Bo'shliq kabi - kabi Yulduzli trek qo'yadi - "so'nggi chegara". Tijorat kosmik turizm hali ham istalgancha kichik bozor, ammo u albatta yetib keldi - bunga qodir bo'lganlar uchun.
Juda ozchilik qila oladi boring kosmosga, yaxshi ko'zlari bo'lgan har bir kishi mumkin qarang bepul va havaskorlik bilan shug'ullaning astronomiya Yer yuzining istalgan joyidan.
Tushuning
Kosmik fazoyoki oddiygina bo'sh joy, bizdan juda uzoq bo'lgan barcha narsalarni ramziy ma'noda anglatadi, ammo u aslida juda yaqin - eng keng tarqalgan ta'rifi shundaki, kosmik Yer sathidan atigi 100 km (62 milya) balandlikda boshlanadi, bu chegara Karman chizig'i deb nomlanadi. Ushbu balandlikdan yuqoriroqqa borish va omon qolish uchun sizga kosmik texnologiya kerak, chunki hatto baland balandlikdagi aviatsiya texnologiyasi ham etarli bo'lmaydi. Kosmik xarakterlanadi vakuumga yaqin, atmosfera sayyoralararo kosmosda kubometr uchun bir necha atomlarga kamayib borishi bilan va mikrogravitatsiya yoki erkin tushish, hissiyotini yaratish vaznsizlik.
Kosmosning yana bir paradoksal tomoni shundaki, u o'z dunyomizning ko'plab joylaridan ko'proq batafsil xaritada va boshqariladi. Yangi qit'alar yoki dengizlarga sayohat qilgan o'tmishdagi tadqiqotchilar oldinda nima turishi yoki ularning sayohati qayerga olib borishi mumkinligi haqida kam tasavvurga ega edilar va ular yillar davomida uy bilan aloqada bo'lmasliklari mumkin edi. Kosmosga uchayotganlar tortishish kuchlaridan foydalanish uchun sekundga hisoblangan juda aniq traektoriyalarga ega. Kun bo'yi ular missiyani boshqarish bilan muvofiqlashadi va bo'sh vaqtlarida ular yorug'lik tezligida oilalari bilan audio va video qo'ng'iroqlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin.
- Ushbu sahifada kosmosda topilgan sayyoralar, oylar va yulduzlar kabi son-sanoqsiz tabiiy jismlar yoritilmagan. Biz uchun alohida maqola bor Oy, ammo boshqa hech qanday samoviy jismlar odamlar uchun boradigan joy emas - hali!
Tarix
Ming yillar davomida tashqi makon yaxshi tushunilmagan. Odamlar atmosfera cheksiz ravishda kengayib borishiga ishonishdi va agar siz havo sharlari yoki uchayotgan qarama-qarshiliklarda etarlicha baland ko'tarilishingiz mumkin bo'lsa, oxir-oqibat oy va yulduzlarga etib borasiz. Astronomlar yulduzlarni faqat yalang'och ko'zlari bilan kuzatishi mumkin edi va Nyuton fizikasini tushunmasdan, Quyosh va boshqa yulduzlar Yer atrofida aylanishi taxmin qilingan.
Taxminan 1600-yillarda matematika, fizika va texnologiya yutuqlari bizning tushunchamizni o'zgartira boshladi. Teleskoplar Yupiter oylarini va Venera fazalarini kuzatishimiz mumkin bo'lganida, o'z dunyomizdan tashqarida nima borligini namoyish etdi. Nazariyasi orqali tortishish kuchi va Nyuton fizikasi biz kosmik makon vakuum ekanligini va nima uchun yulduzlar, sayyoralar va oylar bir-birlarini aylanib o'tishlarini aniqladik. 1800-yillarda sodir bo'lgan ko'plab yutuqlar ko'proq qiziqish uyg'otdi, fotosuratlar bilan Oyning tafsilotlari va boshqa galaktikalarni aniqlashga imkon berildi. Jyul Vernikiga o'xshagan dastlabki ilmiy-fantastik futuristik asarlar Yerdan Oygacha (1865) jamoatchilikning kosmik sayohatga bo'lgan ishtahasini pasaytirdi.
Atmosfera etishmasligi tufayli siz samolyotlar yoki havo sharlarini kosmosga uchira olmaysiz. Hozirgi kunga qadar mavjud texnologiyamiz bilan kosmosga erishish uchun faqat bitta usul mavjud edi: raketalar. Xitoyliklar miloddan avvalgi 9-asrda porox ixtiro qilishgan, agar u ilgari bo'lmasa, va 13-14 asrlarda uni raketalarda harakatlantirish uchun ishlatgan, hatto ko'p bosqichli ballistik raketalarni yaratgan. Yaqinda butun dunyoda raketalar ishlatila boshlandi, garchi o'sha vaqtning aksariyat qismida ular harbiy bo'lmagan otashinlardan boshqa narsa emas edi. 20-asrda rus o'qituvchisi Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy kosmosni o'rganish g'oyasidan ilhomlanib, zamonaviy raketa turlarini (suyuq yoqilg'idan foydalangan holda) va orbitaga chiqishga bo'lgan talablarni hisoblab chiqadigan muhim hujjatlarni nashr etdi va amerikalik olim Robert Goddard raketa dizaynlarini sinab ko'rdi ularning samaradorligini, assortimentini va foydali yukini sezilarli darajada yaxshilaydi.
20-asrning boshlarida raketa kashshoflari yulduzlarga qarashgan bo'lsa-da, raketalar hali harbiy kelib chiqishlaridan qochib qutulmagan. 1944 yilga kelib Germaniya nishonlarga tezlik bilan yomg'ir yog'diradigan birinchi ballistik raketa bo'lgan V-2 ni qurdi, bu esa uni zenit qurollari va qiruvchilari uchun daxlsiz qildi. V-2 nishonga tushishidan oldin 80 km ga ko'tarildi va ba'zi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sinov otishmalar Karman chizig'idan birinchi bo'lib o'tib, 174 km ga yetdi. Urush oxirida g'oliblar g'azab bilan nemis uskunalarini, rejalarini va birinchi navbatda raketa olimlari va muhandislarini qo'lga kiritishga intildilar. Uzoq masofali ICBM (qit'alararo ballistik raketalar) ning rivojlanishi AQSh va SSSR o'rtasida Sovuq urushni vujudga keltirdi, ammo ilg'or texnologiyalar ham Kosmik poyga chunki ikkala xalq ham kosmik parvozda turli "birinchi" lar uchun raqobatlashdi.
Kosmik parvozlarning hiyla-nayranglari shundan iboratki, gap ketishda emas yuqori... ketish haqida tez. Yerning past orbitasida bu 7,8 km / s (28000 km / soat yoki 17000 milya) atrofida tezlikni anglatadi, bu butun Yerni 90 daqiqada aylanib chiqish uchun etarli. Sovet Ittifoqi muhandis Sergey Korolev boshchiligida 1957 yilda birinchi marta qo'lga kiritdi Sputnik 1 21 kun davomida Yer atrofida muvaffaqiyatli aylanib chiqdi. Sovet Ittifoqining bir nechta birinchi, shu jumladan Yuriy Gagarin, kosmosdagi birinchi odam. Dastlab orqada qolib ketayotganda, AQSh dasturi, Verner fon Braun (Germaniya V-2 dizayneri) boshchiligidagi raketa olimlari guruhi bilan, 1960-yillarga to'g'ri keldi va bir necha yil davomida sovet dasturi bilan bo'yinbog 'edi. Keyinchalik, 1967 yilda rivojlanishning keskin sur'atlari ikkala dastur uchun ham halokatli falokatlarga olib keldi: AQShning Apollon-1 sinovi paytida uch astronavtning ham halok bo'lganligi va Sovet Soyuz 1-ning halokati, kosmonavtning o'limiga sabab bo'lgan. Ikki dasturni tiklash uchun 18 oydan ko'proq vaqt ketdi.
AQSh tuzalib ketdi va hattoki o'z tezligini oshirdi, qo'ndi Apollon 11 1969 yil 20 iyulda Oyda. Nil Armstrong va Buzz Aldrin o'z qo'nish joyidan chiqib, Oyda yurishdi, bu tomoshani 723 millionga yaqin odam (Yer aholisining beshdan biridan ko'prog'i) jonli ravishda tomosha qilishdi. 1972 yil dekabr oyigacha yana oltita missiya amalga oshirildi. Ayni paytda, sovet dasturi o'z oy raketasini ishlab chiqarishda jimgina muammolarga duch keldi; Oyga poygada yutqazib, SSSR orbitalga e'tibor qaratdi kosmik stantsiyalar, 1971 yilda va bir necha Salyut stantsiyalaridan birinchisini ishga tushirdi Mir 1986 yilda. Kosmik juda yaqin ko'rinardi; bir payt Oyga va hali mavjud bo'lmagan kosmik stantsiyalarga chiptalar sotilayotgan edi. Siyosiy iqlim rivojlanib borishi va yangi haqiqat hissi paydo bo'lishi bilan "Space Race" bir martalik fazilatiga bo'lgan qiziqish. 1960-70 yillardagi yovvoyi orzular jamoatchilik ularga va'da qilingan arzon va oson kosmik turizmni anglab etgach vafot etdi. t yaqinda.
Sun'iy yo'ldoshlar 14 mamlakatlar va 6 ta xususiy kompaniyalar ob-havoni kuzatish, telekommunikatsiya, navigatsiya, astronomiya, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va razvedka uchun jami 9000 ga yaqin davlat va xususiy sun'iy yo'ldoshlarini uchirishdi. Ekipaj vazifalariammo, oz sonli tashkilotlarning domeni bo'lib qoldi va 1972 yildan beri faqat Yerning past orbitasida o'tkazildi; Yer orbitasidan tashqarida sayohat (hozircha) insoniyatning yagona sohasiga aylandi robot tadqiqotchilari.
Xitoy ishga tushirilishi bilan odamni orbitaga chiqaradigan uchinchi mamlakat bo'ldi Shenchjou 5 2003 yil oktyabr oyida, ular tezda ilgarilab, odamlarni Oyga qo'ndirgan ikkinchi millat bo'lishlari mumkin degan taxminlarni keltirib chiqardi. Biroq, rivojlanish boshqa dasturlarga o'xshash tezlikda davom etdi, 20 yil ichida faqat oltita ekipaj missiyasi boshlandi. Yaqin kelajakda ular 2022 yilga qadar ekipaj tarkibiga kirishi mumkin bo'lgan kosmik stantsiya va 2020-2024 yillarda Mars va asteroidlarga robotlashtirilgan missiyalarni amalga oshirmoqdalar.
Qaysidir ma'noda, yangi kosmik poyga xarajatlarni kamaytiradi va bu uzoq va qiyin bo'lgan. Raketalar va kosmik kemalarni loyihalashtirish qimmat, ularni qurish ham qimmat. Qayta ishga tushiriladigan tizimlar mantiqiy keyingi qadam bo'lib tuyuldi, ammo hozircha ular sarflanadiganlardan ko'ra qimmatroq ekanligini isbotladilar. AQSh kosmik kemasi, 30 yil ishlaganiga qaramay, oq filga aylandi, chunki havo kuchlari talab qilgan yirik dizayn hech qachon havo kuchlari bilan hech qanday shartnomalar imzolamadi va orbitani uchirishlar oralig'ida tiklash kutilganidan ancha qimmat va uzoq vaqt talab qildi. (Aksincha, Rossiya 60 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida bir xil sarflanadigan raketaning hosilalarini ishlab kelmoqda).
Raketalar va kosmik vositalar har doim xususiy pudratchilar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa-da, rivojlanish xususiy kosmik kompaniyalar ishga tushirish tizimlari uchun sust, ekipaj missiyalari uchun esa sekinroq. 2004 yilda Scales Composites ikki hafta ichida ikki marta suborbital parvozlarda SpaceShipOne ekipajini qayta ishlatib, 10 million dollarlik Ansari X mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo 2020 yilga kelib u ham, uning o'rnini bosuvchi SpaceShipTwo ham tijorat parvozlarida foydalanilmadi. SpaceX vertikal ravishda integratsiya qilish orqali 2000-yillardan buyon ulkan yutuqlarga erishdi va deyarli barcha texnologiyalarni uy sharoitida qurdi. 2015 yil dekabr oyida ularning qayta ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan Falcon 9 raketasi avtonom ravishda o'z qo'nish joyiga qaytish va tik tushish bilan muhim bosqichga erishdi (ular o'nlab marta takrorladilar, bu erga va suzuvchi barjalarga tushdi) va 2020 yil may oyida SpaceX odamlarni orbitaga chiqaradigan birinchi xususiy kompaniya.
Yarim asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida amalga oshirilgan kosmik sayohatlar asoslari bilan qisqa muddatli missiyalar endi ko'proq mukofot va uzoq muddatli qo'shma loyihalarni taklif qilmoqdalar Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya (ISS) ekipaj kosmik tadqiqoti uchun odatiy holga aylandi. Bular olimlarga bir necha oy yoki bir necha yil davom etadigan eksperimentlarni o'tkazishga va kosmosda uzoq muddatli yashash ta'sirini o'rganishga imkon beradi. Shunday bo'lsa-da, kosmik poyga eng yuqori cho'qqisidan beri byudjet muammolari birinchi o'rinda turadi, chunki hamma joyda mablag 'kamayadi. Rossiya kosmik agentligi mablag'lardan umidvor bo'lib, "Soyuz" uchirilishidagi o'rindiqlarni sotishni boshladi. Ishbilarmon Dennis Tito birinchi uchish uchun to'lashga aylandi kosmik sayyoh 2001 yil aprel oyida XKSga etti kunlik sayohat uchun 20 million AQSh dollar to'lagan. O'shandan beri bir nechtasi uning izidan yurishdi, ba'zilari hatto bir nechta parvozda.
Rollar
Hozirgacha kosmosga tashrif buyuradigan odamlarning aksariyati bu erda bo'lgan kosmonavtlar yoki kosmonavtlar - kosmik parvozlarni tayyorlash va bajarish uchun maosh oladigan mutaxassislar. Ismlar orasidagi farq asosan hurmatdan iborat bo'lib, "kosmonavt" Rossiya kosmik agentligi a'zolari uchun ajratilgan va "astronavt" dan NASA, ESA, CSA, JAXA va boshqa barcha odamlar foydalangan.
Qolgan bir nechtasi odatda deb nomlanadi kosmik sayyohlar. Bu poliester ko'ylakda kimningdir tasvirini bo'yniga kamera qo'yganligi sababli, NASA va RKA bu atamani afzal ko'rishadi kosmik parvoz ishtirokchisi. Bu ancha aniq, chunki hozirgi kunga qadar barcha ishtirokchilar ko'p vaqtlarini kosmosda o'tkazib, ilmiy tajribalarni o'tkazishga yordam berishdi. Doimiy astronavt dasturiga ega bo'lmagan (masalan, Braziliya, Malayziya va BAA kabi) boshqa xalqlarning hukumat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan ishtirokchilari va o'zlarining mablag'lari hisobidan kosmosga yo'l olgan sayyohlar o'rtasida yanada ehtiyotkorlik bilan farq bo'lishi mumkin.
Joriy missiyalar
2020 yilga kelib, odamlarni orbitaga yuboradigan ikkita dastur mavjud.
- 1998 yilda ishga tushirilgan Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya (ISS) 2000 yildan beri doimiy ravishda ekspluatatsiya qilinmoqda. 2020 yildan boshlab XKSga transport Rossiyaning Soyuz missiyalari va SpaceX Crew Dragon missiyalari tomonidan ta'minlanadi.
- Xitoyliklar Shenchjou Dastur 2003 yildan buyon 6 ta ekipaj missiyasini amalga oshirdi, keyingisi esa 2021 yilda yangi Xitoy kosmik stantsiyasini joylashtirishi kutilmoqda.
Gapir
Polar bazalar va boshqa ko'p millatli korxonalar singari, kosmik sayohatlar ham texnik jargon bilan juda qattiq qalampirlangan hunarmandchilik operatorlari tillaridan foydalanadi. Ingliz tili kosmosning ish tili bo'lib, ko'plab kosmik operatsiyalar va joylarda xalqaro muvofiqlashtirish uchun ishlatiladi. Ruscha ikkinchi darajali til; XKSdagi ba'zi belgilar va yorliqlar ikki tilli va Soyuz missiyalari XKSga etib borguncha faqat rus tilidan foydalanadilar.
XKSda ingliz tili odatda ish tili hisoblanadi, ammo astronavtlar va kosmonavtlar ekipajlari ingliz va rus tillarini yaxshi bilishlari kerak (ko'pincha bir-biri bilan ingliz-rus gibridida suhbatlashish, odatda kim bilan suhbatlashayotgan bo'lsa, ona tilida gaplashish). , va chet tilida o'zlari bilmagan so'zlarni almashtirish). XKSda joylashgan kosmik sayyohlar kamida "o'tish uchun etarlicha ingliz tilini" bilishlari kerak va shu kungacha barcha sayyohlar Soyuz missiyalarida uchib kelganliklari uchun rus tilida ba'zi bir oddiy qobiliyatlarga ega bo'lishlari kerak edi (6 oylik o'qish davomida 250 soatlik til o'rgatish yoki kuniga taxminan 2 soat).
Chiqinglar
| “ | Osmon shamoliga moslashtirilgan kemalar yoki yelkanlarni hisobga olgan holda, hatto o'sha bepoyon kenglikdan ham kamayib ketmaydiganlar bo'ladi. | ” |
- Yoxan Kepler, milodiy 1610 yil | ||
Yoki u "xarajat" deb aytishi mumkin edi. Kepler, Galiley va Jyul Vernning kosmosga sayohatini moliyalashtirish uchun cho'ntaklarida 40 million dollar pul yo'q edi, ammo ularning barchasi u erga sayohat qilish imkoniyatini yaratdi. Siz ham qila olasiz.
- Yer yuzida ko'plab muzeylar, ishga tushirish inshootlari va kosmik sayohatlar tarixi va fanini namoyish etadigan boshqa markazlar mavjud. Agar siz kosmosga chiqishga jiddiy umid qilsangiz, bu yaxshi tayyorgarlik, va siz hech qachon bormasangiz ham, qiziqarli kun. Quyida "Qarang" da tasvirlanganlar eng yaxshilaridan biri bo'lib, sayohat qilish uchun o'zlarining shahar sahifalarini ko'ring.
- Astronomiya bu sizning atrofingizdagi yorug'lik, agar u nisbatan yorug'liksiz bo'lsa, qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan kosmosni o'rganish usuli. Astronomiyaning o'zi hozirda Hubble kosmik teleskopi va boshqa tasvirlash tizimlari bilan kosmosga sayohat qildi va hatto erga asoslangan astronomiya ko'pincha katta chipta yuqori texnologiyali fan hisoblanadi. Shunga qaramay, oddiy asbob-uskunalar bilan havaskor astronomlar, hatto yalang'och ko'z bilan ham kashfiyotlarni davom ettirmoqdalar. The ISS osongina (qisqacha bo'lsa ham) erdan ko'rinadi; qarang Sizning joylashuvingizda ko'rish uchun NASA ISS jadvallari. Bu quyosh nurlari bilan yoritilgan va o'zining panjalarini aks ettiruvchi va tez orqaga qarab - g'arbdan sharqqa qarab harakatlanadigan yorqin oltin buyumdir. Bir necha daqiqadan so'ng u yoqutga aylanadi, keyin quyosh botishi bilan tunda aylanib o'tganda yo'q bo'lib ketadi.
- Kiberturizm immersiv tomosha qilishni ta'minlay oladi va sifati tez sur'atlar bilan yaxshilanmoqda: real tasvirni 3D tasvirlash, landshaftni interaktiv o'rganish va sayohatchilar bilan o'zaro aloqalar hozirgi texnologiyalarga tegishli. Bu mo'rt va dushman muhit uchun turistik turga aylanishi mumkin va kosmosga juda mos keladi. Tegishli rejim yoniq ROV - relyefni o'rganadigan masofadan boshqariladigan yoki yarim avtonom transport vositasi. Bu juda qimmat uskunalar, ammo ularning tasvirlari kiber versiyasini to'ldirishi mumkin.
- Mikrogravitatsiya qisqa vaqt ichida er atmosferasidan chiqmasdan uchrashish mumkin. Variantlar uchun "Do" ni ko'ring.
- Ish kosmosga ketgan odamlarning ko'pi shu paytgacha qanday etib kelganligi. Astronavt / kosmonavt dasturiga tanlanish juda uzoq masofadan turib amalga oshiriladi, ammo kosmik sayohat haqida hamma narsa ballistik uzoqdan zarbani o'z ichiga olganligi sababli, bu juda boy bo'lmagan sayohatchilar uchun eng yaxshi umid.
- Turistik kosmik parvoz agar imkoningiz bo'lsa va bu puldan eng yaxshi foydalanish deb chin dildan o'ylasangiz, mumkin. Bu "Do" ostida tasvirlangan, chunki kosmik va sayohat tajribasi bir xil.
Atrofga boring
Aksariyat kosmik sayohatchilar o'zlarining kosmik kemalarida qoladilar va sayohat qilish uchun uning harakatlanish tizimlaridan foydalanadilar. Orbital mexanika juda noaniq va manevr uchun yoqilg'i juda cheklangan bo'lgani uchun, bu vazifalarni malakali uchuvchiga topshirish kerak.
O'zingizning hunarmandchiligingizda qo'llaringiz va oyoqlaringiz yordamida osongina harakat qilishingiz mumkin. Qo'l san'atlari etarli darajada yaratilgan tutqichlar va oyoq ushlagichlar O'zingizni harakatga keltirganingiz uchun, shuningdek ishlayotganingizda o'zingizni joyingizga o'rnatganingiz uchun. Sizning qo'lingizdan biron bir narsaning ilib ketmasligi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, chunki sizning harakatingizning tezligi, havo oqimlari va boshqa minus harakatlari mukammal harakatsiz qolishni qiyinlashtiradi. Ammo, agar shunday qilsangiz, siz bir muncha vaqt (ko'p daqiqa, ehtimol bir necha soat) tiqilib qolishingiz mumkin. Qachonki siz biron bir sirtga qo'l cho'zsangiz, tanangizning qolgan qismi ham shuncha uzoqlashib, hech narsaga erishishingizga xalaqit beradi. Havoda "suzish" ham ishlamaydi, chunki suvdan farqli o'laroq, havo juda oz miqdordagi massani taklif qiladi. Yordam so'rashdan tashqari, sizning eng yaxshi pul tikishingiz - bu sizning kiyimingiz kabi juda og'ir narsani tashlashdir, bu sizni teskari yo'nalishda sekin harakatga keltiradi.
Ba'zida kosmik sayohatchilar qilishlari kerak avtoulovdan tashqari faoliyat, yoki EVA, ular ilmiy tajribalarga kirish yoki ta'mirlashni amalga oshirish uchun o'z hunarmandchiligidan chiqib ketishadi. Buning uchun sizga juda qo'pol kerak skafandr, bu sizni nafas oladigan havo bilan ta'minlaydi va sizni bo'shliq vakuumidan, zararli nurlanishdan va haddan tashqari haroratdan himoya qiladi (soyada mutlaq noldan shafqatsiz quyosh nurida mutlaqo qovurishgacha).
O'zingizning hunarmandchiligingiz ichida o'zingizni qoniqtiradigan narsalarni o'zgartirishingiz mumkin bo'lsa-da, tashqarida Siz osongina o'zingizning o'zingizning qo'zg'alishingizsiz o'zingizning sun'iy yo'ldoshingizga aylanishingiz mumkin, bu sizning havo ta'minotingiz bir necha soat ichida tugamaguncha qisqa umrga mahkum bo'lishi mumkin. Kichkina tirnoqli manevr birliklari bir necha marta ishlatilgan (yaqinda 1990 yilda), ammo xavfsizlik xavfi juda katta deb hisoblanadi va juda kam afzalliklari shubhali muammolarga loyiq emas. Bugungi kunda favqulodda vaziyat vositasi barcha EVA-larda ishlatilgan, ammo sinovlardan tashqarida hali ishlatilmagan. EVA har doim o'tkaziladi bog'langan, va ko'pincha shunchaki bog'langan emas, balki Canadarm2 tutashgan qo'liga mahkam o'rnashgan, shuning uchun sizning ekipajingiz sizni harakatga keltirishi mumkin.
Vaznatsiz muhitda narsalarni ko'chirish intuitiv emasva buni to'g'ri bajarish amaliyot va mashg'ulotni talab qiladi. Albatta, siz massiv ob'ektni xuddi kichkintoy singari osonlikcha itarishingiz yoki tortishingiz mumkin, lekin aslida nima bo'layotgani shundaki, siz va ob'ekt bir-biringizga qarab yoki undan uzoqlashmoqdasiz. Agar siz, masalan, tornavida ishlatmoqchi bo'lsangiz, aslida vida nima bo'ladi va unga biriktirilgan kosmik kemasi ozgina miqdorni aylantiradi, sizning nisbatan kichik tanangiz esa qolgan qismini teskari yo'nalishda aylantiradi - siz bajarmoqchi bo'lgan narsalar umuman emas!
Sizga kerak bo'lgan narsa - kosmik kemaga o'zingizni bog'lab qo'ying, shunda siz tornavida burab, hunarmandni burmasdan burab qo'ying. Yerda tortishish sizni butun tana vazningiz kuchi bilan erga tushiradi, ammo kosmosda bu kuchni ta'minlash uchun siz mushak kuchidan foydalanishingiz kerak. (Tasavvur qiling, qo'lingizda bir yog'och o'tinni ushlab, unga vintni tiqib olmoqchi bo'lasiz. Vintni devorga o'rnatishga qaraganda ancha qiyin.) Astronavtlar mashq qilishadi neytral suzish havzalari, suv ostidagi narsalar muvozanatlashgan katta suv havzalari, na suzadi, na cho'kadi. Kosmosdagi ko'plab vazifalar, ayniqsa EVAlar paytida, juda sekin va uslubiy ravishda bajariladi.
Qarang
Yer yuzida: muzeylar va boshqalar
Kosmik sayohatlar shu qadar uzoq tarixga ega ediki, er yuzidagi aksariyat yirik markazlar bunda o'zlarining mahalliy muzeylarida namoyish etilgan rolini o'ynashgan. Quyida faqat eng yaxshi diqqatga sazovor joylarni tanlash mumkin.
- 1 [o'lik havola]Pekin Planetarium (北京 天文馆; Běijīngtiānwénguǎn), 138 Xizhimenwai ko'chasi (西直门 外 大街 138 号; Xīzhíménwàidàjiē), Pekin, Xitoy (metro Pekin hayvonot bog'i stantsiyasining D chiqish qismida), ☏ 86 10 6835 2453. Yopiq M-Tu, 9:30 AM-dan 30:30 gacha W-F, 9: 30-dan 4: 30-gacha Sa-Su. Bu Xitoyda birinchi yirik planetariy bo'lib, biri eski va biri yangi bino bo'lgan ikkita binoga ega. Qadimgi binoda Fuko mayatnik, Yerning aylanishini namoyish qilish uchun ishlatiladigan moslama va kosmosga oid ko'plab dalillarga ega ko'rgazma mavjud. Yangi bino eski narsalarga qaraganda ko'proq narsalarga ega va barcha sayyoralarning modellari mavjud. Shuningdek, yangi binoda Quyosh va Katta portlash haqidagi ko'rgazmalar mavjud. To'rt teatr (ikkita 3D teatr va gumbaz shaklidagi ikkita teatr) 10 dan ortiq filmlarni namoyish etadi. Voyaga etganlar (18 yoshdan 59 yoshgacha): ¥ 10, 6 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: ¥ 8, 6 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar yoki 60 yoshdan katta qariyalar: bepul, siz filmlar uchun ko'proq pul to'lashingiz kerak..
- 2 Kanada aviatsiya va kosmik muzeyi, 11 Aviation Parkway, Ottava, Ontario, Kanada (Aviation Pkwy uchida joylashgan, Aviation Pkwy Ontario Highway 417, Queensway a.dan boshlanadi.), ☏ 1 613-991-3044, faks: 1 613-993-7923, ✉[email protected]. Har kuni 9.00 dan 17.00 gacha. Kanadadagi havo va kosmik muzeyi bilan aralashmaslik kerak, bu butunlay boshqa muzeydir. Kanadalik aviatsiya va kosmik muzeyida beshta ko'rgazma mavjud, shulardan uchtasi aviatsiya emas, balki kosmosga oid. Orbitadagi hayot: Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya XKSdagi hayot va kosmonavtlarning mikrogravitatsiya muhitini qanday boshqarishi haqida. Siz ko'tarilgan XKS modeli bor! Kanada kosmosda Kanadaning kosmosdagi eng muhim yutuqlari, shu jumladan Alouette-1 sun'iy yo'ldoshi va Dezorientatsiya stantsiyasining to'liq ko'lamli modeli, shu jumladan siz ko'tarilishingiz va aylanishingiz va boshingizni aylantirishingiz mumkin bo'lgan narsalarning umumiy ko'rinishi. Va nihoyat, Kosmosdagi sog'liq: o'rganishga jur'at eting kosmosning odamlarga mikrogravitatsiya va kosmik nurlanish kabi ta'siri haqida. Kattalar (18 yoshdan 59 yoshgacha): 15 dollar, qariyalar (60 yoshdan katta): 13 dollar, 3 yoshdan 17 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: 10 dollar, 3 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: bepul.
- 3 Jonson kosmik markazi, 1601 NASA Parkway, Xyuston, Texas, AQSH (NASA Parkway-da Saturn Lane-dan chiqish), ☏ 1 281 483-0123, ✉[email protected]. Ko'p kunlarda soat 10:00 dan 17:00 gacha, ba'zi kunlarda soat 10:00 dan 18:00 gacha yoki 9:00 dan 18:00 gacha, veb-saytda qo'shimcha ma'lumot mavjud. Qo'shni muzey bilan "Space Shuttle" va Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya faoliyati uchun missiyani boshqarish. Muzeyda Starship galereyasi mavjud bo'lib, u Apollon 17 qo'mondon moduli va tegib turadigan oy toshini o'z ichiga oladi. Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya galereyasida interaktiv jonli shoular va ISSning haqiqiy artefaktlari mavjud va Mission Mars galereyasi - Mars haqidagi interaktiv ko'rgazma. Tashqarida "Mustaqillik Plazasi" da siz kira oladigan "Space Shuttle" modeli mavjud. Yaqin atrofda raketa parki mavjud va u shaxsiy sayohatlar uchun mo'ljallangan. Kattalar (12 yosh va undan katta): $ 29,95, 4 yoshdan 11 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: $ 24,95, 3 yoshgacha va bepul: qariyalar: $ 27,95.
- 4 Mars cho'lini o'rganish stantsiyasi, 2200 sigir go'ngi yo'li, Xensvill, Yuta, AQSH (Xensvilldan tashqarida joylashgan Yuta shtati marshruti 24 yonida), ☏ 1 303 984-9346, ✉[email protected]. Marsda yashash qanday bo'lishini tajriba qiling. Talabalar shaharchasi tarkibiga 6 bino kiradi: diametri 28,5 metr bo'lgan ikki qavatli dumaloq yashash joyi, ikkita rasadxona, GreenHab (ekinlarni etishtirish laboratoriyasi), Science Dome (laboratoriya va butun stantsiyani boshqarish markazi) va RAMM (Ta'mirlash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish moduli). Haftasiga 750 dollar.
- 5 Kosmonavtika yodgorlik muzeyi (Muzey kosmonavtiki, a.k.a. Xotira kosmonavtika muzeyi yoki kosmik tadqiqotlar yodgorlik muzeyi), 111 Prospekt Mira, 129223 Moskva, Rossiya (VDNKh metro stantsiyasining yonida), ☏ 7 495 683-79-14, ✉[email protected]. M yopiq, Tu, V, F, Sa 10: 00-19: 00, Th, Su 10: 00-21: 00. M, Tu yopiq, Th 11: 00-21: 00, qolgan kunlar 11: 00-19: 00 Sergey Korolev yodgorlik uyi uchun. Sovet va Rossiya kosmik tadqiqoti haqida 98000 dan ortiq buyumlarga ega bo'lgan katta kosmik muzey, Kosmik fath qiluvchilar yodgorligi tagida joylashgan. Ichida "Soyuz" raketasi va birinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshning nusxasi bor. Ekskursiyalar bron qilish uchun mavjud va ingliz tilida bo'lishi mumkin. Muzeydan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan joyda, birinchi sun'iy sun'iy yo'ldoshni yaratuvchisi Sergey Korolev yashagan uy bo'lgan Sergey Korolev yodgorlik uyi joylashgan. Bu uy shuningdek muzey bo'lib, unda Sergey Korolev hayoti haqida 13000 dan ortiq buyumlar mavjud. 250 rub muzey va yodgorlik uyi uchun alohida tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun, 750 rub 2 kattalar va 7-17 yoshdagi 2 bolali oilalar uchun, 2250 rub 15 kishidan kam bo'lgan guruhlar bilan ekskursiyalar uchun.
- 6 Musée de l'Air va de l'Espace (Havo va kosmik muzeyi), Parij, Frantsiya (Metroning 7-qatoridan La-Kyornega boring va 152-avtobus liniyasida Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace Musée-ga boring, u Le Burge aeroporti yonida), ☏ 33 1-49-92-70-00. Okt-mart: Tu-Su 10: 00-17: 00; Aprel-sentyabr: Tu-Su 10: 00-18: 00. 100 yoshdan oshgan, dunyodagi eng qadimgi havo va kosmik muzeylardan biri. Muzeyda 12 ta zal (ko'rgazma) mavjud bo'lib, ulardan biri kosmosga tegishli: La conquête spatiale. Raketalar va sun'iy yo'ldoshlarning ko'plab modellari mavjud. To'rt tadbirdan planetariy va Planet Pilot kosmos bilan bog'liq. Planetariyda 7039 yulduz va 20 ta chuqur kosmik ob'ektdan iborat gumbaz shaklidagi katta ekran mavjud. Planet Pilot 6 yoshdan 12 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalarga bag'ishlangan, ammo ota-onalar va o'qituvchilar kirishi mumkin. Unda aviatsiya va kosmik qism hamda 40 dan ortiq interaktiv tadbirlar mavjud. Doimiy ko'rgazmalar: bepul; kattalar uchun / 26 yoshgacha bo'lgan tadbirlar: 1 mashg'ulot uchun 9/7 evro, 2 kishi uchun 14/11 evro, 3 kishi uchun 17/13 evro, 4. uchun 21/17 evro. Bu erda Parij muzeyi o'tish joyidan foydalanish mumkin..
- 7 Smitsoniya milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi, 600 Mustaqillik prospektining SW, Vashington, DC, AQSH (ichida Milliy savdo markazi Interstate 395 yaqinida, L'Enfant Plaza Metrorail bekatiga yaqin), ☏ 1 202 633-2214. Har kuni soat 10:00 dan 17:30 gacha. Ushbu muzeyda aviatsiya, uchtasi esa kosmik tadqiqotlar to'g'risida eksponatlar mavjud. Kosmik poyga kosmik poyga haqida bo'lib, Xabbl teleskopining maketiga ega. Yerdan tashqarida harakatlanish zamonaviy kosmik tadqiqotlar haqida. Unga taqdimot bosqichlari va devordagi Yer va XKSning ulkan rasmlari kiritilgan. Nihoyat, Koinotni o'rganish Quyosh tizimini kashf qilish haqida va unda modellar mavjud Voyager kosmik zondlar va Qiziqish Marsda yuruvchi. Kirish bepul, avtoturargoh $ 15.
- 8 AQSh kosmik va raketa markazi, 1 Tinchlik bazasi, Xantsvill, Alabama, AQSH (davlatlararo 565 ning 15-chiqish qismida), ☏ 1-800-637-7223. Har kuni 9:00 dan 17:00 gacha. Hech qachon uchirilmagan Saturn V raketasi, shuningdek, "Kosmik poyga" da eksponatlar, Oyga tashrif buyurgan dasturlar va XKS mavjud. Planetariy bor va a National Geographic teatr, 6 xil shou mavjud. Muzeydan tashqarida ko'plab boshqa kosmik transport vositalarining nusxalari va sinov bo'linmalari, shu jumladan "Space Shuttle" va "Saturn V" vertikalining o'lchamlari, shuningdek, kosmosda bo'lsangiz, qanday bo'lishini bilish uchun kosmik simulyatorlar mavjud. "Spark!" Laboratoriyasida ishlashingiz uchun ko'plab dizayn muammolari mavjud. Kattalar (13 yosh va undan yuqori): 25 dollar, 5 yoshdan 12 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: 17 dollar, 4 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar: bepul.
Yerda: ishga tushirish joylari va laboratoriyalar
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- 9 Baykonur kosmodromi (Kosmodrom Baykonur), Baykonur, Qozog'iston (Korolev prospektidan shimolga o'ting va yo'lning oxirida o'ngga buriling), ☏ 7(495)745 72 61, faks: 7(495)232 34 85, ✉[email protected]. Raketa uchirish joyi Sputnik 1 va Yuriy Gagarin Qozog'istonda va shu kungacha asosiy Soyuz saytni ishga tushirish. Uzoq vaqt davomida taqiqlangan, ammo endi cheklangan turizm uchun ochiq. Bu erga bir nechta sayyohlik kompaniyalari, shu jumladan "Star City" va "Baykonur" kosmodromiga ekskursiyalar o'tkaziladi. Odatda sizning sayyohlik kompaniyangiz orqali amalga oshiriladigan maxsus ruxsatnomangiz bo'lmasa, Baykonur kosmodromi va butun Bayko'n shahri taqiqlangan. Yulduzli shahar turlari: ~ 1,687,000 tenge (3500 €) muntazam ekskursiya uchun, ~ 2 050,000 тенге (4800 €) VIP-tur uchun; Boyqo'ng'ir kosmodromiga sayohatlar: muntazam ekskursiya uchun ~ 1.153.000 tenge (2700 evro), VIP tur uchun ~ 2.050.000 tanga (4800 evro)..
- 10 Reaktiv harakatlanish laboratoriyasi (JPL), 4800 Oak Grove doktori, Pasadena, Kaliforniya, AQSH (Oak Grove Drive orqali shimolga boring va yo'lning oxirida o'ngga buriling), ☏ 1 818 354-9314, ✉[email protected]. Ning dizaynerlari Qiziqish Mars rover va Voyager kosmik zondlar, har oyda ommaviy ma'ruzalar o'qiydi. Ekskursiyalarni kamida 3 hafta oldin zaxiralash kerak va ularning uzunligi 2-2,5 soatni tashkil qiladi. Laboratoriyaga kirish uchun pasport / identifikator talab qilinadi. Ozod.
- 11 Kennedi kosmik markazining tashrif buyuruvchilar majmuasi, Kanaveral burni, Florida, AQSH (Florida shtatidagi 528-yo'l orqali sharqqa o'ting va Florida shtati 3-yo'lda chapga buriling), ☏ 1 855 433-4210, Bepul: 1 866 737-5235. Har kuni 9 AM-dan 6-gacha yoki 9-dan 19-gacha; kamdan-kam 9 AM dan 8 gacha; ba'zan ishga tushirish kunlari uchun yopiq. Ushbu gavjum sayyohlik joyi muzeylar, filmlar, raketa bog'i va avtoulovlarga ekskursiyalarni tayyorlash va ishga tushirish joylarini taklif etadi. Bu rasmiy federal sayt - ammo tashrif buyuruvchilar majmuasi foyda olish uchun pudratchilar tomonidan boshqariladi, shuning uchun narxlarni odatdagi milliy park emas, balki xususiy sayyohlik ob'ektlari bilan taqqoslash mumkin. Asosiy kirish (1 kunlik o'tish) ajoyib avtobus turini o'z ichiga oladi (shu jumladan, Launch kompleksi 39 va Apollon / Saturn V markaziga bepul avtobus safari), muzeylar (shu jumladan, Space Shuttle eksponati). Atlantis) va IMAX filmlari. Qo'shimcha maxsus ekskursiyalar yoki dasturlarni oldindan buyurtma qilish kerak, chunki ular tezda sotiladi. Canaveral burniga shuningdek Havo kuchlari kosmik va raketa muzeyi. 1 kunlik o'tish: kattalar (12) 57 dollar, bolalar (3-11) 47 dollar. Chegirmalar va boshqa ruxsatnomalar mavjud. Avtoturargoh $ 10.
- 12 Guyana kosmik markazi (Markaz Gayanais), Kourou, Frantsiya Gvianasi, ☏ 594 37 77 77 (muzey va ekskursiyalar), 594 33 44 53 (raketa uchirilishi), faks: 594 33 30 66 (muzey va ekskursiyalar), 594 33 31 22 (raketa uchirilishi), ✉[email protected] (muzey va ekskursiyalar), [email protected] (raketa uchirilishi). Muzey: M-Sa 8 AM-6PM. Evropa kosmik agentligining Frantsiya Gvianasida joylashgan kosmik muzeyi joylashgan. Kosmik muzey 2 qavatdan iborat bo'lib, 7 ta doimiy eksponat va planetariy mavjud. Ishga tushirish sayti kuniga ikki marotaba ekskursiyalarni taklif qiladi, bittasi 8: 00-11: 30 va 1: 00-4: 30; bular 48 soat oldin zaxiraga olinishi kerak. 8 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar ekskursiyaga chiqa olmaydi. Raketa uchirilishini 7 km, 15 km yoki 20 km masofadan tomosha qilishingiz mumkin. 8 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar raketa uchirilishini tomosha qila olmaydilar, ba'zida 8 yoshdan 16 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar raketa uchirilishini tomosha qilishlariga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Muzey: kattalar (11) 7 € (shanba kunlari 4 €), bolalar (3-10) 4 € (shanba kunlari 2,5 €), 3 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar bepul.
- 13 Mojave kosmik porti, 1434 parvoz liniyasi, 58-bino, Mojave, Kaliforniya, AQSH (aeroport Blvd tomon chapga buriling. Mojave-Barstov avtomagistralida), ☏ 1 661 824-2433, ✉[email protected]. Samolyotning aqldan shanba kunlari har oyning uchinchi shanba kuni. FAA tomonidan sertifikatlangan birinchi kosmodrom va Scaled Composites xususiy kosmik parvoz dasturi. U erda sayohatlar taklif qilinmaydi, ammo samolyotning aqldan ozgan shanba kunlari bor, ular jamoatchilikka ochiq va kosmodrom qanday ekanligini ko'rishga imkon beradi.
- 14 Kolumbus boshqaruv markazi, Weßling (tashqarida Myunxen), Germaniya. Boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi Kolumb Xalqaro kosmik stantsiyaning tadqiqot laboratoriyasi, shuningdek Galileo sun'iy yo'ldosh navigatsiya tizimining erni boshqarish markazi. Missiya maqomiga qarab jamoatchilik uchun ochiq.
- 15 Yulduzli shahar (Zvyozdnyy gorodok), Moskva viloyati, Rossiya (Moskva viloyatining Zvyozdniy Gorodok shahar okrugida u o'rmon bilan o'ralgan). Shimoli-sharqda kosmonavtlarni tayyorlash muassasasi Moskva. Ushbu shaharcha 1990-yillarga qadar maxfiy saqlanib kelgan, garchi OAV bu haqda tez-tez gapirgan bo'lsa ham. Shaharda Yuriy Gagarinning haykali bor. 6000 aholisining taxminan 70% kosmosga oid ishlarga ega. Shaharning ikkita qismi bor: turar-joy maydoni va Yuriy Gagarin o'quv markazi. Dunyoda birinchi va eng katta santrifüj bu erda, u Yerning tortishish kuchini 20 baravargacha ishlab chiqara oladi. Parabolik "qusish kometasi" parvozlari uchun aeroport ham mavjud. Hydro Laboratoriyasi vaznsiz muhitni katta suv ombori bilan simulyatsiya qilish uchun ilg'or texnologiyalardan foydalanadi. Va nihoyat, turli xil ko'nikmalarni o'rgatish uchun ishlatiladigan ko'plab simulyatorlar mavjud.
- 16 Tanegashima kosmik markazi (種子 島 宇宙 セ ン タ ー), Tanegashima, Yaponiya (Tanegashima janubida, Tanegashima asosiy yo'lida harakatlanayotganda markazga belgini ko'rasiz.), ☏ 81 997-26-2111 (ishga tushirish sayti), 81 997-26-9244 (kosmik muzey), faks: 81 997-26-9245 (kosmik muzey). 9 AM-dan 17:30 gacha, iyul-avgust kunlari, 9-dan 17-gacha boshqa kunlar; ishga tushirish kunlari, 29 dekabrdan 1 yanvargacha va Mo-Tu uzoq dam olish kunlari yopiq (kosmik muzey). Yaponiyaning asosiy uchirish maydonchasi. Kosmik muzeyda bepul eksponatlar mavjud va uchirish maydoniga ekskursiyalar ham bepul. Ishga tushirish kunlari uchun olomon jamoatchilik nuqtai nazarlari mavjud, ammo siz raketalarni uchirish joyidan 3 km (1,9 milya) masofadagi har qanday joydan tomosha qilishingiz mumkin. Ning modeli mavjud Kibō, siz kirishingiz mumkin bo'lgan XKS uchun Yaponiya ilmiy moduli va kosmik muzeydagi Raketa uchirish teatri. Bepul (kosmik muzey).
- 17 Vostochniy kosmodromi (Kosmodrom Vostochnyy, "Sharqiy kosmodrom"), Zilokovskiy yaqinida, Amur viloyati, Rossiya. 2016 yildan beri ishlaydigan Vostochniy kosmodromi Rossiyaga qaramlikni kamaytirish uchun qurilgan Baykonur sayti in Kazakhastan, since after the Soviet Union dissolved the Baikonur Cosmodrome was in a different country. 15 km off the Trans-Sibir temir yo'li, launches are certainly within viewing distance to train passengers, provided the train passes in the right moment. It has not opened to tourists yet.
In Space
- Black sky: by 25 km (16 mi) altitude (well short of reaching space), all blue has drained from the sky, you're far above the weather systems, and you can see the curvature of Earth's surface. The stars become fixed points of light instead of twinkling: you'll see a rich field of them as you orbit the night side of Earth, but on the day side the glare of "earthshine" blanks out almost everything else. In Low Earth Orbit, sunrise and sunset flash by every 45 min; there's a brief red glow, but not the prolonged colors you see from the surface.
- The Earth is a remarkable sight, with its whorls of weather systems, blue oceans, "phases" as you pass from day to its night side, and glowing nighttime cities. If you orbit the moon, as you pass around its far side you lose radio contact as well as sight of Earth, and suddenly feel very much alone in the universe. Then you come around the corner and with relief see earthrise. You don't see this from the lunar surface without moving, as the Earth holds a nearly fixed position in the lunar sky.
- The Northern and Southern Lights form at the edge of space, at an altitude of a few hundred kilometers, so from orbit they're seen far below you flickering across the Earth's night surface.
Qil
| “ | Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever. | ” |
—Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, 1911 | ||
On Earth
- Space camp. NASA runs space camps at various locations in the US for children and teenagers with an interest in astronomy.
- Sog'lom bo'ling, physically and mentally. This is essential for your acceptance onto a flight, your wellbeing up there, and your re-adjustment to gravity and everyday society on return. With a well-controlled medical condition such as asthma or diabetes, or with advancing age, it is nowadays possible to undertake adventurous travel on earth. That's not yet possible for space but may become so in the years ahead.
- Be skeptical of commercial "astronaut training camps" that spring up from time to time. They're like screen-writing courses in Hollywood, they make their money from hundreds of wannabes while doing nothing to foster genuine talent. Only go on the basis that they won't get you closer to space but still look value-for-money as an experience. Be even more skeptical of "investment opportunities" and discount ticket sales on some unbuilt space vehicle, which might as well be powered by unicorns.
- Work: look at the websites of the space agencies to see what they're hiring, and consider what skills might get you into space. (No point getting hired just as a delivery driver unless you're Fry in Futurama.) Think ahead on how that job market might evolve: they'll probably need fewer pilots but more specialists. Solar panel maintenance, water extraction from Martian shale, who knows?
Microgravity and edge of space
Sakrash from a high place doesn't replicate microgravity: there's such an immediate onrush of air that your body behaves aerodynamically, albeit similar to a brick. You get slightly closer by jumping from a helicopter, since the air is blasting downwards from the rotor, and there's 2-3 seconds of "weightless" goofery before the usual airflow resumes. You get considerably closer by jumping from very high altitude into very thin air, so it might be most of a minute before you approach terminal velocity and lose the weightless sensation. Two 21st-century balloon jumps were from around 40 km altitude. This of course means expensive, complicated, bespoke systems to get you up there and keep you alive. You need to wear a spacesuit, and Orbital Outfitters was one company designing suits for such use, but they went bust in 2017.
The weightlessness experienced in orbit can be created by a parabolic aircraft flight, which alternates low g-forces for about 30 seconds at the top of its arcs with high g-forces at the bottom. These parabolic flights are notoriously nausea-inducing, leading to the nickname Vomit Comet, but commercial operators claim that their shorter flights (15 parabolas) are considerably gentler than research and training flights which involve 40-80.
- 1 Incredible Adventures, 1903 Northgate Blvd, Sarasota, Florida, USA (Go onto Northgate Blvd from US-301 (a.k.a Washington Blvd) and it's just a few houses until you're there), ☏ 1 941 346-2603, toll-free: 1 800 644-7382, ✉[email protected]. This company provides zero-g flights either from Moskva yoki dan Florida. You can customize when do you want to fly in the Florida flights. In the Florida flights, your plane will go from Martian gravity (1/3 Earth gravity) to Lunar gravity (1/6 Earth gravity) and finally to zero-g; and the flight will make 10-12 maneuvers, with each maneuver lasting 10 seconds. In the Moscow flights, the flight will last for 1.5 to 2 hours but you'll only get to float for 5 minutes. The plane will depart from the Chkalovsky Airfield for Moscow and St Pete-Clearwater International Airport for Florida. Children under 18 years old are not allowed to go on either flight. $3,000 for Florida, unknown for Moscow (determined by the company).
- Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G), 4601 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 1200, Arlington, Virjiniya 22201, USA (go west on Fairfax Dr from the Ballston-MU metrorail station), ☏ 1 703 894-2188, toll-free: 1 888 664-7284, fax: 1 702 947-6343, ✉[email protected]. Offers flights from Las Vegas (Nevada), San Francisco (California), Orlando, Miami va Cape Canaveral (all Florida) on a modified Boeing 727 named "G-FORCE ONE" with a large compartment suitable for weightless tumbling. 15 parabolas will be flown, with several brief simulations of freefall, lunar gravity (1/6 Terran), and Martian gravity (1/3 Terran). There's about 8 minutes of freefall. After the flight ends, there will be a Regravitation Ceremony and you'll be handed out certificates and pre-flight photos. US$5,400 for 1 seat, US$55,000 for 12 seats, US$165,000 for private flight.
- 2 Space Affairs, Bismarckstraße 72, 28203 Bremen, Germaniya (Go to the Dobbenweg bus station of Line 25 and then go east through Bismarckstraße), ☏ 41 44 500 50 10, 44 20 3179 3070, toll-free: 1 888 881-1893, fax: 1 661 843-1871, ✉[email protected]. Flights on Russian MiG-31 Foxhounds have ended, but flights on balloons named "BLOON" have not started yet, and commercial BLOON flights are expected to start in 2020. However, you can already book a flight as of August 2019. BLOON is a very safe and steady balloon and can ascend up to 36 km (22 mi). On the day before your flight, you will head over to southern Ispaniya, where the BLOON launch site is located. That night, there will be some easy training and stargazing using telescopes. The next day, you must get up early for the flight, and the BLOON will ascend to about 36 km. See the curvature of the Earth! After 2 hours, the BLOON will descend, and you'll soon be back on Earth. €110,000 per flight.
- 3 MiGFlug, Grüngasse 19, CH-8004 Tsyurix, Shveytsariya (First go to the Bezirksgebäude station of tram lines 2, 3 and 19 and bus line N14, and then go through Wyssgasse until you're at the end), ☏ 41 44 500 50 10, 44 20 3179 3070, toll-free: 1 888 881-1893, fax: 1 661 843-1871, ✉[email protected]. As of June 2020, this program is unavailable, but you can contact MiGFlug for them to put you on the waiting list. Offering supersonic flights with a Russian MiG-29 Fulcrum jet up to 22 km (14 mi), departing from Russia. The MiG-29 Fulcrum is not guaranteed to go that high, but 17 km (11 mi) up is guaranteed. The MiG-29 Fulcrum will be climbing up in a ballistic path at nearly Mach 2. The flight package also includes transportation between your hotel and the airbase, a medical checkup before the flight, flight training, flight certificate with max altitude, a visit to the airbase museum, and an optional HD video and photo service of you at the edge of space. Edge of space jet flight for 50 minutes: from €17,500/person.
Space flight
Sub-orbital flight
This means flying higher than 100 km but not fast enough to achieve orbit, so you follow a ballistic curve like an ICBM. While no operators are offering sub-orbital flight, the privately funded and built SpaceShipOne in 2004 demonstrated that this is a possible market.
- Take pictures. You might not need to bring a camera if the spaceship's CCTV and external imaging is comprehensive.
- Virgin Galactic. Founded by who else but Richard Branson, Virgin Galactic is selling tickets for sub-orbital flights on SpaceShipTwo for US$250,000 a seat. Flights will go up to about 50,000 ft (15,000 m) and reach speeds of Mach 3, but while total flight time is 2.5 hours, weightlessness will only last for about 6 minutes. The company has placed an order for five second-generation spaceships from Scaled Composites, the builders of SpaceShipOne. Initial flights will take place from Mojave, California (US), but later flights will move to Spaceport America near Haqiqat yoki oqibatlar, New Mexico (US) and Kiruna, Shvetsiya. Departures will first be weekly, and eventually climbing to once or twice daily. Three-day training will be available on site. A successful test flight was performed on 5 April 2018. US$250,000 per seat.
Orbital flight
This is the real deal. No one's going to accept that you were "in space" until you've gone into orbit. The minimum practical height for this is 350 km; otherwise, atmospheric drag will retard you and force you down. The 350-2,000 km region is known as Low Earth Orbit, and most artificial satellites are found in this range, including Russian Soyuz vessels, Chinese Shenzhou craft, and the ISS. For instance, the ISS at 400 km is near the bottom of this range, so its orbit continually decays, and it needs altitude-boosting every few years to stay up there. The price tag for a trip to this region starts at around US$40 million.
- Space Adventures, 8000 Towers Crescent Drive, Suite 1000, Vienna, Virginia, USA, toll-free: 1-888-85-SPACE (77223), ✉[email protected]. Space Adventures has organized orbital flights to the International Space Station (ISS), the only fully functioning space station in orbit. Around US$35 million per person will buy you basic training and a launch on a Soyuz vessel from Baikonur or a Crew Dragon vessel from Florida to the ISS. Participants must also fulfill certain physical fitness requirements to ensure their and the mission's safety. The ISS was launched in 1998 and has a Russian half and an American half. It orbits the Earth once every 90 minutes, and 16 sunrises and sunsets can be seen from it every 24 hours. The ISS consists of 14 main modules including 4 labs, a utility hub, an airlock, and a life support module.
- Axiom Space, Houston, Texas, USA. Axiom Space has planned to send to send three tourists to the ISS on October 2021. They have selected two tourists so far and the third is yet to be announced. They have also planned to construct a space hotel on the ISS in 2024.
- Extravehicular activity (EVA), better known as space-walking, means exiting the spacecraft to float around in space. It's only realistic in orbit and beyond, as a suborbital flight is too brief. Space Adventures offer EVA, but there have been no takers yet: it costs US$20 million extra, requires an extra month of training, and has additional fitness qualifications.
- Do science since you're up there anyway — plan this with the organizers in advance, and assume it must involve zero extra weight. Tourists on scientific missions may be able to contribute, at the very least by being the subject of medical observations.
- Private firm SpaceX transports astronauts to the International Space Station, and Boeing plans to as well. Russian Soyuz spacecraft had exclusively filled this gap since the 2011 end of the U.S. Space Shuttle program until 2020 when a SpaceX rocket with astronaut passengers bound for the ISS launched from Florida. NASA plans to allow tourists to stay on the ISS, charging $35,000 per night. The expensive part will be getting there: round-trip fare to the ISS by Boeing or SpaceX is estimated at $60 million.
- China is testing out the technology for space stations and is planning to launch a complete modular space station like the ISS by 2022.
- Boeing. Boeing announced the CST-100 Starliner, an orbital capsule capable of orbital flight with up to 7 passengers at "competitive prices".
Trans-orbital flight
Leaving the endless loop around Earth to journey elsewhere in the Solar System and beyond. Nobody has gone that far since the Apollo 17 flew the last lunar mission in 1972, nearly fifty years ago. There are no government-backed projects to return people to the Moon or to reach Mars, though work continues on the massive challenges such as self-sufficient habitats. Commercial or private proposals are wildly speculative.
- SpaceX is planning a tourist flight around the Moon for Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa, who wants to invite a group of artists to come with him. The trip is planned for 2023, but the company has a history of making ambitious plans and then delaying or canceling them.
Eat
Although space food has come a long way in terms of appeal and variety, the quality and flavor are still not up to standards of most connoisseurs of fine cuisine. Your transportation provider may offer some choice in the foods available, but you will be limited by their willingness to indulge you.
The freeze-dried "astronaut ice cream" sometimes sold on Earth as a novelty item is a misnomer; it has never actually been served on any manned space mission, and the texture is as off-putting to astronauts as it is to everyone else. However, real ice cream has occasionally been eaten in space by astronauts aboard Skylab, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (usually when frozen components for scientific experiments are being sent up and there's some space remaining).
Real space food has to be carefully tested to make sure it's nutritionally balanced, can be stored for months without refrigeration, and is suitable for a zero-gravity environment. Food that would leave crumbs, for example, is problematic. The menu on the ISS generally consists of American and Russian staples along with other meals and international cuisines that have been requested and developed. Food packaged in Russian cans is generally the best quality-wise but is also the heaviest, so only a limited number of these are allowed. Most food is in plastic pouches; some of these are ready-to-eat after optionally being reheated (a variety of main and side dishes, as well as snacks like granola bars and candies) while many others are dehydrated and must be reconstituted with water (such as borscht, spaghetti with meat sauce, or cereal with powdered milk). Fresh foods like fruit are a treat sent on resupply missions; they must be eaten within two days before they spoil. While most plants grown in space have been for research, astronauts have eaten small amounts of several types of leafy greens that they have grown.
As the fixed menu repeats every 16 days on an extended stay, you'll soon grow tired of the monotony. Astronauts get personal containers in which they can select items not on the fixed menu as well as extras of favorites. Besides standard condiments (liquid salt solution, pepper oil, and ordinary fast-food packets of ketchup, mustard, mayo, etc.), astronauts bring extras like hot sauces, pesto, horseradish, and more. You can also try combining foods to make new dishes; one astronaut wrote, "I cannot think of anything that cannot be put on a tortilla, or has not been put on a tortilla."
Unfortunately, even with extensive research and development, astronauts find much food in space to be bland and often don't have much of an appetite. In zero-gravity, fluid in your body distributes evenly instead of being pulled to your feet, resulting in a permanent stuffy head that dulls your sense of smell and taste. Space travelers have typically preferred strongly-flavored and spicy foods; beef jerky is a particular favorite. (Similar but weaker phenomena can be observed with airline food, in that case due to the dry low-pressure atmosphere.) Nevertheless, you must eat to maintain energy and body mass. Among many other rules for eating in space, one is key: once you open a package of food, you must eat all of it. Leftover food will rot and become a biohazard, and there's no way to dispose of it.
Ichish
Contrary to popular belief, Tang was invented shortly oldin the U.S. space program, although its popularity soared when NASA used it on Mercury and Gemini missions.
Water tends to be scarce (as it is heavy and must be brought from Earth at great expense), so ISS machinery recycles water aggressively. Scientific wastewater, humidity, and even urine are all recovered and sanitized. Astronauts don't mind the taste of the recycled water, which is actually purer than drinking water on Earth. And as one astronaut points out, the same kind of recycling happens naturally on Earth, too, just over a much longer timescale.
Like space food, space drinks are mainly freeze-dried and packaged in plastic pouches. Coffee, tea, and a variety of fruit drinks are available; they're drunk with a straw, and you have to be careful to always "close" the straw between sips so liquid doesn't get accidentally squirted inside the vehicle.
Since 2015 the ISS has had a machine that can make fresh espresso in addition to other hot drinks. It's used with a special cup that has a narrow spout; surface tension causes water-based liquids to climb the spout, from which you can sip it like you would on Earth. However, in zero-gravity, the crema foam is distributed throughout the espresso instead of floating to the top.
Carbonated beverages aren't allowed because the bubbles don't rise in zero-gravity, leading to very unpleasant "wet burps". Alcohol has been consumed on a few flights in the past (mainly by Russian crews), but are prohibited on the ISS as it would interfere with the environmental systems, not to mention the potential danger for fire or crew impairment.
Uyqu
While sleeping in zero gravity may sound relaxing, the overall experience is mediocre. Maintaining your circadian rhythm is difficult on a craft that experiences a sunrise and sunset every 90 minutes, and schedule disruptions due to mission planning and long workdays create further problems. On the ISS, astronauts each have a cabin about the size of a shower stall. Inside this, they zip themselves into a sleeping bag on the wall. Constant noise from the station is annoying, and astronauts are often cold because of the strong ventilation, which is needed to push away the carbon dioxide they exhale and replace it with oxygen.
- 1 Bigelow Aerospace, 1899 W Brooks Ave, Las Vegas NV 89032, ☏ 1 702 639-4440. They built the first successful prototype of an inflatable space hotel in 2006-2007. In 2016, a prototype was delivered to the ISS on a SpaceX rocket to undergoing testing, but otherwise it will remain unoccupied. A 10–60 day "live and work visit", once available, is expected to cost between $26–37 million.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
While more mature technology has made it safer than it was in the 1960s, space remains an inherently dangerous environment to put yourself in. Cosmic radiation, extreme temperatures, micrometeorites, engineering mistakes, high speeds, explosive fuels, space debris, the distance to terra firma, and the lack of atmosphere make har qanday unplanned situation potentially life-threatening. Spacecraft launch testing is extremely expensive, so spacecraft don't and can't have thousands of flight hours. By the standards of aviation, har bir space flight is a test flight.
Ikkalasi ham launch (our only method of getting to space is to sit on a huge fuel-filled container and hope it behaves like a rocket and not a bomb) and reentry (if you hit it in the wrong angle you burn up in or bounce off the atmosphere) have thus far proven to be the biggest dangers during a mission. So far most accidents have been during launch and reentry as well as during training and testing; only three humans have died in space (albeit during preparations for reentry), but there have been several close calls such as Apollo 13 or the very first spacewalk. Some of the technological problems and close calls only became known to the public decades after they happened, so there may still be dangers you won't even know you are facing.
Voyagers should be wary of purchasing space flights on projects that haven't yet begun. Many ventures are highly speculative; PanAm's “First Moon Flights” Club issued over 93,000 waiting list spots between 1968-1971 and predicted launch dates for many subsequent commercial expeditions have slipped just as dramatically. If there are complications with the project or the company goes under, you might lose your money and your plans. Just look at the bold predictions of some private space companies that have already proven to be less permanent than a shooting star.
Sog'lom bo'ling
Astronaut training is physically demanding, so good physical fitness is a good starting point. Similar physical and mental stresses are present in particularly demanding types of military service, piloting fighter aircraft, mountain climbing, Antarctic expeditions, and advanced scuba diving such as cave diving. National astronaut programs often require athlete-like physical fitness va experience from these or comparable tasks. There are no hospitals in space and rescue is difficult or impossible, so people with conditions that might require immediate medical treatment are not qualified for space travel.
Although early astronauts hid the truth to protect their tough-guy image, we now know that about half of all travelers experience space sickness, a condition related to motion sickness with similar symptoms including vomiting and vertigo. Most people adapt within 3 days, and medicinal anti-nausea patches help with the symptoms.
You need to exercise to stay healthy in zero gravity. Even so, you'll still lose both bone and muscle mass. Astronauts on extended stays are required to exercise at least 2.5 hours every single day. While exercise helps diminish the problem somewhat, a long stay will still see you weakened, and several cosmonauts and astronauts had difficulty getting out of their capsule and onto their own feet upon landing.
Another concern is cosmic radiation. While you are exposed to a certain level of background radiation at all times, it gets higher in certain areas on earth and once you leave the protective layers of the atmosphere. This is already notable on a commercial transatlantic flight at 10,000 m, and only gets worse if you go up to the International Space Station (ISS) at 400 km above the Earth's surface. While the ISS still enjoys some limited protection against radiation, once you go well beyond that height, or even to the moon, there are short term and long term risks associated with radiation that only get worse the longer you stay. Particularly dangerous are solar storms that may give you a year's worth of radiation in just a couple of hours. Shielding against radiation is also one of the major problems in ever sending humans to Mars, as all known solutions involve huge amounts of extra weight for the spacecraft or too high a risk to the crew.
Cope
Kiyim in space actually don't get dirty very quickly, due to a variety of environmental factors. Wearing the same underwear 3-4 days in a row is no big deal! However, there's no practical way to wash clothes in space; astronauts get fresh clothes from resupply missions, and the dirty ones are discarded as trash (which is incinerated by sending it into Earth's atmosphere).
Although a shower was tested on Skylab with mixed feedback from astronauts, it was large and cumbersome, and hasn't been used again. Astronauts take sponge baths using liquid soap, water, and rinseless shampoo. Washing of hands (and cutlery) is similarly done with napkins and washcloths.
Biroz hojatxonalar in space come in different shapes, but they usually operate on similar principles. They generally have a funnel-like receptacle for urine and a larger bowl for solid waste, both using suction to capture the material and any odors. You have to hold on or strap in, of course, and there are procedures to follow for operating the toilet and cleaning up afterwards. The degree of privacy depends on the craft; stations have enclosed cabins (as did the Space Shuttle), but in smaller craft it may be merely tucked away in a corner, hidden behind a curtain, or is in the open and you have to ask your fellow passengers to face the other way. On short missions, many astronauts prefer to simply avoid using the toilet, relying on enemas before launch and low-fiber diets.
Mental health in space is paramount. You're stuck with a small number of people in very cramped quarters for weeks at a time, or months for permanent crew on the ISS. While short missions may be different, astronauts on the ISS do get weekends and a few holidays off. They have a projector for watching select TV shows and movies (sometimes before they play in theaters), and laptops for surfing the internet and talking to family. They bring their favorite hobbies with them, and the ISS now has an assortment of musical instruments on board.
Diniy xizmatlar
Although sticking to the traditional rituals and schedules can be difficult, religion has been actively practiced in space, both privately and publicly. Upon seeing Earth from outer space, quite a few visitors to space have experienced a shift in their awareness, dubbed the "overview effect", becoming much more aware of how fragile and isolated life on Earth is compared to the vastness of the universe.
Christians have celebrated Communion in space, including Buzz Aldrin from the surface of the Moon during Apollo 11 (the chalice that was used is on display at his home church in Webster, Texas) and several astronauts on the ISS. Christmas is celebrated every year on the ISS (sometimes more than once, due to differences between the Julian calendar used by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Gregorian calendar) and includes a small artificial Christmas tree, Christmas dinner, and sometimes presents for the crew.
Islam has been practiced in space, and there are guidelines for how to pray in space (which address kneeling, facing Mecca, and washing) as well as how to time prayers and fasts for a 24-hour day when experiencing a sunrise and sunset every 90 minutes (generally based on the point of departure from land). It may be difficult or impossible to verify whether food is halol, in which case one should eat just enough to ward off hunger. There is a fatwa forbidding devout Muslims from participating in missions to Mars, as the risk to life is considered too great.
Judaism has also been practiced in space, and there are similar guidelines for observing Shabbat (also based on the point of departure from land) and orienting oneself while praying. Some adaptations may be needed to affix a mezuzah or wear a prayer shawl. Keeping kosher is possible with appropriate selection of meals, and there is already personal time allocated in schedules which could be used to study the Torah. However, properly observing tzniut (modesty) in mixed-gender crews might be impossible as that would require separate showers and toilets for men and women, which no vessel has (as of 2020). The danger to one's life should also be weighed carefully.
No matter your religion, if in doubt of the rules, check with an appropriate religious authority. If possible, do so several months or years in advance so leaders have enough time to consider the implications and determine the answers.
Keyingisi
What goes up must come down—at least for now.
Once you've exhausted the Moon, there are countless opportunities for exploration and discovery down on the surface, in places such as Afrika, Asia, Evropa, Shimoliy Amerika, Janubiy Amerika, Avstraliya, Antarktida, and countless orollar in between.
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