Struve geodezik yoyi a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati yilda Norvegiya, Shvetsiya, Finlyandiya, Rossiya, Estoniya, Latviya, Litva, Belorussiya, Moldova va Ukraina.
Tushuning
Struve Ark - bu a tadqiqot uchburchaklar zanjiri Norvegiyadagi Hammerfestdan Qora dengizgacha, o'nta mamlakat bo'ylab va 2820 km dan oshiqgacha cho'zilgan. Bular astronom Fridrix Georj Vilgelm Struve tomonidan 1816 yildan 1855 yilgacha o'tkazilgan, meridianning uzun segmentini birinchi aniq o'lchovini ifodalagan so'rov natijalari. Bu tashkil etishga yordam berdi bizning sayyoramizning aniq hajmi va shakli va er haqidagi fanlarni va topografik xaritalarni rivojlantirishda muhim qadam bo'ldi. Bu turli mamlakatlar olimlari o'rtasidagi ilmiy hamkorlikning va ilmiy maqsadlar uchun monarxlar o'rtasidagi hamkorlikning ajoyib misoli. Dastlabki yoy 255 ta asosiy uchburchakdan iborat bo'lib, 265 ta asosiy stantsiya nuqtalariga ega. The ro'yxatdagi sayt 34 xil stantsiya punktlarini, turli xil belgilar bilan, ya'ni toshda burg'ulangan teshikni, temir xochni, karnlarni yoki qurilgan obelisklarni o'z ichiga oladi.
Yozilgan saytlarning aksariyati dalalardagi kichik postlar va tashrifni mukofotlashi mumkin emas. Biroq, yoyning markazlashtirilgan nuqtasi - Dorpat rasadxonasi Tartu, Estoniya.
Tarix
Erning shakli va hajmi haqida zamonlar boshidan beri bahslashib kelingan. Shunga qaramay, tarixda uzoq vaqt davomida uskunalar va usullar aniq o'lchovlar uchun etarli emas edi, bu esa vaziyatlarni keltirib chiqardi. Xristofor Kolumb Ispaniyadan g'arbga suzib o'tib, Hindiston "burchak ostida" bo'lishiga ishongan bo'lar edi Magellan u taxmin qilganidan bir necha baravar kattaroq Tinch okeani bo'ylab sayohatdan zo'rg'a omon qoldi.
Uchburchak masofani o'lchashning yangi usuli sifatida 17-asrda ixtiro qilingan. Uchburchak konfiguratsiyasida landshaftda bir qator fikrlar berilgan. Ikki nuqta orasidagi masofani o'lchash kerak. Shundan so'ng, har bir nuqtadan, a yordamida bu nuqtadan ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan barcha boshqa nuqtalar orasidagi burchaklar o'lchandi teodolit. Teodolit - bu uchburchakda teleskop bo'lib, uning tarozi qaysi tomonga burilganligini aniq ko'rsatib turibdi va o'z yo'nalishini aniq sozlash uchun o'zaro faoliyat stullar va tugmalar.
O'sha paytlarda Yer mukammal shar emasligi ma'lum bo'lgan, ammo u qutblarga yoki Ekvator bo'ylab tekislanganmi degan munozaralar bo'lgan. Erning atrofi 360 ° deb aniqlangan, ammo aniq bir daraja qancha vaqt bo'lgan? Uzunlamasına yoylarning uzunligini o'lchash uchun bir necha ekspeditsiyalar tashkil etildi, eng muhimi Laplandiya va Peru. Avvalgi ekspeditsiyani frantsuz boshqargan Per Maupertuis 1730-yillarda va Struve o'lchovlari bir asrdan keyin xuddi shu chiziqlardan foydalangan. Yerning shakli haqida tasavvur hosil qilish uchun turli kengliklarda uzunlamasına yoylarni o'lchash g'oyasi bo'lgan. Shunday bo'lsa-da, Struve yoyi bilan taqqoslaganda kamon juda qisqa edi.
Keyin Napoleon urushlari, Evropa shohlari va xalqlari kelajakdagi urushlarda muvaffaqiyat qozonish uchun aniqroq xaritalash va o'lchovlar kerakligini, aniqrog'i, xaritalar chizilishi mumkin bo'lgan ramka yoki panjara kerakligini angladilar. Germaniyada tug'ilgan astronom Fridrix Georj Vilgelm fon Struve (1793–1864), Dorpat universitetida ishlagan (shaharning zamonaviy nomi Tartu) va 1812 yildan beri Livoniyada (hozirgi Estoniya va Latviyaning chegara hududi) trigonometrik o'lchovlar bo'yicha mas'ul 1819 yilda Rossiya podshohiga ushbu loyihani taklif qildi va 1820 yillar davomida birinchi geodeziya Gogland va Jekabpils (O'sha paytda Jacobstadt). Dorpat universiteti yaqin atrofdagi uchburchaklarga mos keladigan yoyning yo'naltiruvchi nuqtasi sifatida tanlangan Vilnyus tomonidan Karl Tenner (1783–1859) va Maupertuisning Torne daryosi vodiysidagi ishlari, Struve bilgan va qo'shishni rejalashtirgan.
Struve boshchiligidagi uchburchak ishi 1831 yilga qadar shimol tomon Goglandga etib boradi va Tornio 1851 yilga kelib, lekin u loyihani boshqaradigan yagona odam bo'lmaydi. Tenner 1816–28, 1835–40 va 1846–51 uch bosqichda Jekabpilsdan Qora dengizga uchlik olib bordi. Shimolda, Shvetsiya-Norvegiya tuproqlarida, Nils Selander (1804-70) Torniodan tortib to qismgacha bo'lgan qismni o'rganib chiqdi Kautokeino 1845–52 va Kristofer Xanstin (1784–1872) Kautokeinodan to Fuglenlar 1845–50.
Natijalar 1860 yilda nashr etilgan; yoy kesib o'tgan ko'plab mamlakatlarda, bu kelgusi o'n yillar davomida tadqiqot tizimining asosi va ingliz geodezisti Aleksandr Klarkning Yerning 1858-1880 shakllariga oid hisob-kitoblari tomonidan qo'llaniladigan yoylardan biri bo'ladi. O'sha paytda mavjud bo'lgan vositalarni hisobga olgan holda, aniqlik juda ta'sirli edi. Struve hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra ekvatorial radius 6,378,360,7 m ni tashkil etadi, zamonaviy sun'iy yo'ldosh navigatsiyasi bilan 6,378,138,8 m radiusga ega bo'lgan - bu farq taxminan 224 m yoki 735 fut.
2005 yilda, 10 ta mamlakat hukumati tomonidan bir necha yil davom etgan tadqiqot loyihasidan so'ng, YuNESKO ushbu yoyni jahon merosi ob'ekti sifatida tashkil etdi. Taxminan 200 yil oldin toshda ochilgan teshiklardan tashkil topgan tadqiqotning fizik qoldiqlariga qarash unchalik ko'p bo'lmasligi mumkin, ammo alohida nuqtalar ko'pincha landshaftlar haqida yaxshi manzaralarni taqdim etadi va ularning ba'zilari uchun ajoyib yodgorliklar barpo etilgan. Bundan tashqari, ko'pgina nuqtalarga erishish bugungi kungacha qandaydir sarguzashtga o'xshaydi va agar siz ko'p nuqtalarga tashrif buyursangiz (otasi va aravalari) juda katta loyiha amalga oshishi mumkin. Shimoliy va Sharqiy Evropa bo'ylab ushbu joylar to'plami haqida.
Tayyorlaning
Ushbu marshrutning barcha nuqtalariga tashrif buyurishning eng amaliy usuli bu mashina. U dunyoning chindan ham olis qismlaridan o'tmaydi, lekin ayniqsa sayohatning shimolida xizmatlar orasidagi masofa uzoq bo'lishi mumkin va marshrutning umumiy masofasidan kelib chiqqan holda siz mashinangiz yaxshi holatda ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak. Bundan tashqari, kichik yo'llar ba'zan yomon shaklda, ayniqsa sobiq Sharqiy blokda.
Agar siz sayohat qilishni xohlasangiz jamoat transporti, ehtimol siz uzoq yo'llarda, avtostopda yoki taksida eng uzoq joylarga borishingiz mumkin, agar ular tasodifan yo'l yonida bo'lsa ham, muqobil ravishda siz ularni o'tkazib yuborishingiz mumkin. Butun safar bo'ylab sayohat qilish velosiped yoki oyoq vaqtingiz va chidamingiz bo'lsa, hech bo'lmaganda nazariy jihatdan mumkin. Jamoat transporti orqali punktlar o'rtasida borish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar quyida kursiv bilan yozilgan. Ma'lumotlar 2021 yil mart oyidagi Internet tadqiqotlariga asoslangan; dolzarb jadvallar va mavjud marshrutlar uchun foydali veb-saytlarni ushbu maqolaning munozarasi sahifasida yoki marshrut orqali o'tadigan mamlakatlar va shaharlar maqolalari bo'limlarida topish mumkin.
Ballar oralig'ida qulay yo'lda sayohat qilsangiz ham, ba'zi nuqtalarga erishish uchun biroz kuch talab etilishini unutmang; Masalan, janubiy Finlyandiyada joylashgan Tornikallio toshlar va daraxtlarning ildizlari bo'ylab olib boradigan yo'l bilan avtoturargohdan ko'tarilishni talab qiladi va agar siz jismoniy yoki ingl.
Chiqinglar
Yoyning nuqtalari 2820 km dan oshadi. Arktika doirasidan yuqorisidan Qora dengizgacha, uni Jahon merosi ro'yxatidagi eng uzun yozuvlardan biriga aylantirdi. Uzoq masofalar tufayli uni ko'rish uchun juda ko'p usullar mavjud.
Ushbu dunyo merosining ko'plab tarkibiy qismlari keng maydonga tarqalishdan tashqari, yirik shahar va qishloqlardan tashqarida. A mashina Agar siz oqilona muddat ichida imkon qadar ko'proq ball olishni istasangiz, ehtimol bu sizning eng yaxshi garovingizdir. Finlyandiya ko'rfazida joylashgan nuqtalarga kirish hali ham muammoli bo'lib qoladi.
Norvegiya, Shvetsiya, Finlyandiya, Estoniya, Latviya va Litva Shengen zonasi Belorusiya, Moldova va Ukraina esa bu alohida emas degani emas viza rejimlar. Ko'pgina Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari ushbu marshrut bo'yicha Shengenga kirmaydigan mamlakatlarga nisbatan muammosiz kirish huquqiga ega, ammo siz hali ham pasportingizni olishingiz kerak. Ilgari Belorusiyada taniqli "yopiq" viza siyosati bo'lgan, ammo keyinchalik Evropa Ittifoqi fuqarolari uchun o'z qoidalarini ancha yumshatgan. Gogland orolidagi Struve Arkning rus qismi sayyohlar uchun mavjud emas, shuning uchun bu qismni o'tkazib yuborish va Finlyandiyadan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Estoniyaga (yoki aksincha) borish kerak. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun mamlakatning alohida maqolalariga qarang.
Boring
Norvegiya
Shimoliy uchi Evropada shimolga yaqinlashishi mumkin. Bu erga kelish uchun siz quyidagilarga amal qilishingiz mumkin E6 Shvetsiya va Norvegiya orqali Skaydiyga. Sayohat qismlari uchun alternativ marshrutlar E45, E4 yoki E8 hammasi qayerdan kelganingizga bog'liq, garchi janub tomonga sayohat qilsangiz, ikkinchisi bo'ylab harakatlanasiz. Skaydi shahridan 94-shosse sizni Hammerfestga olib boradi.
Hamma narsadan uzoqroqda, siz uchib ketishni xohlashingiz mumkin; Tromsø mintaqaning asosiy markazidir va u erdan Hammerfestga uchishingiz mumkin. Hammerfest aeroporti Fuglenesdan bir kilometr uzoqroq masofada joylashgan. Xurtigruten Hammerfestga qo'ng'iroq qiladi, u Fuglenes portigacha ko'rfaz atrofida 2,5 km.
- 1 Fuglenlar, Hammerfest, Finnmark - Fuglenes, "Qushlarning yarim oroli" Hammerfestning Fuglenes tumanida, Arktik dengiziga qarashli tepalikda joylashgan. Nuqta granit poydevor ustida turgan yashil shar bilan belgilanadi, bu yodgorlik deyiladi Meridianstøtten.
Skaydiyga orqaga qaytish va E6 bo'ylab janubi-g'arbiy qismida Oltaga borish. Olta daryosidan o'tishdan oldin chapga, Kaiskuru tomon kichikroq yo'lga buriling va Raypaga boring.
Qolgan marshrut bilan taqqoslaganda, siz Oltaga etib borishingizni xohlaysiz; avtobus, qayiq yoki samolyot o'rtasida tanlashingiz mumkin. Oltada yuradigan poyafzalingizni kiyish vaqti keldi, ya'ni quyida keltirilgan avtoturargohga jamoat transporti mavjud emas. Liman, aeroport va eng yaqin avtobus bekati shaharning sharqida joylashgan - agar siz avtobusda borsangiz, Olta markaziga qadar bormang, lekin Altaelvadan o'tib ketguncha E6 da Storeng bekatida tushing. Aeroportdan va bandargohdan E6 bo'ylab va shu daryo bo'ylab piyoda yuring. E6-dan Kjosveien nomli yo'l Raypaga olib boradi, yo'lning narigi tomoniga 3,5 km.
- 2 Raypa, Alta, Finnmark - Raipas nuqtasi Oltadan uzoq emas, chunki qarg'a uchadi, lekin u erdagi yo'l Altaelvaning narigi tomonida (Olta daryosi) Raipas turar-joyiga boradi. Yo'lning yonida avtoturargoh bor, u erdan Lill Raypa cho'qqisiga qadar bir necha kilometr balandlikka ko'tarilasiz. Olta, shuningdek, E6 bo'ylab shaharning g'arbiy qismida, Prehistorik qoyatosh rasmlari kabi yana bir Jahon merosi ob'ektiga ega.
Oltadan E45 tomon janubga, Kautokeino tomonga boring.
E6-ga qaytib boring, u erdan, ehtimol siz Norvegiyadagi boshqa ikkita punktga borishni rejalashtirsangiz, Kautokeino tomon avtobusga boradigan joyingizdan Olta markaziga avtobus olishingiz mumkin. E'tibor bering, ularning har biri biroz piyoda yurishni nazarda tutadi, bundan tashqari Finlyandiyaga avtobus bo'lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun siz Oltaga avtobusda qaytib borishingiz yoki, ehtimol Enontekiyoga 80 km piyoda yoki avtostop bilan borishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Quyidagi nuqtaga etib borish uchun Suolovuopmi fjellstue (Suolovuopmi lojasi) ga tushing, u erdan shag'al yo'l bo'ylab 10 km masofada, va quyida keltirilgan nuqtaga qadar yana 3 km. Yotoqxonaga qayting - agar siz chodir ko'tarmasangiz, bu erda uxlash uchun joy bo'ladi ...
- 3 Luvdiidčohkka, Kautokeino, Finnmark - Luvdiidčohkka (Lohdijjokki yoki Lodiken nomi bilan ham tanilgan) cho'qqisida (keyingi bir nechta kabi) tashrif buyurish eng qiyin nuqtalardan biri. Dan E45, shimolga qarab shag'al yo'l bor, bu oddiy avtomobillar uchun juda qo'pol bo'lishi mumkin. O'sha shag'al yo'lning eng yaqin joyidan (yo'lning o'ng tomonida qizil idishni bor) cho'qqiga olib boradigan yo'l bo'ylab taxminan 3 km yurish mavjud.
Kautokeinoga avtobusda boring. Shaharning janubidan yo'l Avzi tomon pastga qarab pastga tushadi. Kautokeinodan Avzi shahriga taxminan 11 km masofada va nuqtaga piyoda yurish uchun yana 5 km.
- 4 Baelljasvarri Kautokeino, Finnmark - Kautokeino shahridan kichikroq yo'l sharqqa tomon Avji qishlog'iga boradi. U erdan, qor yo'lining izi sifatida belgilangan yo'l yoki aniqrog'i shag'al yo'l asosiy yo'ldan chiqib ketadi. Baelljasvarri 585 metr masofani bosib o'tgan va yana bir necha kilometr masofani bosib o'tib, nuqtaga etib borgan.
E45 bo'ylab Finlyandiyaga boring.
Raipaga tashrif buyurganingizdan keyin bir necha ochkoni o'tkazib yuborish yoki yuqoridagi fikrlardan keyin Oltadan davom etish uchun Oltadan g'arbiy yo'nalishda avtobuslar yo'q ko'rinadi, shuning uchun aeroportga boring, Tromsoga uching va Rovaniemi tomon Finlyandiya avtobusiga chiqing. . U Skibotnga qaytib, E8 bo'ylab janubi-sharqda va Finlyandiyada davom etadi.
Agar siz Finlyandiyaga avtobusda bormasangiz, siz avtostop, juda uzoq yurish yoki bir qator parvozlar uchun borasiz. Ikkinchisi, Oltadan Osloga, u erdan Xelsinki va Kittilaga, Stokgolmga va Kirunaga yoki Lulea orqali Pajalaga uchishni anglatadi.
Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya chegara bo'ylab
Cho'l zonasiga Kautokeino va Enontekiyo chegaralari yaqinidan (sharqiy tomondan kirish) yoki Karesuvanto yaqinidan (janubi-g'arbiy tomondan kirish) kirish mumkin. Agar Skibotn yo'nalishidan kirsangiz, avtobus Karesuvantoda to'xtaydi. Agar siz Shvetsiyada quyidagi ikkita nuqtaga tashrif buyurmoqchi bo'lsangiz, avtobusdan tushishingiz kerak bo'lgan joy. Shu bilan bir qatorda siz Aavasaksa yoki Tornio nuqtasiga o'tish uchun Rovaniemiga avtobusda borishingiz mumkin.
Agar siz Enontekiyo markazida (Xetta) tugagan bo'lsangiz, Karesuvantoga borish uchun Kilpisjarvi tomon avtobusda borishingiz mumkin, yoki muqobil ravishda Rovaniemiga borishingiz mumkin.
- 5 Stuorrahanoaivi, shimoldan Tarvantovaara cho'l zonasi Karesuvanto, yilda Enontekiyo, Finlyandiya Laplandiyasi - Kavtokino-Xetta magistral yo'lidagi Palojarvi qishlog'idan taxminan 29 km uzoqlikda joylashgan Tarvantovaara cho'l zonasi o'rtasida joylashgan nuqtalardan eng olisda. Bu erda keltirilgan boshqa "uzoq" punktlarga qaytib kelish va qaytish odatda bir necha soat davom etadi, bu holda savol taxminan ikki kunga to'g'ri keladi. Bu nuqtaga qadar hech qanday iz qoldirilmagan, ammo siz Palojarvidan Norvegiya chegarasidan keyin yuradigan qor avtomobil yo'lidan boshlashingiz mumkin. Salvasjarvida Finlyandiya o'rmonlarni boshqarish idorasi tomonidan boshqariladigan ochiq cho'l kulbasi mavjud. Bir nuqtada (GPS uskunalari va xaritalarini olib keling), janubi-g'arbiy qismga yo'ldan bir necha kilometr uzoqlikda harakatlaning. Tashqarida tajribangiz bo'lishi va u erga borishdan oldin jihozlaringizni tartibga keltirishingiz kerak - biznikiga nazar tashlang Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda piyoda yurish va Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda kirish huquqi kirish uchun maqolalar.
E45, shuningdek Finlyandiya magistrali 93 deb nomlangan bo'lib, janubda Xetta shahriga, g'arbiy Palojoensuga, keyin 8 va E8 avtoyo'llari bilan birgalikda shimoli-g'arbga qarab davom etadi. Karesuvanto/Karesuando kesib o'tish. Shvetsiyaga kirgandan so'ng, Shvetsiya magistrali 99 tomon janubga haydang. Keyingi nuqtalar ushbu yo'l yaqinida bo'ladi.
Karesuvantodan ko'prikdan o'tib, egizak shaharchaga boring va shvedcha yo'l bilan yozing. Shvetsiya tomonida daryo bo'yida janubga avtobuslar yo'qligi sababli, Tynnyrilaki avtoulovsiz tashrif buyurishni qiyinlashtiradi. Quyida keltirilgan shag'al yo'lning oxiri Karesuandodan 30 km janubda joylashgan.
- 6 "Pajtas-vaara": Tynirilaki, Kiruna munitsipaliteti, Norrbottens lan - chegaraning Shvetsiya tomonida; siz chegarani kesib o'tishingiz mumkin Karesuvanto/Karesuando yoki Muonio va chegaradan keyin Shvetsiya 99 avtomagistrali bo'ylab sayohat qiling. Paittasjarvi ko'lining janubi-sharqiy qismida (uning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida xuddi shu nomdagi qishloq mavjud) ko'lning sharqiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab shimolga tor va belgilanmagan asfaltlanmagan yo'l ketadi - u bilan haydash mumkin bo'lishi mumkin. Taxminan 3-4 km burilishdan keyin siz o'ng tomonga burilishingiz kerak bo'lgan kavşak bor, taxminan 1,5 km o'tgach, Tynnirilaki nomi bilan mashhur Pajtasvaara tepaligiga (445 m ASL) olib boradigan kichikroq yo'l bor. Tynnyrilaki fin tilida "bochkaning tepasi" degan ma'noni anglatadi va bu nom Struve jamoasi o'lchov nuqtalarida tayoqni uchi bilan bochka bilan ko'targanligidan kelib chiqadi va bu o'rnatish keyingi o'lchov nuqtalaridan ko'rinib turardi.
Daryo bo'yida avtobuslar bo'lmagan taqdirda, Karesuandodan Kiruna tomon avtobuslar bor. Vittangi shahriga boring va boshqa avtobusda Pajalaga boring. Karesuandodan kirib kelayotgan 99 shossesi bilan tutashgan joydan shaharga tushing. Jupukka tepaligi 99 magistral yo'l bo'ylab taxminan 3 km shimolda.
- 7 "Kerrojupukka": Jupukka, Pajala, Norrbottens lan - Xuddi shu magistral yo'ldan janubga, Pajaladan biroz oldinroq, u Jupukka, balandligi 277 m balandlikdagi tepalik va Jupukka qo'riqxonasining o'rta nuqtasi yonidan o'tadi. Avtotrassadan avtoturargohgacha cho'qqiga qadar tik yo'l bor joyda kichikroq yo'l ko'rsatilgan.
Birlashuvga yoki janubga 5 km yoki undan uzoqroq masofada joylashgan Pajalaga qaytib boring. Pajaladan ish kunlari Hoparanda ko'rfazida, Botniya ko'rfazida to'rtta avtobus bor, bu ushbu punktlar tugashiga yaqin. Pullinki punktiga ko'tariluvchi liftlar Svanshteyn qishlog'idan katta yo'l yonida 3 km uzoqlikda joylashgan.
- 8 "Pullinki": Pullinki, Övertorneå, Norrbottens lan - Bu fikrga va undan keyin keladiganlarga biroz kirish mumkin. Pullinki tepaligi (335 m ASL) a chang'i kurortiVa tog 'chang'isi kurortining asosiy binosidan cho'qqiga boradigan yo'ldan tashqari, tepalikka (ehtimol, tosh mavsumida ishlayotgan bo'lsa ham) tosh ko'taruvchi yo'l mavjud. Bu tog 'chang'i kurorti bo'lganligi sababli, o'rmon kesilgan va Torne daryosi vodiysi va Finlyandiya, shu jumladan Aavasaksaga yaxshi qarashlar mavjud. Pullinki va Struve tomonidan daryoning vodiysida janub tomonda joylashgan ba'zi joylar 1730 yillarda frantsuz olimi Pyer Lui Maupertuis tomonidan Yerning mukammal shar emasligini isbotlab, xuddi shunday o'lchovlar uchun ishlatilgan.
Övertorneadan Finlyandiyaga qaytib, E8 dan o'tib, Rovaniemiga qarab bir necha kilometr yurib, keyin chapga buriling (belgilar Aavasaksanvaara).
Shved avtobusi bilan janubga, Övertorneå avtobus bekatidan tushing, Finlyandiyaning Ylitornio shahridagi Aavasaksa qishlog'iga boring. Siz 8-avtomagistralni kesib o'tgan joydan taxminan 2,5 km uzoqlikda, yana Rovaniemi tomon sharq tomon 2,5 km uzoqlikda, Aavasaksaga boradigan yo'ldan va yana cho'qqiga 2,5 km. Agar siz shved punktlarini o'tkazib yuborgan bo'lsangiz va Rovaniemidan boshlagan bo'lsangiz, Aavasaksa qishlog'iga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avtobus bor va siz ushbu kavşaktan tushishingiz mumkin.
- 9 Aavasaksa, Ylitornio, Finlyandiya Laplandiyasi
- Finlyandiyadagi Aavasaksa, Övertorneå / Ylitornio chegara ko'prigining qarshisida deyarli bir yarim asr davomida sayyohlik kurorti bo'lgan. 1881 yilda Finlyandiya Rossiya viloyati bo'lganida, Rossiya imperatori Aleksandr II tashrif buyurishni va katta yog'och uyni rejalashtirgan (Keisarinmaja) unga sammitda qurilgan edi (u o'ldirilganda sayohat hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan) va bugungi kunda bu Aavasaksaning diqqatga sazovor joylaridan biri. Shuningdek, bu erda Maupertuis ekspeditsiyasining yodgorligini va g'ishtdan qurilgan kuzatuv minorasini Struve plakati bilan topishingiz mumkin. Aavasaksa - Finlyandiyaning milliy landshaftlaridan biri va cho'qqiga qadar (ASL 242 m) avtoulov yo'li bor.
Shvetsiyaga qaytib boring va janubda 99 shosse bo'ylab davom eting.
Perävaara nuqtasiga tashrif buyurish uchun Övertorneå avtovokzaliga qaytib boring va Karungiga qadar janubga qarab ketadigan avtobusga o'ting. Yurganingizda, ro'yxat tavsifidagi kabi butun o'rmonni aylanib chiqish o'rniga, Karungi qishlog'iga etib borishingiz mumkin. Qarg'a uchayotganda Karungidan masofa 4 km va Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda kirish huquqi amal qiladi, shunga qaramay, navigatsiya muammo bo'lishi mumkin, chunki u erdan belgilangan yo'l yo'q.
Perävaaradan o'tish va piyoda yurishni tejash uchun Aavasaksadan Tornioga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avtobuslar bor yoki siz Rovaniemi orqali sayohat qilishingiz mumkin.
- 10 "Perra-vaara": Perävaara, Haparanda, Norrbottens lan - Perävaara Shvetsiya tomonida, Torne daryosining quyi qismida joylashgan. Er relyefi dengizga yaqinlashadi va atigi 89 metr balandlikda Perävaara hanuzgacha atrofidan ko'tariladi. Bu o'rmon o'rtasida, Karunki qishlog'i va Shvetsiyada asl belgilar saqlanib qolgan yagona nuqta yaqinida. O'rmonda juda ko'p yo'llar bor, ammo Norrbotten viloyat ma'muriyati Karunkudan 10 km janubda 99-sonli shosse bo'ylab, keyin 730-chi mahalliy yo'l bo'ylab (bunday yo'llar Shvetsiyada tez-tez raqamlanmagan) Byorkfors tomon 1 km, keyin shimolga, o'rmon yo'li bo'ylab 1 km masofada belgilangan avtoturargohga boring va u erdan o'rmon yo'li bo'ylab 5 km ga cho'qqiga chiqadigan yo'lga boring.
Asosiy magistralga qaytib, Haparanda tomon janubda davom eting, Finlyandiyaning Tornio shahriga o'ting. Kemi tomon haydang, shunda siz temir yo'l ko'prigi ostidan o'tasiz. Keyingi o'tish joyida o'ngga burilib, Royttentie bo'ylab janubga haydang. Daryoning bir shoxidan o'tib, keyingi yo'lda o'ngga buriling va tez orada yo'lning chap tomonida cherkovni ko'rasiz.
Karungi shahridan Xaparandaga (yoki yuqorida, Aavasaksadan) avtobusda boring, u Tornio-Haparanda avtovokzalida to'xtaydi. Nazariy jihatdan, bu erdan keyingi nuqtaga qadar eng qisqa yo'l daryo bo'ylab va temir yo'l ko'prigi orqali Finlyandiya tomon cherkov yonida sizni qo'nishdir. Ko'prik vaqti-vaqti bilan yuk tashish uchun ishlatilgan, ammo siz poezdga duch kelish xavfi past bo'lsa-da, bu deyarli noqonuniy (hatto odamlar ham mumkin) mamlakatlar o'rtasida erkin o'tish). Shunday qilib, siz Tornioga stantsiyadan o'tishingiz kerak, piyodalar ko'prigida Tornio daryosining asosiy tarmog'idan o'tib, Länsipohjankatu-ga pastga qarab yurib, temir yo'l ostidan o'tib, janubdagi Röyttäntie-dan o'tib, daryo tarmog'i bo'ylab joylashgan ko'prikdan o'tishingiz kerak. Parasniementie tomon o'ng tomonga buriling, temir yo'l ostidan o'ting va cherkov yaqinda sizning chap tomoningizda. Ushbu yurish taxminan 4 km. Shu bilan bir qatorda, Tornio jamoat transportining bir shakliga ega, shahar ichkarisida ish kunlari kuniga bir necha marta aylanib yuradigan mikroavtobus, bu sizni avtovokzaldan Röyttäntie / Parasniementie o'tish joyiga olib borishi mumkin.
- 11 Alatornion kirkko, Tornio, Finlyandiya Laplandiyasi - Alatornio cherkovi kirish uchun eng qulay joylardan biridir. Bu erda kamida 1316 yildan beri, ehtimol undan ham ilgari bir nechta cherkovlar turgan. Hozirgi cherkov minorasi (1797 yilda qurib bitkazilgan) Struve jamoasi tomonidan triangulyatsiya minorasi sifatida, avvalgi cherkov minorasi, o'z navbatida Maupertuis tomonidan ishlatilgan.
Keyingi nuqtaga borish uchun asosiy magistraldan orqaga qayting, Kemiga haydang va davom eting Magistral 4 Jivaskilaga, keyin Tampere tomon.
Piyodalar Royttentie tomon qaytib, shimoldan deyarli 29-shosse - Putaankatu ko'chasiga (taxminan 2 km) borishi mumkin. To'liq tutashgan joyda avtobusga boradigan avtobus bekati mavjud Kemi yoki Kemi-Tornio aeroportiga (agar siz Finlyandiya ballarini o'tkazib yuborish yoki hatto Tartuga uchish uchun Xelsinkiga uchmoqchi bo'lsangiz). Kemidan Oravivuori punktiga borish uchun Ouluga, Jyvassilya va Yamsä tomon avtobusda davom eting, muqobil ravishda Finlyandiya punktlarini o'tkazib yuborish uchun Helsinki shahriga tushgan poyezdga o'ting, ammo baribir quruqlikda sayohat qiling.
Markaziy va Janubiy Finlyandiya
Avtobuslar 9-shosse bo'ylab harakatlanadi. Jyväskilyadan taxminan 35 km uzoqlikda, Puolakka yo'l tutashmasida avtobusdan tushib, Oravivuoriga etib borish uchun 9 km piyoda yurishadi.
- 12 Oravivuori, Korpilahti, Markaziy Finlyandiya - 9 E63-sonli Jyväskylä-Jämsä yo'lidan, agar Jyväskylä'dan kelgan bo'lsa Puolakka yoki Tamperedan kelgan Saalahti tomon buriling, bular shu yo'lning uchlari. Struve zanjirining belgilarini ko'rmaguningizcha, o'ng tomonda joylashgan avtoturargohgacha 10 km atrofida harakat qiling. U erdan tepalikka 1 km yurish kerak. Minayedan Päijänne ko'lining ko'rinishi juda yaxshi, garchi YuNESKO markeri turgan joyda qarag'aylar tomonidan to'siq qo'yilgan. Oravivuori 193 metr masofada joylashgan.
Qaytadan asosiy yo'lga boring, Lammidan o'tib, Jämsä va Lahti va avtomagistral 4 tomon davom eting. Laxtining janubiy kavşağında, 167-yo'l orqali Orimattila va Mirskilyaya, 174-yo'l bilan Artjarvi tomon bir oz oldinga, so'ngra 1751-yo'l bilan Porlammi tomon boring.
Oravivuoridan xuddi shu yo'lga qaytib, katta yo'lga boring va Yamse, Laxti yoki hatto Xelsinki tomon avtobusga chiqing. Xelsinkiga etib borgach, boshqa avtobusga boring Kuvola va Lapinjarvidan biroz oldinroq tushing. Dastlab Porlammiga, so'ngra Mirskilyaga va Tornikallioga boradigan kichik yo'l bo'ylab 14 km yurish kerak. Mamlakat yo'llari bo'ylab avtobus bekatlari mavjud, ammo hech qanday xizmat ko'rsatilmaydi.
- 13 Tornikallio, Lapinjarvi, Uusimaa - Porlammi-Mirskayla yo'lidan avtoulov to'xtash joyigacha bo'lgan belgilarni kuzatib boring, so'ngra birinchi bo'lib yo'l bo'ylab 200 m orqaga chekinish va toqqa chiqishga taxminan 400 m yurish kerak; ehtimol qishda yaxshi fikr emas. Pyhäjärvi ko'lida yaxshi manzaralar mavjud, garchi YuNESKO markeri turgan joyda unga asosan qarag'aylar to'sqinlik qiladi. Tornikallio - 98 metrlik ASL.
Porlammi orqali Lapinjarvi va 6-shosse tomon boring. Keyingi nuqtalarga borish qiyin va juda qiyin. Ularni o'tkazib yuborish va Estoniya punktlariga etib borish uchun paromga Xelsinki tomon yo'l oling. Aks holda, Lapinjarvi markazidan 167-yo'l pastga tushadi Lovisa. Lovisa yoki Pyhtää / Pyttis, agar siz Mustaviiriga qayiqni tashkillashtirsangiz, boshlashingiz mumkin. Boshqa variant - unga quruqlikda yaqinlashish, u holda shahar bo'ylab harakatlanish (yoki diqqatga sazovor joylarni ko'rish uchun to'xtash) va chap tomonda Ungern bastionini ko'rganingizda, o'ngga Xestholmen tomon buriling va oxirigacha yo'lni bosib o'ting, Söderbi qishlog'i. Orol janubi-janubi-sharqdan 10 km dan kam masofada joylashgan.
Tornikalliodan 6-avtomagistralga va Lapinjarviga qaytib boradigan yo'l. Bu erda sizda bir nechta variant mavjud. Estoniyalik punktlar uchun Helsinki tomon qaytib boring yoki xuddi shu avtobus bilan Vanxakilya (Gammelbi) tomon yo'lning pastidan o'tib, Lovisa va Kotka tomon boshqa avtobusga boring. Xuddi shu nuqtai nazarga erishish uchun Lovisadan o'tgandan keyin avtobusdan tushing. Söderbiga boradigan qishloq yo'li bo'ylab taxminan 23 km. Agar siz buni o'tkazib yubormoqchi bo'lsangiz, lekin Goglandni (yoki Rossiyaga) ko'rish uchun Kotkaga borishni xohlasangiz, avtobusda qoling. Shu bilan bir qatorda siz Lapinjarvidan Kouvolaga avtobusda borishingiz va Kotkaga tushishingiz mumkin.
- 14 Mustaviiri, Pyhtää, Kymenlaakso - Finlyandiya ko'rfazida joylashgan, shunday qilasiz qayiq kerak shu nuqtaga erishish uchun.
Rossiya
Rossiya hukumati Gogland orolini "chegara hududi" deb e'lon qilganligi sababli, chet el fuqarolarining orolga maxsus ruxsatnomasiz borishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Bu chet eldan turizmni birma-bir qabul qilingan kichik guruhlarga cheklaydi. Goglandda ikkita Struve Geodeziya yoyi nuqtalari mavjud: 15 "Xogland, Z" va 16 "Mäki-päälys".
Agar siz Goglandga sayohatga borishga muvaffaq bo'lgan bo'lsangiz, sayohatingiz Rossiyada boshlanadi, shuning uchun sharq tomon yo'l oling. Shunga qaramay, orol ma'lum ma'noda qirg'oqdan 40 km uzoqlikda bo'lsa ham, u qadar uzoq emas. Gogland fin tilida Suursaari - "Katta orol" deb nomlanadi va Finlyandiya ko'rfazining o'rtasida juda katta narsa; Shimoldan janubga 11 km va uning eng keng qismida 3 km kenglikda, 100 m balandlikda bir necha tepaliklar va dengiz sathidan 173 m balandlikda. Shunday qilib, bu qirg'oqning ba'zi joylaridan (yo'lda boshqa orollar bo'lmagan taqdirda) yoki Haukkavuori kuzatuv minorasidan ko'rinadi. Kotka.
Estoniya punktlariga borish uchun Xelsinki va Tallin paromiga qarab harakatlaning. Agar siz Goglandga tashrif buyurishga ruxsat olgan bo'lsangiz va ushbu sayohatni Rossiyada boshlasangiz, Xelsinkidan Sankt-Peterburgga avtobuslar ko'pincha Kotkada to'xtaydi. Yoki siz poezdda Rossiyaga boradigan poezd liniyasi boradigan Kouvolaga borishingiz va u erdan sharqiy poyezdda borishingiz mumkin.
Estoniya
Finlyandiyadan Estoniyaga borish uchun siz tez-tez foydalanishingiz mumkin paromlar Xelsinkidan Tallinga o'tadigan yo'l. Ushbu paromlar finlarning janubga, ko'ngil ochish uchun shimolga va ish uchun shimolga ketishlari bilan mashhur.
Tallindan sharqqa 1-avtomagistralda (E20) avtomashinada taxminan 100 km masofada harakatlaning Rakvere, shahar halqa yo'li bo'ylab, shaharning janubi-g'arbiy qismidan 22-avtomagistralgacha Vayke-Maarja va shaharchadan o'tib, Ebavergacha. Keyin 109-yo'l bo'ylab Simuna tomon buriling. Agar Rossiyadan Goglandga tashrif buyurgan bo'lsangiz, E20 bilan Estoniya chegarasiga etib borishingiz mumkin Ivangorod/Narva, Rakvere tomon va yuqoridagi kabi davom eting.
Tallindagi feribotdan Balti Jaam - Tallinning temir yo'l stantsiyasiga boring va poezdga Tartu tomon boring. Rakke yoki Tamsalu-dan tushing, u erda turli yo'nalishlarda harakatlanadigan mahalliy avtobuslar bor, ular sizni Simunaga yoki hatto Võiverega olib borishi mumkin (boshqa holatlarda u erdan Simunadan piyoda, shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida 4 km). Keyingi nuqta qishloqning sharqida joylashgan.
Rossiyadan kelib, Sankt-Peterburg-Tallin poezdida Rakvere shahriga va shu kabi mahalliy avtobuslardan biriga Simunaga boring.
- 17 "Woibifer": Võivere, Avanduse, Lääne-Viru - Ebavere-Simuna yo'lining yonidagi maydon o'rtasida Võivere manoridan qolgan yagona bino turibdi. Bu uchburchak nuqtasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan va endi mehmonlar markaziga qaytarilgan shamol tegirmoni. Shamol tegirmoni yonida vitrin bilan himoyalangan yerdagi marker mavjud.
- 18 "Katko": Simuna, Avanduse, Lääne-Viru - Keyingi nuqta avvalgisidan unchalik uzoq emas, Simunaning sharqida Paasvere yo'lida Simuna chizig'ining oxirini belgilaydigan kichik tosh ustun bor.
Simunadan 124-yo'l bilan Rakke va 22-shosse tomon boring. Belgilangan belgilar allaqachon Tartuni o'qiydi va marshrut 22, 39 va 3-magistrallar bo'ylab harakatlanadi.
Mahalliy avtobuslardan biriga Tallin-Tartu yo'nalishidagi temir yo'l stantsiyalaridan biriga, keyin esa Tartuga boradigan poyezdga boring.
- 19 "Dorpat": Tartu rasadxonasi, Tartu - Tartuning eski rasadxonasi Struve yoyidagi birinchi raqamli punkt bo'lib, uni ushbu yo'nalishning yuragi deb hisoblash mumkin. Tartu asrlar davomida universitet shahri bo'lib kelgan va shu erda astronom yashagan va ishlagan va triangulyatsiya tadqiqotiga rahbarlik qilgan. Qadimgi rasadxonada astronomiya ko'rgazmasi mavjud va bu erda ommaviy kuzatuv kechalari bo'lib o'tadi.
Latviya
Xaritangizni yoki GPS-navigatoringizni chiqarib oling va unchalik katta bo'lmagan yo'l belgilarida o'rmon va dalalar orqali asfaltlanmagan (ba'zan tor) yo'llarda uzunroq qismlarni haydashga tayyor bo'ling.
Tartudan 3-magistral yo'l bo'ylab egizak shaharga boring Valga/Valka Estoniya-Latviya chegarasi tomonidan ikkiga bo'lingan va P24 dan boshlab Smiltene. Smiltenedan P27 bo'ylab Gulbene tomon davom eting. Chesi qishlog'ida yo'l bo'ylab taxminan 16 km masofada, o'ng Janpiebalga tomon buriling va u erdan P33 Vecpiebalga tomon va Ērgļi tomon buriling. Ļrgļi shahridan P79-ni Irsi tomon olib boring va marker ushbu yo'l bo'ylab janubga taxminan 8 km.
Valga avtobus yoki poezdda boring, u erdan Riga tomon boshqa poezdda (yoki avtobusda) boring. Bu Estoniya tomonida temir yo'l stantsiyasi bilan bo'lingan shahar; agar siz avtobusda davom etmoqchi bo'lsangiz, Valka shahriga o'tishingiz kerak. Keyingi nuqta yana mashinasiz kirish qiyin, chunki uni o'tish uchun Rigagacha davom eting, aks holda Csisga tushing. Ksisdan Ergga tushadigan va Jekabpils va Daugavpilgacha boradigan bir kunlik bitta avtobus bor. Ļrgļi shahridan kuniga ikkita mahalliy avtobus sizni Sestukalns punktidan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan Barkaizi avtobus bekatiga olib boradi. Shu bilan bir qatorda siz Ergliydan piyoda yurishingiz mumkin, nuqta shahardan 7 km janubda joylashgan.
- 20 "Sestu-kalns": Ziestu, Sausneja, Viloyati Madona - Sestukalns markeri yana qad rostlagan joylardan ancha past, ammo agar sizda mashinangiz bo'lsa, kirish qiyin emas. P79 yo'lidan o'rmonga 100 m masofada, tepalik (216,5 m ASL) hozirgi kunda Ziestu deb nomlanadi.
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri dunyo merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan yo'nalishga borish uchun Irshiga va sharqiy P78 tomon yo'naltirilgan raqamsiz yo'l bilan davom eting, u sizni janubda Pavianasga olib boradi. U erdan A6 avtomagistrali Daukava daryosidan keyin Jekabpilsgacha.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, endi siz mamlakatning eng yuqori nuqtasiga tashrif buyurishingiz mumkin. Ļrgļi-ga qaytib, P78 dan janubi-sharqga, u erdan qisqa masofaga, keyin P81-ni Madona tomon olib boring. Vestiena qishlog'ida yo'l belgilari Latviyadagi eng baland tepalikdan 312 m balandlikda Gayzikkalnga olib boradigan yo'lni ko'rsatadi. The hill wasused by Struve's team for triangulation and there's also a marker here (although not part of the world heritage site). From Gaiziņkalns, continue along the same unnumbered road to Bērzaune, by P37 to Pļaviņas and A6 to Jekabpils.
From Ērgļi, catch the same bus you traveled on from Cēsis to get to Jēkabpils. If you've started this leg in Riga (skipped the last point), you can get to Jēkabpils by bus or to Krustpils on the other side of Daugava by train. In the latter case, there's a 5 km walk to get from Krustpils railway station to the point.
- 21 "Jacobstadt": Jekabpils, Region Jekabpils - This marker, unlike the former, is in an urban environment (and one of those easily accessible without a car), in a park nowadays named Struves Parks bordering Daugava.
Litva
From Jēkabpils, continue along P75 towards Nereta. From Birži, drive along P72 and P74 to Aknīste. Turn to an unnumbered road leading to Juodupė in Lithuania, and another unnumbered one to Rokiškis. Then continue west along road 122 towards Kupiškis.
Looking at a map, it would seem logical to travel to Daugavpils and towards the Lithuanian points from there. However, public transport across the border from Daugavpils and in northeastern Lithuania are surprisingly scarce. Therefore it's easiest to head up to Riga, take a bus towards Lithuania as far as Panevėžys (stay on the bus to Vilnius if you wish to skip the two next points). Continues by bus or train (one each daily) towards Rokiškis until Panemunėlis. The point is next to the highway and the nearest bus stop, Baltakarčiai, is less than 1 km from the point, whereas there's about 4.5 km of walking from Panemunėlis railway station.
- 22 "Karischki": Gireišiai, Panemunelis, Northern Lithuania - Right next to the road between Rokiškis and Kupiškis, the place is more visible than other rural points as there's a fence around the marker, and elevated viewpoint to have a look around the fields, a little playground and a big parking area.
Continue for a few kilometers further along the road, then turn to a smaller road going south to Kamajai. From there, road 120 southwest to Svėdasai, then road 118 southeast to Utena. Then, the trip continues for almost 70 km along a major road, highway A14 towards Vilnius. Turn west towards Paberžė - the marker is signposted from the main highway.
To continue, you may be in for a walk of around 10 km to Rokiškis. From there, there are a couple of daily buses to Vilnius, and the following point is near the highway. Nevertheless, make sure that the bus stops at the Naujasėdžiai bus stop near the point, apparently buses from as far as Rokiškis skip stops closer to Vilnius. Otherwise you should change buses along the road, for instance in Molėtai. Once off the bus, the point is about 1 km off the highway towards Meškonys and into the woods.
- 23 "Meschkanzi": Meškonys, Nemencine, Eastern Lithuania - This marker is in the hamlet of Meškonys, there's a small parking pocket next to the road and from there a path goes for 200 m slightly uphill through the meadow to the marker.
Continue along the highway to the Lithuanian capital Vilnius, whose old town is on the world heritage list. A few kilometers after leaving the marker you will pass another monument next to the highway marking the center of Europe (according to one calculation).If you're collecting world heritage sites, and want one more, don't head straight to Vilnius but turn right to Maišiagala along road 108 and on to Dūkštos and from there towards Kernavė along road 116. Kernavė is an archaeological site and the former capital of Lithuania and features pre-Christian grave mounds. Backtrack to Dūkštos, continue in the same direction via Sudervė, Avižieniai and highway A2 to get to Vilnius.
From Vilnius, head east towards the Belarusian border along Highway A3. When the exit says Naujoji Vilnia, get off the highway and drive northeast passing under the highway. Immediately turn right towards Rukainiai and drive parallel to the highway for 1.5 km or so, then there's a sign guiding you to turn left to get to the next Struve point along gravel roads.
Walk back to the highway and take a bus to Vilnius. The following point is in the eastern outskirts of the Lithuanian capital and is accessible by city bus. Bus 14 takes you to 1-asis Didžiasalis, from the bus stop you should walk east for about 2 km to the hamlet of Paliepiukai where the point is.
- 24 "Beresnäki": Paliepiukai, Nemežis, Eastern Lithuania - This marker sits in the middle of a field just outside Vilnius. This point is fairly simple, an information sign and a bench, but on the upside you can get right next to it by car.
The marker in Paliepiukai is the last one in the Baltic States, and indeed the European Union and Schengen area. To cross into Belarus most nationalities will need a visa and a green card for your car - see our Belorussiya batafsil ma'lumot uchun maqola. Somewhat less bureaucracy is needed to enter Ukraine and Moldova (e.g. western nationalities can generally enter visa-free), so if you want to avoid that you could head west to Marijampolė and Poland, drive via Białystok and Lublin and then turn east to enter Ukraine. Nevertheless if you have your papers in order, get back on the highway and head for the Belarusian border, which isn't that far away. If you want to visit another country high point, this is possible through a short side trip: turn right towards Mednininkai just before the border and drive past the village. Follow the signs to Juozapinės kalnas, to get to Aukštojas, at 294 m ASL the highest point in Lithuania.
Belorussiya
From now on be prepared for a different driving experience, much of the rest of the itinerary will take you along rural side roads in comparatively poor countries. The fun doesn't end there; place names in Belarus are often transcribed to Latin letters in more than one way, and may have Russian name with usually with a few vowels and "s" sounds changed which also may be transcribed in different ways.
.jpg/220px-Цюпішкі._Дуга_Струвэ._Пункт_«Тупішкі»_(01).jpg)
After crossing the border, continue towards Minsk (Мінск) along M7. At the town of Kreva (Крэва), get off the highway and drive west along P95. After some 14 km on the road, turn right towards the hamlet of Ciupiški (Цюпішкі).
To get into Belarus, take train from Vilnius towards Minsk. The first point is another one that takes some effort to access by public transit. One option would be taking the train to Smargon (Смаргонь), and from there a bus (there are two daily, leaving early and late in the morning) towards Grodno (Гродна). These go via Halshany (Гальшаны) and stop at the junction to Tyupiski (Цюпішкі) too from where there is about 2 km to the point. If you travel by bus to Minsk, the highway passes Ashmanyany (Ашмяны), from where there might be buses towards Halshany from where you need to walk a bit back towards Tyupiski. To skip this point, remain on the train until Molodechno (Маладзечна) and change to a train going towards Grodno (Гродна).
- 25 "Tupischki": Tupishki, Oshmyany, Grodno Oblast - About 500m southwest of the hamlet lies the marker; apparently at a height of 311 m ASL. It's marked by a small black obelisk with a globe representing the Earth on the top of it.
Get back on the road and continue in the same direction to Haĺšany and on (the road is now numbered P48) to Iuye (Іўе). Take P5 south for a few kilometers to Highway M6, and continue west past Lida (Ліда, a somewhat bigger city) towards the regional capital of Grodno. At Vialikaje Mažejkava (Вялікае Мажэйкава), also known by the Russian name Bolshoe Mozheikovo, turn off the highway to the southeast and drive south to the town of Zhaludok (Жалудок). Continue west along P141 to Rozhanka (Ражанка) and after a little more than 10 km the Lopati marker is right next to the road, on the left-hand side.
Catch the next bus (or stay overnight in Halshany or take a taxi) to get to Lida. From there, continue towards Grodno (Гродна) by train - the same which you would travel on if having skipped the previous point - and travel to Rozanka (Ражанка). The Lopati point is about 6 km east of Rozanka railway station.
- 26 "Lopati": Lopaty, Zelva, Grodno Oblast - The Lopati marker is easily accessible in the middle of a field right next to the P141 road.
After Lopaty, turn back and drive east along the P141 to Belitsa (Беліца). Just before the town, turn to the M11 and drive south past Dziatlava (Дзятлава) and Slonim (Слонім) to the southern end of the road, then Highway M1 southwest towards Brest (Брэст) for about 10 km. At Ivatsevitsy (Івацэвічы), turn southeast to the P6 and drive almost all the way to Pinsk (Пінск). Just after crossing Yaselda River, the road makes a sharp bend to the left, and there's a junction going straight ahead and another one immediately afterwards turning right - turn off here and drive northwest parallel to the river towards Motal (Моталь) for a little more than 20 km, just past the village of Moladava (Моладава) to get to the first of a set of three points quite close to each other.
Walk back to Rozhanka. From here you can board the Grodno-Gomel (Гомель) nighttrain, that has cars going to Brest (Брэст) (going back west from Luninets). Travel on that train to Pinsk (Пінск) (no, not Minsk), and from there there are a few daily local buses to Motal. Get off just before Motal (Моталь), in Molodovo (Моладава) or Osovnitsa (Асаўніца), as the point is between these villages, a few kilometers along paths off the road.
- 27 "Ossownitza": Ossovnitsa, Ivanovo, Brest Oblast - The point is in a field, about 500 m south of the road between Moladava and Osovnitsa/Asaunitsa. Nevertheless the paths from the road zigzag back and forth so the distance is almost certainly longer. This is again a black pedestal with a black globe on top. Next to it there's a tripod with a "barrel" a few meters above ground.
Continue to Motal (Моталь), and turn south towards Ivanovo/Ivanava (Іванава). After about 13 km, turn right to a smaller road towards the hamlet of Shchekotsk (Шчакоцк), and after 100 m a road or path veers off to the right into the forest to the next marker.
Some more walking is required to get to the next point; 3 km to Motol (Моталь) and another 13 km south towards Ivanovo (Іванава) and a few hundred meters into the forest to get to Chekutsk (Шчакоцк). As there will be even more walking from there before public transportation is available, this is another point people who aren't fans of that may want to skip it. To get directly to the next point, return to Pinsk by bus, and continue west by train to Yanov-Polesski (Янов-Полесский), the station serving Ivanovo.
- 28 "Tchekutsk": Chekutsk, Ivanovo, Brest Oblast - Similar in design to the other two points in the region, this marker is in the middle of a pine forest a few hundred meters from the Motal-Ivanava road.
Continue towards Ivanava (Іванава), and when you come to the last town before Ivanava, Lyaskovichi (Ляскавiчы), turn left at the Pereluok Yubileynii (переулок Юбилейный, "Jubileum street"), the 6th street on the left and drive it to the end. The street will first have one-family homes at both sides, then it will change name to Ulitsa Beryozovaya (улица Берёзовая) and there will be houses on the left and forest on the right. The street will end at a field or meadow, with another street or path going to the left. The marker is in that field, more or less straight ahead.
It's 5.5 km to the town of Lyaskovichi, more exactly to the junction of Pereluok Yubileynii (переулок Юбилейный, "Jubileum street") which you should walk east for 1.5 km to the end to get to the next point, which is in the middle of a field.
If you've stepped off the train in Yanov-Polesski (Янов-Полесский), cross over the railway to Ulitsa Chapayeva (вуліца Чапаева), walk it one block to the east and head north on Polevaya Ulitsa (Палявая вуліца) past some industrial plants. After these, turn right and walk Ulitsa Gagarina (улица Гагарина) to its end, turn right again and walk Ulitsa Sovietskaya (улица Советская) to the M10 highway. Cross it and walk along the path with the field on your right side (forest on your left), after a while there's another path veering off right leading to the marker.
- 29 "Leskowitschi": Leskovichi, Ivanovo, Brest Oblast - In a field, reportedly it's good to rubber boots when walking here to avoid getting your feet wet. It's again a black marker and a barrel on a tripod.
Get back to the main road, and continue south to Ivanava (Іванава), and get on P144 south towards Rudsk (Рудск) and the village of Kalena (Калена) and through the Mokhro (Мохро)-Dolsk (Дольськ) border crossing into Ukraine.
From the Leskovichi marker, head down to the Yanov-Polesski railway station like in the description above but in the opposite order.
Ukraina va Moldova
After the border, the road will get the Ukrainian number P14. Keep going all the way to Lutsk (Луцьк), with more than 200,000 inhabitants the biggest city on this itinerary since Vilnius. From there, take Highway M19 to Dubno (Дубно) and on to another relatively big city, Ternopil (Тернопіль) (no, not Chernobyl - that's a few hundred kilometers northeast ). From Ternopil, turn east along Highway M12 E50 and drive almost to the next large city, Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький). About 20 km before, turn north on a smaller road numbered T2302 (though may not be signposted as such) towards Vodychky (Водички). Drive along that road for about 20 km to the twin towns of Maryanivka (Мар'янівка) and Chornyi Ostriv (Чорний Острів) bisected by a railway, and continue north towards Antonivka (Антонівка). Just outside town, take the road that forks off left to the hamlet of Katerinovka (Катеринівка), drive past the hamlet and the point is in the field to the right at some distance from the road.
Take a train to Brest (Брэст). As there does not seem to be any train services into Ukraine, you need to take the bus to Kovel (Ковель). From there, ride the train to Kiev (Київ) until Rovno/Rivne (Рівне) or Shepetivka (Шепетівка) and take a bus to Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький). This city can serve as a base for exploring three points around it - each of which will entail long walks. To get to the Katerinovka point, take a local train northwest to Chorni Ostriv (Чорний Острів). From the station, walk north halfway to Antonivka (Антонівка), then take the road left to Katerinovka (Катеринівка), walk past the hamlet and the marker is on the right-hand side, about 11 km from the station. Then, backtrack to Chorni Ostriv and Khmelnytskyi.
- 30 "Katerinowka": Katerinowka, Antonivka, Khmelnytskiy region - The Katerinowka marker is about 500 m northwest of the rural road north of Katerinovka. There is a straight path from the road to the point, which is made up of a black stone a bit reminiscent of a gravestone with an inscription in Ukrainian describing Struve's measurement project. Next to it there's a tripod with a small disk on the middle rod.
The last points in Belarus were a set of three close to each other, and the first ones in Ukraine is also a set of three fairly close to each other (though not as close as the Belarusian ones). Backtrack to the M12, drive back 1 km towards Ternopil (Тернопіль) and turn south towards Gvardyiske (Гвардійське). Past that small town, the following point is near the road.
There are (not that frequent) local buses from Khmelnytskyi driving a circular route to Yarmolintsy (Ярмолинці), Gorodok (Городок), past the Felschtin point and back to Khmelnytskyi. Another option are buses west along the M-12 to the Klimkyvtsy (Климківці) bus stop among several gas stations. From there it's a 10 km walk down past Nemichintsy (Немичинці) and Gvardyyske (Гвардійське) to the marker.
- 31 "Felschtin": Felschtin, Hvardiiske, Khmelnytskiy region - Like many other markers in the southern part of the world heritage, this one is also in a field on a little elevated point and is one of those where little hiking is required as it is almost next to the road. Again it is a black stone, a bit larger than the last one, has a tripod setup and a white Orthodox Christian cross next to it.
Continue along the same road to the next bigger town, which is Gorodok (Городок). For a sidetrip to another world heritage site, drive west along P50 to Sataniv (Сатанів), and from there P48 south for some 15 km, after which you should turn west to Ivankivtsi (Іванківці). Just south of that village is the Satankivski botanical garden, listed under the name Satanivska Dacha as one of the components of the Beech forests of Europe sayt. After this natural visit, drive back to Gorodok (Городок). From Gorodok, take P50 east to Yarmolitsi (Ярмолинці), and from there road H03 towards Khmelnytskyi. Just after Yarmolitsi, turn right on a smaller road to the village of Sutkivtsi (Сутківці). Continue along the same road to the village of Baranivka (Баранівка), the point is on the left side of the road just before that village.
From Khmelnytskyi there are local buses to the hamlet of Baranovka (Баранівка) right next to the point; but apparently there are no buses in the other direction - they continue to Krutye Brody (Круті Броди) and from there somewhere without passengers. From the point, there's about 12 km back to the Khmelnytskyi-Yarmolintsy highway, and if you can't flag down a bus back to Khmelnytskyi there, another 3 km to central Yarmolintsy.
- 32 "Baranowka": Baranowka, Baranivka, Khmelnytskiy region - About 100 m off the road in a field surrounded by some trees, this is a simpler marker comprising a black stone with inscription in Ukrainian.
The itinerary will again go along smaller roads for quite some distance. Past Baranivka (Баранівка), in the same direction, the road gets a bit narrower and zig-zags south through the fields, eventually connecting to T2315 (probably unnumbered on signs) between Solobkivtsi (Солобківці) and Zinkiv (Зіньків), head east to the latter, and on to Vinkivtsi (Віньківці). From there, continue east along T2305 to Yaltushkiv (Ялтушків), T0610 to Bar (Бар) and just before that town, turn to T0229 southeast eventually taking you to M21 E583 heading south to Mohyliv-Podilsky (Могилів-Подільський), where the Dnestr river is crossed into Otaci in Moldova. From Otaci, drive along R9 towards Soroca. Some 20 km along that road, the road passes near the village of Rudi with the only point in Moldova on the right hand side of the road.
Moving on from the region around Khmelnytskyi, you can take a train or bus to Vinnytsya (Вінниця), and from there a bus to Mogliv-Podilsky (Могилів-Подільський) on the Dnestr river. Cross the border to Otaci in Moldova and take a bus towards Soroca. It will stop at Rudi, if the bus stops at the junction from the highway that'll be right next to the point, if in the village, you need to walk 2.5 km to the point.
- 33 "Rudy": Rudi, Soroca Judetul - The marker is near the Otaci-Soroca highway. A smaller road leads off the highway and then there's a path to the white pedestal with a while globe on the top of it, a marker stone in the ground, and an information sign.
The highway continues to Soroka, from there take Highway M2 down to Orhei va poytaxt Kishinyov. From there, follow Highway M3 via Comrat and further south. Just before the town of Vulcănești, the road will pass right next to a border crossing back into Ukraine. Turn left, cross the border and drive a short distance to the next town, Bolhrad. From there, south to Izmail (Ізмаїл) at the Danube Delta. A few kilometers to the east is the small town of Stara Nekrasivka (Стара Некрасівка), with the final point in this itinerary.
Continue by bus to Soroca, and on to Chisinau where you probably will arrive at the northern bus station. The southern bus station where buses to Izmail depart from is southeast of the city, some 6.5 km from the northern station. There are city buses going there, if you're not in the mood for a walk, that is. From Chisinau, the bus goes to the south of the country, crosses back into Ukraine and to Izmail (Ізмаїл). From Izmail bus station, there may be local buses to Staro Nekrasivka, other than that it's a 7.5 km walk. Walk east along Pushkina Vulitsya (Пушкіна вулиця) until it ends at a church, walk one block south and then turn left to continue east along Lysova Vulitsya (Лісна вулиця). That street turns into a straight road leading out of Izmail, across a field and into the town of Stara Nekrasivka (Стара Некрасівка) becoming its main street. Almost through the town, turn right at Lenina Vulitsya (Ленина Вулиця) and walk one block south. There it is; the southernmost point.
- 34 "Staro-nekrassowka": Stara Nekrasivka, Nekrasivka, Odessa region - This point is unusually set among single-family homes in the southeast of the town, south of the main road. It's the grandest of the rather modest Ukrainan markers and made up of a black obelisk with inscriptions including the Russian imperial eagle on the top. It's right at the corner of Lenina Vulitsya (Ленина Вулиця) and Poshtova Vulitsya (Поштова вулиця) so no hiking is required.
For where to head next you have more option in this end of the arc than in the top of Europe. The same goes if you're doing the trip in reverse, starting from the south. To get in to Stara Nekrasivka from Northern, Western or Central Europe, head towards Vienna, Budapest, Cluj-Napoca, Brasov and Galati. From further south, you could head towards Trieste, Zagreb, Novi Sad, Timisoara, Brasov and Galati. From the southern Balkans head towards Bucharest and to Galati. There's no road crossing from Romania to Ukraine, so you need to cross into Moldova from Galati and on to Ukraine, alternatively cross the Danube by ferry domestically, drive to Isaccea and take another ferry across to Ukraine. From eastern Europe, you could drive in via Kiev and Odessa.
Getting out (or in if you start here) from the southernmost point means getting back to Izmail. From there you can take a train to Odessa, or stay on the same train all the way to Kiev. Backtracking to Chisinau is another alternative. Romania is close by, you need to travel through Moldova to get there.
Xavfsiz bo'ling
Consult the individual country articles for safety precautions.
Some of the points are hard to access and entail hiking uphill or through difficult terrain.
Keyingisi
Stretching along most of Europe from north to south, there are several places worth visiting near the route of the arc.
If you are at the northern end of the Geodetic Arc, Nordkapp, the northernmost point in Europe reachable by car, isn't far away. Or you could explore Finnmark or travel the Norwegian coast with Xurtigruten.
In the southern end, you're already in the Dunay Deltasi, the Black Sea metropoles of Odessa va Konstansa are relatively nearby as is the great city of Bucharest. The other "end" of Europe (in a sense), is Istanbul, a few hundred kilometers south and on the way there you can explore coastal Bolgariya.