- Shuningdek qarang: Evropa tarixi
The Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar uchun eslab qolinadi Viking yoshi, 9-va 10-asrlarda norsemanlar dengiz va daryolarda suzib yurgan davr Evropa, qadar etib borish Kanada, Shimoliy Afrikava Markaziy Osiyo. Vikinglar davridan oldin, Shimoliy Evropa ham qiziqarli tarixga ega bo'lib, miloddan avvalgi 10000 yilgacha Muzlik davrining oxiriga to'g'ri keladi.
Tushuning
Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarga tashrif buyurgan ko'plab ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchilar haqiqiy vikinglarni qaerda ko'rishlarini so'rashadi. Biroq, hech qachon biron bir qabila yoki millat chaqirilmagan Viking; bu shunchaki qadimgi Norvegiyada "dengizchi" yoki "qaroqchi" so'zi, shu tilda so'zlashiladi Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya miloddan avval 1000. So'zning aniq kelib chiqishi Viking hali ham bahsli. Norveç tilida, Viking shaxsga, shuningdek faoliyat yoki tushunchaga tegishli; "vikingga borish" yoki "vikingda bo'lish". Ba'zi norsemanlar chet elga joylashish, baliq ovlash va tijorat uchun sayohat qilishgan va bir nechtasi qaroqchilar yoki yollanma odamlar (haqiqiy vikinglar) martabasini olishgan bo'lsa, aksariyati Skandinaviyada qoldi, dehqonchilik va boshqa oddiy kasblar bilan yashagan.
Islandiya va Farer orollari 9-asrda norsemanlar tomonidan joylashtirilgan, shuningdek, unda Norvegiya aholi punktlari bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniya va unga bog'liq bo'lgan orollar. Dublin 1000 yilgacha Norvegiya yoki Viking aholi punkti sifatida tashkil etilgan. In Finlyandiyava eng shimoliy qismlari Shvetsiya va Norvegiya, finlar va Sami xalqi tarixdan beri hukmronlik qilgan. Finlar va samilar ikkalasi ham fin-ugor xalqi bo'lib, ularning madaniyati va turmush tarzi 13-14 asrlarda o'z vatani Shvetsiya va Norvegiya tomonidan qo'shib olinmaguncha Norvegiyadan butunlay boshqacha edi.
Qadimgi Norvegiya tarixi
So'nggi muzlik davrida deyarli barcha Skandinaviyani ko'pincha muzliklar qoplagan, ammo miloddan avvalgi 10 ming yilga yaqin, harorat ko'tarilgach, qattiq muz qatlamining umumiy chekinishi boshlandi. Norvegiyaliklarning yaratilishi haqidagi afsona, haqiqatga mos ravishda, norsemaliklarning vatanini yonayotgan olovdan muzning erishi natijasida yaratilgan deb ta'riflaydi. Mifga ko'ra, erigan muz, keyinchalik xudolar tomonidan o'ldirilgan ulkan Ymirni ochib berdi va Yerni tanasidan qurdi. Og'ir muz qatlamidan xalos bo'lgan Skandinaviya yarim oroli muzlik davri tugaganidan beri tobora o'sib bormoqda, ba'zi joylarda har 100 yilda 1 metrgacha ko'tarilgan (qarang Nordic mamlakatlar # Tushuning). Shu sababli, manzara va qirg'oq bo'ylari o'zgarib bormoqda va bugungi kunda vikinglarning ko'plab parvozlari quruqlikdir.
O'tgan muzlik davrida qisqa iliq davrlarda Skandinaviyaga vaqtincha tashrif buyurgan tosh davri ovchilarining qoldiqlari topildi, ammo g'or Karijoki butun Skandinaviyadagi muzlikgacha bo'lgan odamlarning ma'lum bo'lgan yagona joyidir.
Birinchi ko'chib kelganlar erayotgan muzni kuzatib borishdi. Dehqonchilik va metallga ishlov berish janubiy Evropadan Skandinaviyaga tarqaldi; ammo, kulolchilik va toshga ishlangan rasmlarning qoldiqlari bo'lgan juda ko'p arxeologik joylar mavjud. Metallga ishlov berish va boshqa hunarmandlar janubdan import qilingan bo'lsa-da, uch asrlik tizim (tosh, bronza va temir asri) aslida Nordic arxeologiyasiga asoslangan.
Skandinaviya aholisi shvedlar, geatslar, gutlar (ehtimol gotlar bilan bog'liq), Augandzi, Ranii, Halogi, Herules, Jutes va keyinchalik daniyaliklar singari turli xil qabilalarni o'z ichiga olgan, ammo ularning barchasi ko'chmanchilardan tashqari bir oz o'xshash Norvegiya madaniyatini baham ko'rishgan. va shamanistik Sami - Norvegiya xudolariga xabar berish, qadimgi Norvegiya tilida gaplashish va umumiy runik alifbodan foydalanish. Norvegiyaliklar germaniyaliklar edilar, ular madaniy jihatdan Evropaning qolgan qismidagi ko'plab german qabilalari bilan bog'langan, ammo milodiy I ming yillikda materik Evropa va Britaniya orollari xristianlashganida, Skandinaviyada germanlarning butparast madaniyati va mifologiyasi hukmronlik qilishni davom ettirdi.
Norvegiyaliklar hech qachon o'zlarini dunyodan ajratmasdilar. Ular Evropaning kelt va slavyan qabilalari bilan ham muhim savdo aloqalarini saqlab qolishdi Rim imperiyasi, jun, mo'yna, mors fil suyagi va amber kabi qimmatbaho mahsulotlarni almashtirish (qarang) Amber yo'li) sharob, shisha va qimmatbaho metallar uchun va ular uzoq vaqtdan beri rimliklar uchun yollanma va qo'riqchi sifatida qidirib topilgan.
IV-VIII asrlarda migratsiya davrida ba'zi qabilalar Shimoliy Evropadan janubga, O'rta dengizga qarab ko'chib ketishgan. Ishonchli manbalar yo'qligi sababli, haqiqat va fantastika o'rtasidagi chegarani aniqlash qiyin. V asrda Rimga bostirib kirgan gotlar qisman janubiy skandinaviyaliklardan kelib chiqqan deb hisoblashadi. Götaland yoki Gotland. Shimoliy Afrikada joylashib olgan vandallar ham Skandinaviya ildizlariga ega deyishadi. Arxeologik dalillar ushbu nazariyalarni tasdiqlash yoki rad etish uchun juda kam bo'lsa-da, ular skandinaviya "oltin davri" afsonalari sifatida saqlanib qolgan.
"Vendel davri"
6-asrning boshlari Shimoliy Shimoliy tarixida juda buzilgan davr edi. Bir qator omillar, jumladan, migratsiya davrining so'nggi kunlari, Yustiniya vabosi va 535-536 yillarda sodir bo'lgan ba'zi global ob-havo hodisalari tufayli kichik muzlik davri kelib chiqdi, shimolning ko'plab eski aholi punktlari tark etildi, yangilari esa barpo etildi. . Ushbu davrda Vikinglar davri uchun xos bo'lgan ko'plab xususiyatlar, masalan, klinker qurilgan qayiqlar va mashhur hayvonlarni bezatish san'ati uslubi rivojlandi. VI asrda rivojlangan yangi madaniyat shved tarixshunosligida "Vendel davri" deb nomlanadi, bu 7-asrda Shimoliyda boy qayiq ko'milgan joy. Uppsala okrugi. Anglo-sakson dunyosida bu eng yaxshi davr deb nomlanishi mumkin Beowulf, 6-asrda Daniyada o'rnatilgan qadimiy ingliz epik she'ri.
Ushbu davrda tashkil etilgan narsa, mamlakat yoki viloyatning ozod odamlari nizolarni hal qila oladigan yig'ilish; ba'zida podshohni saylash yoki olib tashlash vakolatiga ega. Bu so'z zamonaviy qonun chiqaruvchi organga, masalan, norvegiyalikka etib kelgan Storting, daniyalik Folketingva Islandiyalik Alshingi; 930 yilda tashkil etilgan dunyodagi eng qadimgi parlament.
Uppsala oxir-oqibat Shvetsiyaga aylanadigan erning siyosiy va diniy markazi bo'lib, taniqli butparast ibodatxonasi va "barcha shvedlar ishi" bo'lgan. Shved shohlari ma'bad yonida hali ham mavjud bo'lgan yodgorlik qabrlariga ko'milgan. Bu davr, shuningdek, Vendel va Uppsala yaqinidagi Valsgarde kabi ko'plab qayiq qabrlari bilan mashhur. Ular mashhur zamonaviy qayiq qabriga o'xshaydi Satton Xo yilda Sharqiy Angliya, Vendel davridagi norsmenlarning Angliya-Sakson amakivachchalari bilan hali ham bir oz aloqada bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Vendel davridagi ushbu qabrlarning aksariyati keyingi Vikinglarnikiga qaraganda boyroq va dabdabali.
8-asrda Vendel davri vikinglar davriga aylandi, chunki norsmanlar xalqaro sahnada ancha faol pozitsiyani egalladilar.
Vikinglar davri
| “ | Furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine. "Shimoliy odamlarning g'azabidan bizni qutqargin, ey Rabbiy." | ” |
- Ingliz rohiblari aytgan ibodat | ||
Vikinglar davrida aniq chegaralar yo'q. Norsmenlar qadim zamonlardan buyon chet ellarga sayohat qilishgan, ammo VIII asrda sayohatlar uzoqroq va tez-tez bo'lib turdi, Lindisfarne milodiy 793 yilda, odatda, davrning boshi sifatida o'tkazilgan. Shohliklarining nasroniylashuvi va birlashishi Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya XI asrda Vikinglar davri tugaydi.
Shved, norvegiya va daniyaliklarning aksariyati Shimoliy Shimoliy temir davrida mahalliy dehqonchilik, baliq ovi, ovchilik va ba'zi hunarmandchilik va savdo-sotiq ishlariga ishonishgan, ammo Vikinglar davri boshlanganda va hanuzgacha aniq bo'lmagan sabablarga ko'ra katta va yaxshi tashkil etilgan ekspeditsiyalar Skandinaviya tashqarisidagi yo'nalishlar boshlandi va ular qadar joylashdilar Grenlandiya va Kanada Qora dengizgacha va Marokash va Islom xalifaligi. Vikinglar davridagi ba'zi Norvegiya ekspeditsiyalari tijorat va razvedka atrofida bo'lgan; boshqalari ozmi-ko'pmi toza reydlar bo'lib, Norvegiyani butun Evropada vikinglar deb tanishgan va qo'rqishgan. Norvegiyaliklar, shuningdek, soqchilar va yollanma xizmatchilar sifatida ish olib, kabi joylarga joylashdilar Britaniya orollari va Normandiya. Norvegiya kabi buyuk xalqlarning poydevorida muhim rol o'ynagan Rossiya imperiyasi, Frantsiya qirolligi va Angliya. Asrlar davomida zo'ravon reydlar o'lpon talab qilish va rasmiy soliqqa tortish bilan almashtirildi. The Danegeld shunga o'xshash sxemalar bilan mahalliy ingliz lordlari tomonidan to'lanadigan o'lpon edi Franks, Slavyan va Sami xalqi Norvegiya bosqinchilarini sotib olish. Vaqt o'tishi bilan soliqlar nordonlarga qarshi kurashish uchun lordlarning istehkomlari va mudofaa kuchlarini moliyalashtirish uchun keldi.
Monastirlar va boshqa aholi punktlarini ishdan bo'shatgan Viking qaroqchilarni bosqinchilik paytida, Norse madaniyati faqat bitta jihati bo'lgan, bu ular o'sha paytda butun Evropa, ayniqsa Frantsiya va Britaniya orollarida tanilgan va qo'rqqan narsadir. Vikinglar haqidagi o'z yozuvlaridagi aksariyat yozuvlar ularning dushmanlari yoki nasroniy missionerlari tomonidan yozilgan bo'lib, ularni o'zlaridan ko'ra shafqatsizroq deb ta'riflash uchun norasmiylarning stereotipini vahshiy, qonxo'r, vahshiy butparastlardan boshqa narsa emasligiga olib keldi. Vikinglar davridagi Norvegiya bugungi kunda ham umuman (noto'g'ri) vikinglar deb nomlanadi. O'tirgan Norse fermerlarining jimgina ko'pchiligi haqidagi bilimimiz boshqa manbalar bilan cheklangan.
Berserkers transga o'xshash g'azabda jang qilgan Viking jangchilari edi. Dostonlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular o'z kuchlariga erishish uchun ayiqqa sig'inishgan (bu so'z to'g'ridan-to'g'ri "ayiq ko'ylak" degan ma'noni anglatadi). Keyinchalik nazariyalar berserklarning g'azabini spirtli ichimliklarni yoki zaharli qo'ziqorinlarni iste'mol qilish yoki epilepsiya yoki shikastlanishdan keyingi stress kabi ruhiy holatlar bilan izohlaydi.
A qalqon (skjaldmær) dostonlar va Evropa yilnomalarida qiziqish bilan tasvirlangan ayol jangchi edi. Bugungi olimlar ularning qanchalik keng tarqalganligi bilan rozi emaslar; ko'plab qadimgi Norse ayollari qabrlarida qurol-yarog ', qalqon va strategik taxta o'yinlari kabi urush mavzusidagi sovg'alar mavjud edi, shu sababli dastlabki arxeologlar ayollarning skeletlarini erkaklar uchun noto'g'ri deb topdilar.
Thralls qadimgi Norvegiya jamiyatlarida qullar yoki serflar bo'lgan; qashshoqlik yoki urush asirlari tufayli tug'ilgan. Boy er egalari odatda qo'riqxonalarga ega edilar va Viking ekspeditsiyalari odatda eshiklarni olish yoki sotishni maqsad qilganlar. Inglizcha so'z qul etnik so'zdan kelib chiqqan Slav, ba'zi asir ishchilari slavyan xalqlaridan bo'lganidek; odatda bugungi kundan Ukraina. XIII asrga qadar qullik mahalliy darajada saqlanib qoldi. Erkin odam unvoni edi karl, bu hali ham "odam" / "hamkasb" degan shimoliy so'z bo'lib, oddiy ism (Karl yoki Charlz inglizchada).
Norvegiyaliklar Atlantika okeanidan o'tgani ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi odamlardir. Islandiya bilan 9-asrda joylashtirilgan Reykyavik uning birinchi aholi punkti sifatida. Islandiya, asosan, G'arbiy Norvegiyadan 870 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda yashagan ko'chirish vaqti. Ushbu davr noyob hujjatda tasvirlangan Landnamabok (turar joy kitobi yoki landgrab kitobi), bu erda 400 ga yaqin shaxslar nomi keltirilgan.
Grenlandiyada va shuningdek, Norvegiya aholi punktlari mavjud edi Nyufaundlend. Milod 1000 yil atrofida Leyf Eriksson boshchiligidagi ekspeditsiya jo'nab ketdi Grenlandiya, Labrador dengizini kesib o'tdi va Baffin oroli va keyinroq Nyufaundlend, deyarli 500 yil oldin Kristofer Kolumbning sayohatlari. Ushbu aholi punktlari ob-havoning yomonlashuvi, jamoalar ichidagi nizolar va ziddiyatlar tufayli yo'q bo'lib ketdi mahalliy aholi.
Normanlar
Normanlar vikinglarning shimolida joylashgan avlodlari edi Frantsiya 10-asrda, ularning nomlarini bergan Normandiya. Ular sodiq katoliklarga aylanishdi va frantsuz tiliga o'xshash tilni qabul qilishdi. Normanlar 1066 yilda Angliyani, so'ngra Shotlandiya, Uels va Irlandiyani bosib olib, hozirgi kunga qadar Britaniya orollarida frantsuz madaniyati paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi.
Normanlar. Bilan birlashtirilgan Frantsiya qirolligiva XV asrga qadar Norman flotlari butun Evropada urushlar olib borishgan Kanareykalar orollari va Livan. Ular zabt etishdi Sitsiliya va Italiyaning janubi va yana mahalliy madaniyatga singib ketishdi.
Sharqqa razvedka va Rus
Shvetsiyalik vikinglar bugungi kunga kelib joylashdilar Boltiqbo'yi davlatlari, Belorussiya va Ukraina, Sharqiy Evropa daryolarini bemalol sayohat qilish. Ular ajdodlarning ehtimoliy ajdodlari bo'lgan Rus odamlar, bo'lib o'tgan shohliklarning asoschilari Rossiya. So'z rus kuzatilishi mumkin Roslagen (Shvetsiyaning Boltiq dengizigacha bo'lgan sohillari) va Ruotsi (Shvetsiya uchun fincha nomi) va ehtimol "eshkak eshish" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Raqobatdosh nazariyalar ruslarning Kavkazdan kelganligini da'vo qilmoqda.
Norsemanlar slavyan zodagonlik klanlarini asos solganiga oid ba'zi dalillar mavjud, garchi ular oxir-oqibat aksariyat aholi tomonidan assimilyatsiya qilingan.
Norsmenlar Varangiya gvardiyasi bazasini tashkil etishdi (væringr) ning Vizantiya imperiyasi.
12 va 13 asrlar ko'rgan Shimoliy Salib yurishlari, unda shved va nemis ritsarlari Finlyandiya, Boltiqbo'yi o'lkalari va Rossiyaga nasroniylikni olib kirishga harakat qilishdi.
Norvegiya hech qachon o'zlarining ajoyib kemalarisiz qilgan taassurotlarini yaratmagan bo'lar edi. Harbiy kemalar tez harakatlanuvchi kemalar bilan kemalarning istalgan sohilga tushishiga imkon berar va mahalliy aholiga yaqinlashib kelayotgan bosqinchilarga munosabat bildirish uchun ozgina vaqt berar edi. Engil qurilish kemalarni Boltiq dengizi va Qora dengizga oqib tushadigan daryolar o'rtasida va Dnepr Rapidlari yonidan o'tishga imkon berdi. Atlantika okeanidan o'tishga imkon beradigan dengizga loyiq kemalar bor edi.
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Replikatsiyalar erta qurilgan (1893 yilda Chikagodagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi uchun Atlantika okeanidan o'tgan), ammo Norse kemalari haqidagi tadqiqotlar asrning so'nggi boshidan buyon juda rivojlangan. Gokstad va Oseberg kemalari juda to'liq edi, lekin ular qisman qulab tushgan va ularning shakllarini tiklash juda katta jumboq edi - va ba'zi qisqartirishlar qilingan. Kompyuter modellari va simulyatsiyalar ko'proq tushuncha berdi. Harbiy kemalar chindan ham planirovka yoki yarim planlash korpusiga ega edilar, uzoq muddatli kemalar ideal sharoitlarda 15-20 knotgacha suzishga qodir deb ishonishgan (so'nggi bir necha asrlardagi juda katta qaychi va shamol shamollari kabi tezroq).
Uzoq muddatli kemaning nusxasi Dengiz ayg'og'i, Roskilde shahridagi Viking kemalar muzeyi tomonidan eksperimental arxeologiya loyihasi sifatida qurilgan va ishlagan, 2007-2008 yillarda Dublinga suzib ketgan. Ko'p narsa sinov va xatolar orqali o'rganildi va kemaning dengizga yaroqliligi tasdiqlandi. Uzoq muddatli kemalar yaxshi ob-havoni kutishni afzal ko'rishgan bo'lsa-da (va ayg'ir yaxshi ko'rgan), u Shimoliy kanal va Kelt dengizida noqulay sharoitlarda kuchli shamollarni kuchaytirdi. Safar, shuningdek, ushbu turdagi kemadan muvaffaqiyatli foydalanish uchun biroz mahorat va qat'iyatlilik zarurligini tasdiqladi.
Uzoq muddatli kemalar eng taniqli va ko'p qirrali bo'lishiga qaramay, Norvegiyada ko'plab turdagi kemalar mavjud edi: qirg'oq bo'ylab navigatsiya va baliq ovlash uchun kichikroq, qanchalik baland va kengroq bo'lsa. knarr va, ehtimol, daryolar uchun engil kemalar. Viking kemalari, hech bo'lmaganda to'g'ri suzib yurish bilan urish imkoniyatiga ega edilar (jun yelkanlari cho'zilib ketishga moyil), lekin ko'pincha eshkak eshish yoki yaxshi shamollarni kutish afzal edi.
Dengizlarni kesib o'tishga qodir bo'lgan va ko'plab odamlarni va yuklarni tashiy oladigan kemani ko'chirish juda qiyin bo'lgan bo'lishi kerak. Rossiya daryolari bo'ylab bir nechta sayohatlar turli xil qiyinchilik darajalari bilan nusxalari bilan amalga oshirildi. Ushbu marshrutlarda ishlatilganligi ma'lum bo'lgan bironta kema topilmagani uchun, loyihalar o'zlarining fikrlari asosida modelni tanlashlari (va uni sozlashlari) kerak edi.
Knarr dengizga sig'adigan, ba'zida kemada bo'lgan va asosan suzib yurgan (uzun kemalar ko'pincha qisqaroq yo'laklardagi eshkaklar bilan boshqarilgan). U chet elda savdo qilish uchun qurilgan va transatlantik sayohatlarning ko'pchiligida ishlatilgan. Bir knarr nusxasi, Saga Siglar, 1984-1986 yillarda Yer sharini aylanib chiqdi, shu jumladan Grenlandiyaga tashrif buyurdi.
Norvegiyaliklar ochiq dengizda qanday suzib yurishgani aniq tushunilmagan. Ular oqimlar va shamollarni yaxshi tushunar edilar, kitlar va qushlarni ko'rishni qo'lladilar, shuningdek, ba'zi bir asbob-uskunalarga ega edilar, masalan, quyosh kengliklari ularga kenglikka ergashishga imkon bergan ko'rinadi va ba'zi dengizchilarda "quyosh toshlari" bo'lgan ko'rinadi, bu osmon bulutli bo'lganida ham (ehtimol nurning qutblanishidan foydalangan holda) quyoshga yo'nalishni aytib berdi.
Shlemlar
Boshqa ko'plab zamonaviy jamiyatlarda bo'lgani kabi, norslar hayvon shoxlarini buglar, ichimlik shoxlari, asboblar, sovrinlar va ehtimol marosim bosh kiyimlarida ishlatgan. emas jangovar dubulg'alarda, garchi shoxli dubulg'alar sport tadbirlari va kostyumlar partiyalarida stereotipik Viking tayanchidir.
Agar siz o'ylab ko'rsangiz, shoxli dubulg'a jangovar vaziyatda ulkan kamchilik bo'lib qoladi, chunki sizning raqibingiz shoxlarni tortib olishi mumkin, yoki boshqa yo'l bilan burilib ketadigan qurol shoxlarga tushib qolishi mumkin, bu esa ko'proq zarar etkazishi mumkin. Evropada shoxli marosimdagi bosh kiyimlar ishlatilgan; va 1876 yil premyerasi Nibelung halqasi tropni ommalashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan shoxli dubulg'ali kostyumlar namoyish etildi.
Norvegiyalik temirchilar mahoratli bo'lishsa, metall hashamat edi. Vikinglar muntazam ravishda metall dubulg'ani ishlatganmi yoki ular shunchaki himoya qilish uchun bir xil charm shlyapalardan foydalanganmi, aniq emas. Norvegiyada vikinglar yoshidagi bitta metall dubulg'a topildi.
Viking davrining oxiri
Norvegiya xalqi odatda xristianlashgan so'nggi Evropaliklar orasida bo'lganligi tushuniladi. Birinchi nasroniy missionerlari IX asrda kelganlar, ammo Nordic shohlari suvga cho'mganligi sababli cherkov faqat XI asrda o'z o'rnini egalladi. Norvegiyada 1024 yildagi Moster yig'ilishi nasroniylikni "mamlakat qonuni" sifatida qabul qildi. Yepiskop Ascer Lund katoliklikni o'rnatgan holda 1104 yilda Skandinaviya arxiyepiskopiga aylandi. Butparastlik ba'zi hududlarda 12-14 asrlarga qadar saqlanib qoldi, bugungi kunda ham ko'plab madaniy qoldiqlar mavjud edi.
11-asrda Shvetsiya, Norvegiya va Daniya konsolidatsiyalangan qirolliklarga aylandi; shuningdek Angliya, Kiev Rusi va boshqa yaqin erlar, bilan qal'alar, shahar devorlari va doimiy armiyalar reydlarni qiyinlashtirmoqda; garchi ular XII asrda yaxshi yurishgan bo'lsa ham, eng taniqli Viking rahbarlari xristian monarxlari bo'lgan, masalan, Norvegiya avliyo Olaf II.
Agar bitta tugaydigan yil tanlanishi kerak bo'lsa, 1066 yil, ingliz qo'shini Xarald Xardradani Stemford Brijda mag'lubiyatga uchratganda va Vikinglarni Angliyadan quvib chiqarganida edi. Xuddi shu yili Normand armiyasi Xastingsda Angliyani bosib oldi. The Gans Ligasi Shimoliy va Boltiq dengizi tijoratida hukmronlik qildi.
- Qarang Nordic tarixi miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilgacha bo'lgan Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlari uchun.
Qadimgi Norse merosi
Bilan Nasroniylik va monarxiya Miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilda tosh cherkovlar, qasrlar va birinchi keng qamrovli yozma xronikalar paydo bo'ldi. An'anaga ko'ra, bu tarixiy vaqt va O'rta asrlar Skandinaviyada, G'arbiy Evropada esa 5-10 asrlar odatda O'rta asrlar deb ta'riflanadi, undan keyin O'rta asrlar davom etadi.
Xristiangacha bo'lgan shimoliy shimoliy odamlar va ularning dunyosi haqida biz bilgan narsalarning aksariyati qisqa runik yozuvlardan, XII-XIII asrlarda mashhur Viking dostonlari, Eddalar va ilgari og'zaki so'zlar bilan o'rgatilgan skaltik she'rlardan olingan. Shuningdek, ular ortidan tobora ko'proq o'rganilayotgan binolar, qasrlar, hunarmandchilik, qabrlar va kemalarning arxeologik merosini qoldirdilar.
Qo'rg'oshinlardan vikinglar kemalari, ba'zilari umuman buzilmagan va boshqa asarlar bilan topilgan. Stave cherkovlari Viking davrining oxirida paydo bo'lgan va, ehtimol Viking kemalari va uylarining yog'och texnologiyasini va dekorativ san'atini aks ettiradi. Norvegiya qishloqlarida 30 ga yaqin bunday binolar (XII asrdagi eng qadimgi binolar) saqlanib qolgan va ularni shu erda ko'rish mumkin.
Faqat Viking yoshidagi binolarning parchalari vaqt sinovidan o'tgan; bugungi "Viking" qishloqlari zamonaviy nusxalar, garchi ularning aksariyati yuqori darajadagi realizmga ega.
Runes
Rune alifbosi nemis xalqi tomonidan hech bo'lmaganda eramizning IV asridan beri qo'llanilgan. Xristianlik bilan lotin yozuvi paydo bo'ldi; runlar asrlar davomida saqlanib kelgan va xristianlar, shu jumladan ruhoniylar tomonidan ishlatilgan, ammo vaqt o'tishi bilan butparastlik marosimlari va sehr-jodu bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qishloq joylarida omon qolish uchun kelgan. Ba'zi qishloqlar Dalarna 20-asrning boshlarida ishlatilgan runlar.
Runik yozuvlarning aksariyati lakonik bo'lib, ularni saqlanib qolgan bir nechta qurollarda, kundalik buyumlarda va yog'och tayoqchalarda daftar yoki postcartalar singari ishlatilgan. Runestones ko'tarilgan toshlarda, toshlar yoki toshlar, eng doimiy parchalardir. Ma'lum bo'lgan 6000 ta tosh toshlarining aksariyati Shvetsiyada (yuqori konsentratsiyali) Stokgolm okrugi, Uppsala okrugi va Östergotland), Norvegiya va Daniya. Chet elda bir necha yuz runestones ma'lum; Angliya, Irlandiya, Farer orollari, Islandiya va Grenlandiyada. Ba'zi toshlar muzeylarga ko'chirilgan.
Yugurish toshlari bunga harakat qilishdi. Ko'pchilik o'lgan qarindoshni hurmat qilish uchun boy er egasi tomonidan homiylik qilingan. Odatda U53 yugurish toshi Gamla stan Stokgolmning o'rtasida "Torsten va Frygunn o'g'li uchun tosh ko'targan". Ko'pgina tosh toshlar harakatsiz oilalar tomonidan ko'tarilgan deb taxmin qilinsa-da, ularning bir nechtasi chet elga sayohat qilishni tasvirlaydi (shuning uchun odatda eng mashhur va tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lganlar).
Ba'zi runestones rasmlar va bezaklarni o'z ichiga oladi. Tasvir toshlari (bildstenar) tasviriy rasmlar bilan shimoliy Evropa bo'ylab tarqalgan va odatda Gotland. Asrlar davomida bezaklar yanada rivojlangan. Umumiy motiflardan biri bu ilon shaklidagi ajdaho. Xristianlikni qabul qilishni yodga olish uchun ko'pgina toshlarda xochdan yasalgan bezaklar yoki Masih yoki Xudoning zikrlari bor.
Tarix va mifologiya
| “ | Taqdir har doim taqdir taqdirida bo'ladi. | ” |
- Beowulf | ||
Miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilgacha yozma manbalar cheklangan bo'lsa-da, qadimgi Norvegiya adabiyotining ko'plari avlodlarga saqlanib qolgan; ko'p hollarda tasodifan. A skáld uzoq she'rlarni yoddan yodlab, ularni kelajak avlodlarga etkaza oladigan shoir, qo'shiqchi va musiqachi edi. Afsonaga ko'ra, ular ilohiy ilhomga ega edilar.
Beowulf milodiy VI asrda qadimiy ingliz tilida milodiy 1000 yilda yozilgan qo'lyozma va ingliz adabiy kanonining bir qismi orqali saqlanib qolgan qahramonlik epik she'ri. Beowulf Daniyada yashagan va Shvetsiyaga qarshi urushlarda o'z jangchilarini boshqargan qahramon edi. Syujetda ajdaho va boshqa g'ayritabiiy hayvonlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, hikoyada 6-asr Skandinaviyasidagi joylar, qabilalar va asarlar shunchalik real tasvirlanganki, voqeaning aksariyati u erda va o'sha erda yozilganga o'xshaydi.
Kabi qadimgi norslik adabiyotlarining aksariyati Edda, Norse mifologiyasining ko'p qismini o'z ichiga olgan epik she'r, shuningdek dostonlarIslandiyaning tarixini tavsiflovchi og'zaki an'ana bilan o'tqazilgan. Ular 12-15 asrlarda Snorri Sturluson singari yozuvchilar tomonidan qadimgi nors dinlari va vikinglar turmush tarzi o'rniga xristianlik va ko'proq uyushgan podshohliklar o'rnini egallagan paytda yozilgan, bu erda eski e'tiqod odatda taqiqlangan. Eddadagi ba'zi hikoyalarga o'xshashliklarni nemis epik she'rida topish mumkin Nibelungenlied, ularning umumiy nemis merosini ta'kidlab. Bular o'z navbatida Richard Vagnerning epik opera tsiklining manbai sifatida ishlatilgan Der Ring des Nibelungen.
So'z doston chalkash bo'lishi mumkin; bu zamonaviy Islandiyaning "tarix" so'zi bo'lsa-da, zamonaviy shved tilida "ertak" deb tushuniladi.
Bilimdagi bo'shliqlar ko'p jihatdan Evropa olimlarining bilimlari bilan to'ldirildi Yunoniston-Rim shirk. Biroq, bu rimliklar bir necha xil panteonlarni (o'zlari va yunon tilidan boshlab) yarashtirishga urinib ko'rganliklari sababli bir muncha muammoli. interpretatsiya romana va shunday qilib (ba'zan yolg'on) xudolarni Rim xudolariga tenglashtirish. Shuning uchun rimliklar tomonidan yozilgan german qabilalari haqida yozilgan dastlabki yozuvlar ularning xudolari haqidagi talqinimizni hanuzgacha rang-barang qiladi va shubhasiz o'xshashliklar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ular avval rimliklar tomonidan, keyin esa klassik tarzda o'qitilgan olimlar tomonidan ta'kidlangan bo'lishi mumkin.
German dinlari hech qachon markazlashtirilmagan, aksincha Evropaning shimoliy yarmida o'xshash dinlarning doimiyligini shakllantirgan. Xristianlik bugungi Germaniyada VIII asrga kelib mustahkamlangan bo'lsa, german dinlari Skandinaviyada omon qoldi, ularning ba'zilari zamonaviy zamonlarga qadar folklor va afsonalar shaklida, ba'zi diniy unsurlar olib tashlangan yoki xristianlashtirilgan bo'lsa ham. German tillari, shu jumladan ingliz tili, haftaning ba'zi kunlarini german butparast xudolari uchun nomlaydi; Seshanba kuni Tiw / Tyr, chorshanba Wden / Odin, payshanba, Thunor / Thor, juma esa Frīg / Frigg yoki Freya uchun. Skandinaviya tillarida Rojdestvo uchun zamonaviy nom (Iyul daniya, shved va norveg tillarida, Jol Islandiya va Faro tillarida) Yule shahridan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, an'anaviy nemis butparast qish kunlari, bu atama ingliz tilida "Yuletide" kabi so'zlar bilan saqlanib qolgan. Yule log kabi ba'zi zamonaviy inglizcha Rojdestvo an'analari ham kelib chiqishi germanlarning butparastlik dinidan kelib chiqqan deb hisoblashadi.
Zamonaviy uyg'onish va fantastika
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Skandinaviya olimlari hech bo'lmaganda XVII asrdan boshlab o'zlarining dastlabki tarixlarini romantikalashtirmoqdalar, ammo bu davrning ilmiy bilimlari sust edi. 19-asr boshlarida millatchilik kuchayishi bilan skandinaviyaliklar vikinglar hamda mifologik belgilarni namuna sifatida qabul qilib, umumiy o'tmishni qidirdilar. Arxeologiya va tarixiy tadqiqotlar yanada rivojlanib, qadimgi Norse motiflari odatda tasvirlangan Skandinaviya san'ati va haykaltaroshligi; shuningdek, ko'cha nomlarida. Richard Vagnerning romantik opera tsikli Nibelung halqasi 1870-yillardan boshlab german mifologiyasi va vikinglarning zamonaviy dunyo qiyofasiga hissa qo'shdi. Eski Norse merosi zamonaviy Norvegiya (1905 yilda mustaqil) va Islandiya (1944 yilda mustaqil) xalqlarining dam olishida muhim rol o'ynagan.
Qadimgi Norse romantizmi, fashistlar Germaniyasining o'zida ham, 1980-yillardan keyingi oq supremacist harakatlarda ham Milliy sotsialistik mafkuraning bir qismi edi. Irqchilikka aloqadorlik Norse ramziyligi atrofida tabu yaratgan bo'lsa-da, bugungi Viking ixlosmandlari va neoparastlarning aksariyati aniq anti-irqchi.
20-asrning oxirida neo-butparastlar jamoasi ko'tarildi va Asatru (Asirdagi Beleif) endi tan olingan din. Ularning amaliyoti, albatta, qadimgi norasmiy butparastlikka o'xshamaydi va juda jiddiy qabul qilinmaydi. Norvegiya dini siz o'zingiz yaratadigan narsadir. Viking davri ham mashhur mavzudir qayta tiklash va LARPva ba'zi uslublari uchun ilhom manbai rok musiqasi. Qadimgi Norse va Viking kimligi shimoliy amerikaliklar uchun birlashtiruvchi omil bo'lib, O'rta G'arbda sport maskotlari sifatida ko'rinadi.
19-asrdan boshlab Vikinglar davri va Norse mifologiyasi har bir avlod tarixni yangi talqin qilish bilan badiiy adabiyot uchun odatiy muhit bo'lib kelgan. Ba'zi klassiklar 1825 yil Frithiofs saga Esaias Tegner tomonidan va 1940-yillarda Uzoq kemalar/Röde Orm Frans G. Bengtsson tomonidan tayyorlangan seriya.
Fantastik fantastika J. R. R. Tolkiennikidan Norse mifologiyasi ta'sirida bo'lgan Uzuklar Rabbisi va J. K. Roulingniki Garri Potter seriyasikabi asarlar, XXI asrga qadar Taxtlar O'yini; va hatto Marvel kinematik olami amerika uslubidagi superqahramonlar sifatida Norvegiya panteoniga ega. The Valhalla 1979 yildan 1990 yilgacha nashr etilgan komikslar turkumi yosh tomoshabinlarni Norvegiya xudolari bilan tanishtirdi. Amerika gazetasi komiksi Dahshatli Xagar butun dunyo bo'ylab sindikatlangan; Skandinaviyada ham.
The Yapon videoo'yin sanoati Norse mifologiyasidan juda ko'p narsalarni oladi, masalan, o'z belgilarini nomlashda Norse panteonidan juda ko'p tortadigan Final Fantasy seriyasidir.
2010 yil Vikinglar Kanallar tarixi uchun olti faslda teleseriallar suratga olingan va bu Vikinglar uchun eng qimmat kinofilm. Serial sahnalari va liboslari uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo tarixiy va geografik noto'g'ri ekanligi uchun tanqid qilindi. U Angliya, Irlandiya, Islandiya va Marokash kabi turli mamlakatlarda qayd etilgan. Oldindan kelganlar bu 2019 yil Shimoliy Nor Viking yoshidagi elementlar bilan zamonaviy muhitda, asosan atrofida va atrofida yozilgan Oslo. Qotilning ishonchi: Valhalla asosan bo'lib o'tadigan 2020 yilgi video o'yin Angliya.
The Norsmenlar G'arbiy Norvegiyada joylashgan seriallar Norvegiyada (Norvegiya televideniesi uchun) va ingliz tilida (Netflix uchun) olingan. Bu viking yoshi sharoitida yaratilgan parodiya va zamonaviy vaziyat komediyasi. Hazil splatterdan tortib to nozikgacha o'zgarib turadi. Asosiy shart shundan iboratki, vikinglar fikrlash, janjal va gaplashish Vikinglar bilan shug'ullanayotganda xuddi biznikiga o'xshash edi.
Joylar
Vikinggacha bo'lgan saytlar
- 1 Ales Stenar (Ale ning toshlari), Keseberga (15 km sharqda Ystad). "Shvetsiyalik Stonehenge" laqabi bilan, miloddan avvalgi 600 yildagi Shimoliy temir davridan megalitik yodgorlik bo'lgan 59 ta katta qumtosh toshlaridan tashkil topgan 67 metr uzunlikdagi tosh kema. Saytga mashinada yoki Ystaddan avtobusda borishingiz mumkin. Avtoturargohda ko'plab ma'lumot belgilari mavjud. Avtoturargohdan tepalikka 700 metr piyoda yuring, shunda siz toshlarga etib borasiz. Stonesga kirish uchun to'lov olinmaydi, lekin ekskursiya uchun bir kishi uchun 40 SEK turadi, 17 yoshdan kichik bolalar uchun bepul..
- 2 Alta Qoyalardagi o'ymakorliklar. A YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.
- 3 In tosh qoyalar Tanum. YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati. Shvedlarning bronza davrida oymalar yasalgan.
Viking yoshi
Vikinglar chet elga sayohat qilgan Norvegiya xalqi bo'lganligi sababli, Skandinaviyadagi aholi punktlari ta'rifi bo'yicha edi emas Viking shaharlari; garchi ularning ko'pchiligida vikinglar tomonidan uyga olib kelingan asarlar mavjud edi.
Shvetsiya
- 4 Ale Vikingagard (Shimoliy Göteborg ya'ni Gyoteborg). Har yakshanba kuni ochiq. Viking fermasi. Yil davomida bo'lib o'tgan tadbirlar, bahorda (may oyining boshida), oktyabr oyining oxiridan noyabr oyining boshigacha va o'rim-yig'im vaqtidan keyin kuzda, Jul atrofida bayramlar va bozorlar, shu jumladan Rojdestvo bayramida norasmiy butparastlarning bayrami.
- 5 Birka (Ekerö, Stokgolm tumani). Stokgolm yaqinidagi YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati. Birka 8-asrda tashkil etilgan va Vikinglar davrida muhim savdo markazi bo'lgan. Byorko orolida muzey, shu jumladan rekonstruksiya qilingan Viking qishlog'i mavjud. Yil davomida rollar, ekskursiyalar, hunarmandlar va tadbirlar.
- 6 Foteviken muzeyi (Malmö janubi). Vikinglarning katta rekonstruktsiyasi atrofida joylashgan ochiq osmon ostidagi Viking muzeyi. Hudud Vikinglar davrining muhim arxeologik joyidir va 1134 yilda bu erda dengizdagi Fotevik jangi bo'lib o'tgan. Eksperimental arxeologiya, rollar va mavsumiy dastur hamda butun oila uchun qiziqarli tadbirlar.
- 7 Gamla Uppsala (Eski Uppsala) (Shimoldan 5 km Uppsala). Gamla Uppsala zamonaviy Uppsala shahridan tashqarida joylashgan sobiq aholi punkti bo'lib, Viking davridagi Shvetsiyaning siyosiy va diniy markazi bo'lgan. Bir paytlar u Skandinaviya atrofidan mehmonlarni olib keladigan afsonaviy norvegiyalik butparast ibodatxonasi bo'lgan. Biroq ma'bad yo'qolib qoldi; uning qanday ko'rinishini va qaerda turganini hech kim bilmaydi. Shuningdek, ushbu saytda bir nechta ajoyib mozorlar va katta muzey joylashgan.
- 8 Gamla Uppsala muzeyi (Eski Uppsala muzeyi), Disavagen, ☏ 46 18-239312. Yanvar-mart va oktyabr-dekabr: M So Sa Su 12: 00-16: 00. Aprel, may, sentyabr: har kuni 11: 00-17: 00. Iyun-avgust: har kuni 10: 00-16: 00. Viking davridagi qadimiy Uppsaladan topilgan ko'plab arxeologik topilmalar. 80SEK.
- 8 Gamla Uppsala muzeyi (Eski Uppsala muzeyi), Disavagen, ☏ 46 18-239312. Yanvar-mart va oktyabr-dekabr: M So Sa Su 12: 00-16: 00. Aprel, may, sentyabr: har kuni 11: 00-17: 00. Iyun-avgust: har kuni 10: 00-16: 00. Viking davridagi qadimiy Uppsaladan topilgan ko'plab arxeologik topilmalar. 80SEK.
- 9 Gotlands muzeyi, Strandgatan 14 (Visbi, Gotland). 10: 00–18: 00 da ochiq. Garchi Gotlandning Oltin asri o'sha davrda bo'lgan Gans Ligasi XIII asrdan boshlab, orol ancha oldin tijorat markazi bo'lgan, ehtimol afsonaviy gotlarning uyi bo'lgan. Kirish: 80-100 SEK.
- 10 Gunnes gård, 270 (Upplands Väsby). Qayta tiklangan Viking yoshi fermasi, asosan yozda ishlaydi.
- 11 Gustavianum, Akademigatan 3 (Uppsala), ☏ 46 18-4717571. Sentyabr-may: Tu-Su 11: 00-16: 00, iyun-avgust: Tu-Su 10: 00-16: 00.. Uppsala universitetining universitet muzeyi va boshqa narsalar qatorida Vendel va Viking davridagi "Valsgärde" neabidagi qayiq ko'milgan joydan topilgan narsalar. Kattalar uchun 50SEK, qariyalar va talabalar uchun 40SEK va 19 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar uchun bepul kirish.
- 12 Jarnåldershuset i Körunda (Shimoliy Nynashamn). Qayta tiklangan Vikinglar davri.
- 13 Medeltidsveckan (O'rta asrlar haftasi) (Visbi, Gotland). While conversion to Christianity in the 11th century marked a divide between the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Gotland remained a decentralized land of peaceful mariners and merchants (farmaðr, farmän) instead of warmongering Vikings, until Sweden annexed the island in the 17th century. Stil, this festival week creates a Viking-like atmosphere.
- 14 Rök Runestone (Near Ödeshög, Östergotland). The world's largest runestone, and the oldest known written record in Sweden. The name of the village Rök has the same roots as rock (named for the stone), which means that Rök Stone is a tautology.
- 15 Stallarholmen Viking Festival (yaqin Strängnäs). Annually the first weekend of July, in a village with plenty of runestones and other Viking-age artifacts.
- 16 Stavgard (Gotland). A 10th century village ruin where the master house was 60 metres long, and a modern replica of the village.
- 17 Storholmen (North of Norrtälje). A reconstructed Viking village situated on the shore of lake Erken. A small nature reserve of Norr Malma to the south, including a large graveyard from the Iron Age. The whole region – known as Roslagen – is steeped in history. In the Viking Age there was important trade with the East. There is a nice 18th-century inn and restaurant nearby and a child-friendly lakeside beach.
- 18 Swedish History Museum (Historiska Museet), Narvavägen 13-17 (Stokgolm / Östermalm). Open daily 10:00–17:00 May–Sep, Tu–Su 11:00–17:00 and Th 11:00–20:00 Oct–Apr. Describes Swedish history from the Ice Age to present day, with emphasis on the Middle Ages (1000-1500). In the Gold Room, you'll find gold treasures from the Bronze Age to the 16th century. The Viking Age exhibition is closed for reconstruction, scheduled to reopen in early 2021.
- 19 Trelleborgen (In the modern port town of Trelleborg in Scania, close to Foteviken Museum or a 20 minute drive from Malmö). April to October. One of only seven known Viking Ring Castles from the 980s. "Trelleborg" is the name of the town, the castle and a general term for Viking Ring Castles. It is 143 metres in diametre and was largely reconstructed with palisades and houses in 1995. Activities for all ages with museum building, store and café. Watch role plays and re-enactments or engage in the Viking market, changing events or Viking board games. Stories from Norse mythology are occasionally dramatised here, but only in Swedish. SEK 40, free for people under 20.
- 20 Uppåkra Arkeologiska Center (Uppåkra Archaeological Centre), Stora Uppåkravägen 101 (4 km South of Lund), ☏ 46 70-825 49 60. Jun-Aug W-Su 10-14. Sep Tu-Sa 12-15. A historical museum by and about the Viking-era archaeological site Uppåkra. This area was supposedly a cultural and religious centre in Scania with a pagan temple, but was abandoned in favor of modern day Lund around year 990.
- 21 Vikingaliv, Djurgårdsvägen 48. Viking muzeyi 2017 yilda ochilgan. Asosiy diqqatga sazovor joy bu Ragnfrids dostoni, an 11-minute dark ride through dioramas depicting a Viking adventure. There is also a (rather small) hands-on exhibition with replicas of Viking craft. Good for visitors who want a brief introduction to the Vikings and are not bothered by the cover charge or the absence of genuine artifacts. one day 160/140/120 kr; one year 250/200 kr; cash not accepted.
- 22 Vikingatider, Ådalsvägen 18, SE-246 35 Löddeköpinge (At the village of Löddeköpinge near Lund, some 20 km north of Malmö by E6). May to September. An archaeological Viking-themed open-air museum and landscape with Viking houses and farms. Engage in everyday activities of the Vikings at the farm or in the workshops. Guided tours (in English) of the settlement and surrounding landscape and special events throughout the year, including re-enactments, craftshops and markets.
- 23 Årsjögård (At the lakeside village of Årsunda, south of Sandviken). An open-air museum centered around a reconstructed Viking farm in the midst of a historic region known as Järnriket (The Iron Realm). Experimental archaeology and occasional role plays, re-enactments, feasts, music and crafts. Learn more about the cultural history of this area, in particular the Viking Age. The Sörby gravefields with 90 burial mounds and stone settings are nearby, as are the popular lakeside bathing site of Strandbaden at the lake of Storsjön, locally known as "Gästriklands riviera". At Strandbaden you will find a camping site and restaurant.
Islandiya
- 24 871±2 (The Settlement Exhibition), Corner of Aðalstræti and Suðurgata, Reykyavik, ☏ 354 411 6300, ✉[email protected]. 10AM-5PM daily. Run by the Reykjavík City Museum, this exhibition in central Reykjavík was built around the oldest archaeological ruins in Iceland. As the name indicates, these ruins date to around the year 870. This interactive exhibitions brings you the early history of the area that today forms central Reykjavík. 1000 kr, free for children under 18.
- 25 National Museum of Iceland (Þjóðminjasafnið), Suðurgata 41, Reykyavik (Bus no. 1,3,4,5,6,12 and 14 stop in front of or near the museum), ☏ 354 530 2200, ✉[email protected]. This museum, located right by the University of Iceland campus, takes the visitor through the history of a nation from settlement to today. Includes a café and a museum shop. General admission: 1500 kr, senior citizens and students: 750 kr, children under 18: free.
- 26 Reykjavík City Museum (Árbæjarsafn), Kistuhyl (Bus nr. 19 from Hlemmur), ☏ 354 411 6300, ✉[email protected]. 10AM-5PM daily between 1 June and 31 August. During winter there are guided tours at 1PM Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. In the suburb of Árbær, and frequently called Árbæjarsafn (Árbær museum), this open air museum contains both the old farm of Árbær and many buildings from central Reykjavík that were moved there to make way for construction. The result is a village of old buildings where the staff take you through the story of a city. The staff are dressed in old Icelandic clothing styles and trained in various traditional techniques, for example in making dairy products or preparing wool. 1000 kr, free for children under 18.
- 27 Þingvellir National Park. The place where the Icelandic parliament (Alþing) met for a few days every year from 930 until 1798. This yearly event also served as a supreme court and a huge market and meeting place for people from all over the Iceland.
- 28 The Settlement Centre, Brákarbraut 13-15, Borgarnes. 10-21. A media center showcasing the Viking sagas, stories or descriptions of their everyday life.
- 29 [o'lik havola]Eiríksstaðir (Búðardalur, around 150 km north of Reykjavik). An open air museum, centered around the recreation of the homestead of Erik the Red and his son Leif Eriksson (considered to be the first European to set foot in America).
- 30 Saga Centre (in Hvolsvöllur, 15 km to the southeast of Hella). A museum showcasing Njals Saga, the main saga of the Icelanders.
- 31 Snorrastofa (Reykholt). A museum and research center showcasing Snorri's Saga, written by the 12th and 13th century writer Snorri Strulasson.
- 32 Viking World (Reykjanesbær, near Keflavík). A museum with five Viking exhibitions, including a replica of a ship.
Norvegiya
- 33 Lofotr Viking Museum (Lofotr Vikingmuseum), Prestegårdsveien 59, NO-8360 Bøstad (Go to the island of Vestvågøya). May - September. Located on the island of Vestvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago, is a huge reconstructed Viking Chieftains hall situated in a dramatic landscape. The hall holds exhibitions and there are walking paths in the surrounding landscape. Seasonal events and programs with roleplays, Viking feasts, Viking Festival and more. Animals and a smithy. In the summer it is possible to sail with a Viking ship replica nearby.
- 34 The Viking Ship Museum (Vikingskipshuset), Frederiks gate 2, Oslo (Go to the island of Bygdøy). Butun yil. The main attractions here are the Gokstad, Oseberg and Tune Viking ships, all originals. The Viking Ship Museum is part of Museum of Cultural History, itself a department of University of Oslo (UiO). Museum of Cultural History also houses Tarix muzeyi with a permanent exhibition themed around the Norse and Vikings in particular. Tickets include admission to both museums within 48 hours. The Bygdøy island can be reached by road or ferry (in the summer).
- 35 Gokstad Mound (Gokstadhaugen) (Gokstad, Sandefjord). Butun yil. The burial mound at Gokstad where the Gokstad ship was discovered in 1880. The ship is the largest found in Norway and is now on display in the Viking ship museum, Oslo. The Norwegian government has asked UNESCO to include the mound on the world heritage list.
- 36 Stiklestad (Trondelag). Site of the battle in year 1030 where King Olav died.
- 37 Trondenes historical center, Trondenesveien 122, Harstad. Displaying more than 2,000 years of history in the region, which was a Viking power centre (Tore Hund from Bjarkøy just north of Harstad killed St Olav at the Battle of Stiklestad, according to the saga).
- 38 Three Swords. (Sverd i fjell, literally Sword in Mountain), a monument outside the centre of Stavanger, beside the Hafrsfjord. The swords themselves are massive and in the background is the fjord. The monument commemorates the battle of Hafrsfjord in the late 800's where Harald Hårfagre beat his eastern opposition and became the first King of Norway.
- 39 Midgardsenteret (Borrehaugen), Birkelyveien 9, 3182 Borre (Horten), ☏ 47 33 07 18 50. season: 1 may - 15 sept, daily open 11am - 4pm. Offpeak Th - Su open 11am - 4pm, Mo - We closed. New museum about history, religion and wars of the vikings, next to Borrehaugen, the viking cemetery. Cafeteria. Adult 60 NOK, child 40 NOK.
- 40 Kaupang (outside Larvik). Around 800 AD a Viking trade post was established here, and today it is both an archaeological site and a venue for Viking events in the summer.
- 41 Bronseplassen. Open May to September. Reconstructed houses from the Bronze Age and Viking times and is located in Høvåg, approx. 15 km west of Lillesand. There are also bark boats, labyrinth, offering space and cemetery.
- 42 Avaldsnes (About 8.5 km south of Haugesund). A former Viking settlement, nowadays featuring a Viking farm, a history centre, burial mounds and archaeological excavations.
- 43 Gulen assembly (Gulating), Eivindvik (Sognefjorden). Gulating was the viking era legislative assembly and high court (þing) for West Norway. The site had a central location along the shipping lane (the highway of the time). The assembly may have been established by Harald Hairfair around year 900 (perhaps older), and existed until 1300. The Gulating law was the corresponding legislation and at its widest extent covered West Norway as well as Agder counties, Valdres and Hallingdal. The Gulating law originated around 900 (or earlier) is Norway's oldest known legislation and was in effect until 1688 (some rules are still relevant). Originally Gulating was a "common assembly" where all "free men" joined for the annual meeting, later only delegates from each district. Around year 1300 the assembly met in Bergen rather than Gulen. Today the name is retained in Gulating court of appeal in Bergen. Two ancient stone crosses mark the original site, and new monument marks a later site nearby. Similar assemblies and laws existed for Trøndelag and for Eastern Norway. When Norway's modern constitution was crafted in 1814 the name Storting (grand assembly) was adopted.
- 44 Frosta assembly (Frostating), Frosta (Trondelag). Frostating was the Viking era court and general assembly for the Trøndelag area, similar to Gulating for Western Norway. The "Thing hill" is marked and can be visited.
- 45 Hæreid burial mounds (Eidfjord yilda Hardanger). Several hundred burial mounds from Viking age and earlier. The largest such burial field in Western Norway, one of the largest in Norway.
- Myklebust viking ship (Myklebustskipet) (Nordfjordeid in Nordfyord). Traces of a 25 meter long Viking ship uncovered in a burial mound at Nordfjordeid in 1874. Presumably one of the largest viking ships found. A replica was completed in 2019 and is on display in the village.
Daniya
- 46 Bork Vikingehavn (In the village of Bork near Skjern va Ringkobing, at the bottom of a large lagoon). April - October. Viking village and harbour area with Viking ship replicas and a town market. Re-enactments and roleplays that varies throughout the year. Great with kids.
- 47 Fyrkat (West of Hobro). Viking Ring Castle and re-constructed Viking houses. Sometimes roleplays and craftsmen. No entry fees.
- 48 Jelling Monuments (In Jelling). UNESCO World Heritage Site in Jelling, a Viking Royal residence. Enormous stone ship monument, burial mounds, runestones and 10th century church. Newly built exploratorium bringing the site's rich history to life. Good for all ages. Ozod.
- 49 Lindholm Høje (North of Aalborg). Pagan Iron Age and Viking Age burial grounds with hundreds of stone-set grave sites. Museum building.
- 50 Ribe Vikingecenter (Da Ribe). Late April to October. Large Viking Center and open-air town museum reconstructed at the former site of a large Viking town. Re-enactments, craftsmen, roleplays and experimental archeology of varying themes throughout the year. Ride Icelandic horses, help the farmers, watch the falconry displays, shoot with bows or learn to fight like the Vikings; there are many activities here suited for all ages and interests.
- 51 Sagnlandet Lejre (South of Roskilde). March - December. Large open-air Viking and pre-historic center with themes reaching back to the Stone Age as it unfolded in Scandinavia. Located in Lejre, a former royal homeland in the Nordic Iron Age and early Viking Age. Engaging activities for all ages.
- 52 Trelleborg Castle (East of Slagelse). A Viking Ring Castle, one of only seven known of its kind. Small museum and some reconstructed Viking buildings. DKK 100.
- 53 Viking Ship Museum, Vindeboder 12 in Roskilde (follow the signs from the cathedral), ☏ 45 4630 0200, ✉[email protected]. 10AM-5PM. A museum with several original viking ships, a viking research center, a harbour with copies of viking ships, and a shipyard making new ships. Study the originals, watch how archaeologists preserve them and engage on a small sea-voyage with replica ships in the summer months. 80-115 Kr, students 70-100 Kr, children free.
Germaniya
- 54 [o'lik havola]Haithabu (Hedeby) (Just south of Schleswig). Located at the southern end of the Jutland peninsula, Haithabu was once the site of the largest Viking town in Scandinavia. Now an open-air town museum with reconstructed Viking houses. Experimental archeology, craftsmen and engaging roleplays and reenactments of the former life in the Viking Age town. Together with the Danevirke defensive walls and trenches nearby, it was inscribed on the YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati 2018 yilda.
Grenlandiya
- 55 Norse settlements in Greenland. Vikings settled parts of Southern Greenland, starting with Erik the Red, who gave the landmass its name to make it sound appealing to travellers. Remains and reconstructions of the Norse settlements can still be visited, some of them forming a jahon merosi sayti.
Kanada
- 56 L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site (Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland). Archaeological site featuring the remains of the North American Viking settlements described in the Vinland Sagas: depressions in the ground that were once the foundations of houses, a sod longhouse reconstructed according to Viking-era building methods, plus some unearthed artifacts displayed in the museum contained in the visitors' centre. Guided tours and occasional special events.
- 57 Norstead (Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland). Just down the road from L'Anse aux Meadows, Norstead takes a more interactive, living-history approach to the subject of the Norse incursion into North America, with a "village" of reconstructed longhouses populated by costumed interpreters reenacting daily life in a 12th-century "Viking port of trade" with a respectable degree of historical accuracy.
Latvia
- 58 Grobiņa Viking Settlement, Skābaržkalns, Grobiņa, close to Liepāja. The west coast of Latvia has Viking heritage, where there was once a settlement named Seeburg (now in Grobiņa city).
Birlashgan Qirollik
- 59 Jorvik Viking markazi (York, Angliya), ☏ 44 1904 543400. Daily 10AM-4PM (winter), 10AM-5PM (summer). The world famous Jorvik Viking Centre is a must-see for visitors to the city of York and is one of the most popular visitor attractions in the UK outside London. Welcoming over 16 million visitors since 1984, Jorvik Viking Centre invites visitors to journey through the reconstruction of Viking-Age streets as they would have looked 1000 years ago. Adult £12.50, child 5-16 years £8.50, concession £10.50.
- 60 Lindisfarne, Angliya. An early Christian monastery at the Northsea rocky shore. The Norse raid at Lindisfarne in AD 793 usually marks the beginning of the Viking Age.
- 61 Up Helly Aa (Shetland Islands). Europe's largest and most famous fire festival. It takes place on the last Tuesday in January. Over the year the 'Guizer Jarl' or Viking Chief and his squad prepare costumes, weapons and a replica heraldic style Viking Galley and torches. There is a torchlight procession of over 800 participants and then the Galley is ceremoniously burned. Tickets to the halls are by invitation only, but public tickets are available for the Town Hall from the committee. Although the Lerwick festival is the largest and most famous, eleven other fire festivals are held across the islands.
The Normans
- 62 Battle Abbey and site of the Battle of Hastings (Jang, Angliya), ☏ 44 1424 773792, faks: 44 1424 775059. open 1 Apr-30 Sep 10AM-6PM, 1 Oct-31 Mar 10AM-4PM, closed 24-26 Dec and 1 Jan. Now maintained by English Heritage, the Abbey was established after 1070 on the site of the Battle of Xastings in 1066, the Pope having decreed that the Norman conquerors should do practical penance for the deaths inflicted in their conquest of England. William the Conqueror initiated the building, but it was only completed and consecrated in 1094 in the reign of his son William II (Rufus). The Abbey is in an incomplete, partly ruinous state, having been dissolved during the Reformation, then re-used as a private home. Visitors can stand on the reputed site where Harold was slain on 14 October 1066. adults £7.80, children £4.70, concessions £7, family ticket £20.30.
- 63 Bayeux (Normandiya, Frantsiya). A cathedral town which features the Bayeux tapestry, which chronicles the Norman invasion of England, culminating in William's victory over Harold in 1066.
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