 | Stokgolm tarixiga sayohat kabi asosiy sahifada namoyish etilishi uchun nomzod qilingan Tanlangan sayohat mavzusi. Maqolada ba'zi bir kichik nosozliklarni sezmadik. Iltimos, oldinga siljiting va asosiy sahifaga tushmasdan oldin uni yanada yaxshilashga yordam bering. |
The Stokgolm tarixiga sayohat dan piyoda Gamla stan, ("the Eski shahar"), to Norrmalm yilda Stokgolm. Ekskursiya Vikinglar davridan O'rta asrlargacha, Shvetsiya imperiyasi va sanoat inqilobidan to hozirgi kungacha, xronologik bo'lib, bir necha marta oldinga va orqaga o'tish bilan.
Tushuning
- Shuningdek qarang: Nordic tarixi
Sababli muzlikdan keyingi tiklanish, hozirgi Stokgolm so'nggi 5000 yil davomida dengizdan ko'tarilib, yiliga 5 mm atrofida. Malaren ko'li avval sho'r (engil sho'r) Boltiq dengizi va Stokgolm arxipelagi birinchi shved shaharlari uchun suv yo'li bo'lgan; Birka, Uppsalava Sigtuna. Milod 1187 yilda Sigtuna qaroqchilar tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilganligi sababli, shvedlarning bo'g'ozidagi orolda stok qurilgan bo'lib, u 1252 yildan buyon Stokgolm nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan. Ko'tarilgan er Malalareni dengizdan ajratib turar ekan, yuklar Stokgolmda qayta yuklanishi kerak edi. XV asrda Stokgolm o'rnini egalladi Uppsala tijorat va hukumat markazi sifatida, 17-asrning poytaxtiga aylandi Shvetsiya imperiyasi.
1901 yildan boshlab Stokgolm dunyo e'tiborini Nobel mukofoti. Shaharni Jahon urushlari saqlab qoldi, ammo 1960 yillarga kelib, Norrmalmda yuzlab eski binolar yangi ishbilarmonlik tumani va o'z san'ati bilan tanilgan metro qurish uchun buzib tashlandi. 21-asr Stokgolm Evropaning eng tez rivojlanayotgan shaharlaridan biri hisoblanadi Pop musiqa, boshlang'ich texnologik kompaniyalar va barqaror rivojlanish.
Tayyorlaning
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May-sentyabr oylari eng qulay ob-havoga ega. Yozda siz uzoq kun yorug'idan foydalanishingiz mumkin; olomondan qochish uchun ertalab yoki kechqurun sayohat qilishni afzal ko'rish mumkin. 20 iyundan iyul oyining oxirigacha aksariyat aholi shaharni tark etishadi va ba'zi joylar yozga yaqinlashadi. Dekabrdan mart oyining boshigacha Selsiy bo'yicha nol darajadan past haroratni kutishingiz mumkin, ammo sovuq havo tegishli kiyim bilan boshqarish mumkin. Qishda asosiy tashvish qorong'ulikdir; quyosh dekabrning 15:00 da botadi; qarang Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlarda qish.
Shvetsiya, shubhasiz, dunyodagi eng naqd pulsiz davlat bo'lsa-da, shved banknotalarida ushbu maqolada aytib o'tilgan ba'zi tarixiy shaxslarning portretlari bor va ular rekvizit sifatida foydalidir.
Atrofga boring
Ekskursiya taxminan 4 km (2,5 mil) ni tashkil qiladi va tez oyoqlarda bir soat ichida yakunlanishi mumkin: sekin harakatlanadigan odamlar uchun ko'proq. Ikki soat davomida muzeylarga va boshqa joylarga tashriflar bundan mustasno, to'xtash joylarida tanaffuslar bilan tinch yurish mumkin. Barcha muzeylarga va binolarga zudlik bilan qarashdan ko'ra, ularni ziyorat qilish uchun siz kun bo'yi mablag 'ajratishni xohlashingiz mumkin.
Agar qor bo'lmasa, Stokgolm markazi yurish uchun qulay; ushbu marshrutni piyoda kuzatib borish xavfsiz va asosan muammosiz.
Gamla Stan ko'chalari piyodalar uchun tosh ko'chalar, ularning ba'zilari tik darajaga ega. Qulay poyabzal kiying. Ular velosipedlar va elektr scooterlar uchun kamroq mos keladi (qarang Shvetsiyada velosipedda harakatlanish) va mashinalar uchun ochiq emas. Nogironlar kolyaskalari va aravachalari bir necha aylanib o'tish yo'li bilan o'tishlari mumkin.
Ba'zilar uyushgan piyoda sayohatlar shunga o'xshash yo'nalishlarni bajaring.
Boring
Erik xronikasi, 1320-yillardan Birger Jerl, aqlli odam. Birger Jarl, dono odam |
Yo'nalish nuqtalari uchun ko'k; uzoqdan ko'rinadigan joylar uchun yashil rang, va ovqatlanish va ichish uchun qiziqarli joylar uchun to'q sariq.
Agar siz qisqa turni xohlasangiz, beshta qismdan (yoki epilogdan) har qanday birini o'tkazib yuborishingiz mumkin.
Prologlar
Södermalm balandliklari bo'ylab sayohat ishlab chiqarishgacha bo'lgan binolarning vitrini, shuningdek Gamla stan va Stokgolmning boshqa tumanlarining hayratlanarli ko'rinishi bilan piyoda ixtiyoriy prolog.
Yana bir prolog - bu orqali kelish Stokgolm arxipelagi; masalan a Boltiq dengizi kruizferri dan Turku, Xelsinki, Tallin yoki Riga; bir vaqtlar Shvetsiya imperiyasining bir qismi bo'lgan shaharlar. Marshrut Shvetsiyani dengizdan so'zma-so'z (tug'ma) tug'ilishini takrorlaydi. Birinchidan, faqat bir nechta bepusht toshlar sirtni buzadi. Keyin, bir nechta kottejlar va docklar bo'lgan kichik orollar, keyinchalik portlari bo'lgan butun shaharlar. Siz Stokgolmga 19-asrda joylashgan Nacka sanoat zonalari va Djurgården qasrlari orasida kirasiz.
Ko'lda yoki atrofda ekskursiya yanada shuhratparast prolog bo'ladi Malaren, Shvetsiya qirolligining beshigi. Birka, Sigtuna va Uppsala gacha bo'lgan eng muhim aholi punktlari bo'lgan 1 Stokgolm ("Malaren malikasi" laqabi bilan) XV asrda so'zsiz poytaxtga aylandi. Ushbu saytlarga nazariy jihatdan qayiqda tashrif buyurish mumkin edi; bu uzoq ish bo'lar edi, ushbu maqolada batafsil tavsiflanmagan. Ba'zi qishlar, Mallaren ko'lidagi muzlar imkon qadar qalin muzda chana uchish Uppsaladan Stokgolmgacha.
- 2 Uppsala. 5-asrdan butparastlarning ibodatxonasi XI asrda vayron qilingan paytgacha Uppsala sobori bilan almashtirilgan. Arxiepiskopning o'rni sifatida bu Shvetsiyaning O'rta asrlar davomida eng muhim shahri bo'lgan. 1477 yilda tashkil etilgan universitet Shvetsiyadagi eng qadimiy universitet hisoblanadi.
- 3 Sigtuna. Shahar Sigtuna 980 yilda Viktor Erik (Shvetsiyaning birinchi taniqli qiroli) tomonidan tashkil etilgan va Shvetsiya viloyatlari qirollikka birlashganligini ko'rsatgan. Uning o'g'li va vorisi Olof Skotkonung (soliq qiroli) bu erda birinchi shved tangalarini zarb qilgan.
- 4 Adelsö (Ekerö). Arxeologik joylar bilan to'ldirilgan orol. Shved shohlari bu erda 13-asrgacha yashagan.
- 5 Birka (Byörko, Ekerö). Birka 8-asrda birinchi shved shahariga aylandi va uzoqdan sayohatchilarni qabul qildi. Bugungi kunda qayta tiklangan erlarda shaharning nusxasi qurilgan.
- 6 Drottningholm saroyi (Drottningholms slott) (Ekerö). Ushbu 18-asr saroyi ko'plab shved monarxlari, shu jumladan hukmron qirol Karl XVI Gustafning uyi bo'lgan.
I qism: Gamla stan
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Slussendan ko'rinish: Riddarholmskyrkan, Stokgolm sobori va nemis cherkovi.
59 ° 19′42 ″ N 18 ° 4′8 ″ E
Moviy o'tish joylarini belgilaydi. apelsin yo'l davomida ovqatlanish yoki ichish uchun qiziqarli joylarni belgilaydi. Yashil uzoqdan ko'rinadigan joylarni belgilaydi (kattalashtirish uchun ko'proq ma'lumot oling).Ekskursiya Slussen transport markazidan boshlanadi Gamla stan (Eski shahar) va Vikinglar davri, O'rta asrlar va XVI asr protestant islohotlari. O'sha davrlarning aksariyat inshootlari XVII asr yoki undan keyingi binolar bilan almashtirilganligi sababli, biz birinchi qarashda topish qiyin bo'lgan qabrlarga, ko'chalarni va boshqa qoldiqlarni izlashimiz kerak.
- 1 Slussen metro bekati (Viking yoshi), Ryssgården. 8-asrdan 11-asrgacha bo'lgan vaqt ma'lum bo'lgan Viking yoshi. O'sha davrdagi Shimoliy Shimoliy odamlarning aksariyati dehqonchilikda tinch hayot kechirgan bo'lsalar-da, aholining ko'pligi ularning ayrimlarini tijorat yoki yashash uchun chet elga sayohat qilishga undaydi. Eng taniqli Vikinglar edi; Qaroqchilik, qul bosqini va yollanma ish bilan kun kechirgan nordonlik jangchilari. Shvetsiyaning bugungi Stokgolm shimolidagi sharqiy sohil nomi ma'lum Roden yoki Roslagenva Sharqiy Evropaga suzib o'tgan shved vikinglari Rus. Kabi shaharlarga asos solishgan Novgorod va Kiyev, vaqt o'tishi bilan Rossiya imperiyasi. Ba'zi vikinglar Vizantiya imperiyasi, bu erda ular imperatorning Varangiya gvardiyasini tuzdilar. Dengiz sathi bugungi kundan 5 metr balandroq bo'lganligi sababli, Malaren Boltiq dengizining kemalar bilan band bo'lgan suzib yuradigan ko'rfazidir. Mallaren atrofidagi shaharlarni ishdan bo'shatgani ma'lum bo'lgan Viking boshlig'i Olaf edi, u Olaf II qiroli bo'ldi. Norvegiya, va keyinchalik mamlakat homiysi avliyo. Vikinglar ozgina iz qoldirdilar, ammo Evropaning shimoliy dengizchilik an'analariga asos solishdi.
- 2 Stadsgården (Stokgolm asoslari). 11-asrdan boshlab Evropa qirolliklari mavjud edi qal'alar qurilgan va qo'shinlar dushmanlarni chetlab o'tish uchun o'qitilgan. Bu Vikinglar davridan-ga o'tishni belgiladi O'rta asrlarning yuqori asrlari; shuningdek, Shvetsiya nasroniylik uchun butparast imonni tark etgan vaqt. Birinchi Shvetsiya poytaxti Sigtuna ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng Karelian 1187 yilda qaroqchilar, shvedlar orolda Stokgolmga aylangan stok qurdilar. Bu nom, ehtimol, himoya qilish va pullik yig'ish uchun ishlatilgan Malarendagi yog'och log (stok) bumidan kelib chiqqan. Birger jarl (jarl ingliz tiliga mos keladigan unvondir graf), shaharning asoschisi deb hisoblanadi. Uning 1252 xati - Stokgolm nomidagi birinchi yozuv; bu yil Stokgolmning tashkil etilgan yili deb hisoblansa-da, orol kamida bir necha o'n yillar oldin joylashtirilgan edi. Aksariyat qirg'oq shaharlarida bo'lgani kabi, baliq ovlash va kema qurish muhim biznes edi. Sharqdagi qirg'oq nomi ma'lum bo'lgan Stadsgården (shahar tersanesi). Shahar tashqarisida bo'lgani kabi, XIV asrdan beri bu erda baliq yog'i va muhr pufagi uchun yomon hidli qozonxonalar joylashgan edi. Metro stantsiyasidagi maydon nomi ma'lum Ryssgården (Russian Yard) bu erda 17-asrdan beri uchrashgan rus savdogarlaridan.
- 7 Riddarholmskyrkan. Orol Riddarxolmen (so'zma-so'z "Knight Island") o'z nomini aslzodalar saroylaridan olgan, ularning aksariyati 17-asrda qurilgan. Shvetsiya zodagonlari (Adel) 1280-yilgi qonun bilan rasmiylashtirildi, chunki soliqlardan ozod qilingan, ammo armiyada xizmat qilishi kerak bo'lgan ba'zi oilalar; eng keksa kishilar unvonga sazovor bo'lishdi riddare (ritsar). Riddarholmskyrkan cherkovi XIV asrga tegishli va shu bilan Stokgolmda saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi binolardan biri; asrlar davomida kengaygan bo'lsa-da. Bu erda o'n besh shved monarxi Gustavus Adolphusdan (1594-1632) Gustav V (1858-1950) gacha dafn etilgan. 1654 yilda taxtdan voz kechib, katoliklikni qabul qilgan va Avliyo Pyotr cherkovida dafn etilgan qirolicha Kristina - bu yo'qlik. Vatikan. Bugungi kunda saroylarning aksariyati sud idoralari tomonidan ishlatilmoqda.
- 8 Södermalmstorg. Hech bo'lmaganda XV asrdan beri foydalanib kelinayotgan shahar maydoni. 2021 yilning birinchi yarmida bu asrlar davomida amalga oshirilgan savdo-sotiqdagi xarobalar va eksponatlarni ochib beradigan arxeologik qazishma maydoni bo'ladi.
- 9 Slussen Showroom (Slussenrummet), Södermalmstorg 4. Slussenni qayta qurish uchun ko'rgazma zali bo'lib, u 2025 yilda qurilishi kerak. Ba'zi arxeologik asarlar va plakatlar kanal tarixi va kelajagini namoyish etadi. Cheklangan ish vaqti.
- 10 Stokgolm shahar muzeyi (Stokgolm stad muzeyi), Ryssgården. Ushbu bino 1660 yillarda Stokgolmning Janubiy shahar meriyasi sifatida qurilgan. Asrlar davomida u sud binosi, qamoqxona, anatomik teatr va maktab sifatida ishlatilgan. 1942 yildan beri bu muzey; 1523 yildan hozirgi kungacha Stokgolm tarixini namoyish etadi, qurilish va arxitekturaga alohida e'tibor beradi. Muzey piyoda sayohatlar uyushtiradi.
- 1 Gondolen (Katarinaxissen). Ochiq osmono'l ko'prigi va panoramali restorani bo'lgan 1936 yildagi lift. Ta'mirlash uchun yopilgan, 2022 yilda ochilishi kerak. Osmon ko'prigiga kirish imkoniyati cheklangan.
- 3 Kogghamn (O'rta asr Stokgolm porti). Ko'tarilgan erlar XIII asrda Malarenni ko'rfazdan chuchuk suvli ko'lga aylantirdi. Ko'ldan dengizgacha kanal qazilgan; ammo ko'l dengiz sathidan bir necha dyuym balandlikda bo'lganligi sababli, qayiqlarni arqonlar yordamida tortib olish kerak edi. Stokgolmda ikkita port bor edi: Kornxamn (makkajo'xori / don porti) Mälarenning kichik qayiqlari uchun edi va Kogghamn Boltiq dengizi tishlari (savdo kemalari) uchun, bugungi ko'cha darajasiga yaqin darajada edi. Ko'p tishli qutilarga tegishli edi Gans Ligasi (Xansa), O'rta asrlarda Boltiq dengizida savdo-sotiqda hukmronlik qilgan. Sohil chizig'i orqaga chekinishi bilan 1790 yilgi maxsus uy (Tullxuset) oldingi docklarda va 1939 yilgi maxsus pavilonlarda qurilgan bo'lib, ularda bugungi kunda restoran va boshqa mehmonxonalar joylashgan.
- 4 Slussen. Slussen ("shlyuz") - bu Malarenga dengiz kemalarini olib kirish uchun 1642 yilda ochilgan qulf. Asrlar mobaynida to'rt xil qulflar bir-birining o'rnini egallashdi, poezdlar, velosipedlar va jamoat transporti uchun yangi ko'priklar. 1935 yilda Slussen Evropaning birinchi yonca barglari almashinuvi bilan avtomobil uchun qayta qurildi. Og'ir beton konstruktsiyasi loyga botib, ko'lni tartibga solish kerak bo'lganda, Stokgolm beshinchi qulfni qurmoqda, barqaror transport uchun yangi ko'priklar to'plami mavjud bo'lib, 2025 yilda qurilishi tugallangan.
- 11 Kastellet. Dengiz bayrog'ini ko'tarib yuradigan va qurolga salom berish uchun foydalaniladigan 17-asrga oid qal'a. Bino 1845 yilda portladi va 1848 yilda qayta tiklandi.
- 2 Zum Franziskaner ("Zum"), Skeppsbron 44. Taxminan 1471 yilda 1906 yildan beri hozirgi joylashgan joyda tashkil etilgan nemis mavzusidagi restoran.
- 5 Jarntorget. Ushbu bozor 14-asrgacha dengiz bo'yida bo'lgan. Sohil chizig'i orqaga chekinishi bilan, bu maydon 1489 yildan beri temir maydon deb ataladigan muhim savdo joyi bo'lib qoldi. 1662 yilgacha bu kon konidan temir, mis va boshqa metallarni sotadigan joy edi. Bergslagen, Bolalar dengizi orqali boj yig'ish va eksport qilish uchun Malaren ko'lidan Stokgolmga jo'natildi. Metall hali ham Shvetsiyaning asosiy eksport tovarlari qatoriga kiradi; Bergslagendagi uchta kon hali ham qo'rg'oshin, mis va rux ishlab chiqaradi. Temir qazib olinadi Norrbotten okrugi Shvetsiyaning uzoq shimolida.
Västerlånggatan 78: Järntorget-dagi bino ko'rinadigan cho'kma shikastlanishi bilan.
- 12 Deucalion blokirovka qilish, Västerlånggatan 78. Dengiz qirg'og'ining orqaga tortilishiga nafaqat muzlikdan keyingi tiklanish sabab bo'lgan; fuqarolar ham maishiy chiqindilarni qirg'oqqa tashladilar. Bugungi suv bo'yidagi binolar XVII asrda yangi erlarda, oddiy poligon orqali yog'och uyumlarda barpo etilgan. Yer susayib, yog'och qoziqlar qurib qolganda, binolar katta yoriqlar bilan ko'rinadigan darajada deformatsiyaga uchragan. Gamla Stan-dagi aksariyat bloklar o'z nomlarini Yunon-Rim mifologiyasidan olgan.
- 13 Södra Bankohuset (Janubiy bank uyi), Yorntorget 84. 1662 yilgacha shaharning temirni tortish bo'yicha rasmiy uyi bu erda joylashgan edi. Uning o'rniga hozirgi bino, Riksens Ständers banki, keyinroq Sveriges Riksbank, dunyodagi eng qadimgi omon qolgan markaziy bank. Ilgari Shvetsiya pul birligi edi daler (bilan bir xil so'z ildizi dollar; tojda mis konlari bo'lganligi sababli, ular og'irligi 20 kg (44 funt) gacha bo'lgan ulkan mis tangalarni zarb qildilar. 2018 yildan beri binoda video o'yinlar studiyasi ishlaydi. Stokgolmning asosiy eksport tovarlari apparatdan dasturiy ta'minotga o'zgargan bo'lsa ham, Jarntorget hali ham ko'plab restoran va tavernalari bilan mashhur.
- 14 Taube haykali. Shvetsiyalik trubadur Evert Taube (1890-1976) Shvetsiyaning qadimgi ballada an’analarini saqlagan. U gitarada ham, o'rta asr uslubidagi luteda ham o'ynab, o'zining dengiz sathidagi sarguzashtlarini ochiq dengizda va gaucho yilda Argentina. Xuddi uning namunasi Karl Maykl Bellman (1740-1795) singari, u tez-tez Gamla stanidagi tavernalarda ko'rilgan. U 20-asr o'rtalarida Gamla stanining qulashiga to'sqinlik qilgan faollardan biri bo'lgan va bugungi kunda 50 kronlik banknotalarda tasvirlangan.
- 15 Västerlånggatan. Birinchi shahar devorining tashqarisidagi Gamla stantsiyasining asosiy ko'chasi ilgari Shvetsiyaning shimoliy va janubiy qismlarini bog'laydigan magistral yo'l edi. XV asrda devor o'rnini binolar egallagan. Maftunkor bo'lsa-da, yozda ko'cha odamlarga to'lib-toshgan va biroz a deb hisoblangan turistik tuzoq. Qarang Västerlånggatan to'liq tavsif uchun.
- 6 Mårten Trotzigs gränd. Stokgolmning eng tor xiyoboni bizni O'rta asr Stokgolmini tashkil etgan platoga olib boradi. Binolarni nemis savdogari Mårten Trotsig (1559–1617) sotib olgan, u metall savdo bilan Stokgolmning eng badavlat fuqarolaridan biriga aylangan. Xiyobonning zinalari bor; blokning sharqida yanada qulay yo'lni topish mumkin.
- 7 Tyska Stallplan. Siz O'rta asr Stokgolmini tashkil etgan platoning janubiy qismida turibsiz. Ushbu maydon otlar saqlanadigan eski shahar devori orqali darvoza joylashgan joy; shu nom bilan "Nemislarning barqaror maydoni". Ot haykali - 1956 yil. Devor ankrajlari binolarni davriylashtirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.
Turli davrlarga xos bo'lgan devor langarlari.
- 16 Dominikan monastiri (Svartbrödraklostret). 1336 yilda bu erda birinchi shahar devori ichida Dominikan (Qora qurbongohlar) monastiri qurilgan. Ko'cha nomi Svartmansgatan (Qora erkaklar ko'chasi) rohiblarni nazarda tutadi; boshqa o'rta asr shaharlarida bo'lgani kabi, ular stipendiya va xayriya uchun javobgardilar. XVI asrda qirol Gustav Vasa (mustaqil Shvetsiya asoschisi) Protestant islohoti, barcha cherkov mulklarini milliylashtirdi va uning qal'asi uchun toshlarni olish uchun monastirni tozalab tashladi. Gamla Stan-ning yo'qolgan o'rta asrlardagi ko'plab binolariga kelsak, er osti omborlari buzilmaydi, vaqti-vaqti bilan mehmonlar uchun ochiqdir. Monastir cherkovi maktabning bolalar maydonchasi joylashgan joyda joylashgan edi; xarobalar 2016 yilda topilgan.
- 17 Storkyrkoskolan (Stokgolm sobori maktabi). Islohotdan keyin ham cherkov maktablarni boshqargan. Stokgolm sobori maktabi 13-asrda tashkil topgan va 19-asrda bu erga ko'chib kelgan. Asosiy bino 1666 yilda shved rassomligining otasi deb hisoblangan Germaniyada tug'ilgan saroy rassomi Devid Klyoker Erenstrahl uchun foydalanishga topshirilgan. 1920-yillarning ilova namunasi Shvetsiya inoyati; Shvetsiyaning talqini Art Deco. Bolalar maydonchasi xuddi o'sha paytdan beri, chunki binolar haddan tashqari ko'p bo'lgan orolda ko'proq yashash joylarini yaratish uchun buzilgan. 1973 yildan beri Estoniya maktab bitta binoga ega.
- 3 Oyfur, Västerlånggatan 68. A Viking- nomli restoran; bir oz anaxronistik, chunki qabrlarga qo'yilgan qabrlar oxirgi Vikinglardan asrlar o'tib qurilgan.
- 4 6e Tunnan (Sjätte tunnan), Stora Nygatan 43. O'rta asr bar va vaqti-vaqti bilan jonli musiqa bilan ta'minlanadigan restoran.
- 5 Lasse i Gatan, Västerlånggatan 60. Shvetsiyalik 18-asrning shaxsiy xizmatchilaridan ilhomlangan restoran va bar (eng taniqli qaroqchilarga ishora bilan Karib dengizi.)
- 6 Den Gilden Freden, Osterlånggatan 51. Ushbu restoran 1722 yildan beri ma'lum bo'lib, uni Shvetsiyadagi eng qadimiy restoranlardan biriga aylantiradi. Shvetsiya akademiyasi har payshanba kuni bu erda ovqatlanishadi.
- 18 Yahudiylar muzeyi (Judiska museet), Själagårdsgatan 19. Yahudiylar Shvetsiyaga joylashishni istaganlar nasroniylikni qabul qilishlari kerak edi. 1792 yilda Shvetsiya yahudiy dinini qonuniylashtirdi, ammo yahudiylar ikkinchi darajali fuqaro bo'lib qolishdi. Ushbu 17-asr binosi 1795 yildan 1870 yilgacha Stokgolmning birinchi ibodatxonasiga aylangunga qadar kim oshdi savdosi xonasi bo'lgan; yahudiylar to'la fuqarolik huquqlariga ega bo'lgan va Buyuk ibodatxona ochilgan yil. 1999 yilda Shvetsiya yahudiylarni endemik ozchilik deb tan oldi. Bino boshqa narsalar qatorida politsiya idorasi ham bo'lgan. Yahudiylar muzeyi (1992 yildan beri turli binolarda) 2019 yilda binoga ko'chib o'tdi.
- 19 Nemis cherkovi (Tyska Kyrkan), Svartmangatan 16A. Rasmiy nomlangan Sankta Gertrud, bu cherkov tashqarida birinchi nemis tilida so'zlashadigan cherkovning uyi Germaniya, nemis savdogarlari (Stokgolm aholisining uchdan bir qismigacha) ahamiyati haqida bir oz ma'lumot berdi. Cherkov joylashgan joyda XIV asrda nemis savdogarlar gildiyasi zali qurilgan. Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan protestant islohotida qirol Gustav Vasa gildiya zalini egallab oldi. 1570-yillarda, ko'payib borayotgan nemis aholisi uchun protestant cherkovini qurish uchun (ba'zi qismlari qolgan bo'lsa ham) buzib tashlangan; endi xizmat lotin tilida emas, balki mahalliy tilda o'tkazildi. 1642 yilda katta derazalar va oq javonlar bilan kengayish tugatilgan. Cherkov Shvetsiya cherkoviga tegishli, ammo har yakshanba kuni soat 11:00 da nemis tilida xizmat qiladi.
- 8 Skomakareporten (Poyafzal darvozasi). Mana birinchi shahar devoridagi darvoza bor edi. XV asrda devor o'rniga hozirgi suv qirg'og'i yonida (ko'chada ko'rinadigan) ikkinchi shahar devori o'rnini egalladi, XVII asrda demontaj qilingan, istehkomlar qurilgan edi Stokgolm arxipelagi. Hech bir dushman hech qachon Stokgolm devorlarini buzmagan; shahar taslim bo'lsa ham Daniya 1520 qurshovida; ko'proq quyida ko'ring.
Prastgatan shahridagi O'rta asrlar uslubidagi binolar.
- 9 Morfey bloki, Prästgatan 46-50. Ushbu blok XV asrda birinchi shahar devorining o'rnini bosgan holda qurilgan. Faqatgina qabrlarga qo'yilgan tonozlar asl nusxadir, chunki 1625 yong'inida shaharning aksariyat qismi janubi-g'arbiy qismida g'arbiy orolda to'rtburchaklar bloklar uchun joy ajratib, vayron bo'lgan. Ushbu binolar 17 va 18-asrlarda qabrlarning tepasida qurilgan, ammo ular O'rta asr Stokgolmiga o'xshagan narsalarga ishora qiladi. Ularning balandligi atigi uch qavatdir va peshtoq yonida shkiv nurlari, yog'och kepenkali kichik podval eshiklari bor. 46-sonli darvoza ustida yong'in sug'urtasi plakati o'rnatilgan; o't o'chiruvchilar faqat binolarni o'sha bilan qutqaradi. # 48 O'rta asrlarga xos qo'pol g'isht bilan qurilgan.
- 10 53. Uppland runik yozuvlari, Kekbrinken 1. 13-asrda kitoblar va toshli toshlar keng tarqalib ketgunga qadar qadimgi norslik odamlar avlodlarga ozgina asarlar qoldirgan. Ammo ular yozishdi runestones, bu miloddan avvalgi 1100 yilda yaratilgan va tasodifiy shuhrat qozongan, chunki u 17-asr binosining devoriga tushib qolgan. Lakonik yozuvda aytilgan Torshteynn va Freygunnr ushbu toshni [...] o'g'lining xotirasi uchun [ko'tarilgan] edi. Bu odamlar uzoq sayohat qilganliklari haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q; xorijiy sayohatchilar (vikinglar) haqida eslatib o'tadigan bir nechta toshlar juda mashhurdir. To'p binoni vagonlardan himoya qilish uchun 17-asrda tashkil etilgan.
Stortorget - o'ng tomonda Nobel muzeyi joylashgan
- 11 Stortorget. Stokgolmning eng qadimgi maydoni, XIII asrga tegishli. Stortorgetda vaqti-vaqti bilan bozorlar va yarmarkalar o'tkaziladi, shu jumladan a Rojdestvo bozori.
- 20 Köpmantorget. Sharq tomon yo'nalgan ko'chaga nom berildi Köpmangatan ("Savdo ko'chasi") 1323 yildan beri va shu bilan Stokgolmning eng qadimgi ko'chasi hisoblanadi. Sharqning oxirida edi Köpmantorget, ("Savdogarlar maydoni") va sharqiy shahar darvozasi. Devorning tashqarisida baliq bozori bor edi; qirg'oq yon bag'irdan bir oz pastda edi. Sankt-Jorj haykali (Sankt Go'ran) va Ajdaho 1471 yil Brunkeberg jangini eslaydi. Ko'p narsani soddalashtirish uchun Shvetsiya, Norvegiya va Daniya qo'shildi Kalmar ittifoqi XV asr davomida. Shvetsiya zodagonlari Stokgolmda o'z shohini xohlashdi va Brunkebergdagi jangda (bugungi Norrmalmda) regent Sten Stur Oqsoqol boshchiligidagi shved bo'lginchilari ittifoqchilar armiyasini quvib chiqardilar. Ushbu tadbir 1520-yillardagi ozodlik urushining debochasi edi va Shvetsiya mustaqilligi sari qadam sifatida romantizatsiya qilingan. Haykal Sten Stur tomonidan daniyaliklarga qarshi targ'ibot uchun buyurtma qilingan; asl nusxasi Stokgolm soborida, Köpmantorgetda esa 1912 yil nusxasi.
- 21 Schantzska husut, Stortorget 20. Stortorget qurilganidan beri jismoniy jazo uchun ishlatilgan, shu jumladan qamchilash, ommaviy sharmanda qilish va vaqti-vaqti bilan o'lim jazosi. Sud binosi hozirda Nobel muzeyi joylashgan joyda joylashgan edi. Eng mashxur voqea 1520 yilda Stokgolmda qon ketishi (Stokgolm qonga botdi). Stokgolm shunchaki Daniya qiroli Kristian II ga taslim bo'lgan edi (u o'shandan beri u shunday tanilgan) Zolim Kristian Shvetsiyada) va u kamida 80 shved zodagonlari va ulug'vorlarining bid'at uchun boshlarini kesgan (ular Shvetsiya mustaqilligini qo'llab-quvvatlaganlaridek). Qilich bilan boshini kesish og'riqsiz va zodagonlar uchun imtiyoz deb hisoblangan; Stokgolm meri va bir nechta sudyalar osib o'ldirildi, jami kamida 92 kishi o'ldi. Qirg'in ozodlik urushi 1523 yilda Gustav Vasa qirol bo'lgan Daniyaga qarshi. Shvetsiya o'shandan beri mustaqil; urush O'rta asrlarning oxiri va Shvetsiyaning asos solgan vaqti deb hisoblanadi. Aytilishicha, qizil binodagi oq toshlar (qirol Charlz X Gustavning kotibi Yoxan Shants uchun qurilgan) qurbonlarni xotirlaydi.
- 22 To'p to'pi, Skomakaregatan 1. Binoning burchagida 1523 yilgi ozodlik urushida otilgan deyilgan aniq ko'rinadigan to'p to'pi bor. Ammo bino 1795 yilda, urushning ko'pgina ramziy yodgorliklaridan biri sifatida barpo etilganda qo'shilgan.
- 7 Sten Sture kafesi, Trangsund 10. XIV asrdagi qabrlarga tashlangan kafe. Bino ilgari monastir bo'lib, islohot paytida boshqalar singari demontaj qilingan. Keyinchalik podval qamoqxona sifatida ishlatilgan; eng taniqli mahbus 1792 yilda qirol Gustav III ga suiqasd qilgani uchun o'limga mahkum etilgan Yoxan Yakob Ankarstrem edi.
- 8 Grillska po'stlog'i, Stortorget 3. O'rta asrlar binosi 1681 yildan 1800 yilgacha Gril oilasiga tegishli edi; Shvetsiyaning birinchi badavlat oddiy oilalaridan biri. Binoda Stortorget atrofidagi ko'plab boshqa joylarga qaraganda arzonroq narxga ega bo'lgan Stokgolt shahar missiyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan kafe va restoran mavjud. Hovli 19-asrga qadar odamlar to'lib toshgan Cepheus bloki manzarasini beradi; 1930 yillarda ta'mirdan so'ng, u zamonaviy tarixiy binolarni qayta tiklashning o'ziga xos belgisiga aylandi.
- 12 Stortorget yaxshi (Stortorgsbrunnen). Quduq 1778 yilda qurilgan. Ilgari u Stokgolmning nol millik markeri bo'lgan; Shvetsiya yo'llari o'lchangan nuqta. Quriganida (quruqlikning ko'tarilishi sababli), 1857 yilda Brunkebergstorgga ko'chirilgan; 1861 yilda Stokgolm Evropaning so'nggi suv o'tkazgichlaridan biri bo'lgan birinchi umumiy suv inshootlarini oldi. Malarenning ichki qismidagi suv 20-asrga qadar tozalanmagan kanalizatsiya bilan ifloslangan, ammo ifloslanishni qattiq nazorat qilish tufayli ko'l suvlari bugungi kunda taniqli bo'lib qoldi; davolashsiz ichishga deyarli tayyor. Quduq 1953 yilda birinchi joyiga qaytdi, endi musluk suvi bilan oziqlandi. Stokgolm arxipelagidagi quduqlar uchun yana bir tashvish ko'l suvlarini Boltiq dengizining sho'r suviga aralashmaslikdir.
1535 yilgi Quyosh iti rasmidan chiqib ketish, Vädersolstavlan, g'arbdan Stokgolm. Tirik qolgan nusxasi Storkyrkanda saqlanadi.
II qism: Saroy va parlament
Qirollik saroyi atrofida va Riksdag (Parlament), biz 17-18 asrlarda Shvetsiya imperiyasining ko'tarilishi va qulashini, demokratiyaga yo'lni, 1918 yilda umumiy saylov huquqiga erishilganligini va bugungi kunda Shvetsiyaning siyosiy institutlarini ko'rib turibmiz.
Slottsbacken. Chapdan: Stokgolm saroyi, Milliy muzey (Vasa kemasozlik zavodi), Gustav III haykali, Telegraf uyi va Tessin saroyi.
- 13 Stokgolm sobori (Storkyrkan), Trangsund 1 (Qirollik saroyi yonida). Storkyrkan ("Buyuk cherkov") Gamla stanidagi eng qadimgi cherkov bo'lib, uning birinchi elementlari XIII asrda gotika uslubida qurilgan. Xor 1554 yilda Tre Kronor qal'asidan to'p otish uchun Gustav Vasa buyrug'i bilan qisqartirildi. Qadimgi devorning atrofini yulka toshlarida ko'rish mumkin. Tashqi ko'rinishi Barokko uslubida 1740 yilda qayta ishlangan. Cherkov taniqli ikki asarni o'z ichiga oladi: XV asrga oid avliyo Jorjning asl haykali va Stokgolmning eng qadimgi tasvirining nusxasi, Vädersolstavlan ("Quyosh itining rasmlari"), 1535 yildan yo'qolgan asl nusxasining 1636 nusxasi.
- 14 Olaus Petri haykali. Olaus Petri (1493-1552) - shvetsiyalik Olof Pettersson ismidan kelib chiqqan ruhoniy va polimat. U muhim rol o'ynagan Protestant islohoti, Shvetsiyada birinchi teatrlashtirilgan o'yinni, birinchi sud tizimining kodini va shvedlarning birinchi Muqaddas Kitob tarjimasini yozgan. U sobori minbarining ostiga dafn etilgan.
- 15 Slottet Tre Kronor (Uch toj qal'asi). Uch toj XIV asrdan beri Shvetsiyaning gerbini (saroyning asosiy darvozasida ko'rinadi) tashkil etadi. Belgining aniq kelib chiqishi noma'lum; Norin xudolari Odin, Thor va Frey, Bibliya Magi yoki Papa saroyining vakili deb aytilgan. Avignon. Tre Kronor XIII asrda shahar devorida saqlanib qolgan va asrlar davomida kengayib borgan, chunki u Qirolnikiga aylangan qal'a (shvedcha so'z slott ikkalasini ham anglatishi mumkin qal'a va saroy). Bugun Stokgolm saroyi xuddi shu joyda turibdi. Tuproqdagi toshlar qal'aning atrofini belgilaydi. Ayrim xarobalar Tre Kronor muzeyi saroyning podvalida.
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Stokgolm markazida juda yaxshi joylashgan edi Shvetsiya imperiyasi, dengiz orqali sayohat eng tez bo'lganligi sababli, shimoliy Skandinaviya aholisi juda oz edi.
- 23 Vasa tersanesi. The Shvetsiya imperiyasi 17-asrda o'z kuchining eng yuqori darajasiga ko'tarilib, Boltiq dengizini deyarli o'rab olib, kuchli dengiz flotiga ehtiyoj tug'dirdi, eng kamida qirol Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus nomi bilan ham tanilgan) Shvetsiyani O'ttiz yillik urush. Stokgolm kemasozlik zavodlari ko'plab harbiy kemalarni ishga tushirdi; eng kam muvaffaqiyatli tasodifan bugungi kunda eng mashhur bo'lib qoldi: Vasa. U Blasieholmen ustiga qurilgan (suv bo'ylab, hozirda Milliy muzey joylashgan) va balast va artilleriya bilan to'ldirish uchun Tre Kronor qal'asiga olib borilgan. 48 ta bronza to'p Vasa Shvetsiyaning eng og'ir kemalaridan biri, imperiyaning O'lim yulduzi... juda beqaror bo'lsa ham. Uning 1628 yildagi birinchi safari mag'rurlik lahzasi bo'lishi kerak edi; ammo u shamolni ushlashdan oldin bir milya suzib borishi mumkin edi, Södermalm yaqinida ag'darilib cho'kib, kamida 30 kishini cho'ktirib yubordi. Qimmatbaho bronza to'plarning aksariyati 1664 yilda qutqarilgan; ammo kema qorong'ilikka tushib qoldi, 1956 yilgacha yana topilmadi.
- 24 Aksel Oxenstierna saroyi, Storkyrkobrinken 2. Aksel Oksenstierna 1614 yildan 1654 yilda vafotigacha Shvetsiya hukumati rahbari bo'lgan va 1632 yildan 1644 yilgacha voyaga etmagan qirolicha Kristinaning homiysi sifatida davlat rahbari vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'lgan. Hozirgacha Shvetsiya imperiyasining eng qudratli monarx bo'lmagan vakili u Shvetsiya byurokratiyasining otasi hisoblanadi, chunki u bugungi kunda davlatlar va pochta aloqasi kabi ko'plab davlat idoralariga asos solgan. Uning saroyi o'limidan oldin qurib bitkazilmagan edi.
Stokgolm saroyining asosiy darvozasi ustidagi plakat. Eng buyuk, baxtli, taqvodor va har doim yuksak shoh uchun,
shimoliy dunyodagi ulug'vor vatan otasi,
XARLES XII,
mag'lubiyatsiz fazilati,
Herkul nizolari orqali,
uni shon-sharafning balandligiga olib bordi,
hayot va g'alaba,
va Shvetsiyaning tinimsiz istagi,
bu erda baxtli bino turibdi,
va oltindan porlaydi
shimoliy dunyodagi ulug'vor vatan otasi,
XARLES XII,
mag'lubiyatsiz fazilati,
Herkul nizolari orqali,
uni shon-sharafning balandligiga olib bordi,
hayot va g'alaba,
va Shvetsiyaning tinimsiz istagi,
bu erda baxtli bino turibdi,
va oltindan porlaydi
- 25 Stokgolm saroyining asosiy darvozasi (Kungliga Slottet). XVII asrga kelib Tre Kronor qal'asi mudofaa uchun kerak bo'lmay qoldi va Shvetsiya imperiyasining kengayishi ko'proq vakolatxonani talab qildi. Shoh Karl XI ilhomlanib Barokko saroyini foydalanishga topshirdi Versal va Palazzo Farnese Rim. Shimoliy qanotning katta qismi 1697 yilga qadar tugatildi, chunki yong'in eski qal'aning katta qismini yo'q qildi. Milliy arxivlarning aksariyati yo'qoldi, bu esa tarixiy tadqiqotlarni qiyinlashtirdi. Olovdan olti oy o'tgach, Karl XII 15 yoshida shoh bo'ldi. 1700 yilda Daniya, Polsha va Rossiya Shvetsiyaga hujum boshlab Buyuk Shimoliy urushKarl XII butun kattalar hayotini kurashda o'tkazgan. Uning askarlari, afsonaviy karoleanlar, odatda son jihatdan ko'proq edilar, ammo urushning dastlabki bosqichida ko'plab janglarda g'alaba qozonishdi. U besh yilni surgunda o'tkazdi Usmonli imperiyasi, urushga qaytib, jangda vafot etdi Halden 1718 yilda Norvegiyada. 1719 yildan ruslar talon-taroj qildilar Stokgolm arxipelagi, ammo Stokgolmga bostirib kirolmadi. 1721 yilda Nistad Shvetsiya shartnomani topshirishi kerak edi Boltiqbo'yi viloyatlari Boltiq dengizining hukmron kuchiga aylangan va Rossiya hukmdori Buyuk Pyotrga birinchi bo'lib o'zini uslubini yaratishga imkon bergan Rossiyaga. Rossiya imperatori. Charlz XII saroy quruvchisi sifatida asosiy kirish eshigidagi (urush sovrinlari bilan o'rab olingan) plakatda tabriklaydi, ammo urushning ko'p davrida qurilish to'xtatilgan edi.
- 26 Qirollik qurol-aslahaxonasi (Livrustkammaren), Slottsbacken 3. O'zini "Shvetsiyaning eng qadimgi muzeyi" deb nomlash, 1628 yildan beri shved qirollarining formasi, qurol-yarog 'va boshqa buyumlari, shu jumladan Gustav II Adolf va Charlz XII. Ko'plab shved shohlari Karl (Charlz inglizchada, Kerolus Lotin tilida), shoh Karl XVI Gustafgacha, ularning dastlabki oltitasi tarixiy dalillarga ega bo'lmagan afsonaviy podshohlar bo'lib, miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilgacha Shvetsiya birlashtirilguncha hukmronlik qilgan. Kirish bepul.
- 27 Fin cherkovi. Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya XIII asrdan 1809 yilgacha o'sha mamlakat bo'lgan. Finlyandiya askarlari Shvetsiya urushlarida mardlik bilan kurashgan, shvedlar va finlar esa o'z mamlakatlaridagi eng katta etnik ozchilikdir. Bino 1653 yilda tennis zali sifatida barpo etilgan bo'lib, unda Shvetsiyaning birinchi teatr kompaniyasi joylashgan. Finlyandiya cherkovi 1725 yilda cherkovni ochdi.
- 16 Qirollik saroyining janubiy qanoti. Parlament asta-sekin monarx hokimiyatini cheklab qo'yganligi sababli, yangi davr "deb nomlana boshladi Ozodlik davri, Frihetstidenva Shvetsiyada san'at va fanning yuksalishidan xabar berdi. Saroy 1754 yilda tugatilgan, janubiy qanotida barokko uslubidagi shimoliy qanotga qaraganda neo-Uyg'onish uslubi ko'proq bo'lgan. Haykallar o'sha davrning buyuk shved odamlarini tasvirlaydi. Chap tomonda to'rttasi Erik Dalberg (Shvetsiya imperiyasining ko'plab qal'alarini loyihalashtirgan), Karl Linney (sistematik biologiya asoschisi), polimat Georg Stiernhielm (shved she'riyatining asoschisi) va Kichik Nikodim Tessin (saroy me'mori, uning otasi o'rnini egallagan), shuningdek, grek-rim mifologiyasi sahnalari. Shvetsiya so'z erkinligi va boshqa fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha kashshof bo'lgan; 1766 yilgi Matbuot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun dunyodagi eng qadimgi erkin matbuot to'g'risidagi qonun bo'lib, Shvetsiya Konstitutsiyasining to'rt tomidan biri bo'lib qolmoqda.
- 28 Gustav III haykali. Gustav III ruled Sweden from 1771 to 1792. Inspired by the French Enlightenment, he was a patron of the arts, founding the Swedish Academy, the Opera, and a collection of ancient sculptures, today on display in the Palace. He promoted the rule of law, abolishing torture and limiting capital punishment. He is however considered to have ended the Age of Liberty, as he limited the free press, and stripped the nobles of their powers. Many noblemen turned against him, and had him assassinated at a masquerade ball in the Opera House. The statue was erected in 1808 on the quay where he landed after his victorious war against Russia in 1790.
- 17 Swedish Academy and Nobel Prize Museum. The property north of Stortorget used to be Stockholm's city hall, with a courthouse and jail. In 1776, the Stock Exchange was built here. The building now hosts the Swedish Academy was funded by Gustav III in 1786. First famous for their Swedish dictionary, even more so since 1901, as they were appointed as the jury for the Nobel Prize for literature. The bottom floor of the building hosts the Nobel Prize Museum.
- 18 The Obelisk at Slottsbacken. Commissioned by King Gustav III to reward Stockholm's citizens for defending the city in the war against Russia from 1788 to 1790. While the kings mentioned earlier have many monuments in their honour, the obelisk is the only place in Stockholm bearing the name of Gustav IV Adolf, son and successor of Gustav III. Like his father, he lost a war against Russia in 1809. He was forced to cede Finland, was deposed in a coup, and spent the rest of his life in exile. It was replaced by a replica in 2020.
- 29 Karl XIV Johan statue. As Sweden's elderly king Karl XIII had no legitimate heirs, he adopted Napoleon's field marshal Jean Bernadotte, who became Crown Prince, and in 1818 King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden and Norway (which had been forced into a union with Sweden four years earlier). The House of Bernadotte has been on the Swedish throne since then, though the monarchs' power since then has been gradually limited. The statue was erected at Slussen in 1854. In 2018, two centuries after Karl Johan's coronation, the statue got its current location.
- 30 Storkyrkobrinken. In the mid-19th century, Sweden remained one of few European countries where only the Estates (stånd: nobles, clergy, guilds and land-owning farmers) could vote. As the liberal revolutions of 1848 spread to Sweden, suffrage protests at Storkyrkobrinken turned to looting on March 19th. King Oscar I ordered a cavalry unit to disperse the crowd, killing at least 18 people. The event was referred to as "Stockholm's second bloodbath", but as status quo was preserved, it is little known in Sweden today. Sweden never had a revolution, but suffrage was gradually expanded. In 1866, the Estates were abolished, and all property-owning men of age 21 could vote; around 20 per cent of the adult population.
- 19 Royal Guards (Kungliga Högvakten). The outer courtyard is the place for the changing of the Royal Guards (Högvakten). Until the 19th century, they were needed for policing and firefighting. They also had artillery; Sweden has been known for cannon-making for centuries, and four memorial m/1881 cannons (the first Swedish cannon made of steel) remain on the courtyard. Today, the Royal Guards are not a permanent organization; the honour is shared between different units of the Armed Forces. While they are primarily ceremonial, they have authority to use force, and do so against antisocial behaviour around the palace.
- 20 Christina Gyllenstierna statue. Kristina Nilsdotter (Gyllenstierna) led Sweden's uprising against Denmark in the 1510s. She was the widow of Sweden's acting head of state, Sten Sture the Younger; who had taken the name of his predecessor Sten Sture the Elder (without a bloodline). The statue was erected on the Stockholm Palace courtyard in 1912, as Sweden's first public monument for a woman. Driving forces behind the statue were the defense of Stockholm (with the arms race before Birinchi jahon urushi), and the movement for women's suffrage. As in the rest of Europe, many men were drafted, causing more women to take up paid jobs, joining trade unions and women's organizations.
King Gustav V speaks at the Palace courtyard in 1914 for higher arms spending.
- 21 Palace courtyard. In February 1914, the palace courtyard saw the last power grab by a Swedish monarch, borggårdskrisen ("the courtyard crisis"). Due to the threat of war in Europe, King Gustav V demanded higher military spending, refused by liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff. The King was supported by many celebrities (including explorer Sven Hedin, who had recently charted Markaziy Osiyo) and 30,000 peasants who had rallied in Stockholm. He made an eloquent courtyard address (borggårdstalet), asserting his power as commander in chief. Four days later, Staaff resigned in protest. While the conservative opposition supported the king's arms race, they would not govern under an overreaching head of state. A caretaker government kept Sweden out of the Great War; though food shortage fueled protests, pushing Sweden to the brink of socialist revolution. A 1918 reform demoted the monarch to a figurehead, and granted universal suffrage. Gustaf V reigned to his death in 1950, at age 92. He is remembered as a patron of sports, and a skilled tennis player.
- 22 Helvetesgränd, Prästgatan. This cul-de-sac was since the Middle Ages known as Helvetesgränd, "Hell Alley", due to its location north of the cathedral. As the land north of the church was seen as condemned, it was the home of people with despised professions, such as the executioner. Sweden had capital punishment for many crimes, but over time it was limited. The last execution was carried out in 1910 for murder; the only time a guillotine has been used in Sweden. Since 1921, death sentence was restricted to war time. The 1973 constitution prohibits capital and corporal punishment.
- 23 Italian founder statues, Västerlånggatan 13. Among the lesser noticed sculptures in Gamla Stan, are the gypsum busts of Italyancha founding fathers Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel II and Camillo di Cavour, erected in 1862 on a 17th century building. While the building's connection to Italy is not known, national unity was in vogue in the 1860s. Sweden and Norway were in a personal union from 1814, and Denmark was proposed to join the union as well. Though the Scandinavian nations have very similar languages and cultures, the Norwegians were unhappy with the union, and Norway became independent in 1905.
- 31 The House of Nobility (Riddarhuset). The building for sessions of the noble estate. Most of their privileges were abolished with parliamentary reform in 1866. In 2003, Sweden's nobility became a private organization, with the last token privileges were abolished, such as the King's obligation to resolve kidnapping of noblemen abroad. The building has plenty of statues, enough for a separate tour.
- 32 Brandkontoret (Stockholm Fire Insurance Office), Mynttorget 4. Since 1806, this building hosts the Stockholm Fire Office, a property insurance co-operative, founded in 1746 as Scandinavia's oldest surviving insurance company. In the mid-19th century, the company bought wooden buildings and had them replaced with stone buildings, most of which still stand today. To prevent fires, they invested in plumbing and gas lights; typical street lights can still be seen on the building.
- 24 Parliament's democracy exhibition, Mynttorget (Mynttorget). Until 2022, the Swedish Parliament celebrates 100 years of universal suffrage through a display window exhibition. Since 1975, the voting age is 18. The most recent suffrage expansion was in 1989, as adults under guardianship got the right to vote. Mynttorget is usually busy with political demonstrations.
- 33 Royal Palace today (Kungliga Slottet). The Royal Palace remains the monarch's official residence, but King Carl XVI Gustaf, reigning since 1973, lives in Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö. His motto is För Sverige i tiden ("For Sweden, with the times"); as an avid environmentalist, he had solar panels installed on the palace roof. A 1980 bill gave gender-neutral succession to the throne, making Princess Victoria, born in 1977, the heir apparent. Most of the palace is open to the public, unless being used for a state ceremony. Entrance ticket includes The Royal Apartments, Tre Kronor Museum, Treasuryva Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities. Since 2011, a restoration of the Palace's exterior is under way, scheduled to finish in the 2030s.
- 25 Swedish Parliament (Sveriges riksdag). Nordic representative governments have their roots in the Old Norse thing, a word still used for the parliaments of Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Sweden has the more German-inspired word riksdag, literally "kingdom day", which used to be an occasional meeting of the four estates. In 1866, the riksdag became a permanent two-chamber parliament, and the original riksdag building on Riddarholmen turned out to be too small for the chambers. As the current building by architect Aron Johansson was finished in 1905, the Neo-Baroque style was criticized for being outdated. The size was also intended to rival the palace. It has a great collection of exterior sculptures, some of them from dismantled government buildings.
- 26 Parliament Chamber (Riksdagens plenisal). The west wing of the building, at Lake Mälaren, was built for the Riksbank office. Since a 1971 reform, the riksdag has only one chamber of 349 members, too many to seat in the old building. A renovation finished in 1983 made room for the new chamber in the west wing, with a bleacher for the public. The old building is used for parliamentary groups and committees. Free guided tours in Swedish and English, and occasional access to sessions and debates.
- 27 Stallbron. The "Stable Bridge" got its name from the stables that occupied the small island before the riksdag. Kanslihuset ("chancellery house") contains offices for members of parliament. For the 1980s renovation, a skybridge between the office and the chamber building was planned, but cancelled. The passage was instead built below the bridge, barely visible from the quays. Before a vote in parliament, the members get a signal 10 minutes in advance, to complete the walk.
Riksäpplet.
- 28 Riksäpplet. The Globus cruciger is an ancient symbol for the monarch's divine right to rule on Earth. In Swedish it is more casually known as Riksäpplet, "the kingdom apple", and has been a piece of the Swedish Regalia since the 16th century (on display in the Stockholm Palace Treasury). 20 apples were made of granite for the Riksdag's roof. For a renovation in the 1930s, 14 of them were relocated, two on the ground near the riksdag. The 1980s renovation added glass fiber replicas of the apples to the roof.
- 34 Rosenbad (Swedish Government Offices). The 1902 Jugend (art nouveau) building was built for a bank, and acquired by the Government of Sweden in 1922. Since the 1980s, most government ministries are located in the neighbouring buildings, connected by underground tunnels. During the 2000s, security has been tightened, with less access by cars. Not open to the public.
- 35 Sager House (Sagerska huset), Strömgatan 18. Stockholm has many palaces (see Stokgolm qirg'og'idagi saroyga sayohat). This 1900 neo-Renaissance palace was the last one used as a private home; the last resident, widow Vera Sager, died in 1988. The 1986 assassination of Olof Palme had called for increased security, and since 1995, Sweden's Prime Minister lives here. Not open to the public.
- 36 Museum of Medieval Stockholm (Medeltidsmuseet), Strömparterren. For the 1980s renovation of the Riksdag, the island was excavated to build a garage. Archaeologists found medieval ruins, including pieces of the second city wall. These now form the base of the Museum of Medieval Stockholm.
Part III: How Sweden was built
From the 1860s to the 1960s, Sweden rose from a poor agrarian country to a post-industrial welfare state, and evaded the World Wars. Stockholm sprawled outwards with railroads and motorways, while the inner city created a national identity with historical monuments, museums and buildings to commemorate (and in some cases romanticize) the past, in particular the lost Swedish Empire.
View from Riksbron across Riddarfjärden. Twin towers of Högalid Church to the left; Heleneborg is at the waterfront just below them. Stockholm City Hall is to the right.
- 29 Riksbron. This 1931 bridge gives a panoramic view of Stockholm's government offices, as well as Norrström, the stream where the water of Mälaren drops 70 centimeters to the Baltic Sea. To the west, we can see two important locations in the history of the Nobel mukofoti: Heleneborg and Stockholm City Hall.
- 37 Heleneborg. Heleneborg is a mansion on western Södermalm; while the building itself is difficult to see, it is just below the twin towers of the 1920s Högalid Church. The property's waterfront has been used for various industries since the 17th century; the most famous tenant was the Nobel family, in the 1860s. The Industrial Revolution created demand for the newly discovered nitroglycerin. As it was dangerously unstable, the young chemist Alfred Nobel experimented for a more practical formula. On September 3rd 1864, an explosion (which was heard across the city) killed six people, including Alfred's 21-year old brother Emil. The city tightened safety rules, forcing Alfred to relocate the experiments to barges on the lake. He acquired a new factory in Vinterviken, a suburb a few kilometers further southwest. Two years later, Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and made a fortune, most of which became the foundation for the Nobel Prize, for physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.
- 38 Stokgolm meriyasi (Stockholms stadshus). The eastern point of the Kungsholmen island was the site of a steam-powered grain mill named Eldkvarn. It burnt down on 31 October 1878, lighting up the city, coining the still used expression "sedan Eldkvarn brann" (since Eldkvarn burnt down) for something that happened long ago. The City Hall, inspired by the palaces of Venetsiya as well as national romanticism, was finished in 1923. The most famous event is the Nobel Prize Banquet on 10 December every year.
- 39 Western Main Line (Sammanbindningsbanan). Stockholm's central station opened in 1871, together with the double-tracked rail bridge through Gamla Stan. With plenty of hydroelectric power, and no domestic fossil fuels, Sweden's railways were electrified early; most of them by the 1930s. The bridge serves all connections south and west of Stockholm, and became Sweden's most congested rail line, with serious delays in the 2000s. Traffic flow has improved since 2017, when a deep tunnel was built for commuter trains.
- 40 Norrbro. Built from 1787 to 1807 (vith the first stone laid by Gustav III), this is Stockholm's oldest surviving bridge. In 1853, the bridge was equipped by Stockholm's first gas lights, and in 1881 the first electric arc lamps. A renovation was completed in 2010 (with the first stone laid by Crown Princess Victoria). The lion statues with the hieroglyphics are copies of statues in the Vatican Muzey.
- 30 Gustav Adolfs torg. Gustavus Adolphus II (reigning 1611–1632), is remembered as a commander in the O'ttiz yillik urush, where he died in Lützen. The statue was erected in 1796 as Sweden's first mounted statue, and the first of several monuments to commemorate the dwindling Swedish Empire, and restore a national identity. The man depicted at the plinth is Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.
- 9 The Royal Swedish Opera (Operan), Gustaf Adolfs torg 2. The first opera house was built here in 1782, commissioned by King Gustav III (mentioned above; the statue is also visible left to the Palace) who was assassinated there. The building went obsolete, and was torn down in 1892. The current building was finished in 1898, and stages operas, ballets, concerts, and daily tours in English. The allées in the nearby Kungsträdgården park bear the names of Birgit Nilsson (1918–2005, depicted on the 500 kronor banknote) and Jussi Björling (1911–1960), two of Sweden's most accomplished opera singers. Strömterrassen is a café with an astounding view of the Royal Palace. Within the same building is fine dining restaurant Operakällaren and the beautiful Café Opera nightclub.
- 31 Kungsträdgården. The name "the King's Garden" bears witness of the original function as a royal park, open to the public only since the late 18th century. Bugungi kunda u festivallarda va boshqa ommaviy tadbirlarda ishlatiladi.
- 32 Karl XII:s torg (Charles XII square). Qirol Charles XII (reigning 1697–1718), surrounded by four cannons. As mentioned above he spent his whole adult life at war, leading a disastrous campaign against Russia and spent five years exiled in the Usmonli imperiyasi until he returned to Sweden to attack Norvegiya, where he died on the battlefield. As usual for warrior kings, Charles XII's legacy has been changing over the centuries. After his death he was described as a warmongering despot, but the wave of national romanticism of the 19th century made him a national hero, honouring him with this statue in 1868. His legacy today is more complex: he has been an icon of the far right, as well as a profile for Sweden's first exchange with kurka.
- 41 Charles XIII statue. The statue further north in Kungsträdgården depicts Charles XIII (reigning 1809-1818) surrounded by four lions. He had to cede Finlyandiya to Russia, but in 1814, Sweden forced Norway into a union lasting until 1905. He was succeeded by Karl XIV Johan from the House of Bernadotte (mentioned above). The statue was nicknamed ett lejon mellan fyra krukor ("a lion between four pots"), while Charles XIII was called en kruka mellan fyra lejon ("a coward between four lions"), reflecting the late 19th century's public image of the two kings.
- 10 Grand Hôtel, Södra Blasieholmshamnen 8. A Grand Old Hotel opened in 1874 overlooking the Royal Palace, and the usual accommodation for visiting heads of state, Nobel laureates and pop stars, who can usually walk around the neighbourhood without being too disturbed by fans. The first Nobel Prize ceremonies were held here, and room No 702 is the astounding Nobel Room, where the literature prize winners stay overnight. The restaurant is one of few to regularly serve a Swedish smörgåsbord; historically an appetizer made up by cheese and herring; later expanded to include various seafood and meat. The piano bar is a delightful end-of-the-evening place to get a sophisticated drink.
- 42 National Museum of Fine Arts (Nationalmuseum), Södra Blasieholmshamnen. Sweden's national museum for 16th to 19th century European art opened in 1866, exhibiting works by Rembrandt, Rubens, Goya, Renoir, Degas and Gauguin, as well as Swedish artists such as Carl Larsson, Ernst Josephson, C F Hill and Anders Zorn, and interior design from the 16th century to present day.
- 43 Skeppsholmen. Orol Skeppsholmen used to be the headquarters of the Swedish Navy until the 19th century. Today, most buildings are used for government functions, including the Modern Art Museum and the East Asian Museum.
- 44 Chapman. 1888 yilda ushbu nom ostida ishga tushirilgan to'liq jihozlangan kema Dunboyne, keyinroq G. D. Kennedi. She ran freight between Gothenburg and Avstraliya. 1915 yildan 1934 yilgacha u o'quv kemasi bo'lib, 1949 yildan boshlab u yotoqxona sifatida ishlatilgan.
- 33 Kungsträdgården elm trees. Parkning bir nechta qayta qurilishi orasida eng munozarali narsa - metroning chiqish yo'li bo'lib, u 1971 yilda qurilishi kerak edi va o'n uchta daraxtni yo'q qilishni talab qildi. Xalq noroziligi hukumatni orqaga chekinishga va chiqishni yaqin atrofdagi binoga ko'chirishga majbur qildi. In the late 2010s, another controversial tree-related plan was cancelled; Apple Computers purchased the property used by TGI Fridays in the northern part of the park, and intended to build a flagship store there.
Elm tree scarred by a chainsaw in 1971.
- 45 Kungsträdgården metro station. The Kungsträdgården metro station opened in 1977, and is known for its art, with elements from dismantled buildings in and around Kungsträdgården, such as the Makalös palace which burnt down in 1825. Due to the aforementioned protests, the eastern exit was finished as recently as 1987.
- 46 Survey Office (Lantmäteristyrelsens hus). Built in 1642 as a leisure palace for Queen Kristina. From 1688 to 1975 it was headquarters to the National Survey Agency.
- 47 Tändstickspalatset (Matchstick Palace). A Swedish Grace office building commissioned by Swedish "matchstick king" Ivar Kreuger. Having earnt a Master of Engineering degree at age 20, Kreuger made his first wealth as a skyscraper engineer in Nyu-York shahri, allowing him to invest in the matchstick business from the 1910s. The matches we use today were a Swedish invention, and most them were produced in Sweden. Kreuger came to own 75 per cent of global production. In the Roaring Twenties, he gave low-interest loans to governments such as France and Germany, in exchange for matchstick monopoly. He co-founded the Swedish film industry, mingled with Hollywood stars, became a world celebrity himself, and had the Matchstick Palace finished in 1928. The success story ended with the 1929 Wall Street crash, leading Kreuger to a liquidity crisis which he never resolved. His death (seemingly to his own hand) in 1932 was followed by company bankruptcy, which hit Sweden's economy hard, while already in the middle of the Great Depression. The building had state-of-the-art technology for its time, with electric elevators, central heating, and decorations by Sweden's greatest artists at the time. Limited opportunities for visiting.
Poster from the 1922 prohibition poll. Crayfish require these drinks. You must abstain from crayfish unless you vote NO on 27th of August.
- 48 Systembolaget headquarters. Sweden has traditionally been part of the "aroq belt" with heavy drinking on weekends and holidays. The temperance movement founded in the late 19th century pushed for harsher regulation, and in 1919 rationing of hard liquor was introduced with a personal booklet called motbok. In 1922 Sweden had its first national referendum on the proposal of total prohibition. 51% of the voters voted no (in Stockholm 86%; most teetotalers lived in the countryside). The state-owned Systembolaget is a monopoly retailer; with similar systems in Finland, Norway and Iceland (while Denmark has a more continental system). Since the 1990s, regulation has been harmonized with the Yevropa Ittifoqi, but alcohol tax remains among the world's highest (have a look at the bars across the street, in Kungsträdgården). As Systembolaget is not run for profit, their storefronts are less visible than liquor stores in other countries (a nearby store is in PK-huset, a mall across Hamngatan). The harsh alcohol policy is the reason why Swedish people come to your country to drink alcohol.
Part IV: Port to the world
Nybroplan is a waterfront square, with a view over some 20th century events which created Sweden's modern identity. We can sit down and see how Stockholm became a global city.
- 34 Berzelii park. Remember that the land rises 1 metre for every 200 years? This park used to be a bay of the Baltic Sea, but by the 19th century it had become a stinking swamp in the middle of the city. The park was built in the 1850s. The statue was the first in Sweden to depict a scientist: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848), who lived for most of his life on nearby Nybrogatan 9. He discovered silicon, selenium, cerium and thorium, and introduced chemical notation. Swedish chemists have discovered as many as 20 of the 118 elements in the periodic table. The Ytterby mine in near Vaxholm in Stokgolm arxipelagi (which can be reached with the ferries at the quay) produced ores in which nine rare-earth metals were first discovered; of fwhich yttrium, ytterbium, terbium and erbium got their name from Ytterby. Rare-earth metals became widely useful only in the late 20th century; the deposits in Ytterby are however not commercially viable. The sculptures of playing bears were made in 1909 by Carl Milles, known for his revival of Roman sculpture.
- 35 John Ericsson statue. A statue commemorates John Ericsson, a Swedish 19th century inventor, who got world fame for designing the world's first tank locomotive (the Novelty) in 1829, which was a favourite to win the Rainhill Trials on the "Liverpul" va Manchester Temir yo'l. He settled in Nyu-York shahri in 1839, where he lived until his death in 1889. Among his other inventions were a steam-powered fire hose, a solar-powered engine, and the first modern propeller, used in his design of the USS Monitor, an ironclad which helped the Union win the American Civil War. John Ericsson was one of 1.5 million Swedes who emigrated to Shimoliy Amerika between the 1830s and the 1910s; more than a quarter of the country's population. From Norway, which was in union with Sweden at the time, 800,000 people crossed the Atlantic. Today, more than 4 million Americans have Swedish ancestry, most of them living in the O'rta g'arbiy.
- 36 Nybrokajen. Nybrokajen, the local quay, is a traffic hub for steamboats to the Stokgolm arxipelagi, trams and buses. With the 20th century the steamboats have been refitted with diesel engines, some of them running on batteries; they still allow archipelago inhabitants to commute to the city. By 2021, 90 per cent of all public-transport ferries will run on fossil-free fuel.
- 49 Strandvägen. Strandvägen (The Waterfront Road) got its name in 1885, as farms and slum shacks had been replaced by Ostermalm, a district of bourgeois apartment palaces, which is still the most affluent part of Stockholm. Strandvägen got Stockholm's first tram line in 1877; horse-powered during the first decades.
- 50 Skansen and the Nordic Museum, Djurgårdsvägen 6-16. During Sweden's rapid industrialization in the late 19th century, folklorist Arthur Hazelius saw the need to preserve Swedish folk culture. He founded the open-air museum Skansen (on the hills of Djurgården) in 1891, as well as the Nordic Museum, an impressive cathedral-like building on Djurgården. These institutions were the centerpieces of the 1897 Stockholm World's Fair, and inspired tirik tarix muzeylari around the world, to the extent that Skansen is the noun for open-air museum in Polish, Czech and Hungarian.
- 11 Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten), Nybroplan. Sweden's national theatre, built in Wienerjugend (art nouveau) style in 1908. The building has rich ornaments in gold and marble, and a row of sculptures, with a bust of playwright August Strindberg (1849-1912) whose play Master Olof inaugurated the building. A statue of actress Margaretha Krook (1925-2001) represents the theatre's later history. The building has a restaurant.
- 51 1912 Olympic rowing course. The first four Olympic games were low-key events stretched across several months. Stockholm hosted the fifth Olympics in 1912, introducing the three-week format still used today, featuring decathlon and pentathlon (both won by Jim Thorpe), women's diving and swimming, electric timing, photo finish, and the first participation of an Asian country (Yaponiya). Most events were held at the Stockholm Stadium; the world's oldest surviving olympic stadium. The rowing contests had the finish line at Strandvägen.
- 37 Raoul Wallenberg Monument. A monument near the Stockholm Synagogue (finished in 1870) commemorates Raoul Wallenberg, a diplomat who rescued 10,000 Jews in Budapesht dan the Holocaust. In Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Germany occupied Denmark in Norway in 1940, while Finland was co-belligerent with Germany. Sweden remained formally neutral, but made many concessions to Germany to keep peace, including iron export and passage of German troops to Norway and Finland. In late 1942, the Axis atrocities became well known (partially through Swedish diplomats and journalists in Germany), Sweden's government had to mend its reputation, and launched rescue missions during the end of the war. Raoul Wallenberg gave diplomatic passports to Hungarian Jews, and purchased buildings for the Swedish Embassy, which could be used as safehouses. The Soviet Army arrived in 1945, and detained Wallenberg for espionage. He was never seen again; while he most probably died in a Moskva prison around 1947, he was long rumoured to be alive, and was declared dead as recently as 2016. He is celebrated as one of few true heroes in a time where Sweden could have done better. The rail tracks from the monument (alluding to the trains to the death camps) lead to the Synagogue.
- 52 Vasa muzeyi (Vasamuseet). The Vasa mentioned earlier was found in 1956, as the world's only preserved 17th century warship. The lengthy salvaging process was completed in 1961, and she was towed into a temporary museum. Since 1990, she is on display in the Vasa Museum on Dyurgen (with ornamental masts on the roof), Sweden's most visited tourist attraction. The artifacts and body remnants in the ship are an accidental time capsule from nearly 400 years ago.
- 12 Berns Bar, Berzelii Park 9. A nightclub and music hall built in 1863, which was first in Sweden to show cancan in 1866, and to serve Chinese food in 1944. The stage has hosted world stars such as Josephine Baker, Marlene Dietrich, Liza Minnelli, Frank Sinatra, Miriam Makeba and Rihanna. In the 21th century, Berns remains timeless and trendy.
- 53 Grona Lund. An amusement park founded in 1883. Since the 1960s, Gröna Lund has been a stage for concerts by pop stars from the English-speaking world. Louis Armstrong, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix, Kiss and Lady Gaga have played here; and of course ABBA, who have a dedicated museum and stage show next door to the park. As German hegemony ended, Sweden quickly adopted the English language and Anglo-saxon popular culture, today having the world's second-highest English proficiency in non-Anglophone countries, behind only the Gollandiya.
- 38 Nybroplan tram station (The day when Sweden switched driving side). Sweden used to have left-hand traffic since the 18th century. Nybroplan was one of Sweden's busiest intersection, and the country's first traffic light was set up at Nybroplan in 1924. As most cars were fit for right-hand traffic (and all neighbouring countries drove on the right) there was pressure for a switch. A referendum in 1955 rejected the proposal, but Sweden finally organized a transition from left to right to take place on September 3rd, 1967. Stockholm's trams had to be dismantled, and were replaced by metro and buses. Line 7, to Djurgården, was restored in 1991 as a heritage line, regular since 2009.
- 54 World's highest taxes (Dramaten). In the 1970s, the Social Democrats had governed Sweden for four decades, and expanded the Swedish welfare state, which included arts institutions such as Dramaten, and the aforementioned museums. The principle used to be from each according to his ability, as the marginal tax rate for high income brackets approached 100 per cent. Those who had the means did what they could to find loopholes. In 1974, 18-year old tennis prodigy Björn Borg caused outrage as he moved to Monaco to escape taxes. April 6 the same year is considered the birthday of Swedish pop music, as Blue Swede's Hooked on a Feeling headed the Billboard list; and on the same day ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest. Those bands can attribute some of their fame from their exotic costumes; in the 1970s, kitschy stage wear was not just a fashion statement, as they were intentionally designed to be useless as private clothing, to be tax deductible. Director Ingmar Bergman, known for The Seventh Seal va Fanny and Alexander worked at Dramaten for decades, until 1976, when police entered the building during a rehearsal, and arrested Bergman for tax fraud; though he was later acquitted, he left the country. The same year, equally world-renowned children's writer Astrid Lindgren (who later had adaptations of her books staged at Dramaten) had to pay a marginal tax rate at 102% and wrote a satirical fairytale on the theme. These celebrity tax protests contributed to the Social Democratic government losing the election the same year to a centre-right coalition. In a kind of dramatic irony, both Lindgren and Bergman are portrayed on today's Swedish banknotes. In the 2000s, wealth and inheritance tax were abolished, and as consumption taxes are high, the low-income classes bear much of the burden for Swedish welfare.
- 13 Hallwyll Museum (Hallwyllska Museet), Hamngatan 4. This urban palace was built in 1898 for Walther och Wilhelmina von Hallwyl, collectors of art and antiques from around the world. Since 1938 it is a museum, showcasing upper-class life of the early 20th century. Some of the rooms have a historical or geographic theme. Restaurant open in summer.
- 14 Konstnärshuset (The Artists' House), Smålandsgatan 7. The Swedish Artists' Association's building opened in 1899, inspired by Spanish and Italian Renaissance architecture. The bar, Konstnärsbaren, opened in 1931 and has wall paintings by Sweden's most famous artists of the time.
Part V: The world's most modern city
Stockholm's central business district was redeveloped for motorized commuting during the 1960s, in a time marked by the Sovuq urush with a nuclear threat, and the consolidation of Sweden's welfare state. The rise of environmentalism, counterculture and street crime shattered the utopia. By year 2000, Stockholm had become a world leader in computing, sustainable technology and pop music. This is the scene for some of Sweden's most dramatic events during the last decades: a hostage crisis, two assassinations, and a terrorist attack.
- 39 Norrmalmstorg. This square was on the waterfront until the 19th century. Today, Norrmalmstorg is surrounded by high-end offices, and is the most expensive property in the Swedish edition of Monopoly. The 1971 sculpture Laura depicts a chicken fleeing from motor traffic.
- 15 Nobis Hotel (Kreditbanken). The 19th-century Kreditbanken building is known for the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery. The furloughed prisoner Jan Olsson tried to rob the bank; as the police arrived, he instead took three female bank tellers as hostages. The five-day standoff was broadcast live in Swedish television (with intermissions from King Gustav VI Adolf's deathbed), with notorious criminal Clark Olofsson and Prime Minister Olof Palme called in as negotiators. The police used tranquilizing gas to defeat the robber. The dramatic robbery led to urban legends, and a psychologist who never met the hostages made the false assumption that the hostages sympathized (and implicitly fell in love) with the robber, coining the term Stockholm Syndrome for a situation where a captive supports a perpetrator. Since 2009, the building is a hotel with a restaurant.
- 40 Frihetens källa (Baltic independence monument). As the Baltic States tried to secede from the Sovet Ittifoqi in 1990, protests were held on Norrmalmstorg every Monday for more than a year, until their independence. In 1994, their struggle for freedom was commemorated with a fountain, with three stone sculptures representing Estoniya, Latviava Lithuania. Sweden promoted the Baltic States' accession to the Yevropa Ittifoqi.
- 16 NK (Nordiska Kompaniet), Hamngatan 18-20. An upmarket department store opened in 1915, with classic fashion and Nordic furnishing. Well known for the clock tower, and the elaborate Christmas display window decorations. On September 10th, 2003, a Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh was assassinated here. She had campaigned for the adoption of the euro in the referendum four days later. While the crime shocked the country, the killer was caught and sentenced to life in prison. NK has several cafés; one on the top floor, and NK Art Bakery at Regeringsgatan.
- 55 Volvo Studio Stockholm. While Volvo is based in Gyoteborg, the company was actually founded in Stockholm in 1926, as a subsidiary of ball-bearing maker SKF. Volvo remains Sweden's best-selling car, and one of the most recognized Swedish brands abroad. Volvo cars are markeded for their safety; in 1959 they released the 544 PV, the world's first car with 3-point seatbelts as standard issue. Volvo Cars is Chinese-owned since 2009. Volvo Group, the commercial vehicle manufacturer, remains Swedish.
- 56 IKEA Showroom, Regeringsgatan 65. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year old travelling salesman Ingvar Kamprad. The first store opened in Älmhult in 1953, and the second one in 1965 in Kungens Kurva south of Stockholm. Today IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer; and while their Swedishness is the foundation for their brand, their headquarters is today in the Gollandiya. They have a showroom in central Stockholm, with various themes (kitchens, as of 2020).
- 57 Spotify headquarters, Regeringsgatan 19. Spotify, founded in 2008, is the world's largest music streaming service as of 2020. In the early 2000s, Sweden was famous for pop music; and with world-leading telecoms infrastructure also became infamous for music piracy in the 2000s, with services such as Kazaa and The Pirate Bay developed in Sweden. Spotify was one of the first legal platforms for music streaming. Swedish electronic music DJs such as Avicii and Swedish House Mafia gave them an international breakthrough.
- 41 Klara bomb shelter (Klara skyddsrum). Stockholm had several bomb shelters built for Ikkinchi jahon urushi, which never came to Sweden. As Sweden was officially non-aligned in the Sovuq urush, with universal draft and a world-class air force, the threat of nuclear weapons required deeper bunkers. Many were built parallel to the Stockholm metro, for peacetime use as garages. The nearby Johannes bunker opened in 1955 as the world's first nuclear-proof shelter. The Klara shelter from the 1960s can hold 8,000 people (among them the government), and has several entrances (through the Riksbank garage and the metro), and a backup power plant with air conditioning; as the occupants would emit nearly 1 MW of body heat. O'tgan asrning 60-yillarida Shvetsiya ham yadro qurolini ishlab chiqardi va dastur tugatilganda jonli bomba sinovidan bir necha gramm plutonyum kam edi. Sovet Ittifoqi qulaganidan beri Shvetsiyaga qarshi yadroviy tahdid kamroq ahamiyatga ega.
- 42 Malmskillnadsgatan. Malmskillnadsgatan baland ko'chasida asosan ofis binolari joylashgan. Ko'cha markaziy bo'lib, kechqurun ham huvillab qolganligi sababli, u fohishalik ko'chasi kabi shuhrat qozondi; 1999 yilda Shvetsiya jinsiy xizmatlarni sotib olish (lekin ko'rsatmaslik) uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan dunyodagi birinchi mamlakat bo'ldi. Ko'prik Sergels torg va yangi ishbilarmonlik tumanining ko'rinishini beradi.
- 58 Sergels torg. Metropoliten va bombalardan saqlanadigan joylarning tepasida 1960-yillarda texnokratik utopiya qurilgan: banklar shtab-kvartirasi va Gallerian savdo majmuasi bilan o'ralgan avtoulovlar uchun keng ko'chalar (hozirgi o'ng transport harakati bilan) markaziy biznes tumani. Ijtimoiy jihatdan loyiha muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Yo'l harakati shovqini quloqni kar qildi, velosipedchilar va piyodalar ko'chirildi, maydon ishdan bo'shatilgandan keyin halol odamlar tomonidan oldini olinadigan, ijtimoiy bo'lmagan xatti-harakatlar va giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan mashxur bo'lgan. Maydon piyodalarga qayta joy berish uchun 2010-yillarda qayta qurilgan va bugungi kunda norozilik namoyishlari, flesh-moblar va uchrashuvlar bilan band. Shoshilinch ravishda qurilgan 1960-yilgi binolar energiyadan barqaror foydalanish va ijtimoiy loyihalash uchun qayta jihozlandi. Banklar va davlat idoralari shahar atrofi joylariga ko'chib o'tdilar, mehmonxonalar, restoranlar, uyingizda va texnologik ofislar uchun joy ajratdilar.
- 59 Sveriges Riksbank. Yuqorida tilga olingan Riksbank 1976 yildan beri bu erda yashaydi. 1968 yilda bank muntazam ravishda Nobel mukofotlari bilan birga Alfred Nobel xotirasiga bag'ishlangan iqtisodiy mukofotni taqdim etdi. 2003 yilgi referendumda Shvetsiya evroni rad etgani sababli, u dunyodagi eng qadimiy markaziy bank bo'lib qolmoqda. 2020 yilga kelib, Shvetsiya dunyoning naqd pulsiz davlatlaridan biri hisoblanadi.
- 60 Klara cherkovi (Klara kyrka). XVI asrda qurilgan bu 116 metr balandlikda joylashgan Skandinaviyaning ikkinchi eng baland cherkovidir. 1960-yillarni qayta qurishda omon qolish uchun ozgina binolardan biri, bu uysizlar va muhtojlarga yordam berish uchun asosdir.
- 17 [o'lik havola]Madaniyat uyi (Kulturxuset). Kulturhuset - bu Shved parlamenti uchun vaqtinchalik joy sifatida ishlatilgan 1970-yillarning beton binosi. 1980-yillarda u Stokgolm shahar teatri, kutubxonalari, galereyalari va kafelariga mezbonlik qiladi. Pastki qavatida Stokgolmda davom etayotgan qurilishning xodimlar ko'rgazma zali mavjud (Stokgolmsrummet) rejalashtirilgan binolarni o'z ichiga olgan masshtabli model bilan. Eng yuqori qavat markaziy biznes tumanining hayratlanarli ko'rinishiga ega.
"Shléns" universal do'koniga chiqish yo'lidagi ko'cha burchagi eng mashhur uchrashuv joyidir. 2017 yilda terrorchi boshqargan yuk mashinasi binoga qulab tushdi. 2020 yildan boshlab, bu bir jinsli juftlik svetoforlari joylashgan bir nechta joylardan biri.
- 43 Drottninggatan svetoforlari. Stokgolmning eng gavjum savdo ko'chalaridan biri XVII asrdan beri qirolicha Kristina nomi bilan ataladigan ko'rinishda "Qirolicha ko'chasi" deb nomlangan. Gamla Stan tomon yo'naltirilgan bo'lim umumiy do'konlar va kafelar tomonidan to'ldirilgan bo'lsa, shimol tomonda ko'proq muqobil xarid qilish va ovqatlanish joylarini topish mumkin. Mäster Samuelsgatan bilan kesishish joyi - svetoforlarda LGBT harakatini eslatib, bir jinsli juftliklar tasvirlangan; 1944 yilda gomoseksualizm dekriminallashtirildi, 1995 yilda fuqarolik birlashmalariga ruxsat berildi va 2009 yilda nikoh gender jihatdan betaraf bo'ldi LGBT Stokgolm).
- 18 H&M shtab-kvartirasi, Drottninggatan 56. Hennes & Mauritz, qisqacha H&M, 2020 yilga kelib dunyodagi eng yirik moda sotuvchisi. Yilda tashkil etilgan Västerås 1947 yilda ular Stokgolmda, shahar atrofida bir nechta do'konlari bilan o'tirishgan. 2008 yil bosh qarorgoh binosi odatdagi shved mebellari bilan jihozlangan kafega ega.
- 44 Drottninggatan / Bryggargatan. 2010 yilgi Rojdestvo xaridlari mavsumida "Islomiy davlat" ni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi terrorchi ushbu chorrahada bomba yuklangan mashinani portlatib, faqat o'zini o'ldirgan va yana ikki kishini engil jarohatlagan. 2017 yil aprel oyida yana bir terrorchi, shuningdek, "Islomiy davlat" dan ilhomlanib, Drottninggatan bo'ylab yuk mashinasini haydab, besh kishini o'ldirdi va 14 kishini jarohatladi. Arslon shaklidagi beton to'siqlar transport vositasini to'xtata olmadi va ularning o'rnini ancha og'ir sherlar egalladi.
- 19 Scandic tomonidan Haymarket. G'arbdagi bino sobiq univermag, uning asoschisi Pol U.Bergstrom uchun PUB deb nomlangan; va boshqa binolar bilan birgalikda misol Shvetsiya inoyati; ning mahalliy talqini Art Deco, klassitsizm nafosati bilan. 1917 yilda Vladimir Lenin uyiga qaytishda Stokgolmdan o'tdi Sankt-Peterburg Rossiya inqilobi uchun bu erda yangi kostyum sotib olish. 1920 yilda Greta Garbo (keyinchalik Gollivud yulduzi, Shvetsiyaning 100 kr banknotasida tasvirlangan) bu erda ish boshladi. 2016 yildan beri bu bino mehmonxona bo'lib, 1920-yillarda jihozlangan va jazz zalda muhit tiklandi.
- 45 Stokgolm kontsert zali (Stokgolm konserthus). A Shvetsiya inoyati 1926 yilda ochilgan bino, Qirollik Filarmoniyasining orkestri va har yili o'tkaziladigan joy Nobel mukofoti marosim (taqdirlangan tinchlik mukofoti bundan mustasno Oslo), shuningdek, 1989 yildan beri Polar Musiqa mukofoti va 2003 yildan beri bolalar adabiyoti uchun Astrid Lindgren yodgorlik mukofoti.
- 46 Xorget. Xötorget XVII asrdan beri shunday ("Haymarket maydoni") sifatida tanilgan. Savdo tovarlari vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgardi; bugun maydon o'zining stendlari bilan mashhur. Shvetsiya aholisi 1950 yillarda, mamlakat og'ir ishchi kuchi etishmovchiligiga duch kelgan va immigratsiya uchun ochilgan paytgacha bir hil edi. Shvetsiya G'arbiy Evropadagi boshqa mamlakatlarga qaraganda jon boshiga ko'proq qochqinlarni qabul qildi; Xususan, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi, 1990 yugoslaviya urushi va 2010 yildagi urushlar Suriya va Afg'oniston. Yangi kelgan muhojirlar odatda metro yo'nalishidagi bir necha shahar atroflarida to'planib, ba'zi korxonalarda, shu jumladan bozor chakana savdo va restoranlarda hukmronlik qilishgan. Er osti bozor zali Xyortgshallen shved va xalqaro lazzatlarni sotadi (qarang) Shimoliy oshxona).
Thulehuset - bu Sveavägen 44-dagi bino va ushbu turning oxiri. Ko'chaning o'ng burchagida 1986 yilda Bosh vazir Olof Palme o'ldirildi. 2021 yilga kelib binoda Shlariyaning eng taniqli texnologik startaplari bo'lgan Klarna va King Digital Entertainment hamda zamonaviy Urban Deli oziq-ovqat sotuvchisi joylashgan.
- 47 Olof Palmega suiqasd sahnasi (Skandiahuset), Sveavagen 42. 1986 yil 28 fevralda Shvetsiya Bosh vaziri Olof Palme va uning rafiqasi Lisset o'z-o'zidan kechqurun kechani o'tkazish rejasini tuzdilar. Katta soqchilarini chaqirmasdan o'g'li va kelini bilan kino. Uyga ketayotganida noma'lum odam Palme orqasidan kelib, uni revolver bilan zudlik bilan o'ldirdi va Tunnelgatan bo'ylab qochib ketdi. Politsiya va hukumat bir nechta muvaffaqiyatsiz tekshiruvlarga rahbarlik qilib, yuqori darajadagi siyosiy mojarolar zanjirini yaratdilar; Palme taniqli va munozarali dunyo rahbari bo'lganligi sababli, gumon qilinuvchilar ham kiritilgan Janubiy Afrika ayg'oqchilar, Kurdlarning qarshilik harakativa politsiyaning o'zi. 1989 yilda yolg'iz jinoyatchi Krister Pettersson Stokgolm shahar sudi tomonidan aybdor deb topildi; keyinchalik Svea Apellyatsiya sudi asosli shubhani topdi va uni oqladi. O'shandan beri qotillik roman yozuvchilari va fitna nazariyotchilarini ilhomlantirdi. 2020 yil iyun oyida politsiya yangi gumonlanuvchini taqdim etdi: qotillik sodir bo'lgan joyda binoda Skandia sug'urta kompaniyasida ishlagan va kam sonli guvohlardan biri bo'lgan grafik dizayner Stig Engstrom. U 2000 yildan beri vafot etganligi sababli, ish yopilgan. Palme yaqin atrofdagi Adolf Fredrik cherkoviga dafn qilindi va yaqin ko'chaning nomi o'zgartirildi Olof Palmes gata qurbonni xotirlash uchun.
Epilogue: Zamonaviy diqqatga sazovor joylar
Biz turni Stokgolmning zamonaviy taraqqiyotining turli davrlarini aks ettiruvchi eng baland binolarni tomosha qilib, uyingizda barda yakunlaymiz.
- 20 Urban Deli uyingizda bar, Sveavagen 44. Thulehuset 1942 yildagi funktsionalistik ofisdir. Bugungi kunda u erda ikkita shvedcha "yagona mo'ylov" (milliardlar qiymatidagi texnologik startaplar) joylashgan: to'lovlarni boshqarish Klarnava o'yin ishlab chiqaruvchisi King Digital Entertainment (uchun ma'lum CCS o'yini va Bubble Witch Saga). Urban Deli - bu uyingizda bar bilan jihozlangan zamonaviy oziq-ovqat tarmog'i.
Urban Deli-ning ishlash soatlari cheklangan; tomning ba'zi muqobil nuqtai nazarlari 21 Tak (Brunkebergstorg) va 22 Scandic Continental.
- 61 Adolf Fredrikning cherkovi (Adolf Fredriks kyrka), Holländargatan 16. 1768-1774 yillarda qirol Adolf Fredrik nomidagi cherkov qurilgan. Tashqi ko'rinishi butunlay buzilmagan, ichki qismi esa 1890-yillarda tubdan o'zgartirilgan. Cherkovda so'nggi yillarini Stokgolmda qirolicha Kristinaning o'qituvchisi o'pkadan o'pguncha o'tkazgan faylasuf Rene Dekartning yodgorligi mavjud. Bosh vazir Olof Palme cherkov binosining janubida joylashgan qabristonda dafn etilgan.
- 62 Sankt Johannes kyrka (S: t Jon cherkovi). O'rta asrlar shved soborlaridan ilhomlanib, neo-gotik uslubdagi 1890 yilgi g'isht cherkovi. U Stokgolm orqali shimoliy-janubiy tog 'tizmasi bo'lgan Brunkebergsåsenda joylashgan. Erkin tikilgan qo'ng'iroq minorasi - Norrmalmning yagona yog'och binosi.
- 63 Kungstornen. Ilhomlanib 1924 yildan 1925 yilgacha bo'lgan neoklasik egizak minoralar Manxetten Roaring yigirmanchi yilni ifodalaydigan binolar va Brunkebergsåsenning eng janubiy qoldiqlari.
- 64 Xötorget osmono'par binolari. Urushdan keyingi iqtisodiy kengayish 1950 va 60-yillarda Norrmalmni qayta ishlashga olib keldi, bu Xötorgetdagi beshta 19 qavatli ofis binolari orqali ko'rinib turardi, xalqaro uslubda.
- 65 Kaknästornet. 1967 yilda Stokgolmdagi eng baland rasadxona kemasi bo'lgan va 2018 yilda yopilguniga qadar bo'lgan shafqatsiz televizion minora.
Urban Deli-dan shimolga qarash. Chapdan: Adolf Fredrik cherkovi, Norra Tornen, Stokgolm jamoat kutubxonasi, Venner-Gren markazi.
- 66 Wenner-Gren markazi. 1961 yilda qurib bitkazilganda Evropadagi eng baland po'lat osmono'par bino bo'lgan xalqaro tadqiqotchilar uchun ofis minorasi.
- 67 Norra yirtilgan. Ikki qavatli osmono'par binolar 2020 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Venner-Gren markazi va Norra Tornen o'rtasida yangi talabalar shaharchasi Xagastaden Stokholmni kelajak uchun ilmiy klaster sifatida rivojlantirish niyatida, Karolinska instituti atrofida (tibbiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofotini topshirish bilan mashhur) 2020-yillarda qurilgan.
Qarang Stokgolm atrof-muhit bo'yicha sayohati Stokgolmning kelgusi avlodlar uchun barqaror texnologiyalardagi o'rni uchun.
Xronologiya
- Miloddan avvalgi 8000 yil: Stokgolm ustidagi muzqaymoq erib, ochiq dengizni qoldirib ketadi.
- Miloddan avvalgi 4000 yil: hozirgi Stokgolmning janubidagi tepaliklar dengizdan chiqadi. Tosh davri manzilgohlari.
- Miloddan avvalgi 2500 yil: Södermalm tepaliklari dengizdan chiqadi.
- AD 900: Viking yoshining balandligi. Stokgolm orollari joylashtirilgan. Birinchi nasroniy missionerlar Shvetsiyaga kelishdi.
- 1007: Viking boshlig'i Olaf (keyinchalik Norvegiya Olaf II) Malalarendagi aholi punktlarini ishdan bo'shatdi.
- 1187: Kareliya qaroqchilari Sigtunani ishdan bo'shatdilar. Bir necha yil o'tgach, Tre Kronor qal'asi qurildi.
- 1252: Birger jarl maktubida Stokgolmni eslatib o'tadi.
- 1471 yil 10-oktabr: Shved separatistlari Brunkeberg jangida ittifoqchilarni mag'lub etishdi.
- 1520 yil 7-9 noyabr: Stokgolmda qon to'kilishi: Daniyalik Kristian II kamida 80 nafar shved zodagonlarining boshini tanasidan judo qildi.
- 1523 yil 24-iyun: Gustav Vasa Stokgolmni ozod qildi va shundan beri Shvetsiyani mustaqil qildi.
- 1628 yil 10-avgust: Vasa lavabolar.
- 1697 yil 7-may: Tre Kronor qal'asi yonib ketdi, uning o'rnini Stokgolm saroyi egalladi.
- 16 mart 1792 yil: Gustav III Opera uyida o'ldirildi.
- 19 mart, 1848 yil: askarlar Storkyrkobrinkenda kamida 18 saylov huquqi namoyishchilarini o'ldirishdi.
- 1864 yil 3-sentyabr: Alfred Nobelning Heleneborgdagi nitrogliserin zavodi portlab, olti kishini o'ldirdi. Ikki yildan so'ng u dinamit ixtiro qildi.
- 1901 yil 10-dekabr: Birinchi Nobel mukofotini topshirish marosimi
- 1912 yil 6-iyul: Beshinchi yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlarining ochilishi
- 1922 yil 27-avgust: Birinchi milliy so'rovnoma: shvedlarning 51% spirtli ichimliklarni taqiqlashni rad etishdi
- 1950 yil 1 oktyabr: Slussendan Xokarängengacha bo'lgan birinchi Stokgolm metrosi ochildi
- 1956 yil 11 iyun: Stokgolmda bo'lib o'tgan XVI Yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlarining ot sporti musobaqalari (asosiy tadbir Melburn)
- 1956 yil 25-avgust: Vasa qayta kashf etilgan va besh yildan so'ng qutqarilgan.
- 1958 yil 29 iyun: Shvetsiyada FIFA Jahon chempionati bo'lib o'tadi va Shvetsiya terma jamoasi finalda o'ynaydi Solna Stokgolm shimolida. Braziliya g'alaba 5-2.
- 1967 yil 3 sentyabr: o'ng trafikka o'ting
- 1971 yil 12-may: Kungsträdgårdendagi qarag'ay noroziligi
- 1973 yil 23-28 avgust: Norrmalmstorg garovidagi inqiroz
- 1986 yil 28 fevral: Olof Palme o'ldirildi.
- 1995 yil: Shvetsiya Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shildi.
- 2003 yil 10 sentyabr: Anna Lindh o'ldirildi.
- 2008 yil: Spotify tashkil etilgan. Pirate Bay-ning orqasidagi xakerlar sudga tortilmoqda. Jahon moliyaviy inqirozi Shvetsiyani larzaga solmoqda.
- 2017 yil 7 aprel: Drottninggatanga qilingan terroristik hujum besh kishini o'ldirdi.
Keyingisi
- Drottninggatan, Västerlånggatan va Götgatan: 4 kilometrlik xarid qilish va ovqatlanish
- Södermalm balandliklari bo'ylab sayohat: Stokgolmning ko'plab sanoatgacha bo'lgan binolari bilan eng yaxshi fotosurat va san'at yurishi
- Stokgolm qirg'og'idagi saroyga sayohat: Stokgolmning o'rta asrlardan to hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan boy va taniqli vitrini
- Millennium Tour: Stig Larssonning jinoyat dramasi
- Nobel turizmi, Alfred Nobel hayoti va Nobel mukofoti bilan bog'liq
- Ekerö Birka (Shvetsiyaning birinchi shahri) va Drottningholm (qirollik qarorgohi) bilan
- Sigtuna
- Uppsala