Janubiy Tirol (Nemis: Südtirol, Italyancha: Alto Adige yoki Sudtirolo, Ladin: Sudtirol) eng shimoliy mintaqadir Italiya, chegaradosh Avstriya shimol va shimoli-sharqda, Shveytsariya shimoli-g'arbiy qismida va Italiyaning qolgan qismi janubda. Bilan birga Trentino, Trentino-Janubiy Tirolning eng shimoliy Italiya avtonom ma'muriy mintaqasini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu, shuningdek, aholining aksariyati nemis tilida ona tili sifatida gaplashadigan yagona mintaqadir (Bolzano / Bozen va Merano / Meran atroflari bundan mustasno). Shu sababli, Janubiy Tirol rasmiy ravishda ikki tilli, shu jumladan barcha yo'l belgilari, menyu va ommaviy axborot vositalarini, shuningdek, Ladin tilida so'zlashadigan vodiylarning sharqiy vodiylarida hatto uch tilli.
Bu Alp tog'lari mintaqa ko'plab madaniy diqqatga sazovor joylarni, ham yirik shaharlarni, ham go'zal hikoyalar kitoblari qishloqlarini va yovvoyi tabiatning ulkan maydonlarini, shu jumladan eng muhim Italiya milliy bog'ini va boshqa ko'plab mintaqaviy bog'larni, ko'llarni, vodiylarni va tog'larni taqdim etishi mumkin. Bu erda mashhur odam topiladi Dolomitlar (ichida yozilgan YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati) va Avstriya chegarasiga yaqin bo'lgan yirik tosh markazlari. Bir vaqtlar etnik mojarolar joyi bo'lgan Janubiy Tirol millatlararo hamkorlikning xalqaro modeli sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Nemis tilida so'zlashadigan, italiyalik yoki Ladinli, janubiy tirolliklar millatlararo hamkorlik va murosaga erishgan ushbu ulkan yutuqdan juda faxrlanadi va dunyo uchun namuna bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Ular har jihatdan "evropaliklar".
Shaharlar
Italiya ismlari kursiv.
- 1 Bolzano (Nemischa: Bozen) - madaniyat, biznes, xarid qilish va tabiatga ega bo'lgan Janubiy Tirolning poytaxti va eng yirik shahri
- 2 Brunek (Bruniko) - O'rta asrlarning muhim qal'asi bo'lgan Janubiy Tirolning eng sharqiy shahri
- 3 Brixen (Bressanon) - 1803 yilgacha Brixen episkopiyasining poytaxti; sobiq Tirol shahridagi eng madaniy shaharlardan biri
- 4 Yorqinlik (Glorenza) - eng kichik shahar (bilan joy "Stadtrext", shaharning o'ng tomoni) Italiyada va 800 aholisi bo'lgan Evropadagi eng kichik shaharlardan biri
- 5 Kastelrut (Kastelrotto) - Bolzanodan 20 km shimoli-sharqda joylashgan kichik shaharcha. Bu qo'shni hududni o'rganish uchun yaxshi bazaviy lager bo'lib xizmat qiladi Seiser Alm
- 6 Klausen (Chiusa) - Bolzano va Brixen o'rtasidagi go'zal rassomlar shahri; "Italiyaning eng chiroyli shaharlari" ro'yxatiga kiritilgan
- 7 Meran (Merano) - Tirol okrugining sobiq poytaxti (1418-1848) va asrlardan beri kurort
- 8 Neumarkt
(Newmarket, Egna) - Unterlanddagi eng muhim madaniy markaz - 9 Sent-Lorenzen (San-Lorenso di Sabato)
- 10 Gröden shahridagi Avliyo Ulrix (Ortisei) - qishda chang'i va yozda piyoda yurib, ertakdan chiqqan qishloqqa o'xshagan Alp tog'lari.
- 11 Sterling (Vipiteno) Ga yaqin bo'lgan juda muhim shaharcha Brenner dovoni; uning tarixiy markazi "Italiyaning eng chiroyli shaharlari" ro'yxatiga kiritilgan
Boshqa yo'nalishlar
- 1 Seiser Alm (Alpi Di Siusi) - Alp tog'laridagi eng katta o'tloq, ko'plab sayr va toqqa chiqish yo'llari
- 12 Völs am Schlern (Fiè allo Sciliar) - Sciliar tog 'etagidagi tarixiy qishloq
Tushuning
Tarix
Ma'lumki, bu erda toshbo'ron davridan beri O'tsi muzli odam kabi yashagan va bu hudud miloddan avvalgi 59 yildan Migratsiya davriga qadar Rim imperiyasining tarkibida bo'lgan. 6-asrdan 9-asrgacha Bavyariylar tomonidan Langobardlar va Rimlashgan mahalliy aholi bilan birgalikda mintaqa joylashtirilgan. Frantsiya va keyinchalik Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining bir qismi sifatida mintaqa Italiyaga plyonka sifatida strategik ahamiyatga ega edi. Viloyatning katta qismlari Trent va Brixen episkoplariga berildi. Ularning g'amxo'rlaridan keyin Tirol graflari (Goriziya-Tirolning Meinxard II singari) viloyatni o'zlarining qo'mondonligi ostida to'plashdi, viloyat shimoldagi vodiylar bilan birga Tirol deb nomlandi.
1342 yilda quloq egasi o'tgan Bavariya imperator Lui IV grafinya Margarete Multaschning birinchi turmushidan voz kechganida yana gersoglar. Ammo 1363 yilda Vittelsbax mamlakatni Xabsburglarga ozod qildi.
Xabsburglar mintaqani deyarli doimiy ravishda 1918 yilgacha boshqargan, faqat 1805–1814 yillarda. 1805 yilda Avstriya Napoleondan mag'lub bo'ldi va Tirolni Tinchlik davrida Bavariyaga yutqazdi Pressburg (Bavariya urushda Napoleon bilan ittifoq qilgan). Andreas Xofer boshchiligidagi tirolliklar Bavariya boshqaruviga qarshi isyon ko'tarishdi. 1814 yilda Tirol yana Bavariyadan ko'chib o'tdi Avstriya Kongressida Vena.
1919 yilda, Birinchi Jahon urushidan so'ng, Janubiy Tirol qo'shib olindi Italiya urush mukofoti sifatida. Hukumat amaldorlari, askarlar va boshqa ko'chmanchilar Italiya davlati, xususan, fashistik rejim tomonidan butun Italiyadan olib kelingan va 50-yillarning boshlarida umumiy aholining uchdan bir qismiga etgan. Ularning rasmiy sa'y-harakatlari ushbu hudud tarixidagi nemis madaniy elementini yo'q qilishga harakat qildi. Hozir ularning avlodlari aholining qariyb chorak qismini tashkil qiladi.
Natsistlar Germaniyasi va fashistik Italiya o'rtasida tuzilgan bitim natijasida mintaqadagi nemiszabonlarga Germaniyaga ko'chib o'tish imkoniyati berildi. Faqat bir nechtasi qabul qildi va ularning aksariyati urushdan keyin baribir o'z vataniga qaytishdi. Urush tugagandan so'ng, mintaqa qisqa vaqt ichida Tirolni birlashtirgan holda Uchinchi Reyxga qo'shildi.
Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, mintaqa Italiya sifatida viloyat sifatida qaytarilgan, ammo 1970-80 yillarda boshlangan katta ma'muriy va qonunchilik muxtoriyati bilan. 1970-yillardan boshlab to'la mustaqillik yoki Avstriyaga qo'shilish to'g'risida takror-takror chaqiriqlar kelmoqda, ammo bo'linish harakati hali ham biron bir yirik nemis tilida so'zlashadigan siyosiy partiyalar tomonidan qabul qilinmagan, ular juda muvaffaqiyatli zamonaviy energiya almashish tizimini qabul qilishni afzal ko'rishmoqda.
Geografiya
Janubiy Tirol Italiyaning eng shimoliy mintaqasidir va tarixi va Alp tog'lari o'rtasida joylashganligi sababli u hali ham Markaziy Evropa mintaqasi hisoblanadi, ammo Italiya O'rta er dengizi (yoki Janubiy) Evropada bo'lsa ham, Shimoliy-Sharqiy Italiyaning barcha mintaqalari bu haqiqatdir. o'zlarini Markaziy Evropa (va haqiqatan ham ular bilan ko'proq geografik o'xshashliklar mavjud Sloveniya - bu butunlay Markaziy Evropa va Alp tog'larining janubiy qismida - Italiyaning qolgan qismiga qaraganda). Mintaqa baland tog'lar va ularning vodiylaridan iborat. Janubiy Tirol Alplarining eng taniqli qismi Dolomitlar, shu jumladan Schlern (2662 m) va Rozengarten (3002 m). Dolomitlar sharqiy Janubiy Tirolda, eng baland tog'lar g'arbiy Janubiy Tirolda Ortler Alplari bilan (eng baland cho'qqisi - 3,902 m). Dolomitlar sayyoramizdagi eng dramatik tog 'manzaralarini o'zlarining ajoyib qiyofasi bilan namoyish etadi, ular million yillar davomida eroziya va ob-havo sharoitida dastlab dengiz ostidagi marjon riflari shakllangan. Ular o'zlarining ismlarini birinchi bo'lib ularni tasvirlab bergan frantsuz geologi Deodat de Dolomieudan olganlar. Eng muhim daryo Adige / Etschdir, u Adriatik dengiziga quyiladi, Eisack va Rienz esa Adige / Etschning Janubiy Tiroldagi irmoqlaridan ikkitasi. Adige xandagi g'arbiy (Brenta nomi bilan tanilgan) va sharqiy Dolomitlarni ajratib, shimoldan janubga o'tadi. Adriatik dengiziga tushmaydigan yagona daryo - bu Drava, Markaziy Evropa davlatlarining ko'p qismini bosib o'tib, Qora dengizga kiradi.
Iqlim
Janubiy Tirolda juda ko'p turli xil va g'alati iqlimlar mavjud - odatda Janubiy Tirol iqlimi Alp tog'larining shimoliy qismiga qaraganda quyoshli va quruq va iliqroq. Bu mahalliy iqlim O'rta er dengizi bo'lishi kerak degani emas - mahalliy sayyohlik ko'rsatmalarida aytilganidek. Iqlim kontinental tipda (yozning issiq va sovuq qishlari noaniq buloqlari va kuzlari bilan) Alp tog'lari xususiyatlaridan ta'sirlangan - masalan, yoz yilning eng yomg'irli mavsumidir. Tog'larda va yuqori vodiylarda iqlimi kuchli alp (qishi va yozi juda sovuq). Qish paytida va vodiylardagi buloqlar tez-tez esadi fohn - odatda qishda issiq, bahorda sovuq bo'lgan kuchli shamol. Pastki vodiylarda (Bolzano va Merano atroflari) yoz juda xiralashgan bo'lishi mumkin. Bolzanodagi yillik o'rtacha harorat 11,6 ° C ni tashkil qiladi va u erda eng yuqori yozuvlar -17 dan 40 ° C gacha. Yuqori vodiylarda harorat ancha past (yillik o'rtacha 3 dan 5 ° S gacha). Qish chang'i uchun eng yaxshi mavsum, piyoda yurish va tashrif buyurish uchun bahor va kuz, yoz esa o'rmonda sayr qilish uchun - ob-havo sharoitlariga e'tibor bering!
Odamlar va madaniyat
Janubiy Tirol - bu ko'p sonli o'ziga xoslik mintaqasi - Janubiy Tirol o'zlarini nemis millatiga mansub tirolliklar, avstriyaliklar, italiyaliklar, ladinlar yoki oddiygina janubiy tirolliklar yoki "Altoatesini" kabi his qilishi mumkin. Odatda nemis tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar tarixiy darajada o'zlarini Janubiy Tirollar va Tirollarni his qilishadi, italyan tilida so'zlashadiganlar asosan italiyaliklarni yoki italyan tilida so'zlashadigan Janubiy Tirollarni (yoki oxir-oqibat "Altoatesini" - Yuqori Adige aholisini) his qilishadi. Ladin tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar o'zlarini Ladin, ammo tarixiy jihatdan Tirol Ladinlari deb bilishadi. Ilgari etnik ziddiyat katta muammo bo'lgan, ammo bu endi Janubiy Tirolda asosiy mavzu emas va hozirgi kunda etnik ziddiyatlar siyosiy partiyalar ichida ko'proq o'ynaydi. To'g'ri, bu erda tarix va siyosat bir-biriga chambarchas bog'liqdir. Ko'pincha uchta avlod guruhlari Ladinlar bilan o'tmishda o'rtamiyona tinchlik vositachisi rolini o'ynab, nisbatan tinchlik va hamjihatlikda yashaydilar. Ko'p madaniyatli Janubiy Tirolning muvaffaqiyati, asosan, mintaqaga Rim tomonidan Vena tomonidan tasdiqlangan muhr bilan berilgan saxiy madaniy va siyosiy avtonomiyalar bilan bog'liq.
Tirolliklarning avlodlari uchun milliy qahramon Andreas Xofer o'z vatanining ozodligini saqlab qolish uchun inqilobiy frantsuzlarga qarshi kurashgan. Boshqa taniqli Janubiy Tirollar Walther von der Vogelweide - Boltsano yaqinida tug'ilishi kerak bo'lgan O'rta yuqori nemis lirika shoirining eng mashhuri va O'rta asr shoiri Osvald fon Volkenstayn.
Nemis tilida so'zlashadigan (lekin ko'pincha etnik tafovutsiz) Janubiy Tirolliklar bavariyaliklar bilan o'xshash stereotiplarga ega - Italiya nuqtai nazaridan: Lederhosen (charm shimlar), kolbasa va ko'plab pivo. Germaniyadan ular O'rta er dengizi, qo'shiqchilar va sharob ichuvchilar sifatida ko'rishadi. Spirtli ichimliklar Janubiy Tirol jamiyatida barcha etnik guruhlar uchun, ayniqsa, yoshlar uchun muammo bo'lib qolmoqda.
Janubiy Tirolda ikkita norasmiy madhiya mavjud: biri Tirol madhiyasi - bu Avstriyaning Tirol shahrida rasman tan olingan - ikkinchisi - mashhur so'z ("Bozner Bergsteigerlied" yoki "Südtirollied" nomi bilan tanilgan) "so'zlari bilan boshlangan.Wohl ist die Welt so groß und weit ..." (Darhaqiqat, dunyo shunchalik katta va keng ...). Ladinlar o'zlarining madhiyalariga ega (Gardena vodiysi uchun Gerdëina Gherdëina va Ladinlarning umumiy madhiyasi). Janubiy Tirol har yili ishtirok etadi Gran Prix der Volksmusik "Eurovision" da namoyish etiladi - uning birinchi ishtiroki 2001 yilda bo'lib o'tgan va shu vaqtdan beri har yili g'olib chiqqan. Eng taniqli folklor guruhi, ehtimol Kastelruter Spatzen. Pop va rok yoshlar tomonidan tanlangan uslubdir.
Janubiy Tirollar deyarli barcha katoliklar va juda konservativdir, ammo bu hududlarga bog'liq. Eng turistik rivojlangan mintaqalarda va shaharlarda yoki katta shaharlarda odamlar ko'proq ochiq. Aytishlaricha, nemislar va italiyaliklarning xatti-harakatlarida katta tafovutlar mavjud emas - ular o'zaro go'zal mintaqaviy identifikatsiyani shakllantirishadi, ba'zi sayyohlar mahalliy italiyaliklar boshqa italiyaliklardan biroz yaqinroq va farq qilishlarini tasdiqlashadi.
Bugungi kunda viloyat o'zining sport bilan shug'ullanadigan odamlari bilan mashhur Isolde va Karolina Kostner, Armin Zöggeler (chananing jahon chempioni) yoki Yleniya Skapin. Boshqa taniqli odamlar orasida sobiq jurnalist va hozirda Evropa parlamenti ham bor Lilli Gruber. Janubiy Tirollik italiyalik sportchilar ko'pincha qishki olimpiadalarda Italiya vakili bo'lib, ko'p marotaba g'olib bo'lishgan. Bu Kanadaning Quebecois bilan qiziqarli parallel chizilgan.
Uch tillilik
| Nemis | Italyancha | Ladin | Ingliz tili |
|---|---|---|---|
| Straße | orqali, strada | streda | ko'cha, yo'l |
| Weg | orqali | orqali, streda | ko'cha |
| Gaz | vikolo | streda, orqali | chiziq |
| Allee | viale, korpus | streda | xiyobon |
| Platz | piazza | maydon | kvadrat |
| Avtobahn | avtostrada | autostreda | magistral yo'l |
| Schnellstraße | superstrada | superstreda | Avtomagistral |
| Markt | merkato | marcià | bozor |
| Park | parko | perch | park |
| Yaxshi | Lungofium | Yevro | daryo bo'yi |
Janubiy Tirol aholisining aksariyati nemis tilida so'zlashadilar va ba'zi vodiylarda bu umuman. Italiyzabon aholi asosan Bolzano / Bozen shahar hududida va Merano / Meran kabi boshqa yirik shaharlarda yashaydi. Ladin tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar Gardena va Badiya vodiylarida yashaydilar. Shuni yodda tutingki, barcha janubiy tirolliklar italyan tilida o'qiydilar va deyarli barcha ladinlar nemis tilida gaplashadilar. Italiyaliklar yashash joylariga qarab bir tilli bo'lishadi. Barcha yo'l belgilari ikki tilli bo'lishi kerak (Ladin gapiradigan uch tilli) va odatda birinchi ism mintaqadagi ko'pchilik tilni aniqlaydi.
Ommaviy axborot vositalari
Janubiy Tirolda uch tilli media panoramasi mavjud va xalqaro gazetalarni topish oson (ayniqsa Germaniyadan). Mahalliy yo'q gazetalar ingliz tilida, ammo eng ommabop har kungi gazetalar Dolomiten (konservativ) nemis va Alto Adige (mustaqil) italyan tilida. Boshqa har kuni chiqadigan gazetalar Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung (liberal) va Corriere dell'Alto Adige (mustaqil) - italyan tilining mahalliy nashri Corriere della Sera. Ning eng mashhur nashri Alto Adige yakshanba kuni - Dolomiten yakshanba kuni nashr etilmaydi va uning o'rnida yakshanba kuni tabloid mavjud Zett. Eng muhim haftalik bu ff (liberal) nemis tilida.
Italiyaning RAI jamoat teleradiokompaniyasining Bolzanoda (shunday nomlangan) eshittirish markazi mavjud Yuboruvchi Bozen nemis tilida, Sede di Bolzano italyan tilida va Radio Ladina har kuni uch tilli dastur ishlab chiqaradigan Ladinda). Mahalliy radio RAI (FM4) radioeshittirishlari nemis, Ladin va italyan tillarida (italyan tilidagi yangiliklar 2-radio orqali uzatiladi). Nemis tilidagi yangiliklar har kuni va Ladinda kuniga ikki marta yangiliklar. Ko'pgina xususiy radioeshittirishlar italyan, nemis yoki Ladin tillarida uzatiladi - Bolzanodan (Radio Tandem) radiosi immigrant aholi (alban, ispan, urdu, arab, ukrain) uchun ham uzatadi.
Shuningdek televizor har kuni beshta yangiliklar bilan uchta mintaqaviy tilda ko'rsatuvlar. Yangiliklar italyan tilida (Telegiornale Regionale) Bolzano va Trentoda translyatsiya qilinadi va Trentino va Janubiy Tirolni qamrab oladi va soat 14:00, 19:35 da va tunda faqat Janubiy Tirol uchun yangiliklar bilan efirga uzatiladi. Yangiliklar nemis tilida (Tagesschau) soat 20:00 va 22:10 da va Ladindagi yangiliklar (Iz) soat 19:55 da. Nemis umumiy dasturlari har oqshom, payshanba kuni kechqurun Ladinda va yakshanba kuni ertalab italyan tilida efirga uzatiladi. RAI Bolzano Italiya davlati boshqaradigan RAI3 ning mintaqaviy chastotasida uzatadi. Ikki xususiy televizion telekanal (Videobolzano 33 va TCA) faqat italyan tilida translyatsiya qiladi (kechki yangiliklar Videobolzano 33 da soat 19:30 da va TCA da soat 19:00 da).
Turistik kengash
Janubiy Tirol marketingiPfarrplatz, 11 ( 39 0471 999999, [email protected]) - Janubiy Tirol sayyohlik kengashiga murojaat qilib, siz mintaqa va yakka hududlar haqida ma'lumot olishingiz, kataloglar va risolalarni so'rashingiz mumkin.
Jurnallar, tadbirlar taqvimlari
Ichkarida - Janubiy Tirolda voqealar Bozen va Janubiy Tirolda bo'lib o'tgan barcha tadbirlar bilan ikki tilli (nemis, italyan) cho'ntak taqvimi. Ko'rsatkich ingliz tilida yozilgan. Uni hamma joyda topishingiz mumkin. Ozod. Shuningdek, onlayn mavjud.
Bayramlar
Janubiy Tirolda eng yaxshi ko'radigan bayram, ehtimol Rojdestvo. Rojdestvo muhiti birinchi kelish yakshanbasidan boshlanadi va Rojdestvo bilan bog'liq birinchi norasmiy ta'til 6-dekabr kuni Nikolaus (Aziz Nikolay) bolalarga shirinliklar va kichik sovg'alar olib keladi. Barcha Janubiy Tirolda marosimlar va marosimlar bor Krampus - shafqatsiz shaytonlar (ehtiyot bo'ling, agar ular mast bo'lsa, urishlari mumkin). Janubiy Tirolliklar Rojdestvo bayramini arafasida tunda nishonlaydilar. Rojdestvo va 6-yanvar kunlari bolalar Uch Shoh kabi kiyinishdi Sternsänger, yulduz kantorlari) xayr-ehson qilish uchun qo'shiq aytish va pul yig'ish uchun uyga uyga boradilar. Italiyaning boshqa joylarida bo'lgani kabi va odatda katolik nemis tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, Janubiy Tirolda Oq dushanba ham mintaqaviy bayramdir. Karnaval paytida (Fasching Bu erda rasmiy tadbirlar (do'kon va ofislar yopiq):
- Yangi yil kuni (Neujahr, Capodanno), 1 yanvar - do'konlar 31 dekabr kuni tushdan keyin ham ishlamaydi
- Uch qirollar kuni (Epiphany) (Dreykönigstag, Epifaniya), 6 yanvar
- Karnaval (Fasching, Carnevale), o'zgaruvchan (fevral)
- Payshanba karnaval kuni (Fetter Donnerstag, Giovedi Grasso), do'konlar tushdan keyin yopiq
- Seshanba kuni karnaval kuni (Fetter Dienstag, Martedi Grasso), do'konlar tushdan keyin yopiq
- Pasxa (Ostern, Pasqua), o'zgaruvchan (yakshanba kuni) - sana boshqa g'arbiy mamlakatlar bilan bir xil. Shuningdek Fisih dushanba kuni bayram.
- Ozodlik kuni (Italienischer Staatsfeiertag, Giornata nazionale della Liberazione dal nazifascismo), 25 aprel - umumxalq bayrami, garchi Janubiy Tirolga Amerika qo'shinlari 1945 yil 3 mayda kelgan bo'lsa.
- 1-may kuni; halokat signali (Tag der Arbeit, Festa del Lavoro), 1 may
- Oq dushanba (Pfingstmontag, Lunedì di Pentecoste), o'zgaruvchan (may oxiri, iyun oyi boshlanadi)
- Milliy bayram (Italienischer Staatsfeiertag, Festa della Repubblica), 2 iyun
- Bizning xonimning taxminlari, 15 avgust (Mariä Himmelfahrt, Assunzione - ikkala tilda jargo Ferragosto)
- Barcha Azizlar kuni, 1 noyabr (Allerheiligen, Ognissanti) - ko'plab yoshlar Halloweenni nishonlashidan bir kecha - bu mahalliy an'analarga tegishli emas
- Sankt-Nikolay (Nikolaustag, San-Nikolyo), 6 dekabr - do'konlar ochiq
- Beg'ubor kontseptsiya (Mariä Empfang, Immacolata Concezione), 8 dekabr
- Rojdestvo (Christtag, Natale), 25 dekabr - do'konlar 24 dekabr kuni tushdan keyin ham ishlamaydi
- Sent-Stiven kuni (Stefanitag, Santo Stefano), 26 dekabr
Gapir
Janubiy Tirolda rasmiy tillar mavjud Nemis va Italyancha. Umuman olganda, har bir yoshi gaplasha oladi va italyan tiliga o'rgatiladi. Aytish mumkinki, Ladin aholisining aksariyati nemis tilida ham gaplasha oladi, ammo bir nechta italiyalik janubiy tirolliklar yashash joylariga qarab nemis tilida gaplasha oladilar. Agar ular katta shaharlarda yashasalar, ular nemis tilida gapirishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Haqiqatan ham Bolzanodan yoki Meranodan tashqarida sayr qilish uchun nemis tilida gaplashish kerak. Barcha yo'l belgilari va aholiga ko'rsatiladigan xizmatlar ikkala tilda taqdim etilishi kerak. Viloyat parlamentida deputatlar o'z ona tillarida gaplashishlari mumkin va qonunlar ikki tilli nashr etilishi kerak. Janubiy Tirolda nemis va italyan tillaridan tashqari yarim rasmiy tan olingan uchinchi til ham mavjud - Ladin. Ushbu qadimgi til qadimgi rimliklar Alp mintaqasiga bostirib kirgandan keyin paydo bo'lgan, Gardena va Badia vodiylarida, shuningdek Trentino va Fassa vodiylarida gaplashadi. Cortina d'Ampezzo Venetodagi maydon. Ladin so'zlanadigan vodiylarda to'liq rasmiy maqomga ega, shuningdek poytaxtda uch tilli belgilarni ko'rish odatiy holdir, lekin yo'l belgilarini emas. Bu Romansh tilining qardosh tili bo'lib, u hanuzgacha Shveytsariyaning sharqida va Friul tilida so'zlashmoqda, Italiyaning shimoli-sharqida gaplashadi.
Aholini ro'yxatga olish paytida har 10 yilda Janubiy Tirol nemis, italyan yoki ladin tilida so'zlashuvchilarga ish joylarida beriladigan foizlarni belgilash uchun etnik mansubligini e'lon qilishi kerak. So'nggi aholini ro'yxatga olishda 69,15% nemis tilida, 27,65% italyan va 4,37% lotin tilida so'zlashuvchi deb e'lon qilindi.
Italiya tilida so'zlashadigan janubiy tirolliklar asosan Bolzanoda yashaydilar - butun italyan tilida so'zlashadigan aholining taxminan 55% va ular boshqa 4 ta munitsipalitetda ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi: uning metropoliteni - Laives, Bronzolo va Vadena uchta metropoliten munitsipalitetlari va qishloqda. janubda italyan tilida so'zlashuvchi Trentino bilan chegaradosh bo'lgan Salorno. Meran, Brixen, Sterzing va umuman Wipp vodiysidagi eng muhim shaharlarda boshqa katta italyan tilida so'zlashadigan jamoalar mavjud. Ladin tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar 8 ta munitsipalitetda ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi va Bolzanoda (0,71%), Brixen va Brunekda ozchiliklar mavjud. Nemis tilida so'zlashadigan Janubiy Tirol 116 ta munitsipalitetning 103 tasida hukmron guruhdir - nemis tilida so'zlashadigan eng ko'p qishloq Sankt Pankraz bo'lib, aholisi 99,81 foizni tashkil qiladi. Umuman olganda, qishloq qanchalik ko'p bo'lsa, aholisi nemis tilida gapirishadi.
Kundalik hayotda nemis tilida so'zlashadigan aksariyat janubiy tirolliklar odatda mahalliy lahjada gapirishadi Sudtirolerisch, lekin bu joydan joyga juda ko'p navlarga ega. Janubiy Tirol nemis shevasi Avstriya va Bavariyada gaplashadigan Bavariya lahjalari bilan bog'liq. Ba'zi bir kredit so'zlari italyan tilidan olingan - ayniqsa yomon so'zlar! Mahalliy italyan lahjasi faqat Bolzano metropolitenidagi Laives hududida mavjud - bu erda Trentinan ajdodlari italyan tilida so'zlashuvchilar markaziy Trentino shevasida mahalliy nemis lahjasi bilan aralashgan holda gaplashadi (bu lahja odatda shunday nomlanadi) Laivesòt). Faqat qadimgi italyancha so'zlashuvchilar kelib chiqishi dialektida (asosan venetsiyalik) gaplashishi mumkin, ular Janubiy Tirolda tug'ilganlar, bu erda adabiy standart aloqa qilish uchun echim bo'lgan, ammo mahalliy italyan tilida mintaqaviy venetsiyalik substrat va nemislarning ta'siri mavjud. Ladin rasmiy ravishda tan olingan adabiy me'yorga ega emas, ammo u mavjud - va Ladinlar Janubiy Tirolda ikki xil dialektda gaplashadi: Gerdeina va Badiot.
Shunday qilib, agar siz Janubiy Tirolga borishni istasangiz, italyancha o'rniga nemis tilidagi ba'zi so'zlarni bilganingiz ma'qulroq bo'ladi, ayniqsa, qishloqlar va tog'larga borishga qaror qilsangiz - ba'zi vodiylarda ba'zi mahalliy aholi italyan tilida gaplashadigan chet elliklarni tushunishda muammolarga duch kelishi mumkin. , bu ular uchun chet tilidir, ayniqsa, keksa yoshda bo'lsa.
Ingliz tili tez tarqalmoqda va ayniqsa yoshlar uni gaplasha olishadi, ammo bu ularning bilim darajasiga bog'liq. Janubiy Tirol maktablarida ingliz tili majburiy fan hisoblanadi. Mehmonxonalarda, turistik idoralarda va turistik joylarda ingliz tili yaxshi tanilgan. Boshqa joylarda nemischa (yoki italyancha) ba'zi bir so'zlarni bilsangiz yaxshi bo'lar edi .Fransuz tili unchalik mashhur emas, lekin ayniqsa Bolzano va boshqa shaharlarda ba'zi yoshlar frantsuzcha ozgina gaplasha oladilar.
Chiqinglar
Italiya tashqi ishlar vazirligi sahifa chet el fuqarolari talab qiladigan kirish hujjatlari uchun ingliz tilida ham mavjud. Italiya Shengen shartnomasini imzolaganligi sababli, agar siz Avstriya yoki Shveytsariya vizasi bilan kelgan bo'lsangiz, hech qanday muammo bo'lmaydi, chunki ular ham Shengenga a'zo ikki davlat - garchi Shveytsariya ushbu tashkilotga a'zo bo'lmasa ham Yevropa Ittifoqi.
Shengen shartnomasi bo'yicha davlatlar o'rtasida chegara nazorati mavjud emas - shuning uchun Shveytsariya bilan chegaradagi so'nggi nazorat bekor qilindi.
Samolyotda
Janubiy Tiroldagi yagona aeroport bu Bolzano Dolomites aeroporti poytaxtda Bolzano. Eng yaqin yirik markazlar Myunxen aeroporti yilda Germaniya va Milano Malpensa aeroporti Janubiy Tirol yaqinidagi boshqa aeroportlar esa Insbruk, Avstriya va Verona. Faqat arzon / arzon reyslar Verona, Treviso yoki Bergamo. Aeroportdan transferlar amalga oshiriladi. Odatda Inghamlar qishda Angliyadan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarni taklif qiladi.
Poyezdda
Janubiy Tirol bir-biriga yaxshi bog'langan, ehtimol siz Italiyaning qolgan qismidan Verona orqali yoki Shimoldan Insbruk (Avstriya) va Brenner dovoni orqali kelasiz. Bepul WiFi SAD va Trenitalia elektr vagonlarida mavjud bo'lib, ular uchun bir martalik ro'yxatdan o'tish zarur. Ushbu poezdlar nogironlar aravachasiga mos keladi. Shuningdek, mintaqada harakatlanadigan "Trenitalia" turkumidagi harakatlanuvchi poezdlar nogironlar nogironlar kolyaskasiga muhtoj.
Shimoldan asosiy aloqa Bnsner dovoni orqali Insbrukdan (Avstriya) o'tadi. Innsbruck orqali Vena, Zaltsburg, Myunxen, Tsyurix va boshqa Shimoliy / Markaziy Evropadan ushbu shaharlar orqali yaxshi aloqalar mavjud.
Kelayotgan yo'lovchilar Graz, yoki Janubiy-Markaziy Evropa (Zagreb, Maribor) Lienz orqali Sharqiy Tirol va Puster vodiysiga ulanishi mumkin (Brunek, Franzenfeste) foydali. Bundan tashqari, Venadan shu tarzda kirish mumkin, ammo aloqalar juda kam.
Chet eldan (Avstriya, Germaniya va boshqalar) kelgan va keyin mahalliy poezdga o'tadigan bo'lsa, ko'pincha ikkita alohida poezd chiptalarini sotib olish arzonroq yoki zarurdir. Janubiy Tirolning eng shimoliy stantsiyasi Brenner va aynan chegarada joylashgan. Agar siz bu erda poezdlarni almashtirsangiz, mahalliy transport chiptalarini va 'Value Card' avtomatlarda.
Qarang "Qaytish" batafsil ma'lumot olish uchun atrofida olish.
Avtobusda
Janubiy Tirol asosan Germaniya va Sharqiy Markaziy Evropa bilan avtobusda juda yaxshi bog'langan. Avtobusda sayohat qilish poyezdga qaraganda arzonroq va agar kerakli narsani topsangiz yaxshi echim bo'lishi mumkin. Mahalliy sayyohlik agentligi Yalpi Bolzano va. o'rtasida har oy 12 tagacha avtobus aloqasini tashkil qiladi Myunxen (bir tomonlama chipta 25 evroga). Deyarli har bir muhim shahar Polsha xalqaro avtobus aloqalari orqali Bolzano bilan bog'langan - odatda kelish kerak Genuya. Polsha sayyohlik agentligi Vikel[ilgari o'lik havola] bu arzon ulanishlar uchun eng taniqli. Agar siz kelgan bo'lsangiz Ruminiya sizning ma'lumotnomangiz ruminiyalik bo'lishi mumkin CentroTrans sayyohlik agentligi, uning Angliyada ham vakolatxonalari mavjud. Ruminiyadan kelgan murabbiylar to'xtashadi Bolzano lekin ichida ham Brixen. Haqida Ruminiya veb-saytida avtovokzallar Bolzano avtovokzalida Ruminiyadan / Janubiy Tirolga uchib ketish va ketishni topishingiz mumkin. Bilan bog'lanish Slovakiya ushbudan boshlab: ushbugacha Bratislava tomonidan boshqariladi Eurolines agentligi[ilgari o'lik havola] Bratislavada. Bilan bog'lanish Chex Respublikasi tomonidan boshqariladi Tourbus agentligi (veb-sayt ingliz tilida ham mavjud) dan avtobuslar bilan Praga yoki Brno va boshqa joylar. Narxlar arzon - Brnodan Bolzanoga qaytish chiptasi 94 evro turadi. Sayyohlik aloqalari Janubiy Germaniya, Avstriya va Shveytsariya - bu aloqalarni Germaniya sayyohlik agentligi boshqaradi Sudtirol turlari yoki shveytsariyaliklar tomonidan Südtirol Express. Qish mavsumida Shimoliy Italiyadagi arzon aeroportlar va sayyohlik yo'nalishlari o'rtasida avtobus o'tkazmalari mavjud - bu rasmiy sayyohlik veb-saytida.
Mashinada
Agar Germaniyadan Italiyaning boshqa qismiga kelsangiz, baribir siz Janubiy Tirol orqali o'tishingiz kerak. The A22 avtomagistral (shuningdek Brenner avtoulovi) Janubiy Tiroldan o'tib, mintaqani ikki tomonga - g'arbiy va sharqqa ajratadi. Avstriyada Brenner avtomagistrali kodlangan A13 Italiyada identifikatsiya qiluvchi yo'l belgilari yashil bo'lsa, Avstriya va Germaniyada ular ko'k rangga ega. Janubiy Tirolda avtoyo'lning 8 ta chiqish yo'li mavjud (ulardan ikkitasi Bolzanoda), asboblar kabinalari atigi 6 ta chiqish joyida - Sterzingda qolgan marshrutni to'laysiz. Neumarkt-Auerdan Brennerga boradigan avtomobil uchun siz 5.40 evro va Bolzano janubi va Bolzano shimolidan 0.60 evro to'laysiz (2007 yil mart). A22 jamiyati veb-saytida siz to'lashingiz mumkin bo'lgan tarifni tekshirishingiz mumkin. Avtoyo'l zaryadlanadi haq stendlarda xodimlar ishtirokidagi ish tashlashlar bundan mustasno. Avstriya avtomagistrallarida harakatlanish uchun siz ushbu yo'lni sotib olishingiz kerak Vinyetka (10 kunlik, 2-oylik va 1 yillik amal qilish muddati uchun) - avtomobil uchun 10 kunlik amal qilish muddati vinyetka 7,60 evro turadi (2007). Istisno - Janubiy Innsbruk va Brenner oralig'idagi yo'nalish - bu erda kabinalardagi barcha marshrut uchun 8 evro to'lashingiz kerak. Nemis avtomobil yo'llari bepul.
A22 avtomagistralining bir tomonida ham bor Statistik yo'l 12 (shuningdek, ma'lum Abeton-BrennerAgar siz Sharqiy Tiroldan kelgan bo'lsangiz (eng yaqin mintaqalar: Karintiya, Sloveniya), siz Vinnebax chegarasidan o'tasiz va marshrut bepul, shuning uchun u Shveytsariyadan Taufers im Myunstertal va boshqa chegaralar bilan keladi. tog 'Reschenpass kabi Janubiy Tirol orqali o'tadi. Jaufenpassdan Avstriya tomon o'tish uchun haq to'lashingiz mumkin edi.
Atrofga boring
Deyarli barcha joylar poezdda yoki avtobusda juda yaxshi bog'langan (SII) va yo'llar Italiyada eng yaxshi saqlangan deb hisoblanadi va yo'l belgilari istisno yoki noaniq emas.
Value Card
Agar siz Janubiy Tirol ichkarisiga va Insbrukka yoki Trentoga avtobusda yoki poezdda sayohat qilishni istasangiz, "Value Card" ("Wertkarte" yoki "Carta valore") ni 5, 10 yoki 25 evro evaziga sotib olishingiz mumkin va siz to'laysiz. faqat Janubiy Tirolda amal qiladigan ushbu karta bilan kamroq - Italiyaning boshqa qismlarida siz har safar temir yo'l stantsiyasida chipta sotib olishingiz kerak. Yirik shaharlarda va ularning metropolitenlarida ushbu chiptalarni nonvoyxonalar, barlar, restoranlar, supermarketlar, boshqa chakana savdo do'konlari va turistik ofislardan sotib olish mumkin. Barcha dilerlar identifikatsiya stikerlariga ega. Kichikroq joylarda ularni avtovokzallarda topishingiz mumkin. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun qarang mintaqaviy transport tizimi veb-sayti.
MobilCard
- The MobilCard mintaqani aylanib chiqishning qulay va arzon usuli. Ushbu kartalarni Janubiy Tirol transport birlashmasining barcha savdo shoxobchalarida va mintaqadagi turli turistik birlashmalarda sotib olish mumkin.
- Mobilcard 3 kunlik yoki 7 kunlik chipta sifatida taqdim etiladi va Janubiy Tirol transport birlashmasidagi barcha jamoat transportlarida amal qiladi.
- Bikemobil kartasi kunlik, 3 kunlik va 7 kunlik karta sifatida mavjud. Bu Janubiy Tirol transport birlashmasidan jamoat transporti va ijaraga olingan velosipedlardan birgalikda foydalanishga imkon beradi.
- Museumobil Card 3 kunlik va 7 kunlik karta sifatida taqdim etiladi va Janubiy Tirol transport birlashmasining barcha jamoat transportlaridan foydalanishdan tashqari, Janubiy Tirol bo'ylab 80 ga yaqin muzeylarga bepul kirish imkoniyatini beradi.
Poyezdda
Barcha asosiy vodiylarni poezdlar kesib o'tadi va ikkita mintaqaviy asosiy markazlar Bolzano va Franzensfeste, asosiy poezd yo'nalishi esa shimoldan janubga va aksincha - xalqaro yo'nalishdir. Bolzano mintaqadagi asosiy markaz bo'lib, Janubiy va Markaziy Evropa o'rtasida xizmat qiladi. Viloyat bo'ylab pul o'tkazmalari o'z vaqtida belgilangan va hatto mintaqaviy xizmat tez-tez (soatiga) amalga oshiriladi. Bolzanodan siz etib kelgan poyezdga etib borishingiz mumkin Mals ichida Vinschgau vodiy va Frantsensfest sizni olib keladigan poezdlar bor Lienz Avstriyaning Sharqiy Tirol shahrida va orqali o'tadi Puster vodiysi. Agar Avstriya yoki Germaniya bilan taqqoslaganda poezdda sayohat qilish nisbatan arzon, ammo Italiyaning ko'plab mintaqalaridan farqli o'laroq poyezdlar o'z vaqtida.
Temir yo'llar: Janubiy Tirolda to'rtta temir yo'l tarmog'i mavjud:
- Brenner Line Janubiy Tirolning asosiy temir yo'li Brennerlinie Innsbruk orqali Germaniya / Avstriyaga va Brennerdagi Avstriya / Italiya chegarasiga ulanadi, Janubiy Tirolni kesib o'tadi va janubdan Aladan Veronaga va Italiyaning qolgan qismiga ulanadi. Shimoldan janubgacha bo'lgan asosiy stantsiyalar - Brenner-Franzenfeste-Brixen-Bolzano. (Bular EuroCity kabi tezyurar poezdlar uchun to'xtash joylari.)
Brenner liniyasining xaritasi - Pustertal liniyasi Frantsenfestdan Bruneck va Innichenga yo'naltirilgan va Avstriyaning Sharqiy Tirolgacha davom etadigan tarmoqdir.
- Meraner liniyasi Bolzano va Meran o'rtasida ketadigan tarmoq chizig'i.
- Vinschgerbahn liniyasi ning davomi Meraner liniyasi.
Chiptalar: Endilikda poezd xizmati "xususiylashtirilgan" operatsiya va Italiya davlat kompaniyasi o'rtasida bo'lingan Trenitaliya. Bu juda yangi va hatto mahalliy aholini chalg'itadi, umid qilamanki, vaziyat tez orada yana o'zgaradi, ammo hozircha eng yaxshisi qaysi poyezdga borishingizga ehtiyot bo'ling. Uchta asosiy chipta turi mavjud:
- [Uzoq-] Masofaviy chiptalar yoki uchun Trainitaliya yoki uchun DB / ÖBB Italia odatda EuroCity poezdlari kabi uzoq masofali tezyurar poezdlar uchun chiqariladi va mahalliy poezdlarga ulanishni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Mahalliy va xalqaro variantlar mavjud. Oldindan sotib olingan bo'lsa, ular arzonroq (onlayn sotish mumkin) va ma'lum bir poezd / operator uchun sotib olish kerak.
- Yagona chiptalar mintaqaviy poezdlar uchun (odatda "R" bilan belgilanadi yoki jadvalda boshqacha tarzda belgilanadi), ichki nuqtadan nuqtaga sotib olish mumkin. Ular asosan xuddi shunday Value Card chiptalar, lekin tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun foydalanish osonroq bo'lishi mumkin.
- Value Card bu haqiqatan ham ajoyib qiymatdir, chunki u sezilarli pasayishni beradi Yagona chipta narx. Bu barcha mahalliy va mintaqaviy poezdlarda (shu jumladan, Avstriyaning Insbruk shahriga) amal qiladi. Kartalarni 5, 10 va 20 evrolik nominallarda oq savdo avtomatlaridan va savdo nuqtalarida (temir yo'l stantsiyalari, kichik do'konlar) olish mumkin. Keyin har bir sayohat oldidan kartani yashil shtamplash mashinasiga kiritib, borgan joyingiz kodini kiritib, tasdiqlashingiz kerak. Kodlar mashinalar tomonidan barcha bekatlar va avtobuslarda joylashtirilgan. Locals know the system takes some getting used to and are very helpful.
Travelling across South Tyrol from Mals (West) to Innichen (East) will cost about €14 and it's a travel of about 4 hours. The Value Card fare from Bolzano Central Station to Mals is €6.43 and it's a travel of about 2 hours - while from Bolzano to Innichen costs €8.22 and it's also travel of 2 hours. Between Bolzano and Mals or Innichen there are also direct connections during the day but travel time doesn't change. Reaching Innsbruck costs €12.78 and the travel lasts 2 hours. (All prices using the Value Card.)
Operators: The operating companies and train-types:
- Trenitaliya operate mostly regional services on the Brennerlinie between Brenner and Bolozano and onward to the rest of Italy. They also operate some regional/local trains on the branch lines, including the occasional connection from Lienz in East Tyrol (Austria) via Bruneck and Franzenfeste to Innsbruck (in the northern part of Austrian Tyrol). Many trains are old and not accessible to people with reduced mobility. Trenitalia do operate some express trains (EuroCity, InterCity, espresso, EuroNight) from Bolzano south--Be sure to have a Distance Ticket if boarding one of these (aboard these trains regional tickets are worthless).
- DB/ÖBB Italia (Italian) is a partnership between Austrian Railways (Österreichische Bundesbahnen) [1], D.eutsche Bahn (Germany) [2] and the Italian company Trenord (previously LeNORD). They jointly operate several daily EuroCity express trains that run Munich-Innsbruck-Brenner-Franzenfeste-Brixen-Bolzano-Verona/Milan/Venice/etc. You need a ticket specifically for these trains, Trenitalia tickets are not valid. Tickets are available (surcharge-free) aboard, at the public transportation vending maschines in South Tyrol or at specific DB-ÖBB offices and partner agencies in other Italian cities. Online, DB [3] is the easiest place to buy them.
- Südtirol Bahn (also known as Vinschger Bahn[-operater] after their original strech. Operates most of the trains on the Pustertalbahn: Franzenfeste-Bruneck-Innichen-Leinz (A), and many trains on the other regional lines Meraner Linie va Vinschgerbahn. Their trains are all comfortable, new, and accessible (as well as the majority of stations they serve).
- ÖBB Regional & S-Bahn operate local S-Bahn trains that connect perfectly to the Trenitalia regional/local arrivals and departures in Brenner (for onward travel to Innsbruck). Also they operate some trains to Innichen on the border to East Tyrol, where services connect to Südtirol Bahn trains on the Pustertal Chiziq
Mahalliy public transportation website has all the details, and the only understandable trip-planner for the region.
Avtobusda
Buses reach places that trains can't. South Tyrol has excellent bus connections inside the country with a very efficient transport system. Traveling by bus is not expensive and permit to go up to the most isolated village on the mountains. The major regional hub is at Bolzano bus station. From Bolzano depart buses to the places in the surrounding districts (metropolitan area and mountain villages) and to the most important distant towns. From the major local hubs (Meran, Brixen, Sterzing, Bruneck and Schlanders) depart buses to the nearest surrounding areas. On regional buses you can buy your ticket on board too - drivers sell also value cards.
Mashinada
Also the smallest and most isolated mountain village is well connected through a well-kept road. In South Tyrol there are three kind of roads: local roads, provincial roads (SP/LS ma'no Strada Provinciale/Landesstraße) and statal roads (SS ma'no Strada Statale/Staatsstraße) - however provincial and statal roads are run by the regional government of South Tyrol. Highway A22 is a toll road and paying is compulsory. In South Tyrol police seems to be much less tolerant than in other parts of Italy, so pay attention and keep to the rules.
Traffic signs are always very precise and the usage of pictographs is more common than in other parts of Europe since in South Tyrol two or three languages have to be used. In most parts of South Tyrol signs are written in the German/Italian order, while in Bolzano and other smaller Italian-speaking areas in Italian/German. Also complimentary information is bilingual. In the Ladin-speaking valleys road signs are trilingual - Ladin/German/Italian.
Speed limits are:
- 130 km/h on highways (green traffic sign);
- 110 km/h on freeways (blue traffic sign - similar to a free highway);
- 90 km/h on single-lane roads (blue traffic sign);
- 50 km/h inside cities (after the white traffic sign on which is written the place name).
Italian laws allow a 5% tolerance on local speed limit and fines are generally very expensive.
Motorbikes should drive always with the headlights on, for other vehicles that applies only outside cities. In mountain roads there are a lot of accidents involving bikers - so pay attention.
The tolerated limit of alcohol is 0.50g/L in blood. Being above this limit is thus illegal and can entitle you an expensive fine and license withdraw and maybe also a night in jail. Also driving after having taking drugs is illegal.All passengers are required to wear their seat belt and children under 10 must use the back seat.
Velosipedda
South Tyrol has one of the most developed bike trail systems in Italy and especially in the valleys you can reach most of the towns in the region and also in the surrounding regions. Along bike trails there are a lot of lay over points. The majority of bike trails begin in Bolzano/Bozen. On the web site of the regional government you can find the maps of the bike trail systems in South Tyrol divided by districts or Bezirke.(German and Italian). In this region are different shops for the rental of bicycles, if you want come or extend your tour from the Veneto Region is recommended Venetian shop in Mira that can arrange with a small fee: deliver pickup, drop off and customized logistics support for move of your luggage/bike.
Qarang
Picturesque villages and mountainside churches.
Qil
Sotib oling
Valyuta
As South Tyrol is a part of Italy and consequently of the Eurozone, the official currency is the Euro. The best rates for changing money are offered by banks. Nobody will accept foreign money anymore, though at the time of national currencies, German Marks and Austrian Schillings were quite accepted.
Xarajatlar
The prices are a bit higher than the Italian average but it depends on the area - and for example they are in any case cheaper than in the United Kingdom. Most touristy developed areas are more expensive than the regional average. For example, accommodations in the Bolzano metropolitan area town of Laives are cheaper. There is big differences also in prices between hotels of the same category - so a three star hotel could have similar prices to four but also two star hotels. Four and five stars hotels could ask more than €100 for a night staying but two stars hotels ask less than €40 (except in highly touristy developed areas). If you want to save money avoid to reserve a room in famous places and prefer near but less popular locations. Youth hostels are cheap if you see that the quality is much higher than European standards.
Tips
In South Tyrol tipping is not so common - however in tourist areas it's quite normal and accepted. If you also were satisfied of the service you could round up the bill.
Xarid qilish
South Tyrol is the souvenir paradise: loden, traditional hand-crafts and regional delicatessen. Especially if you want to buy some delicatessen like speck (a kind of smoked ham), dairy products, confectionary, apples, bread, honey or wine, grappa and apple juice you can find them also in supermarkets where they are far cheaper than in tourist shops - but they have a greater choice. All typical products from South Tyrol have a distinction mark within is written "Südtirol". It's to note that also typical meals are to be found frozen in supermarkets like e.g. spätzele, knödel and schlutzkrapfen. A local company called Nägele produces a lot of popular juices but also local coke and spetzi (coke mixed with lemonade). You can find the South Tyrolean coke in glass bottles in some supermarkets and in their store in Algund near Meran. The most famous South Tyrolean biscuits are probably the wafers of Loacker: in Bolzano there is an official store which sells all kind of Loacker biscuits.
Bankomatlar
ATMs in South Tyrol are called Bancomat. They are widespread and you will find them even in smaller, rural villages. The majority of shops, restaurants and hotels accept ATM cards and credit cards.
Savdo-sotiq
Bargaining is absolutely not common and considered strange - only with the immigrant pitchmen is possible to bargain.
Opening hours
Opening hours can be different in tourist destinations and in towns. In tourist places during high season shops are open also on Sunday for example. Seasonal sales begin first in the valleys and after in tourist places. Normally in Bolzano winter sales begin around 7th January and summer sales after the 15th August. On Sunday shops are closed - sometimes hypermarkets in Bolzano are open.
- Supermarkets (in Bolzano and major centres): 08:00 – 19:00 (sometimes until 19:30, on Saturday sometime until 18:00)
- Supermarkets (in other centres, also some chains in Bolzano): 08:00/08:30 - 12:30/13:00 in the morning and 15:00-19:00 in the afternoon
- Hypermarkets (in Bolzano): 08:30/09:00 - 20:00
- Department stores: 08:30 - 19:30
- Small and middle shops: 08:30/09:00 – 19:00/19:30
- Petrol stations: along the highways usually 24 hr a day, along the freeway Bolzano-Merano 06:00-23:00
Yemoq
South Tyrolean cuisine is typically Austrian (Tyrolean) with Mediterranean influences but today also Italian stereotyped specialties like pizza and pasta with Bolognese sauce are offered as local dishes in Tyrolean-style restaurants - however portions are big and flavor sometimes better than in other parts of Italy. Chives here is almost everywhere.
Typical South Tyrolean products include Speck (a kind of smoked ham), a lot of sorts of bread, strudel, apples and a lot of pastries. During Christmas typical cakes are Zelten and Christstollen.
The regional dish par excellence is the Knödel. Knödel are bread balls with speck or other ingredients, and were a complete meal in the past. There are also sweet knödel which are made with apricots (Marillenknödel), with plum (Zwetschgenknödel), with chestnuts (Kastanienknödel).
Other known entries include specialties such as Herrengröstl (potatoes, beef, onions, speck), Kaiserschmarrn (fluffy pancake with raisin and sugar), Gulaschsuppe (typical dish in all of Central Europe), Schlutzkrapfen (a kind of dumpling with spinach or other ingredients), Spätzle (a kind of spinach dumpling), pork roast or sausages with sauerkraut.
In pubs and cafés snacks are offered - among them there is a local invention called Bauerntoast (farmer's toast), which is toasted local rye-bread stuffed with speck and cheese (sometimes also with salami or small tomatoes) and dished with ketchup and mayonnaise.
Bread is very important and there are a lot of local bakery chains. In the Bolzano area there are e.g. Lemayr, Eisenstecken, Franziskaner, Hackhofer. In bakeries it is possible to buy cheap sandwiches and pastries. Bakeries operate also in supermarkets - here prices are even lower.
Restaurants in small places close very early (around 21:00), while in major centers and tourist areas the kitchen closes around 22:00/23:00.
 herbal Knödel with brown butter |  Specknödel soup |  Spinach Knödel (left) and Cheese Knödel (right) and spinach stuffed Schlutzkrapfen (middle) |  Sour Graukas with hard Schüttelbrot |  plate of speck |
Restoranlar
In Bolzano and major towns there are a lot of different kind of restaurants including ethnic specialties. In the most conservative parts of South Tyrol the only choice is the Gasthof, the typical Austrian-style restaurant with local dishes. The most traditional are quite cheap but there are some Gasthof which was transformed into a luxury local restaurant. A meal could cost between €8-12. Menus are written in German and Italian, sometimes also in English. In all restaurant in South Tyrol menus are at least bilingual, while in the more expensive restaurants menus are normally also written in English and in some places also in Dutch. It's common to split up the bill in a group, except in very expensive restaurants.
Imbiss
'Imbiss' means fast food, and is what you will see on the sign of stands that sell primarily sausage (Wurst) and fries (Pommes Frites). Sausages will include Bratwurst, which is fried and usually a boiled pork sausage. In South Tyrol, the variant known as Currywurst is very popular. It is a sausage chopped up and covered in spiced ketchup, dusted with curry powder. Imbisse are found in major centres and on the roads. They are cheap. Beer and often harder liquor are available in most. 'Döner Kebab' is lamb or chicken with Turkish origins stuffed into bread, similar to Greek Gyros and Arab Schawarma. In Bolzano it's very popular and was imported from Austria and Germany by Montenegrin immigrants years ago - Bolzano is maybe the first city in Italy where a kebab stand was opened. There are a dozen kebab stands there. In other towns kebabs are more difficult to find. McDonald's has a location only in Bolzano.
Vegetarian
Vegetarianism is not common but many restaurants offer dishes which don't contain meat. A lot of hotels and restaurants offer a vegetarian menu for their guests, but only Bolzano has more choices with restaurants for vegetarian diets.
Ichish
The legal drinking age in South Tyrol is 18. Local alcoholic drinks include wine and beer. Nightlife can be found mainly in Bolzano - other towns are a bit more sleepy, but you can find discos, disco pubs and pubs in major centres and in tourist areas. However, the most popular ones are in the Bolzano metropolitan area. Pubs are open until 01:00 or 02:00 in the morning and begin to be full of people after 20:30-21:00 on Saturday. Discos are open until 06:00 and people go there around midnight.
Pivo
Beer in South Tyrol is a very popular drink among all ages. The local brewing company Forst is the leader in South Tyrol. Forst produces six kinds of beer and the Premium is the most known and drunk. In South Tyrol there are also small brewhouses (pubs that produces their own beer). In Bolzano the Bozner Bier is very popular and can be found only in the pub in which it's made and in a restaurant.
In pubs and restaurants you could have a big choice of beers, the majority of which is imported - especially from Germany. In some hypermarkets in Bolzano there is a big choice of local and export beers also from Australia, Japan and Mexico. Normally there is no price difference between local or export beers in pubs or restaurant - however Guinness could be a bit more expensive. Irish pubs are spreading in all South Tyrol and especially in the capital.
Vino
South Tyrol is a renowned wine producer. The three most known local types are Lagrein and Magdalener both from Bolzano and Gewürztraminer from Tramin. Especially in the south of South Tyrol there are a lot of cellar in which you can taste the wine from producer. Other sorts of wine include pinot blanc or vernatsch. Despite the fact that South Tyrol has one of the smallest vineyard surfaces in Italy it's considered to be in the top 5 regions in quality.
Kofe
South Tyrol is the ideal place for people who love coffee. Here you can find typical Italian espresso and Viennese cappuccino, or Irish coffee and American coffee. Normally small bars offer only Italian-style coffee and in some cases German coffee, though. The best American coffee can be found at McDonald's in Bolzano (ask for take away if you want to have the paper glass) for only €0.90 - here you can drink the cheapest coffee in South Tyrol. Coffee in South Tyrol is the most expensive in Italy with an average of €1 for an espresso (in the Bolzano city centre or in exclusive bars also €1.20) but it's far less expensive than in neighboring Austria or in Germany.
Glühwein
If you are visiting South Tyrol in winter you can drink the very popular Glühwein (mulled wine), a spiced wine served very hot to comfort you in the cold of winter. You can find it especially in the Christmas markets or in ski resorts' après ski.
Ruhlar
In South Tyrol there is a big production of grappa which is very good quality. However, in South Tyrol you can find all kind of spirits.
Cocktails and aperitifs
The most popular local cocktail is the Flieger which is Red Bull and vodka and it can be qizil (with strawberry vodka), qora (with raspberry vodka) or oq (with normal vodka). The aperitif time begins at 17:00 but a lot of people drink an aperitif also in the night. The most popular drink is Veneziano which is white wine and Aperol.
Alkogolsiz ichimliklar
In South Tyrol you can find all kinds of soft drinks but the most popular soft drinks are Spezi (pronounce: "sh-peh-tzi") which is a cola-lemonade mix and Spuma which is an aromatic soda, very similar to Austrian Almdudler (which sometimes also can be found).
Uyqu
South Tyrol is a tourist region and all options for accommodation are provided. You can find without problems hotels, B&Bs, youth hostels, campings and farm holidays. Tourist offices can help you in finding your ideal accommodation. During the Christmas market period accommodations are full in fast all the region - advanced reservation is required.
Mehmonxonalar
International hotel chains like Best Western, Sheraton and Steigenberger have franchises in South Tyrol, most of them especially in Bolzano. In South Tyrol there is a local international chain for wellness hotels which has locations also in Austria, Croatia and in the Czech Republic and it's called Falkensteiner. Among hotels are included e.g. luxury, international, typical, big, small, and cheap hotels. There are a lot of pensiya (small familiar hotels) and gasthofs (restaurant with rooms for guests). Quality is very high also in small 1-star pensions, so price are not the cheapest in Europe. Category is given in stars (from 1 to 5 where the 5-stars are the most expensive).
- Granpanorama Hotel StephansHof 4 yulduzli mehmonxona. St. Stefan 12, Villanders • Tel. 39 0472 843 150 • Fax 39 0472 843 348 • [email protected]
B&Bs, Garni and Residence
B&Bs are more common as Garnis which are very closed but they are more similar to small hotels. Residence are small apartment houses which offer most times also breakfast.
Xostellar
In South Tyrol there are six youth hostels (Jugendherbergen nemis tilida, Ostello della Gioventù in Italian) which are budget accommodations but have high standards. They are good places to get to know other travellers. Of these six hostels, four are international youth hostels and two are independent hostels.
There are hostels in Bolzano, Meran, Brixen, Toblach, Salorno and Neumarkt.
Lager
In South Tyrol there are a lot of campings with a lot of services - so they could be a bit more expensive than in other parts of Europe.
Farm
One other possibility in South Tyrol is the holiday on a farm (Ferien am Bauernhof). Here the farm is a small familiar company and it's simple to find farmers which made a guest house in their farm. Farms with beds can be found also in city or town outskirts.
O'rganing
In South Tyrol there is an international and trilingual (English, German, Italian) university - the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, which was founded in 1997. In Bolzano there are a lot of students from all over the world. The university has also a location in Brixen (Faculty of Education) and Bruneck (Major in Tourism Management). The university has a very important library.
In Brixen there is also the High School of Theological Studies, while in Bolzano there are also other colleges like the Academy of Music and the College for Health-Care Professions.
There are also Italian and German courses provided by the University in Bolzano.
Ish
In South Tyrol, the unemployment rate is less than 2.5% and there are many job possibilities if you know both German and Italian. It is easy to find a seasonal job during winter or summer. Language schools and other institutions need qualified people at these times. The regional government provides a job finder on the web [4][o'lik havola] (only German and Italian).
EU citizens can work without visas but people from other countries have to ask for a visa and a permission to the Italian authorities.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
South Tyrol is one of the safest regions in Italy and in Europe. There is practically no violent crime. You only need to be careful of cho'ntaklar in crowded places.
Venturing out of town for outdoor activities, especially in winter, there are dangers related to sovuq havo va alpinizm. Know what you are doing. Especially note the danger of qor ko'chkisi.
If you need the police, call 113.
Sog'lom bo'ling
South Tyrolean hospitals and health service are among the top ranked in Italy and for emergencies call 118. There are no dangers for your health.
The tap water is of exceptional quality and safe to drink throughout South Tyrol.
Hurmat
Most of South Tyrol is mainly German speaking and some tourists may have problems understanding the diversity of this region. Guests interested in the (recent) history of South Tyrol are appreciated but try to stay neutral when discussing the topic and avoid asking to German-speaking people for an explanation as to why German is official language in an Italian region by affirming to them 'But this is Italy!'. Don't ask to people you don't know very well what he/she feels or identifies (Italian, South Tyrolean, German, Austrian, European etc.). If you are speaking with German speakers don't use Italian place names - the same goes for Italian-speakers, better to use the Italian and not the German names. Especially speaking about the Fascist and the Nazi period you have to be very careful: don't show any swastikas or other symbols of Nazism or Fascism, such as shouting "Heil Hitler" or showing the "Roman salute/Nazi salute" in public, even if it is only meant as a joke. If you are showing the "Roman salute" to a German-speaker he could think you are a neo-fascist, while an Italian-speaker may think you are a neo-Nazi. So it's better not to do this. Also making jokes about Adolf Hitler can be considered vulgar.
Odob-axloq qoidalari
In South Tyrol there is an Austrian style mixed to Italian etiquette: for example when entering and leaving public places South Tyrolean always say Grüß Gott yoki Buongiorno when arriving Auf Wiederschauen yoki Arrivederci when leaving. Don't say ciao yoki hallo to people you don't know. It's very impolite. Don't raise your voice or shout in public, especially on public transportation, as this is considered extremely impolite and aggressive. Eye contact is very important if introduced to someone or toasting. When toasting say prost nemis tilida yoki cin cin in Italian - normally, Italian-speakers use both.
Complete nudity is forbidden in public especially if there are children, but it's common to see topless women in beaches and recreational areas.
When eating knödels, note that because they should be tender, if you use a knife for eating them you are saying to the cook that the knödels he/she cooked are not good.
If you are walking in the mountains, it is common to greet the people you meet.
Ulanmoq
Calling South Tyrol
International code for Italy is 39 while the code for South Tyrol is 047. The final number is 1 for the Bolzano area (0471), 2 for the Brixen area (0472), 3 for the Meran area (0473) and 4 for the Bruneck area (0474). Also calling from abroad you have to put the 0 of the local code.
Telefonlar
Public phones are available in the offices of telecom. Phone boxes are to be found on street and from phone boxes you can also send SMSs. Phone boxes usually operate with prepaid cards which can be obtained from kiosks and tobacco/newspaper stores (German:Trafik, Italian and local German dialect: Tabacchino).
Phone numbers have an area code followed by the phone number itself. Mobile phone numbers use the prefix prefix without 0 and the first two digits being 32..., 33.., 34.., 38... Toll-free numbers are denoted by 800, numbers starting with 166 or 899 are usually expensive lines.
In tabacchini you can buy also prepaid cards for calling outside Italy. Especially in Bolzano there are a lot of phone centers run by immigrants where you can phone.
Uyali telefonlar
South Tyrol has a perfect GSM and 3G (UMTS) network coverage of nearly 100% in the valleys, in remote mountainous areas you might have problems.
In Italy there are not so much cell network providers which are only four: TIM, Vodafone, Wind and Tre (3G). There is no big difference between them and they are all expensive related to other European countries. In Italy there was a fee for prepaid cards - after a consumer fight this was outlawed.
Internet
You can find internet cafes mainly in Bolzano. Hotels in cities do normally have internet terminals, more expensive hotels provide internet access in the rooms itself.