- Ushbu maqolada Amerika qullari uchun tarixiy qochish yo'llari tasvirlangan. Qarang Jamoat transporti tom ma'noda er osti temir yo'l tizimlari uchun.
The Yer osti temir yo'li afroamerikalik qullar tomonidan qochish uchun foydalanadigan turli xil tarixiy marshrutlar tarmog'i Qo'shma Shtatlar erkinlikka erishish orqali qullik Kanada yoki boshqa xorijiy hududlar. Bugungi kunda "temir yo'llar" bo'ylab joylashgan ko'plab stantsiyalar muzeylar va sobiq qullarning shimolga sayohat qilish yodgorliklari bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda.
Tushuning
- Shuningdek qarang: Qo'shma Shtatlarning dastlabki tarixi
1776 yilda mustaqil xalq sifatida tug'ilganidan boshlab, avj olishiga qadar Fuqarolar urushi 1861 yildagi masala bo'yicha Qo'shma Shtatlar qullik instituti achchiq bo'linishlarga olib kelgan davlat edi. Janubda qullik paxta va boshqa mehnat talab qiladigan ekinlarning ulkan plantatsiyalari bilan ta'minlangan agrar iqtisodiyotning asosiy belgisi edi. Ayni paytda, shimolda shunday davlatlar yotardi Illinoys, Indiana, Michigan, Ogayo shtati, Pensilvaniya, Nyu York, Nyu-Jersi va barchasi Yangi Angliya, bu erda qullik noqonuniy bo'lgan va bekor qiluvchi axloqiy (va iqtisodiy) qullikka qarshi harakat rivojlandi. Ularning o'rtasida "chegara davlatlari" deb nomlangan, g'arbdan mamlakatning o'rtasidan sharqqa yoyilgan yotar edi Missuri orqali Kentukki, G'arbiy Virjiniya, Merilend va Kolumbiya okrugi ga Delaver, bu erda qullik qonuniy bo'lgan, ammo munozarali tarzda, aholi orasida abolitsionistlarning hamdardligi noma'lum edi.
19-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, oldingi o'n yilliklarda Shimoliy-Janubiy munosabatlarni xarakterlovchi mo'rt tanglik, keskinlikni kuchayishiga yo'l ochib berdi. 1850 yildagi "Qochqin qullar to'g'risida" gi qonun, erkin shtatlarda topilgan qochib ketgan qullarni Janubdagi qullikka majburan qaytarib yuborishga imkon beradigan federal qonun edi. O'z chegaralarida qullikni allaqachon tugatgan Shimoliy shtatlarda yangi qonun ommaviy xuruj sifatida qabul qilindi - aksincha, kasbiy qullar tomonidan zo'rlik bilan o'g'irlab ketilganligi haqidagi ertaklar jamoatchilik orasida tarqalib ketdi. Mahalliy e'tirozlarga qarshi federal qonunlar boshqacha erkin davlatlarga nisbatan qo'llanilishi mumkinligi sababli, shimoliy shtatlarga etib kelgan har qanday qochib ketgan qullar to'satdan Kanadada davom etishlari uchun yaxshi sabablarga ega edilar, bu erda qullik uzoq vaqtdan beri noqonuniy deb topilgan va turli guruhlar tezda motivatsiya topdilar yoki diniy e'tiqod, ularning shimolga ko'chib ketishiga yordam berish uchun katta xavf tug'dirishi kerak.
Qora qullar ozodlikdan qochish uchun turli yo'llardan foydalanganlar. Ba'zilar janubdan qochib ketishdi Texas ga Meksika yoki dan Florida ning turli nuqtalariga Karib dengizi, ammo marshrutlarning aksariyati erkin shtatlar orqali Kanadaga yoki boshqa Britaniya hududlariga shimol tomon yo'nalgan. Bir necha kishi qochib ketishdi Nyu-Brunsvik ga Yangi Shotlandiya (Afrikvil gettosi mavjud bo'lgan Galifaks 1960-yillarga qadar), ammo Kentukki shtatidagi qullikni erkinlikdan ajratib turadigan Ogayo shtatidan eng qisqa, eng mashhur yo'llar o'tdi Eri ko'li yilda Yuqori Kanada.
Ushbu ko'chish yangi texnologiya (Grand Trunk magistral liniyasi) sifatida yo'lovchilar uchun temir yo'l qurilishining ulkan spekulyativ portlashiga to'g'ri keladi. Monreal orqali Toronto 1856 yilda ochilgan), shuning uchun bu bemalol to'qilgan intermodal tarmoq temir yo'l terminologiyasini osonlikcha qabul qildi. Ozodlikni izlash uchun qullarni yollaganlar "agentlar", yo'l bo'ylab yashirish yoki dam olish joylari o'z uy egalari bilan "stantsiyalar" va "aktsiyadorlar" harakatlarini moliyalashtirganlar. Abolitsionistlar rahbarlari "dirijyorlar" bo'lib, ulardan eng mashhurlari sobiq qul Harriet Tubman bo'lib, Merilend va Delaver shtatlaridan uch yuz kishini olib borishda qilgan harakatlari uchun maqtashgan. Filadelfiya Kanadadagi erkinlik uchun Nyu-York shtati bo'ylab shimolga. Ba'zi bo'limlarda "yo'lovchilar" piyoda sayohat qilar edilar yoki qorong'i qish kechalarida shimol tomonga qarab ot aravalarida yashiringan; boshqalarida ular qayiqda yoki an'anaviy temir yo'lda sayohat qilishgan. Diniy guruhlar (masalan, Quakers, Do'stlar Jamiyati) abolitsionistik harakatida taniqli bo'lganlar va qullar orasida mashhur bo'lgan qo'shiqlar Bibliyada keltirilgan. Chiqish dan Misr. Ta'sirchan Tubman "Muso" edi va Big Dipper va shimoliy yulduz Polaris va'da qilingan erga ishora qildi.
Yer osti temir yo'li nisbatan qisqa muddatli edi: 1861 yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlanib, chegaraoldi shtatlarning ko'pchiligida urush zonasi paydo bo'lib, allaqachon xavfli o'tishni yanada kuchaytirdi, shu bilan birga shimoliy shtatlardan chetga chiqib ketish zaruratini yo'qqa chiqardi. Kanadaga; 1865 yilga kelib urush tugadi va butun mamlakat bo'ylab qullik yo'q qilindi. Shunga qaramay, bu Amerika tarixida va xususan afro-amerikaliklar tarixida muhim qism sifatida esga olingan, ko'plab sobiq stantsiyalar va boshqa joylar muzey yoki tarixiy diqqatga sazovor joy sifatida saqlanib qolgan.
Tayyorlaning
Har xil marshrutlar va masofaning sezilarli o'zgarishi mavjud bo'lsa-da, Xarriet Tubman yo'lidan chiqqan ko'chish Merilend va Delaverdan Pensilvaniya va Nyu-York orqali Kanadaning Ontario shahriga 500 mil (800 km) dan ko'proq masofani bosib o'tadi.
Tarixiy jihatdan har ikki mamlakat fuqarolari uchun AQSh-Kanada chegarasidan pasportsiz o'tish mumkin va nisbatan oson bo'lgan. 21-asrda bu asosan haqiqat emas; chegara xavfsizligi 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdan keyingi davrda yanada qat'iylashdi.
Bugungi kunda AQSh fuqarolari Kanadadan Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytish uchun pasport, AQSh pasport kartasi, Trusted Traveller Program kartasi yoki kengaytirilgan haydovchilik guvohnomasini talab qilishadi. Qo'shimcha talablar AQSh doimiy yashovchilariga va uchinchi mamlakat fuqarolariga nisbatan qo'llaniladi; alohida mamlakat maqolalariga qarang (Kanada # Kirish va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari # Kirish) yoki tekshiring Kanada qoidalari va AQSh qoidalari talab qilinadigan hujjatlar uchun.
Bu erda tasvirlangan marshrutlar asosan quruqlik bilan yakunlanishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, transportning tarixiy jihatdan to'g'ri tasviri bug ' davrda avtoulovlarning sayohatlari juda orqada qolmoqda bug 'temir yo'llari va o'sha kunning mo''jizasi bo'lgan kemalar. Yo'llar, xuddi ular kabi, eng yaxshi ot va aravaga sig'adigan loy tuproq yo'llaridan ozroq edi; bo'ylab tez-tez suzib yurish tezroq edi Atlantika dengiz qirg'og'i ekvivalent quruqlikdagi yo'lni sinab ko'rish o'rniga. Tarixiy ravishda er osti temir yo'l sayohati ot aravalaridan tortib daryo barjalariga, ibtidoiy yuk poezdlariga piyoda qochishga yoki suzishgacha hamma narsaning g'alati intermodal aralashmasi bo'ladi. Missisipi. Marshrutlar tarixiy ravishda kesib o'tgan ba'zi nuqtalarda Buyuk ko'llar, bugun rejalashtirilgan parom yo'q.
The turli xil kitoblar Fuqarolar urushidan keyin yozilgan (masalan, Uilbur Genri Sibbertniki) Qullikdan ozodlikgacha bo'lgan er osti temir yo'li: keng qamrovli tarix) yuzlab parallel marshrutlarni va qadimgi uylarni tasvirlab bering, ular shimolga ko'chishning gullab-yashnagan davrida "stantsiyani" joylashtirgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo aslida hamma narsaning to'liq ro'yxati yo'q. Tarmoq maxfiy ravishda ishlaganligi sababli, bir nechta zamonaviy yozuvlar antilbellum davrida har bir alohida raqam yoki makon qanday rol o'ynaganligini har qanday sertifikat bilan ko'rsatadi. Asl "stantsiyalar" ning aksariyati shunchaki qadimgi uylar bo'lib, ular davrning boshqa uylariga o'xshaydi; hanuzgacha turganlarning ko'plari tarixiy jihatdan aniq saqlanmagan yoki sayohatchilar uchun ochiq bo'lmagan xususiy turar joylardir. Mahalliy yoki milliy tarixiy reestrda bitta okrugda joylashgan o'nlab mulk ro'yxati bo'lishi mumkin, ammo oz sonli ozchilik - bu tarixiy cherkovlar, muzeylar, yodgorliklar yoki diqqatga sazovor joylar bo'lib, ular tashrif buyuruvchilarni tashqaridan haydashdan va qisqacha qarashdan ko'proq narsani qilishga chorlaydi.
Ushbu maqolada ko'plab diqqatga sazovor narsalar keltirilgan, ammo hech qachon keng qamrovli bo'lmaydi.
Chiqinglar
Er osti temir yo'l tarmog'iga kirishning eng keng tarqalgan nuqtalari chegara davlatlari bo'lib, ular erkin va qullar o'rtasida bo'linishni ifodalagan: Merilend; Virjiniya, shu jumladan hozirgi G'arbiy Virjiniya; va Kentukki. Ushbu hududning katta qismiga bemalol etib borish mumkin Vashington, Kolumbiya. Masalan, Tubmanning sayohati Dorchester okrugidan boshlanadi Sharqiy sohil Merilend shtatidan va shimolga qarab o'tadi Vilmington va Filadelfiya.
| “ | Ertalab uchrashaman. Men va'da qilingan erga bog'lanib qoldim. | ” |
- Xarriet Tubman | ||
Boring
Ushbu poezdga chiqish uchun bir nechta marshrutlar va ko'p marshrutlar mavjud; bu erda keltirilganlar shunchaki e'tiborga loyiq misollardir.
Tubmanning Pensilvaniya, Auburn va Niagara temir yo'llari
Ushbu yo'nalish Pensilvaniya va Nyu-York orqali, er osti temir yo'lining "dirijyori" Xarriet Tubman (1849 yildan qochib ketgan, 1860 yilgacha faol bo'lgan) va uning zamondoshlari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan turli saytlar orqali olib boradi. Qulda tug'ilgan Dorchester okrugi, Merilend, Tubman bolalik ustalari tomonidan kaltaklangan va kaltaklangan; u 1849 yilda Filadelfiyaga qochib ketgan. Merilendga oilasini qutqarish uchun qaytib kelganida, u oxir-oqibat tunda o'ta maxfiy holda sayohat qilgan o'nlab boshqa qullarni ozodlik yo'lida boshqargan.
Merilend
Kembrij, Merilend - Tubmanning tug'ilgan joyi va marshrutning boshlang'ich nuqtasi - Vashingtondan Chezapeak ko'rfazi tomonidan ajratilgan va AQSh 50 orqali poytaxtdan taxminan 90 mil (140 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan:
- 1 Harriet Tubman yer osti temir yo'lining milliy yodgorligi, 4068 Golden Hill Rd., Cherkov Creek (Kembrijdan 10,7 milya / 17,2 km janubda 16 va 335-davlat yo'nalishlari orqali), ☏ 1 410 221-2290. Har kuni 9:00 dan 17:00 gacha. 17 gektarlik (7 ga) milliy yodgorlik, Tubmanning dastlabki hayoti va yer osti temir yo'l o'tkazuvchisi sifatida ishlatgan eksponatlarni o'z ichiga olgan mehmonlar markaziga ega. Qora suv milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi yonida joylashgan bu landshaft yer osti temir yo'li davridan ozgina o'zgardi. Ozod.
- 2 Harriet Tubman tashkiloti, Kembrijdagi 424 Race St., ☏ 1 410 228-0401. Kembrij markazidagi davr binosida joylashgan ushbu tarixiy yodgorlik muzeyi oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan holda ochilgan. Shuningdek, Harriet Tubman va yer osti temir yo'liga oid madaniy-ma'rifiy dasturlarning to'liq ro'yxati bilan biriktirilgan jamoat markazi mavjud.
Delaver
1897 yilda Wilbur Siebertga aytilganidek, Tubmanning qismi yo'l dan 1 Kembrij shimoldan Filadelfiyaga yo'l orqali 120 milya (190 km) quruqlikdagi sayohat ko'rinadi 2 Sharqiy yangi bozor va 3 Terak bo'yni Delaver shtat liniyasiga, keyin orqali 4 Sandtown, 5 Willow Grove, 6 Kamden, 7 Dover, 8 Smirna, 9 Qora qush, 10 Odessa, 11 Yangi qal'ava 12 Vilmington. Qabul qilish uchun qo'shimcha 30 mil (48 km) yurish kerak edi 13 Filadelfiya. Marshrutning Delaver shtati imzolangan tomonidan kuzatiladi Harriet Tubman yer osti temir yo'lining tabiiy manzarasi, bu erda turli xil yer osti temir yo'llari saytlari ta'kidlangan.
- 3 Appoquinimink do'stlar uchrashuv uyi, Odessaning 624-chi asosiy ko'chasi. Har oyning 1- va 3-kunlari, soat 10:00 xizmatlari uchun ochiq. 1785 yil g'ishtli Quaker ibodatxonasi, Jon Xann va Tomas Garret rahbarligida yer osti temir yo'lida stantsiya bo'lib xizmat qilgan. Ikkinchi hikoyada olinadigan panel bor edi, bu esa parda ostidagi bo'shliqlarga olib borardi; yer osti darajasida kichik yon ochilish bilan podvalga etib bordi.
- 4 [ilgari o'lik havola]Old New Castle sud uyi, 211 Delaver shtati, Nyu-Castle, ☏ 1 302 323-4453. Tu-Sa soat 10:00 dan 16:30 gacha, soat 1: 30-4: 30 gacha. Delaver shtatining mustamlakachilik va birinchi davlat yig'ilishining yig'ilish joyi sifatida qurilgan (1732-1777 yillarda Nyu-Castle Delaver shtatining poytaxti bo'lgan) AQShda saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi sud binolaridan biri. 1848 yilda yer osti temir yo'l konduktorlari Tomas Garret va Jon Xann qochoq qullar to'g'risidagi qonunni buzganliklari, ularni jarimalar bilan bankrot qilganliklari uchun sud qilingan va sudlanganlar. Xayriya.
Qul va erkin davlatlar o'rtasida bo'linish chizig'i Meyson-Dikson liniyasi edi:
- 5 Meyson-Dikson chizig'i, Meyson-Dikson Farm bozori, 18166 Susquehanna Trail South, Shrewsbury, Pensilvaniya. Shveytsariyadagi Merilend va Pensilvaniya o'rtasidagi chegarani aniq post belgilaydi, u erda qullar Pensilvaniya shtatiga o'tgandan keyin ozod qilingan. Amerika fuqarolar urushi. Fermer xo'jaligi bozori egalari Merilend va Pensilvaniya o'rtasidagi yer osti temir yo'l uylari va boshqa qullar to'xtash joylari to'g'risida baham ko'rishlari mumkin. Beton post marker bilan turish va suratga olish bepul.
Pensilvaniya
Yo'lda birinchi "erkin" davlat bo'lgan Pensilvaniya 1847 yilda qullikni bekor qildi.
Jorj Vashington davrining ko'p davrida federal poytaxt bo'lgan Filadelfiya abolitsionizmning o'chog'i bo'lgan va 1780 yil mart oyida shtat hukumati tomonidan qabul qilingan Qullikni bosqichma-bosqich bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun qullarni keyinchalik davlatga olib kirishni taqiqlagan. Bo'shliq Filadelfiyadagi Kongress a'zolarini ozod qilgan bo'lsa-da, Jorj va Marta Vashington (qul egalari sifatida) o'zlarining qullariga erkinlik berishga majbur bo'lishlari uchun Pensilvaniyada olti oy yoki undan ko'proq vaqt sarflashdan ehtiyotkorlik bilan qochishdi. Marta Vashington meros qilib olgan qulning qizi Ona Judj, Vashington prezidentligi oxirida Virjiniyaga majburan qaytarib berilishidan qo'rqardi; mahalliy bepul qora tanlilar va abolitsionistlar yordamida uni kemaga olib ketishdi Nyu-Xempshir va erkinlik.
1849 yilda Genri Braun (1815-1897) o'zini Virad Virjiniya qulligidan qutqarib, o'zini Filadelfiyadagi abolitsionistlarga pochta orqali pochta qutisiga jo'natgan. U erdan u ko'chib o'tdi Angliya 1850-1875 yillarda "Qochqin qullar to'g'risida" gi qonundan qochib, sehrgar, shouman va ochiqdan-ochiq bekor qiluvchiga aylandi.
- 6 Jonson uyining tarixiy sayti, Filadelfiya, Germantown avenyu, 6306, ☏ 1 215 438-1768. Sa 1 PM-5PM yil davomida, Th-F 10 AM-4PM 2-fevraldan 9-iyunga va 7-sentabrdan 24-noyabrgacha, faqat tayinlangan holda. Ekskursiyalar har 60 daqiqada soat 15 daqiqada jo'nab ketadi, so'nggi tur esa soat 15: 15da boshlanadi. Garriet Tubman va Uilyam Still (Germantown) hududida joylashgan sobiq xavfsiz uy va tavern, Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 17 ta yer osti temir yo'l stantsiyalaridan biri mahalliy qo'llanmada ko'rsatilgan. Er osti temir yo'li: Ozodlik yo'li. Hali ham afroamerikalik abolitsiyachi, xizmatchi va Pensilvaniya Qullikka qarshi jamiyatining a'zosi edi. Bir soatlik ekskursiyalar taklif etiladi. $ 8, qariyalar 55 $ 6, bolalar 12 va 4 yoshgacha.
- 7 Belmont uyi, 2000 yil Belmont Mansion doktori, Filadelfiya, ☏ 1 215 878-8844. Tu-F 11 AM-5PM, yozgi dam olish kunlari uchrashuvga. Metro osti temir yo'l muzeyi bilan tarixiy Filadelfiya qasri. $ 7, talaba / katta $ 5.
- 8 Christiana yer osti temir yo'l markazi, 11 Green Sit, Christiana, ☏ 1 610 593-5340. M-F 9 AM-4PM. 1851 yilda 38 nafar mahalliy afro-amerikaliklar va oq tanli abolitsiyachilar guruhi Merilend shtatidan qochib ketgan to'rtta qulini ta'qib qilib kelgan qul egasi Edvard Gorsuchga hujum qilib o'ldirdi va uning ikki sherigini yaraladi. Ular "Qochqin qullar to'g'risida" gi qonunni buzganlik uchun xiyonat qilishda ayblangan va sud jarayoni bo'lib o'tgan Zerherning mehmonxonasi. Bugungi kunda sobiq mehmonxonada Xristianadagi qarshilik ko'rsatish nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan tarixni hikoya qiluvchi muzey joylashgan. Ozod.
- 9 [o'lik havola]Markaziy Pensilvaniya afroamerikaliklar muzeyi, 119 N. 10-chi ko'cha, O'qish, ☏ 1 610 371-8713, faks: 1 610 371-8739. W & F 10:30 AM-dan 13:30 gacha, Su yopiq, qolgan barcha kunlar uchrashuvga. Reading shahridagi sobiq Bethel AME cherkovi bir vaqtlar yer osti temir yo'lining stantsiyasi bo'lgan, hozirda u qora tanli jamoat va Markaziy Pensilvaniya yer osti temir yo'lining tarixini batafsil bayon qilgan muzey. $ 8, 6-guvohnomaga ega keksa fuqarolar va talabalar, 5-12 $ 4 bolalar, 4 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar va bepul. Ekskursiyalar $ 10.
- 10 Uilyam Gudrijning uyi va muzeyi, 123 E. Filadelfiya ko'chasi, York, ☏ 1 717 848-3610. Har oyning birinchi F, soat 16.00 dan 20.00 gacha va uchrashuv bo'yicha. Merilendda qullikda tug'ilgan Uilyam C. Gudrij taniqli biznesmenga aylandi, u o'zining Reliance Line temir yo'l vagonining yuk vagonlaridan birida qochoq qullarni yashirganlikda gumon qilinmoqda. Uning York shahrining chekkasida joylashgan ikki yarim qavatli chiroyli g'ishtli qatorli uyi endi uning hayotiy hikoyasiga bag'ishlangan muzeyga aylandi.
Pensilvaniya Kanadaning shimoliy-g'arbiy burchagida Eri ko'li bo'ylab chegaradosh bo'lsa-da, sharqiy shaharlardan kelgan erkinlik izlovchilari odatda Nyu-York shtati orqali Kanadaga quruqlikda davom etishdi. Garriet Tubman Filadelfiyadan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri shimolga qochib ketgan bo'lar edi, boshqa ko'plab yo'lovchilar shtat Merilend va Virjiniyaning bir qismi (hozirgi G'arbiy Virjiniya) bilan chegaradosh Mason-Dixon liniyasi bo'ylab bir nechta nuqtalarda Pensilvaniyaga o'tayotgan edilar. Bu shimolni markaziy va g'arbiy Pensilvaniya orqali Nyu-York shtatiga olib boradigan ko'plab parallel chiziqlarni yaratdi Janubiy daraja.
- 1 Fairfield Inn 1757, 15 W. Main St., Fairfield (8 milya / g'arbiy 13 km Gettisburg 116-marshrut orqali), ☏ 1 717 642-5410. Gettisburg atrofidagi eng qadimgi mehmonxona, 1757 yilga to'g'ri keladi. Qullar teshiklar va qopqon eshiklari orqali sudralib kirgandan keyin uchinchi qavatda yashirinishadi. Bugungi kunda, mehmonxona yer osti temir yo'lida "xavfsiz stantsiya" bo'lgan paytda qullar qaerda yashiringanligini ko'rsatadigan oyna kesilgan. Kechasi $ 160.
- 11 Eski qamoq, 175 E. King ko'chasi, Chambersburg, ☏ 1 717 264-1667. Tu-Sa (may-oktyabr), Th-Sa (yil bo'yi): soat 10:00 dan 14:00 gacha, so'nggi tur 15:00.. 1818 yilda qurilgan qamoqxona, Chambersburgni 1864 yilda Konfederatlar tomonidan yoqib yuborilgan hujumdan omon qoldi. Bodrumdagi beshta gumbazli zindonlarda devorlar va pollarda jirkanch mahbuslarni zanjirband qilish uchun halqalar bor edi; bu hujayralar yashirin ravishda shimolda ozodlikka erishgan qochqin qullarni saqlash uchun ishlatilgan bo'lishi mumkin. $ 5, 6 yoshdan katta bolalar va $ 4, oilalar $ 10.
- 12 Blervill yer osti temir yo'l tarixi markazi, 214 E. Janubiy Ln., Blervill (17 milya / 27 km janubda Indiana, 119-yo'nalish orqali Pensilvaniya), ☏ 1 724 459-0580. Uchrashuv bo'yicha may-oktyabr oylari. Ikkinchi Baptist cherkovi qurilishi yarim asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida yer osti temir yo'lini qurdi - u 1917 yilda qurilgan - ammo u bu Blervill shahridagi eng qadimgi qora tanli inshoot va bugungi kunda u qullik va ozodlikka oid ikkita eksponat bilan tarixiy muzey bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda: "Havodagi ozodlik" Indiana okrugidagi bekorchilar va ularning qochqinlarga yordam berish harakatlari haqida hikoya qiladi. qullar, "Qullangan bola hayotidagi bir kun" sarlavhasi o'z-o'zidan tushunarli.
- 13 Ozodlik yo'l qabristoni, Ozodlik Rd., Loyalsok shaharchasi (1,5 milya / 2,4 km shimolda Uilyamsport Market ko'chasi va Bloomingrove yo'li orqali). Deniel Xyuz (1804-1880) - qaynoq safarda barjasi saqlanayotgan joyda qochib ketgan qullarni yashirib, Susamenna daryosining G'arbiy tarmog'idagi Merilend shtatidagi Uilyamsportdan Xavre-de-Gresga o'tin tashigan raftor. Hozir uning fermasi juda kichik Fuqarolar urushi to'qqiz afroamerikalik askarning so'nggi dam olish joyi bo'lgan qabriston. Tarixiy belgilar mavjud bo'lsa-da, bu joy (1936 yilda Nigger Hollow-dan Ozodlik yo'li deb o'zgartirilgan) kichik va uni sog'inish oson.
Biroq, eng mashhur variant Filadelfiyadan qirg'oqqa ergashish edi Nyu-York shahri yo'lda Albani yoki Boston.
Nyu-York shtati
Qochib ketgan qullar Nyu-York shtatidagi Upsteytda, mamlakatning eng qat'iy bekor qilinadigan mintaqalaridan biri bo'lgan.
- 14 [o'lik havola]Stiven va Harriet Mayers qarorgohi, Albani, Livingston xiyoboni 194, ☏ 1 518 432-4432. Ekskursiyalar M-F 5-8PM, Sa peshin-4PM yoki tayinlash bo'yicha. Stiven Mayers sobiq qul bo'lib ozod qilingan va bekor qilingan, u mahalliy metro osti temir yo'lining markaziy vakili edi va u 19-asr o'rtalarida Albanyning Arbor Xill mahallasida yashovchi bir nechta uylardan biri edi. hali ham mavjud. O'sha paytdagi xaroba uy 1970-yillarda vayron qilingan to'pdan qutqarilgan va tiklash ishlari davom etmoqda, ammo hozircha tashrif buyuruvchilar uyning ekskursiyalaridan va Myers, doktor Tomas Elkins va boshqa muzey eksponatlaridan kichik, ammo qimmatbaho slanetslardan bahramand bo'lishlari mumkin. Olbaniyni bekor qiluvchilarni ogohlantirish qo'mitasining boshqa taniqli a'zolari. 10 dollar, qariyalar 8 dollar, bolalar 5-12 dollar.
Albanyda bir nechta variant mavjud edi. Qochoqlar shimolga qarab Monrealga yoki davom etishi mumkin Kvebek"s Sharqiy shaharchalar Champlayn ko'li orqali yoki (ko'pincha) ular bo'ylab g'arbga burilishlari mumkin edi Eri kanali chiziq orqali Sirakuza ga Oswego, Rochester, qo'tos, yoki Niagara sharsharasi.
- 15 Gerrit Smit ko'chmas mulk va er idorasi, 5304 Oxbow Rd., Peterboro (Sharqdan 9,1 milya / 15,1 km Cazenovia 28 va 25-sonli tuman marshrutlari orqali), ☏ 1 315 280-8828. Muzey Sa-Su 1-5PM, may oyi oxiri - avgust oxiri, har kuni tong otguncha. Smit Nyu-York qullikka qarshi jamiyatining prezidenti (1836-1839) va 18-40 va 1850 yillarda yer osti temir yo'lida "stantsiya ustasi" bo'lgan. U butun umri davomida yashagan keng ko'lamli mulk hozirda erkinlik izlovchilarining ichki va tashqi eksponatlari, Gerrit Smitning boyligi, xayriya va oilasi hamda yer osti temir yo'llari bilan muzey majmuasidir.
Sirakuza - abolitsiyachilarning qal'asi bo'lib, uning markaziy joylashuvi uni "Er osti temir yo'lidagi katta markaziy ombor" ga aylantirib, u orqali ko'plab qullar ozodlik yo'lidan o'tdilar.
- 16 Jerri qutqaruvchi yodgorligi, Klinton maydoni, Sirakuza. Qullikka qarshi Ozodlik partiyasining 1851 yildagi davlat qurultoyi paytida bir necha yuzlab abolitsionistlardan iborat g'azablangan olomon qul Uilyam "Jerri" Genrini qamoqdan chiqarib yuborgan; u erdan yashirincha uni Nyu-Yorkdagi Meksika shahriga olib borishdi va uni qorong'i kechada Ontario ko'li bo'ylab transport uchun ingliz-kanadalik yog'och kemasiga olib ketguncha yashirishdi. Kingston. Qochishga yordam berganlarning to'qqiz nafari (shu jumladan ikkita din vaziri) Kanadaga qochib ketishdi; Sirakuzada sud qilingan yigirma to'qqiz kishidan birortasidan tashqari barchasi oqlandi. Qamoqxona endi turmaydi, ammo Klinton maydonida ushbu muhim voqealarni yodga oladigan yodgorlik mavjud.
Ushbu hududda, Pensilvaniyadan Janubiy daraja bo'ylab kelgan yo'lovchilar o'tib ketishdi Itaka va asosiy yo'lga qo'shilish uchun Cayuga ko'li Auburn, AQShning Sirakuzadan g'arbiy qismida joylashgan shahar. Harriet Tubman 1859 yildan boshlab bu erda qariyalar uchun uy qurgan.
- 17 Sent-Jeyms AME Sion cherkovi, Kakao, Avenyu, 116, Itaka, ☏ 1 607 272-4053. M-Sa 9 AM-dan 5-gacha yoki uchrashuv bo'yicha. Afrikalik metodistlar episkopal sion cherkovi 1800-yillarning boshlarida Nyu-York shahrida metodistlar episkopal cherkovining filiali sifatida o'sha paytda mavjud cherkovlarda ochiq irqchilikka duch kelgan qora tanli parishonlarga xizmat qilish uchun tashkil etilgan. Sent-Jeyms 1836 yilda tashkil topgan bo'lib, u Yer osti temir yo'lidagi stantsiya bo'lib, 19-asrda Afrikada yashovchi Harriet Tubman va Frederik Duglass singari munavvarlar ishtirok etgan va 1906 yilda mamlakatning eng qadimgi alfa-Phi Alfasini asos solgan talabalar guruhini qabul qilgan. rasmiy qora birodarlik.
- 18 Harriet Tubman uyi, Auburn, Janubiy Sankt-180, ☏ 1 315 252-2081. Tu-F 10 AM-4PM, Sa 10 AM-3PM. "O'z xalqining Musosi" nomi bilan tanilgan Tubman, fuqarolik urushidan so'ng Ouburnda bu oddiy, ammo chiroyli g'ishtdan qurilgan uyda yashagan va u erda keksa va qashshoq afroamerikaliklar uchun uy boshqargan. Bugungi kunda bu tarixiy yodgorliklar to'plami saqlanadigan muzey. $ 4,50, qariyalar (60) va kollej o'quvchilari $ 3, bolalar 6-17 $ 1,50.
- 19 Tompson AME Sion cherkovi, Auburn, Parker ko'chasi, 33-uy. Qayta tiklash uchun yopiq. Harriet Tubman xizmatlarda qatnashgan 1891-yilgi afrikalik metodist episkop sion cherkovi; Keyinchalik u vafot etganidan keyin yuqorida aytib o'tilgan "Keksalar uyini" cherkovga topshirdi.
- 20 Fort Xill qabristoni, Auburn shahridagi Fort-19, ☏ 1 315 253-8132. M-F 9 AM-13PM. Auburnga qaragan tepalikda joylashgan bu joy milodiy 1100 yilda tub amerikaliklar tomonidan qabrlar uchun ishlatilgan. U Xarriet Tubmanning dafn etilgan joylarini va boshqa turli xil mahalliy tarixiy nuroniylarni o'z ichiga oladi. Veb-saytda bosma xarita va o'z-o'zini boshqarish uchun piyoda sayohat mavjud.
Asosiy yo'nalish g'arbiy yo'nalishda Buffalo va Niagara sharsharasi tomon davom etmoqda, bu bugungi kunda Ontario-Nyu-York chegarasidagi eng gavjum o'tish joylari bo'lib qolmoqda. (Muqobil yo'nalishlar Oswego yoki Rochesterdan Ontario ko'li orqali o'tishni o'z ichiga olgan.)
- 21 Palmira tarixiy muzeyi, Market ko'chasi, 132, Palmira, ☏ 1 315 597-6981. Tu-Th 10 AM-5PM yil davomida, yuqori mavsumda Tu-Sa 11 AM-4PM. Tarixiy Palmira muzey majmuasidagi beshta alohida muzeylardan biri; ularning har biri eski Palmirada hayotning turli qirralarini namoyish etadi. Bayroq muzeyida mahalliy tarixga oid turli doimiy eksponatlar, jumladan, yer osti temir yo'llari mavjud. $ 3, qariyalar $ 2, 12 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar bepul.
Frederik Duglasning uyi va boshqa abolitsiyani bekor qilganlar singari Rochester, agar ular Genesining Quyi sharsharasidan shimol tomonda Kelsining qo'nish joyiga bora olsalar, qochqinlarni Kanadaga olib borishga imkon berishdi. Shaharda bir qancha seyflar, jumladan Duglassning uyi bor edi.
- 22 Rochester muzeyi va ilmiy markazi, Rochester shahridagi 657 East Avenue, ☏ 1 585 271-4320. M-Sa 9 AM-5PM, Su 11 AM-5PM. Rochesterning interaktiv ilmiy muzeyida yarim doimiy ko'rgazma mavjud Ozodlikka parvoz: Rochester metrosi. Bu bolalar Kanadaga qochib ketayotgan xayoliy bolaning ko'zlari bilan "Temir yo'l" haqidagi voqeani ko'rib chiqishga imkon beradi. Kattalar $ 15, qariyalar / kollej $ 14, 3-18 yosh - $ 13, 3 yoshgacha bepul.
Ontarioning butun xalqaro chegarasi suvdir. Buffalo kabi joylarda bir nechta parom bor edi, ammo infratuzilma kam edi. Niagara sharsharasi Kanada va AQShni birlashtirgan 825 fut (251 m) temir yo'l osma ko'prigiga ega edi egizak shaharlar sharsharadan pastda.
- 23 Castellani san'at muzeyi, 5795 Lewiston Rd., Niagara sharsharasi, ☏ 1 716 286-8200, faks: 1 716 286-8289. Tu-Sa 11 AM-17:00, Su 1 PM-5PM. Niagara universiteti talabalar shaharchasidagi san'at galereyasining doimiy kollektsiyasining bir qismi "Erkinlik kesishmasi: Buyuk Niagaradagi yer osti temir yo'llari" bo'lib, u er osti temir yo'l harakati tarixini hikoya qiladi. Niagara chegarasi.
- 24 [o'lik havola]Niagara sharsharasi yer osti temir yo'lining talqin qilish markazi, 2245 Whirlpool St, Niagara sharsharasi (Whirlpool ko'prigi va Amtrak stantsiyasi yonida). Tu-W & F-Sa 10 AM-6PM, Th 10 AM-8PM, Su 10 AM-4PM. AQShning sobiq odatiy uyi (1863-1962) endi Niagara chegarasining yer osti temir yo'li tarixiga bag'ishlangan muzeydir. Ko'rgazmalar o'sha paytdagi Niagara sharsharasidagi eng katta mehmonxonalardan biri bo'lgan "Katarakt uyi" ning dam olish joyini o'z ichiga oladi, asosan afroamerikalik ofitsiantlar sayohatning so'nggi qismida qochib ketgan qullarga yordam berishda muhim rol o'ynagan. $ 10, ID $ 8 bo'lgan o'rta maktab va kollej o'quvchilari, bolalar 6-12 $.
- 25 Niagara sharsharasi osma ko'prigi joylashgan joy. 1848 yilda qurilgan Niagara daryosi bo'ylab qurilgan ushbu birinchi osma ko'prik Harriet Tubmanning Merilenddagi qullikdan Kanadadagi ozodlikgacha bo'lgan sayohatidagi so'nggi oyoq edi va u keyingi o'n yil ichida boshqa qochqinlar uchun "dirijyor" sifatida ko'p marta qaytib keladi. 1855 yildan keyin, u temir yo'l ko'prigi sifatida qayta qurilganida, qullar mol yoki bagaj vagonlarida chegaradan noqonuniy olib o'tilar edi. Hozir bu sayt Whirlpool ko'prigiga aylandi.
Shimol tomonda Leviston, mumkin bo'lgan o'tish nuqtasi Niagara-ko'lda Kanadada:
- 26 [o'lik havola]Birinchi Presviterian cherkovi va qishloq qabristoni, Leviston, Kayayga ko'chasi, 505-uy, ☏ 1 716 794-4945. Xizmatlar uchun ochiq soat 11:15. Levistonning eng qadimiy cherkovi oldida (1835 yilda qurilgan) haykal uning yer osti temir yo'lidagi muhim rolini yodga oladi.
- 27 Ozodlik o'tish yodgorligi (Lewiston qo'nish bog'ida, N. Water St-ning g'arbiy qismida, Center va Onondaga Sts o'rtasida.). Niagara daryosining qirg'og'ida joylashgan mahalliy metropoliten temir yo'l stantsiyasining boshlig'i Jozya Tryon Kanadaga yaqinlashish yo'lida ozodlik izlovchilar oilasini ruhlantirayotgani tasvirlangan ochiq haykal. Tryon o'z stantsiyasini qishloq markazining shimolida (hali ham mavjud, ammo jamoatchilik uchun ochiq emas) birodarining qarorgohi bo'lgan "Yetti qabrlar Uyi" dan tashqarida boshqargan, bu erda ko'p bosqichli podvallar tarmog'idan daryo qirg'og'igacha bo'lgan bir necha qadamlar bor edi. , qaerdan Tryon haykalda tasvirlangan qochqinlarni daryo bo'ylab olib o'tadigan edi.
Janubda Buffalo, qarama-qarshi tomonda Eri Fort Ontarioda:
- 28 Michigan Street Baptistlar cherkovi, Buffalo, Michigan shoh ko'chasi 511, ☏ 1 716 854-7976. Buffalodagi afroamerikaliklar tomonidan doimiy ravishda egalik qilgan, foydalanilgan va egallab olingan eng qadimgi mulk tarixiy cherkov yer osti temir yo'lidagi stantsiya sifatida xizmat qilgan. Tarixiy sayohatlar uchrashuvga taklif qilinadi. $5.
- 29 Broderik bog'i (G'arbiy Ferri ko'chasining oxirida joylashgan Niagara daryosida), ☏ 1 716 218-0303. Tinchlik ko'prigi janubga qurilishidan ko'p yillar oldin, Buffalo va Eri Fort o'rtasida bog'lanish parom orqali amalga oshirilgan va ko'plab qochoq qullar shu yo'l bilan Kanadaga daryodan o'tib ketishgan. Joyda saytning ahamiyatini aks ettiruvchi yodgorlik va tarixiy lavhalar, shuningdek vaqti-vaqti bilan tarixiy yangilanishlar mavjud.
Avval aytib o'tganimizdek, ba'zi qochqinlar janubdan yaqinlashib, g'arbiy Pensilvaniyadan janubiy darajaga o'tib, chegara tomon o'tdilar.
- 30 [ilgari o'lik havola]Xau-Preskott kashshoflar uyi, 3031 yo'nalish, 98 janubiy, Franklinvill, ☏ 1 716 676-2590. Su Jun-Avgust uchrashuvi bo'yicha. 1814 yilga kelib taniqli abolitsiyachilar oilasi tomonidan qurilgan ushbu uy Fuqarolar urushidan oldingi yillarda yer osti temir yo'lida stantsiya bo'lib xizmat qilgan. Ischua vodiysi tarixiy jamiyati bu joyni kashshoflar uyi sifatida tikladi, eksponatlar va namoyishlarda G'arbiy Nyu-Yorkda oq tanli aholi istiqomat qilgan dastlabki kunlar tasvirlangan.
Ontario
Satrning oxiri Sankt-katarinlar Ontarioda Niagara viloyati.
- 31 Britaniya metodist episkop cherkovi, Salem Chapel, Jeneva ko'chasi, 92, Aziz Katarinlar, ☏ 1 905-682-0993. Xizmatlar Su 11AM, tayinlangan ekskursiyalar. Sent-Katarinlar qochib ketgan amerikalik qullar tomonidan joylashtirilgan Kanadaning asosiy shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan - Harriet Tubman va uning oilasi AQShga qaytib, Nyu-Yorkning Ouburn shahrida yashashdan oldin taxminan o'n yil yashagan va bu oddiy, ammo chiroyli yog'och cherkov edi. ularning ibodat joyi sifatida xizmat qilish uchun 1851 yilda qurilgan. Hozir u Kanadaning Milliy tarixiy saytlari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan va bino tashqarisida uning tarixini tushuntirib beradigan bir nechta plakatlar joylashtirilgan.
- 32 Negr dafn marosimi, Niagara-ko'lda (Mississauga St.ning sharqiy tomoni Jon va Meri Sts o'rtasida.), ☏ 1 905-468-3266. Niagara Baptist cherkovi - Niagara-ko'l bo'yidagi temir yo'ldan qochganlar jamoatiga sig'inish uyi - uzoq vaqtdan beri ketgan, ammo uning sobiq joyidagi qabriston, uning ko'plab jamoatchilari dafn etilgan.
- 33 Griffin uyi, 733 Mineral Springs Rd., Ancaster, ☏ 1 905-648-8144. Su 1-4PM, iyul-sentyabr. Qochqin Virjiniya qullari Enerals Griffin 1834 yilda Kanadaga qochib ketgan va fermer sifatida Ancaster shahrida joylashgan; uning qo'pol o'ralgan log fermasi hozirda asl qiyofasida tiklandi. Orqaga yurish yo'li Dundas vodiysiga va bir qator sharsharalarga olib boradi. Xayriya.
Niagara viloyati endi Oltin taqa, viloyatning eng zich joylashgan qismi. Keyinchalik, Toronto tranzit komissiyasi (☏ 1 416-393-INFO (4636)) yillik ishlaydi Er osti poezdida yurish ozodlik kunini xotirlash uchun. Poezd Union Stantsiyasidan chiqib ketadi Toronto markazi 1 avgust yarim tundan keyin Sheppard G'arbga (chiziqning sobiq shimoli-g'arbiy uchi) etib borish uchun bayram tantanalarida kuylash, she'r o'qish va baraban chalish kiradi.
Ogayo chizig'i
Kentukki, qullar shtati, Indiana va Ogayo shtatlaridan Ogayo daryosi bilan ajralib turadi. Ogayo shtati joylashganligi sababli (Kanadaning eng janubiy nuqtasi Eri ko'li bilan chegaradosh), bir nechta parallel chiziqlar shtat bo'ylab shimolni yuqori Kanadada erkinlikka olib bordi. Ba'zilari Indiana orqali Ogayo shtatiga, boshqalari esa Kentukki shtatidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Ogayo shtatiga kirishdi.
Indiana
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri daryo bo'ylab Louisville, Kentukki, shaharcha Yangi Albani shimol tomon ketayotgan qochoqlar uchun daryoning asosiy o'tish joylaridan biri bo'lib xizmat qilgan.
- 34 Shahar soat cherkovi, 300 E. Main St., New Albany, ☏ 1 812 945-3814. Xizmatlar Su 11AM, oldindan belgilangan sayohatlar. 1852 yildagi tiklangan yunon tiklanish cherkovi Ikkinchi Presviterian cherkovini, yer osti temir yo'lining stantsiyasini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, uning soat minora Nyu-Albanyning Ogayo daryosi qayiqchilariga borishini bildiradi. Hozir afro-amerikaliklar jamoati joylashgan va ko'p yillik e'tiborsizlikdan so'ng binoni asl ko'rkiga qaytarishga qaratilgan mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari mavzusi bo'lgan cherkovda doimiy xizmatlar, tayinlangan sayohatlar va vaqti-vaqti bilan tarixiy xotiralar va boshqa tadbirlar o'tkaziladi.
Indianapolis shimoldan 130 milya (210 km) masofada joylashgan; Baliqchilar va Vestfild bor shahar atrofi orasida.
- 35 Conner Prairie muzeyi, 13400 Allisonville Rd., Baliqchilar, ☏ 1 317 776-6000, Bepul: 1-800 966-1836. Jadval uchun veb-saytni tekshiring. "Shimoliy yulduzni kuzatib boring" teatral dasturi-tarixiy qayta tiklash uyi, unda ishtirokchilar 1836 yilga borib, er osti temir yo'lida erkinlik izlayotgan qochoq qullarning rolini o'z zimmalariga oladilar. Muzey xodimlari qul ovchilari, do'stona Quakers, ozod qilingan qullar va sizning taqdiringizni hal qiladigan temir yo'l dirijyorlari bo'lgan interaktiv uchrashuvda qochoq qul bo'lishni o'rganing. $20.
Westfield - sayohatlar uchun ajoyib shahar; Westfield-Washington tarixiy jamiyati (quyida ko'rib chiqing) fon ma'lumotlarini taqdim etishi mumkin. Tarixiy Indiana Ghost Walks & Tours (☏ 1 317 840-6456) shuningdek, Vestfilddagi sayohatlaridan birida "yer osti temir yo'lining arvohlari" ni qamrab oladi (bron qilish shart, jadvalni tekshirish).
- 36 Westfield-Vashington tarixiy jamiyati va muzeyi, 130 Penn St, Vestfild, ☏ 1 317 804-5365. Sa 10 AM-2PM, yoki tayinlash bo'yicha. Qat'iyan bekor qiluvchi Quakers tomonidan joylashtirilgan, Vestfildning Indiana yer osti temir yo'lining issiq joylaridan biri bo'lganligi ajablanarli emas. Ushbu muzeyda ushbu va boshqa mahalliy tarixiy elementlar haqida ma'lumot oling. Xayriya.
From the Indianapolis area, the route splits: you can either head east into Ohio or north into Michigan.
- 37 Levi and Catharine Coffin State Historic Site, 201 US Route 27 North, Fountain City (9.2 miles/14.8 km north of Richmond via US 27), ☏ 1 765 847-1691. Tu-Su 10AM-5PM. The "Grand Central Station" of the Underground Railroad where three escape routes to the North converged is where Levi and Catharine Coffin lived and harbored more than 2,000 freedom seekers to safety. A family of well-to-do Quakers, the Coffins' residence is an ample Federal-style brick home that's been restored to its period appearance and opened to guided tours. A full calendar of events also take place. $10, seniors (60 ) $8, children 3-17 $5.
Another option is to head north from Kentucky directly into Ohio.
Ogayo shtati
The stations listed here form a meandering line through Ohio's major cities — Sinsinnati ga Deyton ga Kolumb ga Klivlend ga Toledo — and around Lake Erie to Detroit, a journey of approximately 800 mi (1,300 km). In practice, Underground Railroad passengers would head due north and cross Lake Erie at the first possible opportunity via any of multiple parallel routes.
Kimdan Leksington, Kentucky, you head north 85 mi (137 km) on this freedom train to Covington. Directly across the Ohio River and the state line is Sinsinnati, one of many points at which thousands crossed into the North in search of freedom.
- 38 National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, 50 East Freedom Way, Cincinnati, ☏ 1 513 333-7500. Tu-Su 11 AM-5PM. Among the most comprehensive resources of Underground Railroad-related information anywhere in the country, the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center should be at the top of the list for any history buff retracing the escapees' perilous journey. The experience at this "museum of conscience" includes everything from genuine historical artifacts (including a "slave pen" built c. 1830, the only known extant one of these small log cabins once used to house slaves prior to auction) to films and theatrical performances to archival research materials, relating not only the story of the Underground Railroad but the entirety of the African-American struggle for freedom from the Colonial era through the Civil War, Jim Crow, and the modern day. $12, seniors $10, children $8.
30 mi (48 km) to the east, Williamsburg and Clermont County were home to multiple stations on the Underground Railroad. 55 mi (89 km) north is Springboro, just south of Dayton in Warren County.
- 39 Springboro Historical Society Museum, 110 S. Main St., Springboro, ☏ 1 937 748-0916. F-Sa 11AM-3PM. This small museum details Springboro's storied past as a vital stop on the Underground Railroad. While you're in town, stop by the Chamber of Commerce (325 S. Main St.) and pick up a brochure with a self-guided walking tour of 27 local "stations" on the Railroad, the most of any city in Ohio, many of which still stand today.
East of Dayton, one former station is now a tavern.
- 1 Ye Olde Trail Tavern, 228 Xenia Ave., Yellow Springs, ☏ 1 937 767-7448. Su-Th 11AM-10PM, F-Sa 11AM-11PM; closes an hour early Oct-Mar. Kick back with a cold beer and nosh on bar snacks with an upscale twist in this 1844 log cabin that was once a stop on the Underground Railroad. Mains $8-12.
Continue east 110 mi (180 km) through Columbus and onward to Zeynsvill, then detour north via Route 60.
- 40 Istiqbolli joy, 12150 Main St., Trinway (16 miles/26 km north of Zanesville via Route 60), ☏ 1 740 221-4175. Sa-Su noon-4PM, Mar 17-Nov 4. An ongoing historic renovation aims to bring this 29-room Italianate-style mansion back to its appearance in the 1850s and '60s, when it served as the home of railroad baron, local politico, and abolitionist George Willison Adams — not to mention one of the area's most important Underground Railroad stations. The restored portions of the mansion are open for self-guided tours (weather-dependent; the building is not air-conditioned and the upper floors can get stifling in summer, so call ahead on hot days to make sure they're open), and Prospect Place is also home to the G. W. Adams Educational Center, with a full calendar of events,
Another 110 mi (180 km) to the northeast is Ittifoq.
- 41 Haines House Underground Railroad Museum, 186 W. Market St., Alliance, ☏ 1 330 829-4668. Open for tours the first weekend of each month: Sa 10AM-noon; Su 1PM-3PM. Sarah and Ridgeway Haines, daughter and son-in-law of one of the town's first settlers, operated an Underground Railroad station out of their stately Federal-style home, now fully restored and open to the public as a museum. Tour the lovely Victorian parlor, the early 19th century kitchen, the bedrooms, and the attic where fugitive slaves were hidden. Check out exhibits related to local Underground Railroad history and the preservation of the house. $3.
The next town to the north is 42 Kent, the home of Kent State University, which was a waypoint on the Underground Railroad back when the village was still named Franklin Mills. 36 mi (58 km) further north is the Lake Erie shoreline, east of Klivlend. From there, travellers had a few possible options: attempt to cross Lake Erie directly into Canada, head east through western Pennsylvania and onward to Buffalo...
- 43 Hubbard House Underground Railroad Museum, 1603 Walnut Blvd., Ashtabula, ☏ 1 440 964-8168. F-Su 1PM-5PM, Memorial Day through Labor Day, or by appointment. William and Catharine Hubbard's circa-1841 farmhouse was one of the Underground Railroad's northern termini — directly behind the house is Lake Erie, and directly across the lake is Canada — and today it's the only one that's open to the public for tours. Peruse exhibits on local Underground Railroad and Civil War history set in environs restored to their 1840s appearance, complete with authentic antique furnishings. $5, seniors $4, children 6 and over $3.
...or turn west.
- 44 Lorain Underground Railroad Station 100 Monument, 100 Black River Ln., Lorain (At Black River Landing), ☏ 1 440 328-2336. Not a station, but rather a historic monument that honors Lee Howard Dobbins, a 4-year-old escaped slave, orphaned en route to freedom with his mother, who later died in the home of the local family who took him in. A large relief sculpture, inscribed with an inspirational poem read at the child's funeral (which was attended by a thousand people), is surrounded by a contemplative garden.
West of Lorain is Sanduskiy, one of the foremost jumping-off points for escaped slaves on the final stage of their journey to freedom. Among those who set off across Lake Erie from here toward Canada was Josiah Henson, whose autobiography served as inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowe's famous novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Modern-day voyagers can retrace that journey via the MV Jiimaan[o'lik havola], a seasonal ferry plying the route from Sandusky to Leamington va Kingsville, Ontario, or else stop in to the Lake Erie Shores & Islands Welcome Center at 4424 Milan Rd. and pick up a brochure with a free self-guided walking tour of Sandusky-area Underground Railroad sites.
- 45 Maritime Museum of Sandusky, 125 Meigs St., Sandusky, ☏ 1 419 624-0274. Year-round F-Sa 10AM-4PM, Su noon-4PM; also Tu-Th 10AM-4PM Jun-Aug. This museum interprets Sandusky's prominent history as a lake port and transportation nexus through interactive exhibits and educational programs on a number of topics, including the passenger steamers whose owners were among the large number of locals active in the Underground Railroad. $6, seniors 62 and children under 12 $5, families $14.
- 46 Path to Freedom Sculpture, Facer Park, 255 E. Water St., Sandusky, ☏ 1 419 624-0274. In the center of a small harborfront park in downtown Sandusky stands this life-size sculpture of an African-American man, woman and child bounding with arms outstretched toward the waterfront and freedom, fashioned symbolically out of 800 ft (240 m) of iron chains.
As an alternative to crossing the lake here, voyagers could continue westward through Toledo to Detroit.
Michigan
Detroit was the last American stop for travellers on this route: directly across the river lies Windsor, Ontario.
- 47 First Living Museum, 33 E. Forest Ave., Detroit, ☏ 1 313 831-4080. Call museum for schedule of tours. The museum housed in the First Congregational Church of Detroit features a 90-minute "Flight to Freedom" reenactment that simulates an escape from slavery on the Underground Railroad: visitors are first shackled with wrist bands, then led to freedom by a "conductor" while hiding from bounty hunters, crossing the Ohio River to seek refuge in Levi Coffin's abolitionist safe house in Indiana, and finally arriving to "Midnight" — the code name for Detroit in Railroad parlance. $15, youth and seniors $12.
- 48 Mariners' Church, 170 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, ☏ 1 313 259-2206. Services Su 8:30AM & 11AM. An 1849 limestone church known primarily for serving Great Lakes sailors and memorializing crew lost at sea. In 1955, while moving the church to make room for a new civic center, workers discovered an Underground Railroad tunnel under the building.
If Detroit was "Midnight" on the Underground Railroad, Windsor was "Dawn". A literal underground railroad does stretch across the river from Detroit to Windsor, along with another one to the north between Port Huron va Sarniya, but since 2004 the tunnels have served only freight. A ferry crosses here for large trucks only. An underground road tunnel also runs to Windsor, complete with a municipal Tunnel Bus service (C$4/person, one way).
- Gateway to Freedom International Memorial. Historians estimate that as many as 45,000 runaway slaves passed through Detroit-Windsor on the Underground Railroad, and this pair of monuments spanning both sides of the riverfront pays homage to the local citizens who defied the law to provide safety to the fugitives. Sculpted by Ed Dwight, Jr. (the first African-American accepted into the U.S. astronaut training program), the 49 Gateway to Freedom Memorial at Hart Plaza in Detroit depicts eight larger-than-life figures — including George DeBaptiste, an African-American conductor of local prominence — gazing toward the promised land of Canada. On the Windsor side, at the Civic Esplanade, the 50 Tower of Freedom depicts four more bronze figures with arms upraised in relief, backed by a 20 ft (6.1 m) marble monolith.
There is a safehouse 35 mi (56 km) north of Detroyt (on the U.S. side) in Washington Township:
- 51 Loren Andrus Octagon House, 57500 Van Dyke Ave., Washington Township, ☏ 1 586 781-0084. 1-4PM on 3rd Sunday of month (Mar-Oct) or by appointment. Erected in 1860, the historic home of canal and railroad surveyor Loren Andrus served as a community meeting place and station during the latter days of the Underground Railroad, its architecture capturing attention with its unusual symmetry and serving as a metaphor for a community that bridges yesterday and tomorrow. One-hour guided tours lead through the house's restored interior and include exhibits relevant to its history. $5.
Ontario
The most period-appropriate way to replicate the crossing into Canada used to be the Bluewater Ferry across the St. Clair River between Marine City, Michigan and Sombra, Ontario. The ferry no longer operates. Instead, cross from Detroit to Windsor via the Ambassador Bridge or the aforementioned tunnel, or else detour north to the Blue Water Bridge between Port Huron and Sarnia.
- 52 Sandwich First Baptist Church, 3652 Peter St., Windsor, ☏ 1 519-252-4917. Services Su 11AM, tours by appointment. The oldest existing majority-Black church in Canada, erected in 1847 by early Underground Railroad refugees, Sandwich First Baptist was often the first Canadian stop for escapees after crossing the river from Detroit: a series of hidden tunnels and passageways led from the riverbank to the church to keep folks away from the prying eyes of slave catchers, the more daring of whom would cross the border in violation of Canadian law in pursuit of escaped slaves. Modern-day visitors can still see the trapdoor in the floor of the church.
- 1 Emancipation Day Celebration, Lanspeary Park, Windsor. Held annually on the first Saturday and Sunday in August from 2-10PM, "The Greatest Freedom Show on Earth" commemorates the Emancipation Act of 1833, which abolished slavery in Canada as well as throughout the British Empire. Live music, yummy food, and family-friendly entertainment abound. Admission free, "entertainment area" with live music $5 per person/$20 per family.
Amherstburg, just south of Windsor, was also a destination for runaway slaves.
- 53 Amherstburg Freedom Museum, 277 King St., Amherstburg, ☏ 1 519-736-5433, Bepul: 1-800-713-6336. Tu-F noon-5PM, Sa Su 1-5PM. Telling the story of the African-Canadian experience in Essex County is not only the museum itself, with a wealth of historic artifacts and educational exhibits, but also the Taylor Log Cabin, the home of an early black resident restored to its mid-19th century appearance, and also the Nazrey AME Church, a National Historic Site of Canada. A wealth of events takes place in the onsite cultural centre. Adult $7.50, seniors & students $6.50.
- 54 John Freeman Walls Historic Site and Underground Railroad Museum, 859 Puce Rd., Lakeshore (29 km/18 miles east of downtown Windsor via Highway 401), ☏ 1 519-727-6555, faks: 1 519-727-5793. Tu-Sa 10:30AM-3PM in summer, by appointment other times. Historical museum situated in the 1846 log-cabin home of John Freeman Walls, a fugitive slave from Shimoliy Karolina turned Underground Railroad stationmaster and pillar of the small community of Puce, Ontario (now part of the Town of Lakeshore). Dr. Bryan Walls, the museum's curator and a descendant of the owner, wrote a book entitled The Road that Leads to Somewhere detailing the history of his family and others in the community.
Following the signed African-Canadian Heritage Tour eastward from Windsor, you soon come to the so-called "Black Mecca" of Chatham, which after the Underground Railroad began quickly became — and to a certain extent remains — a bustling centre of African-Canadian life.
- 55 Chatham-Kent Museum, 75 William St. N., Chatham, ☏ 1 519-360-1998. W-F 1-7PM, Sa Su 11AM-4PM. One of the highlights of the collection at this all-purpose local history museum are some of the personal effects of American abolitionist John Brown, whose failed 1859 raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia was contemporaneous with the height of the Underground Railroad era and stoked tensions on both sides of the slavery divide in the runup to the Civil War.
- 56 Black Mecca Museum, 177 King St. E., Chatham, ☏ 1 519-352-3565. M-F 10AM-3PM, till 4PM Jul-Aug. Researchers, take note: the Black Mecca Museum was founded as a home for the expansive archives of the Chatham-Kent Black Historical Society detailing Chatham's rich African-Canadian history. If that doesn't sound like your thing, there are also engaging exhibits of historic artifacts, as well as guided walking tours (call to schedule) that take in points of interest relevant to local black history. Self-guided tours free, guided tours $6.
- 57 Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site, 29251 Uncle Tom's Rd., Dresden (27 km/17 miles north of Chatham via County Roads 2 and 28), ☏ 1 519-683-2978. Tu-Sa 10AM-4PM, Su noon-4PM, May 19-Oct 27; also Mon 10AM-4PM Jul-Aug; Oct 28-May 18 by appointment. This sprawling open-air museum complex is centred on the restored home of Josiah Henson, a former slave turned author, abolitionist, and minister whose autobiography was the inspiration for the title character in Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. But that's not the end of the story: a restored sawmill, smokehouse, the circa-1850 Pioneer Church, and the Henson family cemetery are just some of the authentic period buildings preserved from the Dawn Settlement of former slaves. Historical artifacts, educational exhibits, multimedia presentations, and special events abound.
- 58 Buxton National Historic Site & Museum, 21975 A.D. Shadd Rd., North Buxton (16 km/10 miles south of Chatham via County Roads 2, 27, and 14), ☏ 1 519-352-4799, faks: 1 519-352-8561. Daily 10AM-4:30PM, Jul-Aug; W-Su 1PM-4:30PM, May & Sep; M-F 1PM-4:30PM, Oct-Apr. The Elgin Settlement was a haven for fugitive slaves and free blacks founded in 1849, and this museum complex — along with the annual Buxton Homecoming cultural festival in September — pays homage to the community that planted its roots here. In addition to the main museum building (containing historical exhibits) are authentic restored buildings from the former settlement: a log cabin, a barn, and a schoolhouse. $6, seniors and students $5, families $20.
Across the Land of Lincoln
Though Illinois was de jure a free state, Southern cultural influence and sympathy for the institution of slavery was very strong in its southernmost reaches (even to this day, the local culture in Qohira and other far-downstate communities bears more resemblance to the Mississippi Delta dan Chikago). Thus, the fate of fugitive slaves passing through Illinois was variable: near the borders of Missouri and Kentucky the danger of being abducted and forcibly transported back to slavery was very high, while those who made it further north would notice a marked decrease in the local tolerance for slave catchers.
The Missisipi daryosi was a popular Underground Railroad route in this part of the country; a voyager travelling north from Memphis would pass between the slave-holding states of Missouri and Kentucky to arrive 175 mi (282 km) later at Cairo, a fork in the river. From there, the Mississippi continued northward through St. Louis while the Ohio River ran along the Ohio-Kentucky border to Cincinnati and beyond.
- 59 Slave Haven Underground Railroad Museum, 826 N. Second St., Memphis, Tennessee, ☏ 1 901 527-7711. Daily 10AM-4PM, till 5PM Jun-Aug. Built in 1849 by Jacob Burkle, a livestock trader and baker originally from Germaniya, this modest yet handsome house was long suspected to be a waypoint for Underground Railroad fugitives boarding Mississippi river boats. Now a museum, the house has been restored with period furnishings and contains interpretive exhibits. Make sure to go down into the basement, where the trap doors, tunnels and passages used to hide escaped slaves have been preserved. A three-hour historical sightseeing tour of thirty local sites is also offered for $45. $12.
Placing fugitives onto vessels on the Mississippi was a monumental risk that figured prominently in the literature of the era. There was even a "Reverse Underground Railroad" used by antebellum slave catchers to kidnap free blacks and fugitives from free states to sell them back into slavery.
Because of its location on the Mississippi River, St. Louis was directly on the boundary between slaveholding Missouri and abolitionist Illinois.
- 2 Mary Meachum Freedom Crossing, 28 E Grand Ave., St. Louis, Missouri, ☏ 1 314 584-6703. The Rev. John Berry Meachum of St. Louis' First African Baptist Church arrived in St. Louis in 1815 after purchasing his freedom from slavery. Ordered to stop holding classes in his church under an 1847 Missouri law prohibiting education of people of color, he instead circumvented the restriction by teaching on a Mississippi riverboat. His widow Mary Meachum was arrested early in the morning of May 21, 1855 with a small group of runaway slaves and their guides who were attempting to cross the Mississippi River to freedom. These events are commemorated each May with a historical reenactment of the attempted crossing by actors in period costume, along with poetry, music, dance, and dramatic performances. Even if you're not in town for the festival, you can still stop by the rest area alongside the St. Louis Riverfront Trail and take in the colorful wall mural and historic plaques.
Author Mark Twain, whose iconic novel Geklberri Finning sarguzashtlari (1884) describes a freedom-seeking Mississippi voyage downriver to Yangi Orlean, grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, a short distance upriver from St. Louis. Hannibal, in turn, is not far from Quincy, Illinois, where freedom seekers would often attempt to cross the Mississippi directly.
- 60 Dr. Richard Eells House, 415 Jersey St., Quincy, ☏ 1 217 223-1800. Sa 1PM-4PM, group tours by appointment. Konnektikut-born Dr. Eells was active in the abolitionist movement and is credited with helping several hundred slaves flee from Missouri. In 1842, while providing aid to a fugitive swimming the river, Dr. Eells was spotted by a posse of slave hunters. Eells escaped, but was later arrested and charged with harboring a fugitive slave. His case (with a $400 fine) was unsuccessfully appealed as far as the U.S. Supreme Court, with the final appeal made by his estate after his demise. His 1835 Greek Revival-style house, four blocks from the Mississippi, has been restored to its original appearance and contains museum exhibits regarding the Eells case in particular and the Underground Railroad in general. $3.
70 mi (110 km) east of Quincy is Jeksonvill, once a major crossroads of at least three different Underground Railroad routes, many of which carried passengers fleeing from St. Louis. Several of the former stations still stand. The Morgan County Historical Society runs a Sunday afternoon bus tour twice annually (spring and fall) from Illinois College to Woodlawn Farm with guides in period costume.
- 61 Beecher Hall, Illinois College, 1101 W. College Ave., Jacksonville, ☏ 1 217 245-3000. Founded in 1829, Illinois College was the first institution of postsecondary education in the state, and it quickly became a nexus of the local abolitionist community. The original building was renamed Beecher Hall in honor of the college's first president, Edward Beecher, brother of Uncle Tom's Cabin author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Tours of the campus are offered during the summer months (see veb-sayt for schedule); while geared toward prospective students, they're open to all and offer an introduction to the history of the college.
- 62 Woodlawn Farm, 1463 Gierkie Ln., Jacksonville, ☏ 1 217 243-5938, ✉[email protected]. W & Sa-Su 1PM-4PM, late May-late Sep, or by appointment. Pioneer settler Michael Huffaker built this handsome Greek Revival farmhouse circa 1840, and according to local tradition hid fugitive slaves there during the Underground Railroad era by disguising them as resident farmhands. Nowadays it's a living history museum where docents in period attire give guided tours of the restored interior, furnished with authentic antiques and family heirlooms. $4 suggested donation.
50 mi (80 km) further east is the state capital of 63 Springfild, the longtime home and final resting place of Abraham Lincoln. During the time of the Underground Railroad, he was a local attorney and rising star in the fledgling Republican Party who was most famous as Congressman Stephen Douglas' sparring partner in an 1858 statewide debate tour where slavery and other matters were discussed. However, Lincoln was soon catapulted from relative obscurity onto the national stage with his win in the 1860 Presidential election, going on to shepherd the nation through the Civil War and issue the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves once and for all.
From Springfield, one could turn north through Bloomington and Princeton to Chicago, or continue east through Indiana to Ohio or Michigan.
- 64 Owen Lovejoy Homestead, 905 E. Peru St., Princeton (21 miles/34 km west of Peru via US 6 or I-80), ☏ 1 815 879-9151. F-Sa 1PM-4PM, May-Sep or by appointment. The Rev. Owen Lovejoy (1811-1864) was one of the most prominent abolitionists in the state of Illinois and, along with Lincoln, a founding father of the Republican Party, not to mention the brother of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy, whose anti-slavery writings in the Alton Observer led to his 1837 lynching. It was more or less an open secret around Princeton that his modest farmhouse on the outskirts of town was a station on the so-called "Liberty Line" of the Underground Railroad. The house is now a city-owned museum restored to its period appearance (including the "hidey-holes" where fugitive slaves were concealed) and opened to tours in season. Onsite also is a one-room schoolhouse with exhibits that further delve into the pioneer history of the area.
- 65 Graue Mill and Museum, 3800 York Rd., Oak Brook, ☏ 1 630 655-2090. Tu-Su 10AM-4:30PM, mid Apr-mid Nov. German immigrant Frederick Graue housed fugitive slaves in the basement of his gristmill on Salt Creek, which was a favorite stopover for future President Abraham Lincoln during his travels across the state. Today, the building has been restored to its period appearance and functions as a museum where, among other exhibits, "Graue Mill and the Road to Freedom" elucidates the role played by the mill and the surrounding community in the Underground Railroad. $4.50, children 4-12 $2.
From Chicago (or points across the Viskonsin border such as Racin yoki Miluoki), travel onward would be by water across the Great Lakes.
Into the Maritime Provinces
Another route, less used but still significant, led from New England through New Brunswick to Nova Scotia, mainly from Boston to Halifax. Though the modern-day Maritime Provinces did not become part of Canada until 1867, they were within the British Empire, and thus slavery was illegal there too.
One possible route (following the coast from Philadelphia through Boston to Halifax) would be to head north through New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rod-Aylend, Massachusets shtati va Meyn to reach New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
- 2 Wedgwood Inn, 111 W. Bridge St., New Hope, Pennsylvania, ☏ 1 215 862-2570. Located in Bucks County some 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Philadelphia, New Hope is a town whose importance on the Underground Railroad came thanks to its ferry across the Delaware River, which escaped slaves would use to pass into New Jersey on their northward journey — and this Victorian bed and breakfast was one of the stations where they'd spend the night beforehand. Of course, modern-day travellers sleep in one of eight quaintly-decorated guest rooms, but if you like, your hosts will show you the trapdoor that leads to the subterranean tunnel system where slaves once hid. Standard rooms with fireplace $120-250/night, Jacuzzi suites $200-350/night.
With its densely wooded landscape, abundant population of Quaker abolitionists, and regularly spaced towns, South Jersey was a popular east-coast Underground Railroad stopover. Swedesboro, with a sizable admixture of free black settlers to go along with the Quakers, was a particular hub.
- 66 Mount Zion AME Church, 172 Garwin Rd., Woolwich Township, New Jersey (1.5 miles/2.4 km northeast of Swedesboro via Kings Hwy.). Services Su 10:30AM. Founded by a congregation of free black settlers and still an active church today, Mount Zion was a reliable safe haven for fugitive slaves making their way from Virginia and Maryland via Philadelphia, providing them with shelter, supplies, and guidance as they continued north. Stop into this handsome 1834 clapboard church and you'll see a trapdoor in the floor of the vestibule leading to a crawl space where slaves hid.
New York City occupied a mixed role in the history of American slavery: while New York was a free state, many in the city's financial community had dealings with the southern states and Tammany Hall, the far-right political machine that effectively controlled the city Democratic Party, was notoriously sympathetic to slaveholding interests. It was a different story in what are now the outer boroughs, which were home to a thriving free black population and many churches and religious groups that held strong abolitionist beliefs.
- 67 [o'lik havola]227 Abolitionist Place, 227 Duffield St., Bruklin, Nyu York. In the early 19th Century, Thomas and Harriet Truesdell were among the foremost members of Brooklyn's abolitionist community, and their Duffield Street residence was a station on the Underground Railroad. The house is no longer extant, but residents of the brick rowhouse that stands on the site today discovered the trapdoors and tunnels in the basement in time to prevent the building from being demolished for a massive redevelopment project. The building is now owned by a neighborhood not-for-profit with hopes of turning it into a museum and heritage center focusing on New York City's contribution to abolitionism and the Underground Railroad; in the meantime, it plays host to a range of educational events and programs.
Yangi Angliya
- 68 Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, 77 Forest St., Xartford, Connecticut, ☏ 1 860 522-9258. The author of the famous antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin lived in this delightful Gothic-style cottage in Hartford (right next door to Mark Twain!) from 1873 until her death in 1896. The house is now a museum that not only preserves its historic interior as it appeared during Stowe's lifetime, but also offers an interactive, "non-traditional museum experience" that allows visitors to really dig deep and discuss the issues that inspired and informed her work, including women's rights, immigration, criminal justice reform, and — of course — abolitionism. There's also a research library covering topics related to 19th-century literature, arts, and social history.
- 69 Greenmanville Historic District, 75 Greenmanville Ave., Stonington, Connecticut (At the Mystic Seaport Museum), ☏ 1 860 572-5315. Har kuni 9:00 dan 17:00 gacha. The Greenman brothers — George, Clark, and Thomas — came in 1837 from Rhode Island to a site at the mouth of the Mystic River where they built a shipyard, and in due time a buzzing industrial village had coalesced around it. Staunch abolitionists, the Greenmans operated a station on the Underground Railroad and supported a local Seventh-Day Baptist church (c. 1851) which denounced slavery and regularly hosted speakers who supported abolitionism and women’s rights. Today, the grounds of the Mystic Seaport Museum include ten of the original buildings of the Greenmanville settlement, including the former textile mill, the church, and the Thomas Greenman House. Exhibits cover the history of the settlement and its importance to the Underground Railroad and the abolitionist movement. Museum admission $28.95, seniors $26.95, children $19.95.
- 70 Pawtuxet Village, o'rtasida Uorvik va Cranston, Rhode Island. This historically preserved neighborhood represents the center of one of the oldest villages in New England, dating back to 1638. Flash forward a couple of centuries and it was a prominent stop on the Underground Railroad for runaway slaves. Walking tours of the village are available.
- 71 [o'lik havola]Jackson Homestead and Museum, 527 Washington St., Nyuton, Massachusetts, ☏ 1 617 796-1450. W-F 11AM-5PM, Sa-Su 10AM-5PM. This Federal-style farmhouse was built in 1809 as the home of Timothy Jackson, a Revolutionary War veteran, factory owner, state legislator, and abolitionist who operated an Underground Railroad station in it. Deeded to the City of Newton by one of his descendants, it's now a local history museum with exhibits on the local abolitionist community as well as paintings, photographs, historic artifacts, and other curiosities. $6, seniors and children 6-12 $5, students with ID $2.
Boston was a major seaport and an abolitionist stronghold. Some freedom seekers arrived overland, others as stowaways aboard coastal trading vessels from the Janubiy. The Boston Vigilance Committee (1841-1861), an abolitionist organization founded by the city's free black population to protect their people from abduction into slavery, spread the word when slave catchers came to town. They worked closely with Underground Railroad conductors to provide freedom seekers with transportation, shelter, medical attention and legal counsel. Hundreds of escapees stayed a short time before moving on to Canada, England or other British territories.
The National Park Service offers a ranger-led 1.6 mi (2.6 km) Boston qora merosi izi tour through Boston's Beacon Hill district, near the Massachusetts State House and Boston Common. Several old houses in this district were stations on the line, but are not open to the public.
A museum is open in a former meeting house and school:
- 72 Museum of African-American History, 46 Joy St., Boston, Massachusetts, ☏ 1 617 725-0022. M-Sa 10 AM-4PM. The African Meeting House (a church built in 1806) and Abiel Smith School (the nation's oldest public school for black children, founded 1835) have been restored to the 1855 era for use as a museum and event space with exhibit galleries, education programs, caterers' kitchen and museum store.
Once in Boston, most escaped slaves boarded ships headed directly to Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. A few crossed Vermont or New Hampshire into Lower Canada, eventually reaching Montreal...
- 73 Rokeby Museum, 4334 US Route 7, Ferrisburgh, Vermont (11 miles/18 km south of Shelburne), ☏ 1 802 877-3406. 10AM-5PM, mid-May to late Oct; house only open by scheduled guided tour. Rowland T. Robinson, a Quaker and ardent abolitionist, openly sheltered escaped slaves on his family's sheep farm in the quiet town of Ferrisburgh. Now a museum complex, visitors can tour nine historic farm buildings furnished in period style and full of interpretive exhibits covering Vermont's contribution to the Underground Railroad effort, or walk a network of hiking trails that cover more than 50 acres (20 ha) of the property. $10, seniors $9, students $8.
...while others continued to follow the coastal routes overland into Maine.
- 74 Abyssinian Meeting House, 75 Newbury St., Portlend, Maine, ☏ 1 207 828-4995. Maine's oldest African-American church was erected in 1831 by a community of free blacks and headed up for many years by Reverend Amos Noé Freeman (1810-93), a known Underground Railroad agent who hosted and organized anti-slavery speakers, Negro conventions, and testimonies from runaway slaves. But by 1998, when the building was purchased from the city by a consortium of community leaders, it had fallen into disrepair. The Committee to Restore the Abyssinian plans to convert the former church to a museum dedicated to tracing the story of Maine's African-American community, and also hosts a variety of events, classes, and performances at a variety of venues around Portland.
- 75 Chamberlain Freedom Park, Corner of State and N. Main Sts., Brewer, Maine (Directly across the river from Bangor via the State Street bridge). In his day, John Holyoke — shipping magnate, factory owner, abolitionist — was one of the wealthiest citizens in the city of Brewer, Maine. When his former home was demolished in 1995 as part of a road widening project, a hand-stitched "slave-style shirt" was found tucked in the eaves of the attic along with a stone-lined tunnel in the basement leading to the bank of the Penobscot River, finally confirming the local rumors that claimed he was an Underground Railroad stationmaster. Today, there's a small park on the site, the only official Underground Railroad memorial in the state of Maine, that's centered on a statue entitled North to Freedom: a sculpted figure of an escaped slave hoisting himself out of the preserved tunnel entrance. Nearby is a statue of local Civil War hero Col. Joshua Chamberlain, for whom the park is named.
- 76 Maple Grove Friends Church, Route 1A near Up Country Rd., Fort Fairfield, Maine (9 miles/14.5 km east of Presque Isle via Route 163). 2 mi (3.2 km) from the border, this historic Quaker church was the last stop for many escaped slaves headed for freedom in New Brunswick, where a few African-Canadian communities had gathered in the Seynt-Jon daryosi vodiysi. Historical renovations in 1995 revealed a hiding place concealed beneath a raised platform in the main meeting room. The building was rededicated as a house of worship in 2000 and still holds occasional services.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Once across the border, a few black families settled in places like Upper Kent along the Saint John River in New Brunswick. Many more continued onward to Nova Scotia, then a separate British colony but now part of Canada's Maritime Provinces.
- 3 Tomlinson Lake Hike to Freedom, Glenburn Rd., Carlingford, New Brunswick (7.2 km/4.5 miles west of Perth-Andover via Route 190). first Sa in Oct. After successfully crossing the border into New Brunswick, the first order of business for many escaped slaves on this route was to seek out the home of Sgt. William Tomlinson, a British-born lumberjack and farmer who was well known for welcoming slaves who came through this area. Every year, the fugitives' cross-border trek to Tomlinson Lake is retraced with a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) family-friendly, all-ages-and-skill-levels "hike to freedom" in the midst of the beautiful autumn foliage the region boasts. Gather at the well-signed trailhead on Glenburn Road, and at the end of the line you can sit down to a hearty traditional meal, peruse the exhibits at an Underground Railroad pop-up museum, or do some more hiking on a series of nature trails around the lake. There's even a contest for the best 1850s-period costumes. Ozod.
- 77 King's Landing, 5804 Route 102, Prince William, New Brunswick (40 km/25 miles west of downtown Frederikton orqali Trans-Kanada avtomagistrali), ☏ 1 506 363-4999. Daily 10AM-5PM, early June-mid Oct. Set up as a pioneer village, this living-history museum is devoted primarily to United Empire Loyalist communities in 19th century New Brunswick. However, one building, the Gordon House, is a replica of a house built by manumitted slave James Gordon in nearby Fredericton and contains exhibits relative to the Underground Railroad and the African-Canadian experience, including old runaway slave ads and quilts containing secret messages for fugitives. Onsite also is a restaurant, pub and Peddler's Market. $18, seniors $16, youth (6-15) $12.40.
Halifax, the final destination of most fugitive slaves passing out of Boston, still has a substantial mostly-black district populated by descendants of Underground Railroad passengers.
- 78 Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia, 10 Cherry Brook Rd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (20 km/12 miles east of downtown Halifax via Highway 111 and Trunk 7), ☏ 1 902-434-6223, Bepul: 1-800-465-0767, faks: 1 902-434-2306. M-F 10AM-4PM, also Sa noon-3PM Jun-Sep. Situated in the midst of one of Metro Halifax's largest African-Canadian neighbourhoods, the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia is a museum and cultural centre that traces the history of the Black Nova Scotian community not only during the Underground Railroad era, but before (exhibits tell the story of Black Loyalist settlers and locally-held slaves prior to the Emancipation Act of 1833) and afterward (the African-Canadian contribution to Birinchi jahon urushi and the destruction of Africville) as well. $6.
- 79 Africville Museum, 5795 Africville Rd., Halifax, Nova Scotia, ☏ 1 902-455-6558, faks: 1 902-455-6461. Tu-Sa 10AM-4PM. Africville was an African-Canadian neighbourhood that stood on the shores of Bedford Basin from the 1860s; it was condemned and destroyed a century later for bridge and industrial development. Ushbu muzey, Seaview Memorial Parkning sharq tomonida, Afrikvildagi Seaview United Baptist cherkovining nusxasida joylashgan bo'lib, shahar hukumatining kechikkan kechirim va Galifaksning qora tanli jamoatiga qaytarilishi doirasida tashkil etilgan bo'lib, uning tarixini tarixiy asarlar, fotosuratlar va mehmonni irqchilikning jamiyatdagi korroziv ta'sirini ko'rib chiqishga va xilma-xillik orqali keladigan kuchni tan olishga ilhomlantiradigan izohlovchi displeylar. Har yili iyul oyida bog'da "Afrikvil uchrashuvi" bo'lib o'tadi. $ 5.75, talabalar va qariyalar $ 4.75, 5 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar bepul.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Keyin
1850 yilda Kongress tomonidan Qochqin qullar to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilinishi bilan shimoliy shtatlarga qochib ketgan qullar zudlik bilan zo'rlik bilan o'g'irlanib, janubiy qullikka qaytarilish xavfi tug'dirdi. Janubdan qul ushlaganlar shimoliy shtatlarda ochiq ish olib borgan, bu erda ularning shafqatsizligi mahalliy aholini tezda chetlashtirgan. Federal amaldorlardan ham ehtiyotkorlik bilan qochish kerak edi, chunki o'sha paytlarda aholisi ancha ko'p bo'lgan janubdagi plantatsiyalar egalarining ta'siri o'sha paytda Vashingtonda kuchli edi.
Shuning uchun qullar kunduzi pastda yotishlari kerak edi - yashirinishi, uxlashi yoki mahalliy xo'jayinlar uchun ishlayotganga o'xshab ko'rinishi va kechasi shimolga harakatlanishi kerak edi. Shimoldan qanchalik uzoq bo'lsa, o'sha qishki tunlar qanchalik uzoq va sovuqroq bo'ldi. AQSh federal marshallari bilan uchrashish xavfi Kanada chegarasi kesib o'tilgandan so'ng tugaydi, ammo yer osti temir yo'lining yo'lovchilari Kanadada qolishlari kerak edi (va Kanada qonunchiligini buzgan holda chegarani kesib o'tayotgan qul tutuvchilarga ehtiyotkorlik bilan qarash kerak) 1860-yillardagi Amerika fuqarolar urushi orqali tugatilgan.
Qullik tugaganidan keyin ham, irqiy kurashlar kamida yana bir asr davom etadi va "qora tanli sayohat" xavfli taklifga aylanib ketaveradi. The Negr Motorist Green Bookmamlakat bo'ylab afro-amerikalik sayohatchilar uchun (nominal ravishda) xavfsiz bo'lgan korxonalar ro'yxati Nyu-Yorkda 1936 yildan 1966 yilgacha nashr etilishda davom etadi; Shunga qaramay, bir nechta "quyosh botgan shaharlarda" rang-barang sayohatchining tunab turadigan joyi yo'q edi.
Endi
Bugungi kunda qullarni tutuvchilar yo'q bo'lib ketdi va federal hokimiyat endi davlatlararo tijoratda irqiy segregatsiyaning har xil shakllariga qarshi turmoqda. Ushbu sayohatda oddiy ehtiyotkorlik tavsiya etilsa-da, asosiy zamonaviy xavf - bu qullik yoki ajratish emas, balki yirik shaharlar bo'ylab sayohat qilish paytida jinoyatchilik.
Keyingisi
Keyin
Muvaffaqiyatli qochqinlarning ozgina qismi Kanadada uzoq vaqt qolishdi. U erda qullik noqonuniy bo'lganiga qaramay, irqchilik va nativizm boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi juda muammo edi. Vaqt o'tgan sayin, chegaradan to'kilib ketgan qochib ketgan qullar tobora ko'payib borar ekan, ular oq tanli kanadaliklar orasida o'zlarini kutib olishni boshladilar. Qochoqlar, odatda, orqalarida faqat kiyimlari bo'lgan, qattiq Kanada qishlariga tayyor bo'lmagan va yangi qo'shnilaridan ajratilgan qashshoq hayot kechirgan. Vaqt o'tishi bilan, ba'zi afrikalik-kanadaliklar dehqonchilik yoki biznesda rivojlanib, o'zlarining yangi uylarida qolishdi, ammo 1861 yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlanganda, ko'plab sobiq qochqinlar Ittifoq armiyasiga qo'shilish imkoniyatidan sakrashdi va rol o'ynashdi. Janubda qoldirgan vatandoshlarini ozod qilishda. Hatto Harriet Tubmanning o'zi ham oshpaz, tibbiyot xodimi va skaut sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tish uchun Sankt-Katarindagi uyidan chiqib ketgan. Boshqalar shunchaki AQShga qaytib ketishdi, chunki ular do'stlari va yaqinlaridan uzoq bo'lgan notanish joyda yashashga kasal edilar.
Endi
- Ogayo chizig'ining oxiri boshiga to'g'ri keladi Vindzor-Kvebek yo'lagi, Kanadaning eng aholi va juda shaharlashgan hududi. 401 shosse tomon sharq tomon ulug'vor tomonga qarab harakatlaning Niagara sharsharasi, kosmopolit Toronto, yoqimli Ming orollarva frantsuz lazzatlari Monreal va Kvebek shahri.
- Agar siz Sharqiy qirg'oq yo'nalishidan o'tgan bo'lsangiz, unda kashf qilmasligingiz kerak Atlantika orollariBu erda kitlarni tomosha qilish, ajoyib dengiz manzaralari, mazali dengiz maxsulotlari va keltlarning madaniy ta'siri juda ko'p.
Shuningdek qarang
- Atlantika qul savdosi - qullar olib borgan hiyla-nayrang jarayoni Afrika ga Shimoliy Amerika birinchi navbatda
- AQShning dastlabki tarixi - quldorlik masalasi faqat bitta ip bo'lgan chigal doston