, if you are found to have set off the radiation detection portals by trying to smuggle "souvenirs" out of the Zone of Alienation, you will be arrested because it is illegal to bring radioactive materials out of the area without explicit permit. |
| (Information last updated Aug 2020) |
Qarang
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- 1 Monument to the Chernobyl Liquidators (Робототехника участвовавшая в ликвидации аварии) (across the street of the fire station). 24/7. A memorial inaugurated for the 10th anniversary of the disaster in 1996, dedicated to the liquidators -- firefighters who risked their lives in an attempt to put out the fire in the burning reactor during the days following the reactors explosion, and while dealing with the removal of its consequences. Many received deadly doses of radiation while trying to get the fire under control, largely unaware of the lethal radiation levels they were exposed to, and with no adequate protection against it whatsoever. The inscription of the monument reads "To Those Who Saved the World". Ozod.
- 2 New Safe Confinement (NSC). A 100-m-tall arch designed to replace the iconic sarcophagus as confinement structure to keep radioactive materials contained. It can be seen from a distance of kilometres away. You'll not be able to get too close, but the nearest 3 observation point is 200 m away. The only way to get closer is if you are a scientist or a film maker that has had months of preparation in advance. Although radiation levels here will be much higher than elsewhere in the region, you will not be able to pick up a significant dose during your stay.
- 4 Monument to the Constructors of the Sarcophagus. 24/7. A monument dedicated to the thousands of workers who put their lives and health at stake during the construction of the Sarcophagus. Ozod.
- 5 Bridge of Death. 24/7. Bridge between Pripyat and the Nuclear Power Plant. According to urban legends, on the night of the accident, people gathered on the bridge to watch the blue glow of ionizing air above the burning reactor, without knowing the dose rate was a deadly 500 R/h. The myth was propagated by journalists and stuck, whereas in reality the dose rate was much lower and no direct casualties were recorded among observers. Ozod.
- 6 Mechanic yard (МТС (машинно-тракторная станция)). 24/7. A mechanic workshop where agricultural vehicles were maintained, refurbished, and scrapped for parts before the accident. During the cleanup it was used for the maintenance of vehicles used by liquidators, and the site has been abandoned ever since. Fertilizer machines, corn harvesters, and numerous other agricultural vehicles are now rusting away in a birch forest that is overgrowing them. There is a pick up truck with a trefoil logo on its door, a great place for a souvenir photo. For those interested, there are numerous radiation hot spots in and around the workshop, which can be found with a Geiger counter. Ozod.
- 7 Concrete Mixing Plant. 24/7. A roadside concrete mixing plant with 4 hoppers and supporting facilities that transferred and produced the concrete that was used for the construction of the Sarcophagus. Some rubble with white tiles has been dumped on the site after the completion of the construction work, and is noticeable radioactive (~ 5 µSv/h). Ozod.
- 8 Vehicle Cemetery Buryakivka (Кладовище техніки ПЗРВ "БУРЯКІВКА"). appointment only. After the worst debris and fallout was cleaned up, a large number of highly radioactive vehicles were left scattered around the Exclusion Zone. They were relocated to a patch of concrete in the middle of the forest, near the town of Buryakivka. This vehicle cemetery features hundreds of vehicles including armoured transport vehicles, diggers, tankers, cranes, bulldozers, and the remains of 8 of the largest Soviet transport helicopters. The most interesting "residents" of the vehicle cemetery are 3 robots used on the roof of reactor 3 to clean up radioactive debris. The most iconic one, the West German "Joker", is contaminated with nuclear fuel particles and remains dangerously radioactive. Ozod.
- 9 The Claw (Гейферний ковш) (behind the Special Engineering Service building). A crane gripper used to remove radioactive debris in the aftermath of the accident. It remains measurably radioactive, and is often cited in popular culture as the most radioactive object in Pripyat city. Because of the natural decay of radioactive isotopes, the claw can nowadays be approached safely but should not be touched to avoid contaminating oneself. Ozod.
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
The power plant, home to four decommissioned RBMK-1000 reactors, offers amazing insight into Soviet nuclear and architectural engineering practices for those able to arrange in-depth visits. Commercial tours stop only at the Reactor 4 observation pavilion. Visitors wishing to experience the interior of the plant must request permission via a letter faxed to the plant's general director (Igor Gramotkin) as outlined on the plant's website. The letter should introduce you or your group, and explain in detail what you want to see. Admission, by no means guaranteed, presumably favors professionals employed in relevant fields. Visitors are issued badges and indirectly-read TLD-type dosimeters at the power plant entrance, then pass through a modern security checkpoint in the ABK-1 administrative building, and thereafter are given cotton coats, caps, and booties in preparation for entering the radiological control zone. A higher standard of dosimetry and personal protective equipment may be issued for some areas, such as the "Sarcophagus." Visitors' own dosimetry devices are not allowed inside ChNPP. Always be mindful that this is a fueled nuclear facility and security is taken seriously. Strictly follow directions from plant personnel about photography, and never attempt to rest anything on the floor (it may be confiscated due to contamination). The exit portal monitors at ChNPP are thankfully much less sensitive than those found in most American nuclear plants, but still it's a good idea to wear fresh clothes and shoes rather than articles that may have been contaminated elsewhere in the Zone. In 2011, visitation was allowed to Unit 3 main circulation pump rooms, the live 750-kV switchyard control room, the Unit 1 control room, the Phase 1 dosimetry panel, and the memorial to engineer Valery Khodemchuk in the ventilation building between Reactors 3 and 4, among other places. The turbine hall was closed due to excessive radioactivity in 2011, but was accessible in 2010. A particularly interesting place is the bunker under ABK-1 that is used as an emergency response center (as it was in the 1986 accident).
The power plant has a cafeteria that serves freshly-prepared and appetizing Ukrainian food.
Some commercial tours may stop to feed bread to the monstrous catfish living in the condenser cooling channel that flows under the railroad bridge near ABK-1. Do not take pictures in the direction of the power plant from this location. (Your guide will probably make this rule abundantly clear.)
ChNPP has its own train station, 1 Semikhody. Trains travel without stopping between Semikhody and Slavutych. The service is free. As there are no stops while the train passes through Belarus, there are no border controls. Visitors exiting the Exclusion Zone via Semikhody must pass through a portal monitor and their personal belongings may be frisked for radionuclide contamination.
- 10 Cooling Towers. 24/7. At the time of the accident, 2 more reactors of the same type as no. 4 were under construction to the south east of the existing 4 reactors. Construction was efforts were suspended indefinitely after the accident, and the nearly completed reactors were never fuelled. The structure is being dismantled as of 2019, but its half completed cooling towers remain. The northern tower is about twice as tall as the southern tower and can be seen from a distance. The concrete rebar sticking out from the top rim is a silent witness of the abruptness with which construction was halted. Ozod.
- 11 Fish hatchery. 24/7. On the shore of the lake near the cooling water intake canal entrance is a fish hatchery with supporting buildings. Fishery was an economically interesting opportunity in the lake because it never froze over due to the elevated temperature of the water being used to cool the 4 operational reactors. This meant fishing was sustainable year round, and the fish caught were larger than elsewhere. The fish hatchery was abandoned after the accident, and one of the few buildings within a 5 km radius around reactor no. 4 that are not related to the power plant itself. The hatchery is not fenced off and can be visited, along with the remains of its floating dock. The shore offers a nice viewing point for the lake. Ozod.
- 12 Atomskaya Mural. 24/7. The largest mural in the Exclusion Zone, depicting Przewalski horses living in harmony with the power of the atom in the hand of mankind. Ozod.
- 13 Red Forest. 24/7. A strip of birch and pine forest that was contaminated with the worst fallout, killing off most of the vegetation because of the intense radiation and turning trees reddish brown — hence the name. Trees were felled and buried in trenches by liquidators, then covered over with soil and occasionally concrete slabs.
The Red Forest is still the most radioactive area in the Exclusion Zone, and marked with radiation warning signs but not fenced off in any way. As of 2019, radiation levels vary between 4 µSv/h (microsievert/hour) and 15 µSv/h, with local hot spots reaching 40 µSv/h. Spots where material is buried have considerably higher dose levels. It is recommended to stay no longer than 90 minutes around these hot spots (equivalent to a daily accumulated those of 60 µSv which is the threshold for radiation workers). As the most radioactive outdoor area in Europe, exploring the Red Forest is an experience on its own, but adequate safety measures kerak be taken. Wear protective wellies, carry an electronic dosimeter (PED) with warning threshold set no higher than 20 µSv/h, and do not touch anything. When leaving the Red Forest, protective wellies must be decontaminated (washed off).
If possible, take a geiger counter or similar radiation measurement device with you into the Red Forest to compare activity levels at different locations. Birch trees and lichen are particularly prone to absorbing radioactive Cesium (accounting to the majority of radiation after 32 years), and often read much higher radiation levels with peaks up to 3,000 counts per second not exceptional. Make sure the probe of the geiger counter does not touch any of the vegetation to avoid contaminating it! Ozod.
Pripyat
The famous abandoned city, which once housed 50,000 residents. Sights to see are the schools, kindergarten, public buildings and the amazing cultural palace which contains a swimming pool, cinema and gymnasium, and overlooks the famous ferris wheel. Hazards are the crumbling buildings, and decaying wooden floors in places – so be careful. The government has deemed all buildings in the town condemned, so most tours will not let you enter the buildings*.
*As of 2019, entry into all buildings in Pripyat is banned, because as the buildings age they become structurally unstable, and the government and most tour groups would rather not deal with the results of a tour group being caught in a cave-in. Experienced guides in some tours, however, know which buildings are "safe" (stable enough) to enter, and will take groups in for photos. If they do, only go where they go as they know what parts of the buildings are stable and what parts aren't. Generally this is limited to the sports facility (the pool) and the roof of an apartment tower. Most of the buildings were 'cleaned' of their radiation during the liquidation process and now contain amounts similar to downtown Kyiv, so the dangers come not from radiation but from the buildings themselves. Places like the amusement park and the main square are still accessible because they don't involve entering any buildings.
Minibus day-trips from Kyiv typically stop in the town's center, at the west end of Lenin Street near the Palace of Culture. Short-term visitors are confined to the pavement at ground level; if you join one of these tours, your risk exposure is minimal, but so too is your exposure to the vast cultural reliquary that is Pripyat. A more in-depth visit (several days, staying overnight at the InterInform hotel in Chernobyl, eating meals at the InterInform stolovaya) costs about US$200 per person per day in a group of four (2011). The long-term visitor is rewarded with considerably more freedom to explore, accompanied of course by an InterInform guide.
Decades of neglect have resulted in a physically-hazardous ex-urban environment in which radiation is of distant, secondary concern. Hazards include uncovered manholes in the middle of barely-recognizable streets, open elevator shafts, flooded basements, decayed wooden floors, collapsed roofs, large amounts of broken glass, challenging footpath obstructions in dark hallways, and quite possibly asbestos. Flashlights are essential to exploring interiors. Although radiation isn't a relatively major concern, the "hotter" spots in town would most certainly be off-limits to the public in the United States or Western Europe. As an example, the basement of the Polyclinic contains first responders' clothing (firefighters' clothes, boots, helmets, etc.) and presents external gamma exposure rates approaching one roentgen (R) per hour (June 2010). As of October 2017, the only access into the hospital basement is by crawling through a hole dug after the basement access was deliberately buried. Some other hot spots are well known to guides and they can either help you avoid these places or find them if so inclined. The hot spots most commonly visited by tours are mostly marked with radiation signage. These hot spots are generally either places that were not decontaminated previously, contaminated objects, or locations where radioactive materials have collected together due to rain runoff. The most important precaution concerning radioactivity is to avoid ingesting loose contamination. Although your guide might eat snacks or smoke in Pripyat, you should not – particularly if you have been handling things or visiting places like the hospital basement. Buy an ample supply of drinking water at one of the magazines in Chernobyl before going to Pripyat (obviously there is not potable water there). Water can also be used to rinse contaminated shoes before re-entering vehicles.
- 14 Duga Radar. 24/7. Within the 10 km zone is a large former secret radar installation that the Soviet government used to detect missiles, the Duga 3 Radar. From Pripyat, it is easy to see in the distance, if looking from a point of elevation. Ozod.
Qil
- 1 Test a radiation detector. Although radiation detectors (Geiger counters, etc.) tick at many places in the Exclusion Zone, most of the measured activity is very close to natural background levels or slightly above. There are however notable hot spots, where radiation levels are many hundreds or even thousands of times higher than background radiation. If you've never heard a Geiger counter tick, then these are perfect locations to test them out! If you're brave, a good location is this waste separation facility, with radiation levels of ca. 1 mSv/h close to the ground. The radiation is concentrated in an area of about 10 x 10 m. It's recommended to stay no longer than 5 minutes in the area, which should be more than sufficient to make a video recording of a ticking Geiger counter!
Sotib oling
Since all goods, including food and beverages, are imported into the Exclusion Zone from elsewhere in Ukraine, anything you purchase in the Exclusion Zone is more expensive than in the rest of Ukraine. The only shops are convenience and grocery stores, of which there are quite a few in Chernobyl town. They all sell very similar items: water, sodas, spirits, sausages and dried meats, canned foods, frozen foods, and a limited selection of convenience items and dairy products. Fresh fruits and vegetables are hard to find in the Exclusion Zone.
As a general rule, shops in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone only accept cash. There is an 1 ATM at Radianska, but the amount of cash that can be retrieved is limited per transaction.
Food and beverages
- 1 Central bus station, Kirova 2б. Grocery store in the main building of the Central bus station, to the left of the entrance.
- 2 Вечный Зов, Lenin Street. Convenience store next to the fire station. They have a variety of drinks, biscuits, and food. During summer months they also have some ice cream!
Yodgorlik
With tourism in the Exclusion Zone booming after the 2019 HBO series on the Chernobyl accident, it is no surprise that a variety of nuclear themed souvenirs are available. The most popular ones are t-shirts, mugs, and coins. They can be purchased in most shops and restaurants in Chernobyl town.
- 3 RadioProActive, Чорнобильінтерінформ, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho. A selection of shirts (male and female, various sizes) can be purchased from a vending machine. A share of the revenue is automatically donated to settlers in the Exclusion Zone. To buy mugs with a trefoil logo on it, ask at the bar. They also sell some post cards, but usually no stamps. 500 грн.
- 4 Tamianske, Radianska 74. Copper or gold plated commemorative coins with a trefoil embossed on the face side and the iconic chimney of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on the back side. 40 грн.
- 5 Community Centre, Rabkorovska. Various nuclear themed t-shirts and other memorabilia.
Yemoq
There are no formal restaurants or snack bars in the Exclusion Zone, so normally all food must be brought in from outside the Exclusion Zone. If you're looking for pizza, noodles, or sushi, then your only options are restaurants outside the Exclusion Zone. There are shops selling meats, dried fish, and canned vegetables as alternative to restaurants within the Exclusion Zone.
- 1 Desjatka, Bohdana Khmelnytskoho. Canteen for maintenance crews working in the Exclusion Zone, and occasionally also for tourists. Some guided tours stop here for lunch. When staying overnight in Chernobyl, the canteen is your only option for a warm meal.
Berries and fruits found in the forests within the Exclusion Zone all likely absorbed radioactive materials from the soil and are radioactive in varying degrees. Do not eat anything found in the Exclusion Zone. Mushrooms in particular tend to have a strong affinity towards radioactive substances and tend to accumulate respectable activity levels.
It is prohibited to consume food in open air within a 10-km range around the power plant.
It is recommended by tour agencies to only consume food and drink while on the buses/cars/vans and not while out on tour, to avoid exposing the consumables to potentially radioactive dust particles in the air.
Ichish
All surface water in the Exclusion Zone is unsafe for drinking or washing because of radioactive contamination of the aquifer, so assume that all lakes and rivers are polluted with radionuclides. Stick to bottled water, which in Ukraine is predominantly sparkling.
Spirits, most commonly vodka and derived alcoholic drinks, are abundantly available in every grocery store in Chernobyl and relatively cheap.
A special Chernobyl beer is sold in select venues in Chernobyl. The beer is humorously said to improve communication between like-minded people, and helps to 'decontaminate' organisms in the Zone of Alienation. The bottles are easily recognizable by the green labels with a picture of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after the accident printed on them.
Uyqu
- 1 ChornobylInterinform Agency Hotel, Bohdan Khmelnytsky Blvd 1A (at the former intersection of Khmelnytsky Blvd and Polupanova Street). Belgilanish: (by arrangement), tekshirib ko'rmoq: (by arrangement). ~US$40 (double occupancy), July 2011.
Visitors have one (legal) option for spending the night in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, and it is the government-run hotel in central Chernobyl. Any of the tour companies mentioned elsewhere on this page can, in principle, make bookings for visitors at the hotel as part of the process of registering the tour with the InterInform Agency. Rules are constantly in flux; if you want to stay overnight in Chernobyl, ask your tour operator about it and make sure to plan early.
If you are accustomed to lodging standards in Kyiv, you will find the InterInform Agency hotel surprisingly affordable for the level of comfort provided. The buildings are prefabricated structures installed after the 1986 accident. Many rooms are actually suites, some larger than others. Some rooms have useful amenities like refrigerators, dining tables, sofas, or dishes—luck of the draw. Each room has its own bathroom and shower. Tap water is potable. No WiFi (2011). The buildings are not air-conditioned, but (hopefully!) the windows will be unlocked and screened in the summer. The main Interinform office building has the largest suites, while the annex to the east contains more rooms and even a chapel on the first floor with faux-stained-glass windows. Radiation levels at the InterInform Hotel are close to Kyiv background.
Hotel guests are not permitted to leave the premises without an authorized guide! This includes innocuously walking 500 m down the street to buy drinks, snacks or batteries at one of the magazins. If the very-abundant police catch you out on the town without your guide, you can expect a pleasant little march over to the police station near the Lenin statue and old Dom Kulturi, where they have an open-air gazebo set up with folks like you in mind. There you'll wait in contrition until your guide retrieves you.
The InterInform Agency canteen on the ground floor of the west building offers prix fixe dining by reservation only. Reservations made when the tour is booked with InterInform are about US$10 for lunch or dinner, but if meals must be arranged on the day of service, higher prices are charged. The canteen serves three meals a day at fixed times. Dinner is a multi-course, freshly-prepared, traditional Ukrainian set meal with very large portions and typically paired with a traditional beverage like kompot; even after a day of strenuous exploration in Pripyat, it may be hard to eat all the food they bring you, at the pace they bring it. Chances are nobody will check you for contamination or remind you to wash up before eating, but that would be a very good idea to do on your own.
- 2 Hotel 10, Kirova St. Refurbished Soviet-era barracks used as basic accommodation for longer stays in the Exclusion Zone. Up to 5 consecutive nights are allowed. The rooms have shared bathrooms with shower and toilet. There is a kitchen on the ground floor but no restaurant -- meals must be procured elsewhere. Probably the cheapest accommodation in the Chernobyl town. 200 грн.
Backcountry camping
As radiation levels in most of the Exclusion Zone continue to drop, backcountry camping is gaining more popularity as an alternative to spending the night in one of the designated hotels in Chernobyl town. Exploring the Exclusion Zone on foot and spending the night outdoors is probably the closest you'll ever get to a Fallout game experience. Spending the night in a tent in the world's most famous nuclear wasteland is a unique opportunity, but not for the faint of heart! It is strictly prohibited to make a camp fire due to the risk of forest fires, so electric torches are the only way to fend off wild animals—wolves and bears roam around at night. Rather than setting up your tent outside, it is recommended to set it up indoors instead, in one of the may abandoned warehouses or barns dotting the Exclusion Zone.
When traversing the Exclusion Zone off-road, make sure to bring an up-to-date radiation map, a compass, and/or rent a mobile satellite navigation system. Bring a radiation detector to verify radiation levels where you want to set up your camp, keep in mind that you'll be spending at least 6 to 8 hours here, so absorbed doses can accumulate fast. Aim for a dose rate of 10 µSv/h or lower where you set up camp. Setting up camp in or close to the Red Forest (the area with the highest radioactivity levels) is a bad idea, spending the night there may cause radiation sickness.
Stay safe
Urban exploration
- Shuningdek qarang: Urbex
If in Pripyat, exercise caution when entering buildings—the ground around entrances to, and inside buildings will generally be littered with broken glass, concrete and debris. Be sure to take care inside buildings as the flooring can be somewhat uneven (and sometimes unstable), handrails are missing, and elevator doors be left open with no elevator present. Watch your footing—a decent pair of shoes or boots would be a good idea. Tours are no longer allowed to enter the buildings due to an accident occurring involving a floor collapsing injuring several tourists. All visitors sign written acknowledgements of the Exclusion Zone rules, including the rules prohibiting structural access. However, it remains routine (2017) for in-depth custom tours to enter Pripyat structures and forested areas at the discretion of the guide.
Although some of the switch gear and power line infrastructure has been decommissioned after the shutdown of the 3 last reactors in the late 1990s, electrical power is supplied to the nuclear power plant site, Chernobyl, and many air quality monitoring stations from outside the Exclusion Zone. Do not touch electrical cables or other electrical infrastructure, even if they're laying on the ground, as many of these still carry live voltages.
Yovvoyi tabiat
Withdrawal of almost all human activity from the Exclusion Zone allowed nature to retake the area. Boars and bears are common as evidenced by hoof and paw prints in mud, and might attack when they feel cornered and/or threatened. Bears particularly enjoy the shelter of abandoned buildings, so make sure to make lots of noise when approaching buildings and never obstruct the path to/from a door to provide an easy escape route for animals that feel trapped.
Packs of wolves also roam through the Exclusion Zone, have grown in numbers, and are not afraid to venture into human occupied territories like the Chernobyl town. Inhabited properties are often fenced off with tall walls to keep wolves out, and it is common for doors to be locked at night. If you decide to bring smaller dogs or other pets into the Exclusion Zone, do not leave them outside at night!
Fotosuratlar
Rising political tensions with neighbours Belorussiya and Rossiya have increased security around the nuclear power plant, with armed guards at security checkpoints and patrolling soldiers a common sight in the direct proximity of the plant. Do not make photographs of the checkpoints or whoever guards them. When photographing the NSC or any of the former power plant structures, avoid putting the 2 spent fuel storage facility and its supporting structures in view, as this tends to make guards nervous. When caught, your camera might be confiscated or your SD card formatted.
Sog'lom bo'ling
- Shuningdek qarang: Nuclear tourism#Stay safe
Beside the invisible radiation danger, there are the too small to easily notice Shomil, which can be encountered in abundance in grassy areas and grasslands. When bitten by a tick there is a chance of contracting Borreliosis (Lyme disease), with risk of severe permanent consequences such as paralysis of limbs. When venturing into grasslands, cover as much skin as possible (long trousers and sleeves), and wear high wellies rather than regular shoes. If you spot ticks on clothes, wipe them off before they can reach down to your skin. If red concentric circles appear after three days up to a month after visiting, you might be infected and should consult a doctor darhol. Tick bites can not always be felt, so inspect your skin meticulously when undressing!
As of September 2020, there is an active rabies outbreak in the Exclusion Zone. Any contact with wild animals should be avoided, and a rabies vaccine is recommended.
Most forested areas should be avoided. Whereas areas accessible to tourists near the reactor and Pripyat generally has low radiation in most areas (but notably not in the hospital basement), forested areas may have higher levels of radiation, in part because no decontamination was attempted in those areas.
Do not ingest any material found within the exclusion zone as it may be radioactive. Food and drinks at the canteen do not come from the exclusion zone, so they should be safe.
Radiation hygiene is a very important consideration for in-depth visits, both for your safety and because radioactive contamination discovered on visitors at the Zone checkpoints is construed as prima facie evidence of rules violations (entering structures and straying from paved areas). If you go to the Zone with the goal of exploring and wallowing in the most contaminated areas (e.g. the Pripyat polyclinic or the "Red Forest"), pay attention! As of 2013, the Lelev checkpoint at the 10 km boundary is operational and all visitors must pass through the portal monitors while a police officer scans the vehicle and its interior contents with a scintillator; thus, it is no longer possible to plan on cleaning up at accommodations in Chernobyl in order to pass inspection at the 30-km boundary. You must be radiologically pristine (well, almost!) before getting back in the vehicle after going exploring. Take the following hygiene equipment, which you should have in easy reach for when you return to your vehicle:
- Pancake thin-window Geiger-Muller survey instrument. Cover the probe with a plastic bag to avoid contaminating it.
- Disposable gloves
- An abundance of carbonated bottled water, purchased at one of the small stores in Chernobyl before you head out to explore
- A cleaning brush with long bristles
- Pocket knife for cutting contaminated spots out of shoe soles (disposable shoe covers are a nice idea but they always break)
- Scissors for cutting contaminated hair
- A change of clothes and/or a disposable Tyvek coverall
Wear gloves while exploring to avoid contaminating hands. After exploration in contaminated areas, remove any obviously-contaminated outerwear like coverall or gloves or street clothes and pack it out in your luggage like a good citizen (low levels of contamination on these articles will be detected by the personnel portal monitors, but will not be noticed in luggage by the wand detectors the police use). Pass the GM probe over your body slowly and identify any spots exceeding about 500 CPM. First, attempt to wash as much of the contamination in these areas off by means of water and brushing. Contaminated hair or shoelaces should simply be cut off, as washing these will prove futile. Shoe soles are sometimes resistant to washing, in which case the offending spots should be reduced by cutting off with a knife. Your goal during cleanup should be to eliminate any spots on your body where the count rate exceeds 500 CPM on the pancake instrument, with particular attention to feet and hands. Avoiding contamination in the first place would in theory be preferable, but if you're reading this, you probably didn't come to Chernobyl to sit around staying clean.
The levels of radiation on guided tours are relatively small; radiation levels in most places are less than those of being in an aircraft flying at 30,000 ft. The main danger is not in the radiation, but in particles of radioactive materials that may remain on your clothes or items. Those who actually follow the rules (stay on pavement, out of buildings) will almost never trigger the portal monitor alarms at Dytyatky and can safely ignore the in-depth "radiation hygiene" discussion above.
A lethal dose of radiation is in the range of 3–5 Sv (sieverts) (300–500 roentgens) when administered within an hour. Levels on the tour reportedly range from 0.15 to several microsieverts (µSv) per hour (fifteen to several hundred microroentgens an hour). A microsievert is one-millionth of a sievert.
Example: On a six-hour trip arranged in October 2008 the total dose was 4 microsieverts according to the meter (400 microroentgens). This was less than the total dose of the connecting two-hour flight, which was 6 microsieverts (600 microroentgens). Radiation levels by the power plant were 1.7 microsieverts per hour (170 microroentgens per hour) and they varied between 0.4 and 9.5 µSv per hour (40–950 microroentgens per hour) in the Pripyat amusement park. Thus, risks are pretty much non-existent as long as you avoid hot spots and don't get yourself contaminated.
 | Note: Stay on roads; the radiation levels on areas covered by vegetation are significantly higher. Even more important, the risk for contamination when walking amongst vegetation is higher because it is more difficult to avoid touching or inhaling anything. Follow common sense if you are on your own; if you see an area marked with a radiation sign, the meaning is clear: don't go there. |
The International Council on Radiation Protection has a recommended annual limit of 50 mSv (5 rem) (uniform irradiation of the whole body) for nuclear plant workers.
Clinical effects are seen at 750–2,000 mSv (75–200 rem) when administered in a short time scale.
Since the levels are microsieverts (10−6) the general exposure level is very low. But it is still possible to be in contact with some very hot surfaces, so caution should be stressed.
One rem is equal to 1.07 R (roentgen), or 0.01 sieverts or 10 millisieverts.
Ulanmoq
There was no mobile communication infrastructure in the Exclusion Zone at the time of the accident, and none has been built ever since, so don't count on wireless reception. Notable exceptions are the area around the power plant and Chernobyl, which have 3G connectivity, and are the only places where you can get online.
There are no internet cafes, and there is no postal service in the Exclusion Zone. Post cards are for sale at the canteen in Chernobyl for 15 грн, but you'll need to take them out of the Zone to post them.
Hurmat
When visiting the Exclusion Zone as tourist rather than for research or scientific purposes, keep in mind that this is still a disaster area that only just started its long way toward recovery. Some of the locals have lively memories of how the accident unfolded, and almost everyone has been affected by it: people have been forced to evacuate, and many have lost relatives due to radiation induced effects.
Do not expect to be welcomed warmly into the Exclusion Zone. Tourists are only tolerated because they bring revenue into an area where virtually all other economic activities have ceased since 1986. This is not a safari park but the site of the worst civilian nuclear disaster in the history of mankind, so behave accordingly when interacting with locals. Being interested and asking questions is okay, but excitement is misplaced.
Keyingisi
It's not possible to cross the border with Belorussiya from the Ukrainian side because the border runs through the Exclusion Zone and there are no manned border crossings. Onward travel options are: